529:. Because BSA is a small, stable, moderately non-reactive protein, it is often used as a blocker in immunohistochemistry. During immunohistochemistry, which is the process that uses antibodies to identify antigens in cells, tissue sections are often incubated with BSA blockers to bind nonspecific binding sites. This binding of BSA to nonspecific binding sites increases the chance that the antibodies will bind only to the antigens of interest. The BSA blocker improves sensitivity by decreasing background noise as the sites are covered with the moderately non-reactive protein. During this process, minimization of nonspecific binding of antibodies is essential in order to acquire the highest signal to noise ratio. BSA is also used as a nutrient in cell and microbial culture. In
40:
549:). BSA is used because of its ability to increase signal in assays, its lack of effect in many biochemical reactions, and its low cost, since large quantities of it can be readily purified from bovine blood, a byproduct of the cattle industry. Another use for BSA is that it can be used to temporarily isolate substances that are blocking the activity of the enzyme that is needed, thus impeding polymerase chain reaction (PCR). BSA has been widely used as a template to synthesize nanostructures and determining the toxic or beneficial effects of metal ions and their complexes.
234:
254:
is cut off from the precursor protein upon secretion, hence the initial protein product contains 589 amino acid residues. An additional six amino acids are cleaved to yield the mature BSA protein that contains 583 amino acids.
1268:
Rahmani T, Hajian A, Afkhami A, Bagheri H (2018). "A novel and high performance enzyme-less sensing layer for electrochemical detection of methyl parathion based on BSA templated Au–Ag bimetallic nanoclusters".
1387:
832:
652:
Ge S, Kojio K, Takahara A, Kajiyama T (1998). "Bovine serum albumin adsorption onto immobilized organotrichlorosilane surface: influence of the phase separation on protein adsorption patterns".
545:
that do not need it for stabilization. BSA is also commonly used to determine the quantity of other proteins, by comparing an unknown quantity of protein to known amounts of BSA (see
1328:
Hirayama K, Akashi S, Furuya M, Fukuhara K (December 1990). "Rapid confirmation and revision of the primary structure of bovine serum albumin by ESIMS and Frit-FAB LC/MS".
146:
1296:
Zavalishin MN, Pimenov OA, Belov KV, Khodov IA, Gamov GA (November 2023). "Chemical equilibria in aqueous solutions of H and bovine or human serum albumin".
839:
258:
BSA has three homologous but structurally different domains. The domains, named I, II, and III, are broken down into two sub-domains, A and B.
111:
99:
1185:
482:
binding sites on the protein, the three strongest of which are located one per each domain. BSA can also bind other substances such as
1163:
891:
92:
80:
1035:
962:
916:
Chen CB, Hammo B, Barry J, Radhakrishnan K (July 2021). "Overview of
Albumin Physiology and its Role in Pediatric Diseases".
1042:. National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. October 2013. Archived from
230:. The process was first commercialized with human albumin for medical use and later adopted for production of BSA.
1123:
864:
Axelsson I (May 1978). "Characterization of proteins and other macromolecules by agarose gel chromatography".
424:
56:
1441:
1064:
603:
Majorek KA, Porebski PJ, Dayal A, Zimmerman MD, Jablonska K, Stewart AJ, et al. (October 2012).
203:
protein derived from cows. It is often used as a protein concentration standard in lab experiments.
1145:
1420:
1416:
1357:
Zhang M, Desai T, Ferrari M (May 1998). "Proteins and cells on PEG immobilized silicon surfaces".
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565:
537:
and to prevent adhesion of the enzyme to reaction tubes, pipette tips, and other vessels. This
1189:
704:"Hydrodynamic structure of bovine serum albumin determined by transient electric birefringence"
546:
39:
479:
1224:
1213:"Relief of amplification inhibition in PCR with bovine serum albumin or T4 gene 32 protein"
1171:
715:
526:
166:
8:
605:"Structural and immunologic characterization of bovine, horse, and rabbit serum albumins"
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20:
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1084:"Thyroid hormone regulates the expression of laminin in the developing rat cerebellum"
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354:
206:
The nickname "Fraction V" refers to albumin being the fifth fraction of the original
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999:
925:
873:
731:
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616:
467:
348:
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246:
The full-length BSA precursor polypeptide is 607 amino acids (AAs) in length. An
1309:
620:
570:
233:
116:
104:
506:
and other drugs that are aromatic in nature bind to “site 2” in subdomain IIIA.
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24:
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788:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press. pp. 141, 147.
638:
227:
207:
19:
This article is about albumin specific to cows. For the human variant, see
1378:
1349:
1254:
952:
745:
673:
514:
BSA is often used as a model for other serum albumin proteins, especially
954:
All about albumin : biochemistry, genetics, and medical applications
487:
475:
474:, minerals and hormones, and functioning as both an anticoagulant and an
223:
128:
1282:
1003:
793:
495:
363:
Dimensions: 140 × 40 × 40 Å (prolate ellipsoid where a = b < c)
247:
140:
123:
87:
1146:"How Blocking Works in Immunocytochemical Analysis with Serum or BSA"
598:
596:
499:
491:
471:
593:
494:, and other drugs, which bind to “site 1” in subdomain IIA, while
538:
1397:. United States National Institute of Standards & Technology
533:, BSA is used to stabilize some enzymes during the digestion of
542:
75:
602:
522:
1327:
1295:
786:
The Plasma
Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetic Control
210:
that made use of differential solubility characteristics of
1267:
915:
219:
534:
988:"Bovine Serum Albumin Interactions with Metal Complexes"
985:
360:
Extinction coefficient of 43,824 Mcm at 279 nm
1081:
651:
215:
827:
825:
823:
525:(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), immunoblots, and
226:, Cohn was able to pull out successive "fractions" of
986:
Topală T, Bodoki A, Oprean L, Oprean R (2014-11-12).
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
521:
BSA has numerous biochemical applications including
1330:
414:
Refractive index increment (578 nm) × 10: 1.90
1082:Farwell AP, Dubord-Tomasetti SA (September 1999).
800:
1356:
1428:
654:Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition
1170:. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Archived from
779:
777:
775:
701:
518:, to which it is 76% structurally homologous.
470:within capillaries, transporting fatty acids,
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857:
23:. For the family of mammalian albumins, see
1385:
1204:
1388:"Bovine Serum Albumin (7 % Solution)"
752:
695:
680:
645:
214:. By manipulating solvent concentrations,
38:
1419:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1244:
1099:
1011:
735:
628:
863:
702:Wright AK, Thompson MR (February 1975).
232:
1210:
1143:
16:Serum albumin protein derived from cows
1429:
1217:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
950:
783:
686:
478:. There are approximately 6 different
1139:
1137:
892:"TECH TIP #6 Extinction Coefficients"
1130:. Compare Networks. October 8, 2012.
1124:"Tips for Reducing ELISA Background"
1065:"What Is Immunohistochemistry (IHC)"
552:BSA is also the main constituent of
691:. Academic Press. pp. 133–181.
208:Edwin Cohn purification methodology
13:
1386:Wise SA, Watters RL (2010-06-30).
1320:
1134:
687:Peters T (1975). Putman FW (ed.).
344:Number of amino acid residues: 583
14:
1453:
1410:
1040:Structural Biology Knowledgebase
918:Current Gastroenterology Reports
556:, a common cell culture medium.
391:× 10: 4.5 (monomer), 6.7 (dimer)
237:Lyophilized Bovine Serum Albumin
1289:
1261:
1237:10.1128/aem.62.3.1102-1106.1996
1178:
1156:
1144:Ouellet M (December 24, 2006).
1116:
1075:
1057:
1028:
979:
944:
838:. Sigma-Aldrich. Archived from
509:
440:Mean residue ellipticity: 21.1
1036:"Serum Albumins and Allergies"
909:
884:
408:Intrinsic viscosity, η: 0.0413
347:Molecular weight: 66,463
1:
1371:10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00026-X
1342:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80083-X
957:. San Diego: Academic Press.
878:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85330-3
728:10.1016/S0006-3495(75)85797-3
586:
450:Estimated a-helix, %: 54
241:
1310:10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122914
1298:Journal of Molecular Liquids
1188:. Invitrogen. Archived from
1150:MadSci Network: Biochemistry
621:10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.011
453:Estimated b-form, %: 18
411:Frictional ratio, f/f0: 1.30
340:Physical properties of BSA:
7:
1164:"Blocker™ BSA (10X) in PBS"
866:Journal of Chromatography A
833:"Albumin from bovine serum"
559:
466:, is critical in providing
457:
357:in water at 25 °C: 4.7
333:
330:
319:
316:
305:
302:
289:
286:
10:
1458:
930:10.1007/s11894-021-00813-6
897:. Thermo Fisher Scientific
401:Partial specific volume, V
18:
1211:Kreader CA (March 1996).
387:Sedimentation constant, S
366:pH of 1% Solution: 5.2-7
172:
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110:
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1421:Medical Subject Headings
1271:New Journal of Chemistry
1168:Thermo Fisher Scientific
1395:Certificate of Analysis
1101:10.1210/endo.140.9.7007
666:10.1163/156856298x00479
566:Acceptable daily intake
433:Mean residue rotation,
1071:. Sino Biological Inc.
547:Bradford protein assay
541:does not affect other
238:
1417:Serum+Albumin,+Bovine
480:long chain fatty acid
417:Optical absorbance, A
394:Diffusion constant, D
281:Full length precursor
236:
1069:Immunohistochemistry
609:Molecular Immunology
527:immunohistochemistry
189:Bovine serum albumin
1229:1996ApEnM..62.1102K
720:1975BpJ....15..137W
714:(2 Pt 1): 137–141.
708:Biophysical Journal
689:The Plasma Proteins
576:Human serum albumin
531:restriction digests
516:human serum albumin
398:× 10 cm/s: 5.9
147:6: 91.54 - 91.57 Mb
21:human serum albumin
1442:Mammalian proteins
1283:10.1039/C8NJ00425K
1004:10.15386/cjmed-357
784:Putnam FW (1975).
554:fetal bovine serum
369:Optical Rotation:
300: 1 – 18
239:
1152:. MadSci Network.
964:978-0-12-552110-9
951:Peters T (1996).
845:on 8 October 2013
355:isoelectric point
351:(= 66.5 kDa)
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337:
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1223:(3): 1102–1106.
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1094:(9): 4221–4227.
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678:
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615:(3–4): 174–182.
600:
468:oncotic pressure
462:BSA, like other
380:Stokes Radius (r
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42:
30:
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1321:Further reading
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430:= 43.824 mM cm
428:
420:
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384:): 3.48 nm
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376:
372:
244:
212:plasma proteins
55:
28:
17:
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5:
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1437:Blood proteins
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1411:External links
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1406:
1383:
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1336:(2): 639–646.
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1277:(9): 7213–22.
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1174:on 2017-03-30.
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998:(4): 215–219.
992:Clujul Medical
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581:Serum albumin
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112:RefSeq (Prot)
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100:RefSeq (mRNA)
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25:serum albumin
22:
1399:. Retrieved
1394:
1362:
1359:Biomaterials
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1194:. Retrieved
1190:the original
1180:
1172:the original
1167:
1158:
1149:
1127:
1118:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1039:
1030:
995:
991:
981:
953:
946:
921:
917:
911:
899:. Retrieved
886:
872:(1): 21–32.
869:
865:
859:
847:. Retrieved
840:the original
785:
711:
707:
697:
688:
682:
657:
653:
647:
612:
608:
551:
520:
513:
510:Applications
488:sulfonamides
461:
339:
270:Length (AAs)
257:
245:
228:blood plasma
222:levels, and
205:
197:"Fraction V"
196:
192:
188:
187:
145:
57:
476:antioxidant
446:222 nm
442:209 nm
250:18-residue
224:temperature
167:Swiss-model
47:Identifiers
1431:Categories
1401:2011-12-22
1304:: 122914.
1196:19 January
1128:Biocompare
1050:2017-03-29
794:B007ESU1JQ
587:References
496:tryptophan
484:salicylate
419:1 g/L
311:Propeptide
248:N-terminal
242:Properties
163:Structures
158:Search for
141:Chromosome
135:Other data
88:HomoloGene
58:Bos taurus
1186:"BSA FAQ"
973:162129148
924:(8): 11.
504:octanoate
500:thyroxine
492:bilirubin
472:bilirubin
117:NP_851335
105:NM_180992
1110:10465295
1022:26528027
938:34213692
901:29 April
639:22677715
560:See also
458:Function
373:: -61°;
328:25 – 607
267:Position
177:InterPro
52:Organism
1379:9690837
1350:2260975
1255:8975603
1225:Bibcode
1013:4620676
746:1167468
737:1334600
716:Bibcode
674:9493841
630:3401331
543:enzymes
539:protein
444:; 20.1
421:: 0.667
405:: 0.733
334:66,463
290:69,324
264:Peptide
199:) is a
173:Domains
124:UniProt
33:albumin
1423:(MeSH)
1377:
1348:
1253:
1246:167874
1243:
1108:
1020:
1010:
971:
961:
936:
849:5 July
792:
744:
734:
672:
637:
627:
523:ELISAs
437:: 8443
377:: -63°
306:2,107
129:P02769
93:105925
81:280717
76:Entrez
67:Symbol
1391:(pdf)
895:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
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