754:, north of Bougainville, a local militia was formed which succeeded in driving out the BRA in September, with the help of Papuan troops. By the end of 1990, the PNGDF national forces controlled Buka, while the BRA controlled the remainder of Bougainville. Early attempts at resolving the conflict resulted in agreements being signed in 1990 and 1991; however, neither side honoured their terms. Meanwhile, the BRA leadership of Ona and Kauona fell out with some of the political leaders, such as Kabui. Several other pro-government village militias, which together became known as the resistance and were armed by the PNGDF, forced the BRA out of their areas. During 1991–92, the PNGDF gradually returned to Bougainville, taking control of the north and southwest of the main island.
798:, Australia, in September and December 1995, between the BRA, BTG and the PNG government, in January 1996 the BRA/BIG representatives, including Kabui, were fired on by PNGDF forces after returning to Bougainville. Later, the home of the BIG's representative in the Solomon Islands, Martin Mirori, was firebombed. The BRA subsequently undertook retaliatory action in northern Bougainville and on Buka. Chan decided to abandon attempts at peace, and on 21 March 1996, approved the lifting of the ceasefire on Bougainville. In an address to the nation, he subsequently resolved to achieve a military solution.
683:
native people of the island identified as "black." Many "white-skins", mostly
Australian nationals, also came to work at the mine. The Bougainvilleans wanted neither the migrants nor immigrants on their land, especially the "red-skins" who they resented because of cultural differences between the groups. Many of the local landowners were opposed to the mine because it attracted an influx of immigrant workers, the adverse environmental effects, and that most of the mine's profits left the island. Prior to Papua New Guinea's independence in 1975, Bougainville Island had attempted to
893:
second being the elections for the
Bougainville People's Congress. Elections were held in May, and Kabui was named president. However, the legality of this was contested by Momis, with the support of a number of tribal chiefs and Resistance leaders. In November, a new body, the Bougainville Interim Provincial Government, was established, headed by Momis. Rapprochment between Kauona and Momis led to an agreement through which the two bodies would act in consultation. An organised reconciliation process began at the tribal level in the early 2000s.
153:
832:
Miriung was assassinated. A subsequent independent investigation implicated members of the PNGDF and the resistance militias. Discipline and morale was rapidly deteriorating within the ranks of the PNG military, and they were withdrawn in August after the offensive ended in a stalemate. By this time the PNGDF, with assistance of the
Bougainville Resistance Forces, was in "reasonable" control of approximately 40% of the island, yet they remained vulnerable to guerilla attacks with the BRA establishing an ascendency over government forces.
203:
731:
training, and some specialist and technical advisors and personnel. Similar assistance was also provided to the police. The helicopters had been provided by
Australia without weapons, and on the provision that they would not be used for combat. The PNGDF subsequently fitted machine guns in contravention of the agreement and later used them as gunships. The blockade remained in effect until the ceasefire in 1994 (although it was informally continued for some parts of Bougainville until 1997).
431:
287:
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840:, then opposed the plan, and ordered all the mercenaries to be detained on arrival. In the resulting saga, Papua New Guinea came close to a military coup, with the parliament surrounded by demonstrators and many military personnel. The Australian government placed pressure on PNG to terminate the contract with Sandline, and intercepted the heavy equipment that was being flown in for the mercenaries. Chan resigned and the mercenaries were removed from Papua New Guinean territory.
349:
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900:(ABG). Yet Ona refused to play any part in the peace process, and, with a small minority of fighters, broke away from the BRA. Throughout the decade, he continued to resist overtures to participate in the new government, occupying an area around the mine which remained a no-go zone and declaring himself 'king' of Bougainville before dying of malaria in 2005. Elections for the first ABG were held in May and June 2005 with Joseph Kabui elected president.
165:
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49:
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715:. The mine company closed the mine, and many non-Bougainvilleans left the island. Fighting continued for a year, during which widespread human rights violations were alleged to have occurred, including the burning of many villages. However, in early 1990 Papua New Guinea withdrew, leaving Bougainville in the control of the BRA. Despite agreeing to disarm and negotiate,
738:, was appointed Vice-President. The military commander of the BRA was Sam Kauona, a former PNGDF officer. Yet the BIG had little power, and the island began to descend into disarray. The command structure established by the BRA seldom had any real control over the various groups throughout the island that claimed to be part of the BRA. A number of
791:, a former lawyer for the Panguna Landowners Association. This resulted in the establishment of a Bougainville Transitional Government in April 1995, with its capital in Buka. Miriung was named as the Premier of a compromise government but ultimately was "unable to bridge the gap between hardliners on both sides".
940:
number of combat deaths as 1,000–2,000. Other sources estimated that around 10,000 Bougainvilleans died of violence or disease during this period, while over 60,000 Bougainvilleans were living in internally displaced persons' camps by the mid-1990s and thousands more had fled to nearby
Solomon Islands.
1596:
Agreement between Papua New Guinea and Fiji, Tonga, Solomon
Islands, Vanuatu, Australia and New Zealand, concerning the status of elements of the defence forces of those countries deployed in the North Solomon's Province of Papua New Guinea as part of the South Pacific Peacekeeping Force (1994) PITSE
876:
resulting in a truce, as well as agreement to de-militarize the island. An unarmed Truce
Monitoring Group (TMG) led by New Zealand and supported by Australia, Fiji and Vanuatu was subsequently deployed. Since then a ceasefire has largely held on the island. Breaking with Ona, Kauona and Kabui entered
682:
Conflict began to emerge in
Bougainville from the start of mining operations at Panguna as the mine recruited thousands of migrant workers to the island. Most were Papua New Guineans from the mainland, whom the Bougainvilleans referred to as "red-skins" because of their skin colour. By contrast, most
892:
as
Governor, was established in January 1999. However, this government was suspended after facing opposition from both the BIA/BRA and BTG. Arrangements were made for the creation of a modified government, to be established in two phases: the first being the Bougainville Constituent Assembly and the
749:
The divisions in the conflict were largely drawn along clan lines. There were 70–80 minor tribal conflicts for BIG to deal with in addition to the blockade. As the BIG/BRA was dominated by the Nasioi clan, other islanders were suspicious of its goals, especially in north
Bougainville. On the island
730:
that had been supplied to PNG as aid by the Australian government in the late-1980s as part of a defence co-operation program underway since independence. Other Australian support, as part of its capacity-building effort, included funding for the PNGDF, provision of arms and ammunition, logistics,
843:
The conflict continued until 1997. There were approximately 800 PNGDF and 150 "riot squad" personnel deployed on the island by this time, while the BRF probably had around 1,500 men. These men were armed by the PNGDF and operated mostly in a "home guard" role, with only a small number involved in
1055:
During this period Australian Defence Force (ADF) loan personnel filled a number of key positions in the PNGDF on a regular basis, and as a result they were often at least indirectly involved in supporting most PNGDF operations, including those on Bougainville. Five members of the ADF on loan or
939:
since the end of World War II. PNGDF casualties during the fighting were believed to include more than 300 killed. Meanwhile, the Australian government estimated that anywhere between 15,000–20,000 people could have died in the Bougainville conflict. However, more conservative estimates put the
831:
In September, BRA militants attacked a PNG army camp at Kangu Beach with the help of members of a local militia group, killing twelve PNGDF soldiers and taking five hostage. The incident was the largest single loss in an operation for the PNGDF during the conflict. The following month, Theodore
835:
Chan decided that his best chance to recapture the Panguna mine was with the Sandline mercenaries, and a contract was signed in January 1997. News of his intention to hire mercenaries was leaked to the Australian press and international condemnation followed. Although initially supportive, the
787:. However, the BIG leaders boycotted the conference, claiming that their safety could not be guaranteed. In the absence of Ona, Kabui and Kauona emerged as more moderate BRA leaders. Chan's government subsequently entered into negotiations with a group of chiefs from the Nasioi clan, headed by
919:
had alleged that Rio Tinto played a role in the civil war by helping finance the actions of the PNG government in Bougainville during the conflict in an attempt to allow the mine to be reopened. The Bougainville government was given control of mining on the island following the passage of the
765:
in pursuit of supporters of the BRA. Relations with the Solomon Islands deteriorated, and on one occasion PNG forces clashed with Solomon Island police, exchanging fire. On another the PNGDF troops landed on the island of Oema. The PNGDF, in alliance with the resistance, reoccupied
774:
attempted to gather a peacekeeping force from the nations of the Pacific, but Wingti quashed the idea. He subsequently ordered the army to retake the Panguna mine, and was initially successful. His government was short-lived, and in August 1994 was replaced as prime minister by
745:
that were affiliated with the BRA, equipped largely with weapons salvaged from the fighting in World War II, terrorized villages, engaging in murder, rape and pillage. Bougainville split into several factions, as the conflict took on ethnic and separatist characteristics.
844:
patrolling with the PNGDF or in directly involved in the fighting. BRA strength was estimated at 2,000 men armed with around 500 modern weapons (mostly captured or bought from PNGDF or "riot squad" personnel) and several thousand World War II vintage or homemade weapons.
958:
and Government of Papua New Guinea agreed to establish the Bougainville Referendum Commission. The Commission was tasked with making preparations for a vote on Bougainville's future political status in 2019. In late November and early December 2019, a non-binding
782:
Chan announced his intention to find a peaceful solution to the conflict, arranging a ceasefire at a meeting with Kauona in the Solomon Islands in September. They agreed to hold a peace conference in Arawa that October, with security provided by an Australian-led
963:
was held with an overwhelming majority voting for independence. In July 2021, an agreement was reached between the governments of Papua New Guinea and Bougainville, in which Bougainville will gain independence in 2027 pending approval of the PNG government.
881:, New Zealand, which culminated in the signing of the Lincoln Agreement in January 1998. Under the terms of the agreement, PNG began to withdraw its soldiers from the island, and steps were taken to disarm the BRA and BRF, while a multinational
707:(PNGDF). Although initially restricted to the area around the mine site, the conflict subsequently intensified. Both sides reported abuses against the native population during fighting between government forces and the rebels of the
828:. As negotiations with Sandline continued, in July the PNGDF launched a new offensive on Bougainville. The attack failed, suffering from poor logistical planning, a lack of intelligence on BRA locations and mounting casualties.
2424:
2630:
779:. The assault on Panguna subsequently failed. The PNGDF increasingly sustained losses at the hands of the insurgents in the interior of the island, where the jungle limited the visibility and effectiveness of its patrols.
915:
and Papua New Guinea for permission to send a team to investigate allegations about the presence of former Fijian soldiers in Bougainville. In 2011 it was reported that former PNG Prime Minister Sir
885:(PMG) under Australian leadership was deployed, replacing the TMG. Legislation to establish a Bougainville Reconciliation Government failed to win approval in the PNG Parliament in December 1998.
2148:
1065:
The helicopters were reported to have been maintained and operated by a private company contracted to the PNGDF at the time, and were flown by Australian and New Zealand civilian pilots.
954:
A condition of the peace agreement was that a referendum on Bougainville's political status would be held within 20 years, scheduled sometime between 2015 and 2020. In January 2016 the
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With the government of Australia declining to provide direct military support and advocating a political solution to the conflict, Chan sought alternatives. The
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exchange with the PNGDF are reported to have visited Bougainville during the crisis. Their duties were restricted to the provision of technical advice.
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2660:(1). Gold Coast, Queensland: Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bond University: 41–55.
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Ona subsequently set up the Bougainville Interim Government (BIG), appointing himself president. The former premier of the provincial government,
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Papua New Guinea's policy towards Bougainville hardened after the defeat of the incumbent government at the 1992 elections. New prime minister
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Hostilities concluded under the Bougainville Peace Agreement in 1998. The national (PNG) government agreed to the founding of the
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17:
1099:
Bahcheli, Tozun, Barry Bartmann, and Henry Srebrnik, eds. De facto states: the quest for sovereignty, p. 242. Routledge, 2004.
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took a considerably more hardline stance. In 1992–93, the PNGDF launched a number of unauthorised cross-border raids into the
569:
in 1945, with an estimated 15,000–20,000 Bougainvilleans dead, although lower estimates place the toll at around 1,000–2,000.
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Shortly after this, the acting PNGDF chief of staff, Colonel Leo Nuia, publicly rebuked the defence minister, saying he
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106:
2592:. Indo-Pacific Strategy Papers. Canberra: Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS), Australian Defence College.
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74:
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The Bougainville Independence Referendum: Assessing the Risks and Challenges Before, During and After the Referendum
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A Bougainville provincial government of the same status as the other eighteen provinces of Papua New Guinea, with
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1603:
708:
551:
190:
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from Papua New Guinea until representatives reached an agreement with the Australian administration for further
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deposits in the Crown Prince Range on Bougainville island during the 1960s led to the establishment of the huge
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3547:
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3364:
3269:
2982:
2883:
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2413:
1752:
1750:
1621:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
704:
480:
982:, who had written about the war but had not been able to visit PNG. It was made into a film in 2012, entitled
794:
Meanwhile, Chan was beginning to get frustrated at the lack of progress. Following a round of negotiations in
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and to certain rights and authorities that the autonomous government would have over what became known as
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should refrain from making wild statements on matters affecting the operations of the soldiers and police
699:
By late 1988, tensions over the mine led to local violence in Bougainville. The government deployed the
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3035:
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3726:
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3650:
821:
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2527:
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767:
664:
554:(BRA), and between the BRA and other armed groups on Bougainville. The conflict was described by
543:
460:
422:
816:
began in March 1996, when the government of Papua New Guinea attempted to hire mercenaries from
4102:
4045:
3839:
3518:
3492:
3385:
2520:
Reporting Military Conflict and Human Rights Abuse: The Australian Press and Bougainville, 1996
882:
817:
2361:
1756:
1639:
1627:
1532:
1493:
1260:
4162:
4135:
4070:
4003:
3695:
3690:
3406:
3152:
2972:
2082:"Bougainville referendum: region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Papua New Guinea"
1595:
577:
470:
454:
31:
2977:
869:
644:
2631:
The Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations
2426:
The Situation on Bougainville: Implications for Papua New Guinea, Australia and the Region
1925:
722:
The PNG government subsequently imposed a blockade on Bougainville. It was enforced using
8:
4274:
4075:
3045:
3008:
2956:
2627:
The Good Neighbour: Australian Peace Support Operations in the Pacific Islands, 1980–2006
604:
581:
4193:
4060:
4050:
4015:
3258:
3147:
3003:
2654:
Culture Mandala: The Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies
1030:
825:
795:
723:
372:
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3998:
3914:
3834:
3183:
3040:
2661:
2634:
2611:
2569:
2550:
2503:
2486:
2476:"Moral Support? Australia's Support to Papua New Guinea's Internal Security Problems"
2460:
2430:
2409:
2390:
2369:
2348:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2268:
2247:
2226:
2205:
2089:
1391:
1161:
1009:
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596:
450:
255:
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1985:(Press release). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO). 2 March 2006
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3770:
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3284:
3168:
2914:
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2547:
Without a Gun: Australians' Experiences Monitoring Peace in Bougainville, 1997–2001
788:
688:
628:
600:
547:
327:
323:
133:
82:
2790:
896:
A peace agreement was reached in 2001, leading to a roadmap to the creation of an
864:, who had previously opposed a military solution. In mid-1997, talks were held in
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3716:
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3178:
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2283:
2262:
2220:
2199:
904:
813:
807:
762:
660:
616:
342:
208:
78:
2243:
Reconciliation and Architectures of Commitment: Sequencing Peace in Bougainville
2222:
Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't
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3597:
3540:
3173:
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2054:
1022:
916:
908:
837:
291:
251:
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4203:
4085:
3894:
3844:
3276:
2665:
2490:
2434:
2170:
2093:
1395:
672:
2429:. Current Issues Brief 9 1996–97. Canberra: Parliamentary Research Service.
2285:
Occupying the "Other": Australia and Military Occupations from Japan to Iraq
4208:
2055:"Bougainville referendum: PNG region votes overwhelmingly for independence"
878:
758:
739:
735:
656:
624:
566:
353:
269:
2750:"The Military in Papua New Guinea: A 'Culture of Instability' But No Coup"
4130:
4120:
3909:
3904:
2608:
Doves over the Pacific: In Pursuit of Peace and Stability in Bougainville
989:
873:
776:
771:
751:
719:, the leader of the BRA, unilaterally declared independence in May 1990.
716:
668:
636:
608:
303:
240:
86:
2610:. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications.
4147:
4065:
2934:
2866:
2362:
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (1999).
2204:. Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand, Victoria University Press.
974:
928:
889:
861:
712:
652:
558:
280:
2568:. Weston Creek, Australian Capital Territory: Aerospace Publications.
2288:. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1815:
1813:
2633:. Vol. V. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press.
2141:"Bougainville independence: recalling promises of international help"
1026:
935:
of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, as the largest conflict in
663:. In 1972, the Panguna mine began production under the management of
648:
632:
542:, was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the
444:
170:
158:
1138:
770:, the provincial capital, in February 1993. Papuan Foreign Minister
651:
was first discovered on Bougainville in 1930. The discovery of vast
3957:
3607:
2822:
1997:
1982:
1810:
1757:
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 1999
1640:
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 1999
1628:
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 1999
1533:
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 1999
1494:
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 1999
1261:
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 1999
611:
and numerous smaller islands. Geographically they form part of the
2738:
2727:
2716:
2526:(Master of Social Science thesis). RMIT University. Archived from
1983:"Bougainville: UN Asks for Invitation to Investigate Mercenaries"
984:
936:
865:
562:
1602:
Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. A facility of the
684:
676:
615:, but are politically separate from the independent country of
2344:
Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century
2326:(Third ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
1963:
1109:
1107:
1105:
824:, that in turn employed the South African military contractor
679:
revenue, making it vitally important to the national economy.
675:
in the world and produced more than 45% of Papua New Guinea's
48:
1885:
1873:
2219:
Aspinall, Edward; Jeffrey, Robin; Regan, Anthony J. (2013).
1825:
1762:
1735:
1701:
1699:
1555:
1553:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
711:(BRA), and the conflict developed into a general separatist
1212:
1210:
1102:
912:
852:
220:
1538:
2406:
Other People's Wars: A History of Australian Peacekeeping
1861:
1849:
1798:
1774:
1696:
1684:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1609:
1550:
1499:
1469:"Bougainville at a crossroads: independence and the mine"
1445:
1426:
1402:
1119:
972:
The Bougainville conflict was depicted in the 2006 novel
924:
in March 2015; however, the Panguna mine remains closed.
860:
The impetus for peace was the election of Prime Minister
402:
Estimates vary between 15,000–20,000 Bougainvilleans dead
1348:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1207:
1176:
30:
For the fighting on the island during World War II, see
1918:"Bougainville – The Man Who Would Be King (Transcript)"
1360:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
580:, which includes outlying small islands in addition to
4240:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania
2747:
2029:"Signing paves way for Bougainville independence vote"
1657:
1312:
1266:
3955:
2650:"The Bougainville Crisis and PNG-Australia relations"
2389:. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2246:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: ANU Press.
2009:
1897:
1837:
1786:
1711:
1222:
550:(PNG) between PNG and the secessionist forces of the
2218:
2003:
1924:. Australian Broadcasting Commission. Archived from
1819:
1278:
1188:
999:
2820:
2171:"Andrew Adamson to direct adaptation of Mister Pip"
1723:
1672:
1577:
1414:
1336:
1324:
667:, with the government of Papua New Guinea as a 20%
2456:The Military and Democracy in Asia and the Pacific
2408:. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
2139:Mckenna, Kylie; Ariku, Emelda (19 November 2021).
2107:
856:Ambulances in Arawa, 1998, destroyed in conflict.
4221:
3570:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)
3153:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)
671:. At the time, the Panguna mine was the largest
4098:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)
3745:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
3536:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
2952:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
2281:
1969:
1565:
1159:
631:, from the late 1800s until it was occupied by
2264:Papua New Guinea: The Struggle for Development
1141:. National Film and Sound Archive of Australia
1131:
877:into peace talks with the Skate government in
3941:
2806:
2498:Regan, Anthony; Griffin, Helga, eds. (2005).
2453:May, Ronald James; Selochan, Viberto (2004).
2201:Peace on Bougainville: Truce Monitoring Group
2116:"PNG, B'ville agree on latter's independence"
1384:"Battle intensifies over Bougainville copper"
515:
53:District map of Bougainville (North Solomons)
4153:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)
2930:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
2925:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
2879:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
2736:
2725:
2714:
2692:
2544:
2497:
2485:. Canberra: Parliamentary Research Service.
2282:de Matos, Christine; Gerster, Robin (2009).
2138:
1949:"Ona's death paves way for mining to resume"
1891:
1879:
1439:
1216:
1125:
27:1988–1998 armed conflict in Papua New Guinea
2940:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
2872:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
2452:
2239:
2132:
1831:
1804:
1780:
1768:
1741:
1690:
1651:
1559:
1544:
1520:
1508:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1408:
1113:
950:2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum
3948:
3934:
3412:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)
2862:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2857:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2813:
2799:
2647:
2382:
2365:Bougainville: The Peace Process and Beyond
1705:
1377:
1375:
1153:
943:
847:
703:(RPNGC) Mobile Squads and elements of the
522:
508:
3212:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
3127:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
2884:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
2761:. pp. 58, 59, 61, 62. Archived from
2340:
1354:
256:
4126:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
3531:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
3264:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)
3207:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
2947:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
2699:. Ipso-facto Productions. Archived from
2648:Lavaka Ata, Ulukalala (1 January 1998).
2582:
2347:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2015:
1903:
1466:
1457:
1241:
1087:"The Bougainville Referendum And Beyond"
992:and New Guinean actress Xzannjah Matsi.
851:
694:
691:, which satisfied concerns at the time.
4168:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012)
2545:Wehner, Monica; Denoon, Donald (2001).
2516:
2368:. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
2260:
2113:
1792:
1381:
1372:
1272:
14:
4222:
3312:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
2910:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
2563:
2403:
2302:
1946:
1915:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1717:
1615:
1300:. Nautilus Institute. 19 December 2011
1284:
1201:
1182:
1139:"Origins of the Bougainville Conflict"
1084:
967:
3977:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
3929:
3460:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
2999:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
2920:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2852:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2794:
2624:
2473:
2341:Howe, K.R.; Kiste, Robert C. (1994).
2197:
2151:from the original on 18 November 2021
2079:
1729:
1678:
1666:
1583:
1420:
1342:
1330:
1318:
4121:Slovenian War of Independence (1991)
4036:Russian constitutional crisis (1993)
4004:Transnistria conflict (1990–present)
3603:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
3391:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes
2696:Bougainville "Our Island, Our Fight"
2605:
2386:The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia
2383:Lal, Brij V.; Fortune, Kate (2000).
2321:
1475:. Australian Broadcasting Commission
1366:
603:, consisting of the main islands of
369:Several thousand resistance fighters
4081:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)
3691:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
3524:Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
2422:
1571:
911:working group on mercenaries asked
701:Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary
24:
4076:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)
3712:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
3681:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
3641:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
3591:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
3586:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
2957:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)
2598:
2047:
2004:Aspinall, Jeffrey & Regan 2013
1820:Aspinall, Jeffrey & Regan 2013
956:Autonomous Bougainville Government
898:Autonomous Bougainville Government
801:
639:in 1914. Australia was assigned a
574:Autonomous Bougainville Government
491:Autonomous Bougainville Government
107:Autonomous Bougainville Government
25:
4286:
4230:Autonomous Region of Bougainville
3407:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
3228:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
3041:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
2748:Ron J. May; Nicole Haley (2014).
2743:. ABC and Ipso-facto Productions.
2732:. ABC and Ipso-facto Productions.
2721:. ABC and Ipso-facto Productions.
2686:
1160:O'Callaghan, Mary-Louise (2002).
476:Territory of Papua and New Guinea
75:Autonomous Region of Bougainville
3727:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)
3077:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
2978:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
2894:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)
2500:Bougainville Before the Conflict
2474:Raath, Niki (19 December 1991).
2080:Lyons, Kate (11 December 2019).
1002:
978:, by the New Zealand journalist
785:South Pacific Peacekeeping Force
647:in 1919. Under Australian rule,
429:
347:
336:
317:
308:
297:
285:
274:
263:
245:
234:
213:
201:
177:
163:
151:
126:
47:
4245:Wars involving Papua New Guinea
4189:List of ongoing armed conflicts
4031:East Prigorodny conflict (1992)
3879:Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
3771:Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
3754:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)
3169:Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
2915:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
2847:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
2324:A Military History of Australia
2163:
2114:Kenneth, Gorethy (2021-07-07).
2073:
2021:
1975:
1940:
1909:
1604:University of the South Pacific
1589:
1390:. Sydney: News Corp Australia.
1382:Callick, Rowan (16 July 2011).
1290:
1059:
1049:
709:Bougainville Revolutionary Army
552:Bougainville Revolutionary Army
191:Bougainville Revolutionary Army
184:Bougainville Interim Government
65:1 December 1988 – 20 April 1998
4250:Civil wars of the 20th century
4235:Separatism in Papua New Guinea
4158:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)
4051:Second Chechen War (1999–2009)
4016:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)
3623:ISIL insurgency (2017–present)
3519:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
3259:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
3254:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
3148:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
3004:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
2566:Military Aircraft of Australia
1947:Skehan, Craig (26 July 2005).
1467:Phillips, Keri (2 June 2015).
1093:
1085:Bohane, Ben (8 October 2019).
1078:
927:The war has been described by
705:Papua New Guinea Defence Force
643:over German New Guinea in the
481:Republic of the North Solomons
13:
1:
4184:List of Post-Soviet conflicts
4136:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)
4103:Wagner Group rebellion (2023)
4041:First Chechen War (1994–1996)
3999:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)
3143:Papua conflict (1969–present)
2583:Woodbury, Jo (January 2015).
2190:
1916:McLeod, Shane (17 May 2005).
1600:Pacific Islands Treaty Series
1298:"Pacific patrol boat program"
1162:"The origins of the conflict"
587:
143:Bougainville Resistance Force
4071:Revolution of Dignity (2014)
4056:Tuzla Island conflict (2003)
4009:Transnistria War (1990–1992)
3845:Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
3613:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
3285:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)
2983:JVP insurrection (1987–1989)
2737:Coles-Janess, Wayne (1997).
2726:Coles-Janess, Wayne (1994).
2715:Coles-Janess, Wayne (1997).
2693:Coles-Janess, Wayne (1998).
2549:. Canberra: Pandanus Books.
2502:. Canberra: Pandanus Books.
102:Bougainville Peace Agreement
7:
4091:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4026:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
4021:South Ossetia War (1991–92)
3850:Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
3717:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
3663:Syrian arena (2012–present)
3646:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
3563:Syrian arena (2012–present)
3514:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
3100:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
3036:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
2889:Religious violence in India
1970:de Matos & Gerster 2009
1951:. The Sydney Morning Herald
1473:Rear Vision: Radio National
995:
619:. Bougainville was part of
613:Solomon Islands archipelago
561:as the largest conflict in
397:1,000–2,000 fighters killed
10:
4291:
3900:Operation Inherent Resolve
3722:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
3658:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
3651:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
3548:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
3509:Kurdish separatism in Iran
2423:May, Ronald James (1996).
2240:Braithwaite, John (2010).
961:referendum on independence
947:
805:
728:Pacific-class patrol boats
659:by the Australian company
392:300+ PNGDF soldiers killed
378:Pacific-class patrol boats
29:
4260:1990s in Papua New Guinea
4255:1980s in Papua New Guinea
4176:
4143:Albanian Civil War (1997)
4111:
4061:Russo-Georgian War (2008)
3967:
3887:
3869:
3817:
3786:
3763:
3737:
3704:
3673:
3633:
3578:
3553:South Lebanon (1985–2000)
3501:
3485:
3452:
3445:
3420:
3399:
3373:
3357:
3304:
3297:
3246:
3220:
3199:
3161:
3135:
3119:
3112:
3092:
3072:Maritime border incidents
3054:
3028:
3021:
2991:
2965:
2902:
2839:
2832:
2459:. Canberra: ANU E Press.
724:UH-1 Iroquois helicopters
641:League of Nations mandate
401:
386:
373:UH-1 Iroquois helicopters
359:
227:
118:
57:
46:
41:
4270:1998 in Papua New Guinea
4265:1988 in Papua New Guinea
4199:List of frozen conflicts
3855:Civil War (2014–present)
3804:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
3493:Bahraini uprising (2011)
3189:Civil war (2021–present)
2740:Bougainville "Forgotten"
2729:Bougainville "Dirty War"
2564:Wilson, Stewart (1994).
1892:Wehner & Denoon 2001
1880:Wehner & Denoon 2001
1440:Wehner & Denoon 2001
1217:Wehner & Denoon 2001
1164:. Conciliation Resources
1126:Regan & Griffin 2005
1037:
1025:, a similar conflict in
836:commander of the PNGDF,
822:private military company
556:Bougainvillean President
394:Several thousand wounded
4163:Unrest in Kosovo (2004)
4131:Bosnian War (1992–1995)
3840:South Yemen (2009–2015)
3696:Lebanon conflict (2008)
3618:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
3433:Andijan massacre (2005)
3428:Fergana massacre (1989)
2973:JVP insurrection (1971)
2718:Bougainville "Sandline"
2267:. New York: Routledge.
2198:Adams, Rebecca (2001).
1597:18 (28 September 1994)
1545:May & Selochan 2004
1018:History of Bougainville
944:Independence referendum
922:Bougainville Mining Act
848:Ceasefire and aftermath
665:Bougainville Copper Ltd
544:North Solomons Province
496:Independence referendum
471:Allied counter-invasion
423:History of Bougainville
4148:Kosovo War (1998–1999)
4066:Maidan Uprising (2013)
4046:War in Abkhazia (1998)
3386:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
2517:Roberts, John (2002).
2404:Londey, Peter (2004).
2322:Grey, Jeffrey (2008).
2261:Connell, John (2005).
1706:Lal & Fortune 2000
883:Peace Monitoring Group
857:
818:Sandline International
635:after the outbreak of
540:Bougainville Civil War
228:Commanders and leaders
18:Bougainville Civil War
3347:Republican insurgency
3046:Tibetan unrest (2008)
2606:Bowd, Reuben (2007).
2307:. Sydney: ABC Books.
2303:Dorney, Sean (1998).
2225:. London: Routledge.
1922:Foreign Correspondent
1355:Howe & Kiste 1994
855:
695:Secessionist conflict
578:Bougainville Province
536:Bougainville conflict
486:Bougainville conflict
387:Casualties and losses
140:Buka Liberation Front
105:Establishment of the
42:Bougainville conflict
32:Bougainville campaign
3830:al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
3809:Turkey–ISIL conflict
3608:Iraq War (2003–2011)
645:Treaty of Versailles
538:, also known as the
3961:conflicts in Europe
3009:Operation All Clear
2758:Security Challenges
2625:Breen, Bob (2016).
2305:The Sandline Affair
2175:www.screendaily.com
1870:, pp. 220–222.
1858:, pp. 219–220.
1618:, pp. 216–217.
1369:, pp. 259–260.
1185:, pp. 215–216.
968:Cultural depictions
582:Bougainville Island
98:Military stalemate
4194:List of proxy wars
3915:Colour revolutions
3835:Houthi (2004–2015)
3776:Regional spillover
3686:Lebanon War (2006)
3558:Lebanon War (2006)
2061:. 11 December 2019
903:In March 2006, Dr
858:
826:Executive Outcomes
461:Australian mandate
4217:
4216:
3923:
3922:
3870:Inter-continental
3865:
3864:
3799:DHKP/C insurgency
3794:Maoist insurgency
3441:
3440:
3293:
3292:
3184:Rohingya conflict
3108:
3107:
3017:
3016:
2935:Kargil War (1999)
2867:Kargil War (1999)
2826:conflicts in Asia
2640:978-1-107-01971-3
2333:978-0-521-69791-0
2035:. 25 January 2017
1894:, pp. 12–14.
1882:, pp. 10–12.
1834:, pp. 43–44.
1771:, pp. 41–42.
1744:, pp. 40–43.
1669:, pp. 28–29.
1630:, pp. 27–28.
1523:, pp. 32–33.
1321:, pp. 12–26.
1116:, pp. 86–87.
1089:. Lowy Institute.
1010:New Guinea portal
820:, a London-based
661:Conzinc Rio Tinto
621:German New Guinea
597:autonomous region
565:since the end of
532:
531:
466:Japanese invasion
406:
405:
114:
113:
16:(Redirected from
4282:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3926:
3825:Civil war (1994)
3450:
3449:
3381:1990 Osh clashes
3365:Ethnic conflicts
3302:
3301:
3279:
3272:
3117:
3116:
3082:2017–2018 crisis
3060:
3026:
3025:
2837:
2836:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:on Bougainville.
2784:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2754:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2672:on 24 April 2016
2668:. Archived from
2644:
2621:
2593:
2591:
2579:
2560:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2513:
2494:
2480:
2470:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2437:. Archived from
2419:
2400:
2379:
2358:
2337:
2318:
2299:
2278:
2257:
2236:
2215:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1832:Braithwaite 2010
1829:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1805:Braithwaite 2010
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1781:Braithwaite 2010
1778:
1772:
1769:Braithwaite 2010
1766:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1742:Braithwaite 2010
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1691:Braithwaite 2010
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1652:Braithwaite 2010
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1560:Braithwaite 2010
1557:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1521:Braithwaite 2010
1518:
1512:
1509:Braithwaite 2010
1506:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1464:
1455:
1452:Braithwaite 2010
1449:
1443:
1437:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1409:Braithwaite 2010
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1245:
1239:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1114:Braithwaite 2010
1111:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
789:Theodore Miriung
743:(criminal) gangs
689:decentralization
629:Imperial Germany
601:Papua New Guinea
548:Papua New Guinea
524:
517:
510:
433:
408:
407:
352:
351:
350:
341:
340:
339:
332:
324:Theodore Miriung
322:
321:
320:
313:
312:
311:
302:
301:
300:
290:
289:
288:
279:
278:
277:
268:
267:
266:
258:
250:
249:
248:
239:
238:
237:
219:
217:
216:
207:
205:
204:
182:
181:
180:
169:
167:
166:
157:
155:
154:
134:Papua New Guinea
132:
130:
129:
83:Papua New Guinea
59:
58:
51:
39:
38:
21:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4172:
4113:Southern Europe
4107:
3963:
3954:
3924:
3919:
3883:
3871:
3861:
3813:
3782:
3759:
3733:
3700:
3669:
3629:
3574:
3497:
3481:
3437:
3416:
3395:
3369:
3353:
3317:Afghan conflict
3289:
3275:
3268:
3242:
3216:
3195:
3179:Kachin conflict
3157:
3131:
3104:
3088:
3067:Korean conflict
3058:
3056:
3050:
3013:
2987:
2961:
2898:
2828:
2819:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2752:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2684:
2675:
2673:
2641:
2618:
2601:
2599:Further reading
2596:
2589:
2576:
2557:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2510:
2478:
2467:
2444:
2442:
2416:
2397:
2376:
2355:
2334:
2315:
2296:
2275:
2254:
2233:
2212:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2145:The Interpreter
2137:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1248:
1240:
1223:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1154:
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2687:External links
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1388:The Australian
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1023:Papua conflict
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948:Main article:
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917:Michael Somare
909:United Nations
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2768:on 2021-12-05
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2033:radionz.co.nz
2030:
2024:
2017:
2016:Woodbury 2015
2012:
2005:
2000:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1950:
1943:
1928:on 2016-03-04
1927:
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1904:Woodbury 2015
1900:
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1845:
1840:
1833:
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1816:
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1806:
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1782:
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1606:School of Law
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1510:
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1453:
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1422:
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1410:
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1344:
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1315:
1299:
1293:
1287:, p. 32.
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1263:, p. 23.
1262:
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1242:Woodbury 2015
1238:
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1128:, p. 26.
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673:open cut mine
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451:German colony
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197:Supported by:
192:
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147:Supported by:
142:
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40:
37:
33:
19:
4209:War on drugs
3738:Saudi Arabia
3446:Western Asia
3298:Central Asia
2776:
2770:. Retrieved
2763:the original
2756:
2739:
2728:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2701:the original
2695:
2674:. Retrieved
2670:the original
2657:
2653:
2626:
2607:
2585:
2565:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2528:the original
2519:
2499:
2483:Issues Brief
2482:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2425:
2405:
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2364:
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2323:
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2284:
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2242:
2221:
2200:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2144:
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2120:Post Courier
2119:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2086:The Guardian
2085:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2018:, p. 3.
2011:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1977:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1921:
1911:
1906:, p. 7.
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1800:
1793:Roberts 2002
1788:
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1764:
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1713:
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1674:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
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1591:
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1567:
1540:
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1516:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1472:
1447:
1442:, p. 4.
1416:
1404:
1387:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1292:
1280:
1273:Connell 2005
1268:
1244:, p. 6.
1219:, p. 3.
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1133:
1121:
1095:
1080:
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1071:
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1051:
1042:
1041:
983:
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879:Christchurch
859:
842:
834:
830:
811:
793:
781:
759:Paias Wingti
756:
748:
740:
736:Joseph Kabui
733:
721:
698:
681:
657:Panguna mine
625:protectorate
605:Bougainville
593:Bougainville
591:
571:
567:World War II
539:
535:
533:
485:
354:Joseph Kabui
329:
270:Paias Wingti
196:
175:
146:
124:
119:Belligerents
97:
36:
3910:Arab Winter
3905:Arab Spring
3305:Afghanistan
3238:2006 crisis
3233:1999 crisis
2099:12 December
2065:11 December
1868:Londey 2004
1856:Londey 2004
1844:Londey 2004
1718:Dorney 1998
1616:Londey 2004
1285:Wilson 1994
1202:Londey 2004
1183:Londey 2004
990:Hugh Laurie
988:, starring
980:Lloyd Jones
874:New Zealand
777:Julius Chan
717:Francis Ona
669:shareholder
637:World War I
304:Francis Ona
241:Julius Chan
87:Solomon Sea
4275:Proxy wars
4224:Categories
3992:Second War
3475:Second War
3453:Azerbaijan
3421:Uzbekistan
3400:Tajikistan
3374:Kyrgyzstan
3358:Kazakhstan
3321:Civil War
3221:East Timor
3059:and South)
2833:South Asia
2772:2020-11-11
2707:2019-06-17
2556:1740760131
2537:2015-08-10
2445:2015-08-10
2415:1865086517
2191:References
2180:2016-04-09
2155:3 December
2125:2021-07-07
1730:Adams 2001
1679:Adams 2001
1667:Adams 2001
1584:Adams 2001
1421:Adams 2001
1343:Raath 1991
1331:Raath 1991
1319:Raath 1991
1031:West Papua
975:Mister Pip
929:John Momis
890:John Momis
862:Bill Skate
713:insurgency
653:copper ore
588:Background
559:John Momis
441:Prehistory
367:150 police
314:Sam Kauona
281:Bill Skate
3982:First War
3705:Palestine
3465:First War
3335:1996–2001
3330:1992–1996
3325:1989–1992
3136:Indonesia
3022:East Asia
2966:Sri Lanka
2666:1322-6916
2491:1037-2938
2435:221898325
2094:0261-3077
1396:1038-8761
1367:Grey 2008
1073:Citations
1043:Footnotes
1027:Indonesia
933:President
649:lode gold
633:Australia
445:Kilu Cave
223:(alleged)
171:Indonesia
159:Australia
3958:Cold War
3872:conflict
3200:Thailand
3120:Cambodia
2903:Pakistan
2823:Cold War
2676:9 August
2149:Archived
1989:7 August
1955:9 August
1932:9 August
1572:May 1996
1479:7 August
1304:7 August
996:See also
584:itself.
414:a series
412:Part of
360:Strength
70:Location
3674:Lebanon
3486:Bahrain
3162:Myanmar
1168:16 June
1145:16 June
985:Mr. Pip
937:Oceania
907:of the
870:Burnham
866:Honiara
563:Oceania
455:details
330:†
254: (
3787:Turkey
3634:Israel
3247:Others
3093:Taiwan
3057:(North
3055:Korea
2992:Others
2664:
2637:
2614:
2572:
2553:
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2229:
2208:
2092:
2039:19 May
1394:
1033:region
796:Cairns
741:raskol
685:secede
677:export
595:is an
416:on the
382:~2,000
326:
218:
206:
186:(BIG)
168:
156:
131:
94:Result
3956:Post–
3818:Yemen
3764:Syria
3029:China
2840:India
2821:Post–
2783:'
2779:'
2766:(PDF)
2753:(PDF)
2590:(PDF)
2531:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
2479:(PDF)
1038:Notes
768:Arawa
193:(BRA)
3579:Iraq
3502:Iran
3277:Moro
2678:2015
2662:ISSN
2635:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2487:ISSN
2461:ISBN
2431:OCLC
2410:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2370:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2157:2021
2101:2019
2090:ISSN
2067:2019
2041:2017
1991:2015
1957:2015
1934:2015
1481:2015
1392:ISSN
1306:2015
1170:2013
1147:2013
913:Fiji
868:and
752:Buka
726:and
623:, a
609:Buka
607:and
534:The
221:Fiji
62:Date
3270:NPA
2059:BBC
1029:'s
872:in
750:of
627:of
599:of
546:of
257:WIA
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