1016:
1827:"A minute study of the text shows that it attests an independent form of the Hebrew text of Genesis and the early chapters of Exodus. Thus it agrees with individual authorities such as the Samaritan or the LXX, or the Syriac, or the Vulgate, or the Targum of Onkelos against all the rest. Or again it agrees with two or more of these authorities in opposition to the rest, as for instance with the Massoretic and Samaritan against the LXX, Syriac and Vulgate, or with the Massoretic and Onkelos against the Samaritan, LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate, or with the Massoretic, Samaritan and Syriac against the LXX or Vulgate." R.H. Charles, "7. Textual Affinities"
2296:
31:
1380:, but often with additional detail, and addressing Moses in the second person as the entire history of creation, and of Israel up to that point, is recounted in divisions of 49 years each, or "Jubilees". The elapsed time from the creation, up to Moses receiving the scriptures upon Sinai during the Exodus, is calculated as fifty Jubilees, less the 40 years still to be spent wandering in the desert before entering Canaan â or 2,410 years.
2728:
1387:, angels of sanctifications, guardian angels over individuals, and angels presiding over the phenomena of nature. Enoch was the first man initiated by the angels in the art of writing, and wrote down, accordingly, all the secrets of astronomy, of chronology, and of the world's epochs. As regards demonology, the writer's position is largely that of the deuterocanonical writings from both New and Old Testament times.
1495:. This kingdom would be gradually realized on earth, and the transformation of physical nature would go hand in hand with the ethical transformation of man until there was a new heaven and a new earth. Thus, finally, all sin and pain would disappear and men would live to the age of 1,000 years in happiness and peace, and after death enjoy a blessed immortality in the spirit world.
1649:. He says that "The Quran has many passages in which Abraham expounds the errors in idolatry. In these passages, Abraham always addresses his words to local people, and he does not leave their land. This probably reflects Islamâs position that aims at converting idol worshippers to monotheistic religion and settling in their place of residence."
1241:. According to one historian, the variation among parallel manuscript traditions that are exhibited by the Septuagint compared with the đ¸, and which are embodied in the further variants among the Dead Sea Scrolls, demonstrates that even canonical Hebrew texts did not possess any single "authorized" manuscript tradition before the
1125:
The Book of
Jubilees presents a "history of the division of the days of the law and of the testimony, of the events of the years, of their (year) weeks, of their jubilees throughout all the years of the world, as the Lord spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai when he went up to receive the tables of the law
1502:
insists (in
Chapter 6) on a 364 day yearly calendar, made up of four quarters of 13 weeks each, rather than a year of 12 lunar months, which it says is off by 10 days per year (the actual number being about 11Âź days). It also insists on a "Double Sabbath" each year being
1464:
According to this book, Hebrew is the language of Heaven, and was originally spoken by all creatures in the Garden, animals and man; however, the animals lost their power of speech when Adam and Eve were expelled. Following the Deluge, the earth was apportioned into three divisions for the three
1245:. Others write about the existence of three main textual manuscript traditions (namely the Babylonian, Palestinian and pre-đ¸ "proto" textual traditions). Although the pre-đ¸ text may have indeed been authoritative back then, arguments can be made for and against this concept.
2731:
1346:(which occurred 167-160 BCE) and is commonly dated to that time. The direction of dependence has been controversial, but the consensus since 2008 has been that the Animal Apocalypse came first and Jubilees after. As a result, general reference works such as the
1591:
held the Book of
Jubilees in high regard, as many of them cited and alluded to Jubilees in their writings. In relationship to the New Testament, the Book of Jubilees contains one of the earliest references to the idea that
1849:
Hershel Shanks, an historian and archaeological scholar, provides various articles that explore this issue in great depth, from various experts in the field of Dead Sea
Scrolls research, in his book
1264:
was widely used at Qumran. A comparison of the Qumran texts with the Geʽez version, performed by James VanderKam, found that the Geʽez was in most respects an accurate and literalistic translation.
1759:
2461:
Katsumata, Etsuko (2012). "Abraham the
Iconoclast: Different Interpretations in the Literature of the Second Temple Period, the Texts of Rabbinic Judaism, and the Quran".
1453:
Jubilees makes an incestuous reference regarding the son of Adam and Eve, Cain, and his wife. In chapter iv (1â12) (Cain and Abel), it mentions that Cain took his sister
3362:
1260:. The large number of manuscripts (more than for any Biblical books except for Psalms, Deuteronomy, Isaiah, Exodus, and Genesis, in descending order) indicates that
1806:
2500:
Jan M.F. van Reeth (1992). "Le Prophète musulman en tant que Nâsir Allâh et ses antÊcÊdents: le "Nazôraios" ÊvangÊlique et le livre des jubilÊs".
1627:
2211:
2146:
2074:"JUBILEES, BOOK OF (Τὰ ៸ĎβΡΝιáżÎą; known also as Little Genesis [áž ÎΝξΚνὴ ÎÎνξĎÎšĎ = "Bereshit Zuáša"]; Apocalypse of Moses; Life of Adam)"
1450:. Jubilees also states that God granted ten percent of the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim to try to lead mankind astray after the flood.
1114:. No complete Hebrew, Greek or Latin version is known to have survived, but the Geʽez version is an accurate translation of the fragments in
1015:
3047:
1338:"saw in a vision what has happened and what will occur", and the book contains many points of information otherwise found earliest in the
3979:
3861:
2026:
2764:
1473:, their families were scattered to their respective allotments, and Hebrew was forgotten, until Abraham was taught it by the angels.
2716:
1134:
while he was on Mount Sinai for forty days and forty nights. The chronology given in
Jubilees is based on multiples of seven. The
3938:
1836:
Robin Lane Fox, a classicist and historian, discusses these multifarious sources of Old and New
Testaments in layman's terms in
3846:
3841:
2169:
4078:
3856:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2586:
2567:
2531:
2275:
30:
3547:
2721:
1202:. There is also a preserved fragment of a Latin translation of the Greek that contains about a quarter of the whole work.
3653:
2830:
2490:
2004:
1973:
A New
Reading of the Animal Apocalypse of 1 Enoch: All Nations Shall Be Blessed" / With a New Translation and Commentary"
1551:
1000:
2267:
Books and
Written Culture of the Islamic World: Studies Presented to Claude Gilliot on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday
1645:. Etsuko Katsumata, comparing the Book of Jubilees and the Quran, notices significant differences, especially regarding
1457:
to be his wife and Enoch was their child. It also mentions that Seth (the third son of Adam and Eve) married his sister
4083:
3974:
3648:
3509:
1036:
4063:
3616:
2445:
2344:
2327:
3734:
3611:
3462:
3040:
957:
2426:. "Mashafa kufale sive Liber Jubilaeorum... aethiopice". Kiel, and London: Van Maack, Williams &Norgate, 1859.
1206:
3994:
2943:
2757:
1301:. With the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran in 1947, Charles' Pharisaic hypothesis of the origin of
3984:
2440:(Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 18) Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1987.
4053:
4048:
3948:
1537:
remained a point of reference for priestly circles (although they disputed its calendric proposal), and the
1442:
among many early
Christian authorities. Their hybrid children, the Nephilim in existence during the time of
1209:, now numbering twenty-seven, are the primary basis for translations into English. Passages in the texts of
3943:
1217:
do not directly reproduce either of the two surviving manuscript traditions. Consequently, even before the
4027:
3457:
3033:
947:
1814:
3631:
1676:
1060:
1059:
churches. Apart from the Beta Israel community, the book is not considered canonical within any of the
3749:
1630:(compiled 861), the Syriac reception of an Arabic chronicle of Agapius of Mabbug, and the writings of
1479:
also contains a few scattered allusions to the Messianic kingdom. Robert Henry Charles wrote in 1913:
4068:
4058:
3663:
3642:
3636:
2750:
2482:
2073:
1576:, the sole exception within Judaism. The earliest clear evidence of it in Jewish tradition is in the
3658:
3626:
3621:
3357:
3318:
1597:
1458:
1272:
1158:
were four complete Geʽez texts dating to the 15th and 16th centuries and several quotations by the
834:
1542:
3964:
3836:
3693:
3554:
3294:
1581:
1447:
1427:
1187:
1095:
993:
2684:
2596:
VanderKam, James C. (2000). "The Book of Jubilees". In L. H. Schiffman; J. C. VanderKam (eds.).
3820:
3703:
3688:
3678:
3270:
2192:
1347:
1339:
812:
2265:
2179:
1661:
Its sequence of events leading to the Flood match those of the "Dream Visions", 1 Enoch 83â90.
3769:
3708:
3698:
3606:
2840:
2679:
2335:
2037:
1556:
1423:
1384:
1179:
1163:
1087:
1071:
730:
246:
2611:. Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 9. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
2522:
1410:. The Ethiopian version states that the "angels" were in fact the disobedient offspring of
3969:
3889:
3601:
3514:
3424:
3190:
3077:
2835:
2795:
2386:
2374:
1159:
914:
711:
426:
8:
3911:
3876:
3673:
3352:
3135:
3105:
2948:
2874:
2845:
1928:
Philip L. Tite. "Textual and Redactional Aspects of the Book of Dreams (1 Enoch 83-90)".
1671:
1567:
1365:
persuasion", based on his knowledge of Canaanite geography, biblical festivals and laws.
1297:
868:
608:
559:
489:
111:
3803:
3718:
3524:
3519:
3481:
3404:
3367:
3347:
3277:
3004:
2953:
2938:
2869:
2850:
2800:
2790:
1631:
1435:
1183:
1175:
1135:
1091:
1083:
1067:
986:
894:
863:
201:
146:
20:
2711:
2479:
A walk through Jubilees: studies in the Book of Jubilees and the world of its creation
1350:
and the Mercer Dictionary of the Bible conclude the work can be dated to 160â150 BCE.
4073:
4004:
3813:
3808:
3581:
3491:
3434:
3255:
3245:
3095:
3009:
2913:
2650:
2631:
2612:
2582:
2563:
2527:
2486:
2441:
2390:
2340:
2323:
2271:
2252:
2223:
2158:
1708:
1619:
1618:, Jubilees is first received in extant sources from the mid-6th to early-7th century
1522:
1431:
1048:
923:
789:
779:
549:
479:
306:
296:
91:
1562:
It was not canonized into the Jewish canon and there is no official record of it in
1491:âthat is, from the Maccabean familyâas some of his contemporaries expectedâbut from
3989:
3884:
3866:
3798:
3786:
3744:
3683:
3668:
3559:
3240:
3185:
3165:
3145:
2918:
2805:
2773:
2509:
1746:
1646:
1642:
1593:
1492:
1343:
1195:
1151:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1028:
774:
706:
657:
618:
574:
365:
291:
222:
3781:
3759:
3713:
3260:
3220:
3195:
3125:
3100:
3085:
2606:
2423:
2102:
1851:
Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Reader from the Biblical Archaeology Review
1623:
1615:
1439:
1257:
1199:
1115:
1107:
1052:
794:
754:
716:
682:
598:
554:
539:
311:
271:
232:
177:
101:
71:
1342:), such as Enoch's wife being Edna. The Animal Apocalypse claims to predict the
1138:
is the year that follows the passage of seven âweeks of yearsâ (seven cycles of
530:
4017:
3999:
3933:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3542:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3313:
3289:
3250:
3200:
3180:
3150:
3130:
3115:
3110:
3090:
3056:
2974:
2969:
2908:
2706:
2474:
2054:
1777:
1608:
1588:
1577:
1572:
1470:
1234:
1225:
had deduced that the Hebrew original had used an otherwise unrecorded text for
1044:
1032:
859:
854:
849:
829:
784:
721:
701:
623:
603:
588:
583:
544:
469:
446:
301:
212:
187:
167:
157:
81:
2256:
1622:, and then in Letter 13 to John of Litarba, and Scholion 10, both authored by
1357:
was written in c.170-150 BCE by a Palestinian Jew of "priestly background and
1312:
has been problematic for Biblical scholars. While the oldest extant copies of
4042:
3764:
3573:
3442:
3308:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3205:
3175:
3073:
2979:
2692:
2350:
2227:
2162:
1802:
1538:
1419:
1222:
1167:
1075:
1056:
932:
824:
769:
764:
759:
739:
692:
667:
513:
406:
389:
286:
281:
276:
256:
2513:
4022:
3922:
3851:
3753:
3215:
3210:
3170:
3140:
3120:
3068:
3014:
1510:
1466:
1399:
1253:
1191:
1099:
976:
749:
744:
662:
638:
613:
593:
436:
416:
266:
261:
38:
1641:
Jan van Reeth argues that the Book of Jubilees had great influence on the
3905:
3501:
3419:
3414:
3328:
3323:
3155:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2664:
Wintermute, Orval S. (1985). "Jubilees". In James H. Charlesworth (ed.).
1725:
1658:
Jubilees bases its take on Enoch on the "Book of Watchers", 1 Enoch 1â36.
1635:
1040:
909:
904:
844:
839:
647:
375:
3739:
1402:
mated with mortal females, giving rise to a race of giants known as the
3894:
2861:
2680:
The text translated by R.H. Charles, 1902, with introduction and notes.
2523:
The Book of Jubilees: Rewritten Bible, Redaction, Ideology and Theology
1275:(1855â1931) became the first Biblical scholar to propose an origin for
1242:
1238:
129:
3409:
3025:
2933:
2701:
2553:. Harvard Semitic monographs. Vol. 14. Missoula: Scholars Press.
1563:
1358:
1317:
1284:
899:
1596:
through an angelic mediator. This idea is likewise reflected in the
3916:
3486:
3473:
3452:
3399:
3394:
2928:
2923:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2742:
2737:
2212:"Familiar spirits in the QurĘžÄn: retracing the origins of the jinn"
2147:"Familiar spirits in the QurĘžÄn: retracing the origins of the jinn"
2132:
Wolf Leslau, Falasha Anthology (Yale 1951), xxvii, xxxviii, xlii, 9
1403:
952:
942:
889:
884:
1604:
3928:
3793:
2900:
2825:
2820:
2815:
1570:
sources. Some Jubilees traditions are echoed in the 12th-century
1484:
1362:
1292:
1126:
and of the commandment" as revealed to Moses (in addition to the
1110:. The text was also utilized by the community that collected the
329:
2463:
Journal of the Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions
3899:
3776:
3160:
1454:
1407:
1218:
1171:
1142:, or 49 total years), into which all of time has been divided.
1139:
1079:
652:
355:
2071:
3060:
2782:
1398:
on the first day of Creation and the story of how a group of
1395:
1335:
1131:
1127:
54:
19:"Jubilees" redirects here. For the Jewish legal concept, see
2263:
2668:. Vol. 2. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 35â142.
1488:
1443:
1411:
2410:
Concordance latine du Liber Jubilaeorum sive parva Genesis
2284:
2027:"Ethiopian Orthodox Church's canonical Amharic version of
1940:
1469:, and his sixteen grandsons. After the destruction of the
1909:
1885:
1248:
Between 1947 and 1956, approximately fifteen scrolls of
1952:
1897:
1856:
1719:
1503:
counted as only one day to arrive at this computation.
2551:
Textual and Historical Studies in the Book of Jubilees
1603:
Ethiopic-speaking Christians translated Jubilees into
1237:(đ¸) or of the Hebrew text that was the basis for the
1811:
The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament
1749:, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
1150:
Until the discovery of extensive fragments among the
2114:
2090:
1320:
to about 100 BCE, there is much evidence to suggest
1043:(Ethiopian Jews). Jubilees is considered one of the
2379:
The Ethiopic Version of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees
1607:before the 6th century where it became part of the
2499:
2240:
2015:– via Digital Commons @ Andrews University.
4040:
1638:(d. 1286), and the Anonymous Chronicle by 1234.
1418:), while the "mortal females" were daughters of
2438:Biblical Interpretation in the Book of Jubilees
2431:Das Buch der Jubiläen; oder, Die kleine Genesis
1817:on 2009-02-24 – via Wesley Center Online.
2005:"Sacred Times: The Book of Jubilees at Qumran"
1970:
1509:7:20â29 is possibly an early reference to the
1031:text of 50 chapters (1341 verses), considered
3041:
2758:
2264:Andrew Rippin; Roberto Tottoli, eds. (2015).
1801:
1330:could not have been written very long prior.
994:
2722:Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 17:15-18:16
2539:
2415:
2408:
2355:
2246:
1529:immediately, and it became a source for the
16:Ancient Jewish religious work of 50 chapters
3048:
3034:
2765:
2751:
2663:
2576:
2557:
2541:Les idĂŠes religieuses du livre des JubilĂŠs
2454:The Book of Jubilees Among the Apocalypses
2392:The Book of Jubilees or the Little Genesis
2322:. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1999.
1927:
1001:
987:
2644:
2625:
2604:
2595:
2548:
2460:
2364:
2333:Matthias Albani, JĂśrg Frey, Armin Lange.
2302:
2290:
2251:. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges. p. 340.
2108:
1990:
1986:
1915:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1862:
1813:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
2717:Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 11:1-10
2451:
2209:
2144:
2111:, pp. 99â101, 104â113 respectively.
1958:
1903:
1213:that are directly parallel to verses in
1154:, the earliest surviving manuscripts of
1014:
2600:. Vol. I. Oxford University Press.
2401:The Eschatology of the Book of Jubilees
2385:
2175:
2002:
1647:Abraham's role in the Quranic narrative
1483:This kingdom was to be ruled over by a
1295:that had already been worked on in the
1279:. Charles suggested that the author of
4041:
3055:
2072:Crawford Howell Toy; Kaufmann Kohler.
1788:
1549:. It is the source for certain of the
1383:Four classes of angels are mentioned:
1305:has been almost completely abandoned.
3029:
2746:
2628:Jubilees: A Commentary in Two Volumes
2560:The Book of Jubilees. A Critical Text
2473:
2429:August Dillmann, and Hermann RĂśnsch.
2357:Das Buch der Jubiläen und die Halacha
2140:
2138:
2120:
2096:
1946:
1740:
1406:, and then to their descendants, the
2772:
2598:Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls
1019:German translation of Jubilees, 1856
3980:Other books referenced in the Bible
3939:New Testament manuscript categories
2831:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
2712:Ge'ez text of Jubilees (first page)
2707:Jubilees at earlyjewishwritings.com
2647:Jubilees: The Hermeneia Translation
2203:
1552:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
1267:
13:
3510:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
2135:
1614:In the Christian tradition of the
1376:covers much of the same ground as
1070:, as evidenced by the writings of
1037:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
14:
4095:
2673:
2579:The Book of Jubilees. Translation
2395:. London: Adam and Charles Black.
2726:
2562:. Vol. I. Leuven: Peeters.
2502:Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica
2193:"Jubilees 1:28 / Galatians 3:19"
1975:. Brill. pp. 108â109 n. 63.
1422:. This is also the view held by
1233:, one independent either of the
29:
3995:Biblical and Quranic narratives
2944:Additions to the Book of Esther
2452:Hanneken, Todd Russell (2008).
2417:Informatique et ĂŠtude de textes
2336:Studies in the Book of Jubilees
2234:
2185:
2126:
2065:
2047:
2019:
1996:
1979:
1964:
1921:
1868:
1843:
1830:
1821:
1770:
1752:
1689:
1324:was written before this date.
1229:and for the early chapters of
1145:
1:
3015:Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum
2577:VanderKam, James C. (1989b).
2558:VanderKam, James C. (1989a).
2403:(SPB 20) Leiden: Brill, 1971.
2312:
1626:(d. 708). Later still is the
4079:Old Testament pseudepigrapha
2666:Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
2645:VanderKam, James C. (2020).
2626:VanderKam, James C. (2018).
2605:VanderKam, James C. (2001).
2549:VanderKam, James C. (1977).
2367:Beyond the Essene Hypothesis
2365:Boccacini, Gabriele (1998).
2036:. p. 14. Archived from
1720:
1516:
1353:J. Amanda Guire argues that
1340:Animal Apocalypse in 1 Enoch
7:
2736:public domain audiobook at
2003:McGuire, J. Amanda (2011).
1665:
10:
4100:
3975:English Bible translations
3363:Song of the Three Children
2420:4; Louvain: CETEDOC, 1973)
2320:The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible
1930:Biblical Theology Bulletin
1712:
1652:
1368:
18:
4084:Texts attributed to Moses
4013:
3957:
3875:
3829:
3727:
3572:
3535:
3500:
3471:
3433:
3378:
3285:
3269:
3067:
2962:
2898:
2859:
2780:
2483:Brill Academic Publishers
2339:. Leuven: Peeters, 1997.
2270:. Brill. p. 280 ff.
2241:Jan M.F. van Reeth (1992)
2210:Falconer, Joshua (2019).
2145:Falconer, Joshua (2019).
1594:God gave the Law to Moses
488:
478:
468:
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
374:
364:
354:
231:
221:
211:
186:
176:
166:
156:
110:
100:
90:
80:
70:
4064:Enoch (ancestor of Noah)
2702:Development of the Canon
1682:
1643:formation of early Islam
1598:Epistle to the Galatians
1446:, were wiped out by the
1394:narrates the genesis of
1334:at 4:17-25 records that
1318:based on the handwriting
1061:denominations of Judaism
3837:Intertestamental period
2526:. Leiden-Boston, 2007.
2514:10.2143/OLP.23.1.519174
1971:Daniel C Olson (2013).
1677:Wives aboard Noah's Ark
1589:early Christian writers
1582:Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer
1555:, for instance that of
1428:Sextus Julius Africanus
1291:was the product of the
1188:Eutychius of Alexandria
1096:Eutychius of Alexandria
3821:Apocalyptic literature
3458:Paralipomena of Baruch
2540:
2416:
2409:
2361:Berlin: Scholem, 1930.
2356:
1807:"The Book of Jubilees"
1782:www.pseudepigrapha.com
1760:"Book of Jubilees 1:1"
1497:
1385:angels of the presence
1348:Oxford Annotated Bible
1020:
948:Paralipomena of Baruch
3985:Additional Scriptures
3949:New Testament uncials
2841:Apocalypse of Abraham
2695:Catholic Encyclopedia
2387:Charles, Robert Henry
2375:Charles, Robert Henry
2247:Klaus Berger (2008).
1531:Aramaic Levi Document
1481:
1424:Clementine literature
1180:Isidore of Alexandria
1130:or "Instruction") by
1088:Isidore of Alexandria
1066:It was well known to
1018:
4054:Ancient Hebrew texts
4049:2nd-century BC books
3970:Bible version debate
3944:New Testament papyri
3890:Samaritan Pentateuch
3515:Testament of Abraham
3453:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
2836:Testament of Abraham
2796:Life of Adam and Eve
2608:The Book of Jubilees
2406:Albert-Marie Denis.
2381:. Oxford: Clarendon.
1949:, p. 252, n.37.
1838:Unauthorized Version
1254:five caves at Qumran
1207:Geʽez Biblical texts
1160:early Church Fathers
943:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
3912:Muratorian fragment
3847:New Testament canon
3842:Old Testament canon
3735:Chapters and verses
3353:Additions to Daniel
3319:Additions to Esther
2949:Additions to Daniel
2875:Ascension of Isaiah
2846:Assumption of Moses
2686:Jewish Encyclopedia
2581:. Leuven: Peeters.
2545:Geneva: Droz, 1960.
2399:Gene L. Davenport.
2059:virtualreligion.net
1993:, pp. 17â21).
1672:Generations of Adam
1298:Books of Chronicles
869:Additions to Daniel
835:Additions to Esther
3525:Testament of Jacob
3520:Testament of Isaac
3405:Prayer of Manasseh
3368:Bel and the Dragon
3348:Letter of Jeremiah
3005:Letter of Aristeas
2954:Prayer of Manasseh
2870:Letter of Jeremiah
2851:Joseph and Aseneth
2801:Testament of Qahat
2791:Genesis Apocryphon
2649:. Fortress Press.
2630:. Fortress Press.
2318:Martin Jr. Abegg.
2197:intertextual.bible
2078:JewishEncyclopedia
2055:"Book of Jubilees"
1747:Harris, Stephen L.
1632:Michael the Syrian
1580:(5th century) and
1436:Augustine of Hippo
1184:Isidore of Seville
1176:Diodorus of Tarsus
1092:Isidore of Seville
1084:Diodorus of Tarsus
1021:
895:Prayer of Manasseh
864:Letter of Jeremiah
21:Jubilee (biblical)
4036:
4035:
4005:Textual criticism
3568:
3567:
3492:Psalms of Solomon
3435:Orthodox Tewahedo
3023:
3022:
3010:Sibylline Oracles
2914:Psalms of Solomon
2781:Apocrypha in the
2656:978-1-5064-6704-7
2637:978-1-5064-3848-1
2618:978-1-85075-767-2
2588:978-90-429-0552-8
2569:978-90-429-0551-1
2532:978-90-04-15057-7
2293:, pp. 52â54.
2277:978-90-04-28375-6
1728:(Ethiopian Jews).
1718:
1620:Cave of Treasures
1487:sprung, not from
1432:Ephrem the Syrian
1256:, all written in
1029:Jewish apocryphal
1011:
1010:
971:
970:
965:
964:
924:Orthodox Tewahedo
850:Wisdom of Solomon
802:
801:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
455:
454:
384:
383:
320:
319:
241:
240:
196:
195:
120:
119:
4091:
4069:Jewish apocrypha
4059:Book of Jubilees
3885:Dead Sea Scrolls
3867:Dating the Bible
3745:Historical books
3382:Eastern Orthodox
3295:Eastern Orthodox
3283:
3282:
3276:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3027:
3026:
2919:Testament of Job
2811:Book of Jubilees
2806:Visions of Amram
2774:Jewish apocrypha
2767:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2733:Book of Jubilees
2730:
2729:
2669:
2660:
2641:
2622:
2601:
2592:
2573:
2554:
2543:
2517:
2496:
2470:
2457:
2436:John C. Endres.
2433:. Leipzig: 1874.
2419:
2412:
2396:
2382:
2370:
2359:
2306:
2303:Boccacini (1998)
2300:
2294:
2291:Katsumata (2012)
2288:
2282:
2281:
2260:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2109:Boccacini (1998)
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2000:
1994:
1985:VanderKam (
1983:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1916:Boccacini (1998)
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1892:Boccacini (1998)
1889:
1883:
1874:VanderKam (
1872:
1866:
1863:VanderKam (2000)
1860:
1854:
1853:, June 29, 1993"
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1717:romanized:
1716:
1714:
1705:Book of Division
1693:
1587:It appears that
1543:Epistle of Enoch
1392:Book of Jubilees
1344:Maccabean Revolt
1316:can be assigned
1283:may have been a
1268:Origins and date
1196:George Syncellus
1152:Dead Sea Scrolls
1140:sabbatical years
1120:Dead Sea Scrolls
1112:Dead Sea Scrolls
1104:George Syncellus
1068:early Christians
1049:Eastern Orthodox
1039:, as well as by
1025:Book of Jubilees
1003:
996:
989:
819:
818:
815:
813:Deuterocanonical
689:
688:
685:
641:
577:
533:
524:
523:
518:
466:
465:
403:
402:
396:
352:
351:
343:
342:
338:
334:
209:
208:
154:
153:
143:
142:
138:
134:
68:
67:
63:
59:
49:
48:
43:
33:
26:
25:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4009:
3953:
3871:
3862:Christian canon
3825:
3760:Prophetic books
3723:
3654:2 Thessalonians
3649:1 Thessalonians
3564:
3531:
3496:
3467:
3429:
3388:
3374:
3302:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3024:
3019:
2963:Other apocrypha
2958:
2894:
2855:
2776:
2771:
2727:
2676:
2657:
2638:
2619:
2589:
2570:
2537:Michel Testuz.
2520:Michael Segal.
2493:
2492:978-900421768-3
2475:Kugel, James L.
2424:August Dillmann
2373:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2261:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2208:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1959:Hanneken (2008)
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1904:Hanneken (2008)
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:, p. 18).
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1800:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1764:www.sefaria.org
1758:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1721:maᚣiḼÄfa kufale
1694:
1690:
1685:
1668:
1655:
1624:Jacob of Edessa
1616:Syriac language
1584:(9th century).
1545:" are based on
1519:
1440:John Chrysostom
1371:
1270:
1258:Biblical Hebrew
1200:George Kedrenos
1148:
1116:Biblical Hebrew
1108:George Kedrenos
1007:
967:
966:
816:
811:
804:
803:
686:
681:
674:
673:
672:
642:
637:
630:
629:
628:
578:
573:
566:
565:
564:
534:
529:
516:
504:
503:
394:
340:
336:
330:
322:
321:
316:
140:
136:
130:
122:
121:
65:
61:
55:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4097:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4000:Synod of Hippo
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Masoretic Text
3931:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3770:Minor prophets
3767:
3765:Major prophets
3757:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3543:Pseudepigrapha
3539:
3537:
3536:Classification
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Psalms 152â155
3478:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:1â2 Chronicles
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Book of Judith
2972:
2970:Book of Sirach
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Psalms 152â155
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Book of Wisdom
2905:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2690:
2682:
2675:
2674:External links
2672:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2642:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2555:
2546:
2535:
2518:
2497:
2491:
2471:
2458:
2449:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2404:
2397:
2383:
2371:
2362:
2351:Chanoch Albeck
2348:
2331:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2276:
2249:Die Urchristen
2233:
2202:
2184:
2176:Charles (1902)
2168:
2134:
2125:
2123:, p. 110.
2113:
2101:
2099:, p. 167.
2089:
2064:
2046:
2043:on 2011-06-14.
2018:
1995:
1978:
1963:
1961:, p. 143.
1951:
1939:
1920:
1918:, p. 81f.
1908:
1906:, p. 156.
1896:
1894:, p. 86f.
1884:
1867:
1865:, p. 435.
1855:
1842:
1829:
1820:
1787:
1769:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1697:Lesser Genesis
1695:Also known as
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1609:Ethiopic Bible
1578:Bereshit Rabba
1573:Midrash Tadshe
1518:
1515:
1471:Tower of Babel
1370:
1367:
1308:The dating of
1269:
1266:
1252:were found in
1235:Masoretic Text
1147:
1144:
1045:pseudepigrapha
1027:is an ancient
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
983:
980:
979:
973:
972:
969:
968:
963:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
927:
926:
920:
919:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
879:
878:
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873:
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866:
857:
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842:
837:
832:
827:
817:
810:
809:
806:
805:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
734:
733:
731:Minor prophets
727:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
696:
695:
693:Major prophets
687:
680:
679:
676:
675:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
644:
643:
636:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:1â2 Chronicles
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
579:
572:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
535:
528:
527:
520:
519:
517:(Christianity)
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
499:
496:
495:
494:Divre Hayyamim
492:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
472:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
399:
398:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
348:
347:
341:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
215:
205:
204:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
164:
163:
160:
150:
149:
141:
128:
127:
124:
123:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
66:
53:
52:
45:
44:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4096:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:2 Corinthians
3615:
3613:
3612:1 Corinthians
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3574:New Testament
3571:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:New Testament
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3463:Broader canon
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Song of Songs
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:Old Testament
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Book of Tobit
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2899:Apocrypha in
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2860:Apocrypha in
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2446:0-915170-17-5
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2345:3-16-146793-0
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2328:0-06-060063-2
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2180:lxxviiâlxxxvi
2177:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:R. H. Charles
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1727:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:Catena Severi
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:Temple Scroll
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:fallen angels
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:R. H. Charles
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:R. H. Charles
1221:discoveries,
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Justin Martyr
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1118:found in the
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Justin Martyr
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
990:
985:
984:
982:
981:
978:
975:
974:
959:
958:Broader canon
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:
925:
922:
921:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
880:
877:Orthodox only
876:
875:
870:
867:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
814:
808:
807:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
732:
729:
728:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
694:
691:
690:
684:
678:
677:
669:
668:Song of Songs
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
640:
634:
633:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
576:
570:
569:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
532:
526:
525:
522:
521:
515:
514:Old Testament
512:
511:
493:
491:
487:
483:
481:
480:EzraâNehemiah
477:
473:
471:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
450:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
418:
414:
411:Shir Hashirim
410:
408:
407:Song of Songs
404:
401:
400:
397:
393:
388:
387:
379:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:
333:
326:
325:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
252:
251:
248:
245:
244:
236:
234:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
199:
191:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
133:
126:
125:
115:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
64:
62:(Instruction)
58:
51:
50:
47:
46:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
3923:Vetus Latina
3921:
3904:
3857:Jewish canon
3852:Antilegomena
3754:Poetic Books
3750:Wisdom books
3728:Subdivisions
3641:
3447:
3346: /
3271:Deuterocanon
3191:Lamentations
3171:Ecclesiastes
3078:(protocanon)
3069:Hebrew Bible
2810:
2732:
2694:
2685:
2665:
2646:
2627:
2607:
2597:
2578:
2559:
2550:
2538:
2521:
2505:
2501:
2478:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2437:
2430:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2334:
2319:
2298:
2286:
2266:
2248:
2236:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2171:
2154:
2150:
2128:
2121:Kugel (2012)
2116:
2104:
2097:Kugel (2012)
2092:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2038:the original
2028:
2021:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1954:
1947:Kugel (2012)
1942:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1870:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1815:the original
1810:
1781:
1778:"Jubilees 1"
1772:
1763:
1754:
1742:
1734:
1704:
1701:Leptogenesis
1700:
1696:
1691:
1640:
1613:
1602:
1586:
1571:
1561:
1550:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1511:Noahide laws
1506:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1467:sons of Noah
1463:
1452:
1415:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1352:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1261:
1249:
1247:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1192:John Malalas
1155:
1149:
1136:jubilee year
1124:
1100:John Malalas
1065:
1024:
1022:
1012:
977:Bible portal
937:
862: /
712:Lamentations
663:Ecclesiastes
437:Ecclesiastes
427:Lamentations
391:
331:
131:
56:
39:Hebrew Bible
4028:WikiProject
3906:Diatessaron
3877:Manuscripts
3830:Development
3632:Philippians
3502:Beta Israel
3420:4 Maccabees
3415:3 Maccabees
3329:2 Maccabees
3324:1 Maccabees
3106:Deuteronomy
3000:4 Maccabees
2995:3 Maccabees
2990:2 Maccabees
2985:1 Maccabees
2508:: 251â274.
2369:. Eerdmans.
2305:, p. .
2243:. Cf. also:
2178:, pp.
1726:Beta Israel
1636:Barhebraeus
1634:(d. 1199),
1448:great flood
1146:Manuscripts
1041:Beta Israel
910:4 Maccabees
905:3 Maccabees
845:2 Maccabees
840:1 Maccabees
560:Deuteronomy
112:Deuteronomy
4043:Categories
3965:Authorship
3895:Septuagint
3740:Pentateuch
3719:Revelation
3643:Laodiceans
3637:Colossians
3126:1â2 Samuel
2313:References
2257:1074177423
2222:(2): 258.
2157:(2): 253.
2083:2023-08-20
1703:, and the
1568:Rabbinical
1523:Hasmoneans
1416:Deqiqa Set
1243:Common Era
1239:Septuagint
1164:Epiphanius
1072:Epiphanius
1057:Protestant
599:1â2 Samuel
575:Historical
531:Pentateuch
490:Chronicles
460:Historical
337:(Writings)
137:(Prophets)
3804:Johannine
3664:2 Timothy
3659:1 Timothy
3627:Ephesians
3622:Galatians
3410:Psalm 151
3278:apocrypha
3256:Zechariah
3246:Zephaniah
3131:1â2 Kings
3096:Leviticus
2934:Psalm 151
2228:0393-6805
2163:0393-6805
1564:Pharisaic
1517:Reception
1293:midrashim
1287:and that
1033:canonical
900:Psalm 151
790:Zechariah
780:Zephaniah
683:Prophetic
604:1â2 Kings
550:Leviticus
395:(Scrolls)
307:Zechariah
297:Zephaniah
237:Yekhezqel
227:Yirmeyahu
217:Yeshayahu
92:Leviticus
42:(Judaism)
4074:Nephilim
4018:Category
3917:Peshitta
3814:Catholic
3809:Pastoral
3794:Epistles
3787:Synoptic
3674:Philemon
3487:2 Baruch
3474:Peshitta
3448:Jubilees
3400:2 Esdras
3395:1 Esdras
3290:Catholic
3241:Habakkuk
3186:Jeremiah
3166:Proverbs
3146:Nehemiah
2929:2 Esdras
2924:1 Esdras
2890:3 Baruch
2885:2 Baruch
2880:1 Baruch
2738:LibriVox
2477:(2012).
2469:: 37â58.
2389:(1902).
2377:(1895).
2029:Jubilees
1805:(1913).
1713:áá˝áá áŠáá
1666:See also
1547:Jubilees
1535:Jubilees
1527:Jubilees
1525:adopted
1507:Jubilees
1500:Jubilees
1477:Jubilees
1404:Nephilim
1374:Jubilees
1359:Hassidic
1355:Jubilees
1332:Jubilees
1328:Jubilees
1322:Jubilees
1314:Jubilees
1310:Jubilees
1303:Jubilees
1289:Jubilees
1285:Pharisee
1281:Jubilees
1277:Jubilees
1262:Jubilees
1250:Jubilees
1211:Jubilees
1162:such as
1156:Jubilees
1053:Catholic
953:Josippon
938:Jubilees
890:2 Esdras
885:1 Esdras
775:Habakkuk
707:Jeremiah
658:Proverbs
619:Nehemiah
474:Daniyyel
392:Megillot
366:Proverbs
360:Tehillim
292:Habakkuk
223:Jeremiah
192:Melakhim
172:Shofetim
162:Yehoshua
106:Bemidbar
76:Bereshit
3990:Studies
3958:Related
3929:Vulgate
3799:Pauline
3777:Gospels
3694:2 Peter
3689:1 Peter
3679:Hebrews
3582:Matthew
3472:Syriac
3358:Susanna
3261:Malachi
3221:Obadiah
3196:Ezekiel
3101:Numbers
3086:Genesis
3059:of the
2901:Ketuvim
2862:Nevi'im
2826:3 Enoch
2821:2 Enoch
2816:1 Enoch
2031:, 5:21"
1936:: 106f.
1840:(1992).
1653:Sources
1485:Messiah
1378:Genesis
1369:Content
1227:Genesis
1215:Genesis
1047:by the
1035:by the
795:Malachi
755:Obadiah
717:Ezekiel
555:Numbers
540:Genesis
441:Qohelet
370:Mishlei
332:Ketuvim
312:Malachi
272:Obadiah
233:Ezekiel
182:Shemuel
132:Nevi'im
116:Devarim
102:Numbers
96:Wayiqra
72:Genesis
4023:Portal
3900:Targum
3709:3 John
3704:2 John
3699:1 John
3607:Romans
3560:Jewish
3385:Others
3344:Baruch
3339:Sirach
3334:Wisdom
3314:Judith
3299:Others
3251:Haggai
3201:Daniel
3181:Isaiah
3161:Psalms
3151:Esther
3116:Judges
3111:Joshua
3091:Exodus
2653:
2634:
2615:
2585:
2566:
2530:
2489:
2444:
2343:
2326:
2274:
2255:
2226:
2216:Henoch
2161:
2151:Henoch
2009:Papers
1557:Reuben
1438:, and
1408:Elioud
1396:angels
1363:Essene
1231:Exodus
1219:Qumran
1198:, and
1172:Origen
1132:angels
1106:, and
1080:Origen
1055:, and
860:Baruch
855:Sirach
830:Judith
785:Haggai
722:Daniel
702:Isaiah
653:Psalms
639:Wisdom
624:Esther
589:Judges
584:Joshua
545:Exodus
470:Daniel
447:Esther
431:Eikhah
356:Psalms
346:Poetic
335:
302:Haggai
247:Minor
213:Isaiah
202:Latter
178:Samuel
168:Judges
158:Joshua
147:Former
135:
86:Shemot
82:Exodus
60:
3684:James
3669:Titus
3443:Enoch
3309:Tobit
3236:Nahum
3231:Micah
3226:Jonah
3206:Hosea
3061:Bible
3057:Books
2783:Torah
2688:entry
2041:(PDF)
2034:(PDF)
1724:) by
1709:Ge'ez
1683:Notes
1605:Geʽez
1541:and "
1493:Judah
1459:Azura
1336:Enoch
1128:Torah
933:Enoch
825:Tobit
770:Nahum
765:Micah
760:Jonah
740:Hosea
451:Ester
390:Five
287:Nahum
282:Micah
277:Jonah
257:Hosea
188:Kings
57:Torah
3782:List
3714:Jude
3602:Acts
3597:John
3592:Luke
3587:Mark
3548:list
3425:Odes
3216:Amos
3211:Joel
3141:Ezra
3121:Ruth
2697:view
2693:The
2651:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2253:OCLC
2224:ISSN
2159:ISSN
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1987:1989
1880:2001
1876:1989
1521:The
1489:Levi
1455:Awan
1444:Noah
1420:Cain
1412:Seth
1390:The
1205:The
1023:The
915:Odes
750:Amos
745:Joel
614:Ezra
594:Ruth
484:Ezra
417:Ruth
380:Iyov
267:Amos
262:Joel
3275:and
3156:Job
2510:doi
1566:or
1361:or
648:Job
421:Rut
376:Job
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