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Stage 5 – Developing
Parallel Institutions to take over functions and services of government and commerce. In order to create a new society without violence, oppression, environmental destruction, discrimination and one that is environmentally sustainable, nonviolent, democratic, equitable, tolerant,
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in 2018 was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with protests throughout the streets on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 11 April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed
President Omar al-Bashir after thirty years
2015:
in 1998 and 2000, respectively, characterized by civic mobilization through get-out-the-vote campaigns and unification of the political opposition. The protesters in Serbia didn't adopt a colour or specific symbol (the most recognizable symbol of the revolution was a stylized fist), and despite the
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Stage 3 – Confrontation: Organized and sustained campaigns of picketing, strikes, sit-ins, marches, boycotts, die-ins, blockades to disrupt business as usual in institutions and government. By putting one's body on the line nonviolently the rising movement stops the normal gears of government and
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regimes were bloody or violent uprisings is not borne out by historical analysis. Nonviolent
Revolutions came to the international forefront in the 20th century by the independence movement of India under the leadership of Gandhi with civil disobedience being the tool of nonviolent resistance. An
1403:
Stage 2 – Building
Organizations: As training, education and consciousness raising continues, the need to form organizations. Affinity groups or nonviolent revolutionary groups are organized to provide support, maintain nonviolent discipline, organize and train other people into similar affinity
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acknowledged a theoretical possibility of "peaceful" revolutions, but the Fourth
International articles also say "The development and preservation of good relations with the military forces is one of the absolute priorities of preparatory revolutionary work". Some have argued that a nonviolent
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fought to change their government, by underground movements. Also, by rejecting sexual advances from the president himself. Three sisters were ordered to be killed by the president at the time, Rafael
Trujillo, and only one survived to tell the story. There is also a movie made about their
2007:. These demonstrations are considered by many to be the first example of the revolutions that followed in Georgia and Ukraine; however, the Serbs adopted an approach that had already been used in parliamentary elections in
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without the use or threat of violence. While many campaigns of civil resistance are intended for much more limited goals than revolution, generally a nonviolent revolution is characterized by simultaneous advocacy of
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revolutions, has documented and described over 198 different methods of nonviolent action that nonviolent revolutionaries might use in struggle. He argues that no government or institution can rule without the
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An effective campaign of civil resistance, and even the achievement of a nonviolent revolution, may be possible in a particular case despite the government in power taking brutal measures against
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Stage 1 – Cultural
Preparation or "Conscientization": Education, training and consciousness raising of why there is a need for a nonviolent revolution and how to conduct a nonviolent revolution.
2177:. Unlike the revolutions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, this movement did not seek to overturn disputed election results, but did cause the pro-Syrian government of Lebanon to fall.
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following independence, and numerous revolutionary uprisings which were not under Gandhi's control, India's independence was achieved through legal processes after a period of national
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One theory of democracy is that its main purpose is to allow peaceful revolutions. The idea is that majorities voting in elections approximate the result of a coup. In 1962,
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Stage 4 – Mass Non
Cooperation: Similar affinity groups and networks of affinity groups around the country and world, engage in similar actions to disrupt business as usual.
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important non-violent revolution was in Sudan in
October 1964 which overthrew a military dictatorship. Later it become more successful and more common in the 1980s as
2016:
commonalities, many others refer to
Georgia as the most definite beginning of the series of "colour revolutions." The demonstrations were supported by youth movement
1985:. Each of these had massive street protests and/or followed disputed elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be
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JFK's "Address on the First Anniversary of the Alliance for Progress," White House reception for diplomatic corps of the Latin American republics, March 13, 1962.
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and fair, alternative organizations and structures including businesses must be created to provide the needed services and goods that citizens of a society need.
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and was transported out of the country on April 24. Protesters also intended to depose the Congress after accusing the body of alleged corruption as well.
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as the most promising means of opposing entrenched authoritarian regimes. The use of various forms of unofficial exchange of information, including by
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George Lakey in his 1973 book and in his 1976 "A Manifesto for Nonviolent Revolution", laid out a five-stage strategy for nonviolent revolution:
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in power and ultimately leading to a "Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration" legally transitioning to a civilian democracy.
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students who demanded a non-communist government. The protests ended in bloodshed after an intervention of miners called in by President
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refuse to use violence, it is known as a nonviolent revolution. If the revolutionists are willing to use force, but the
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Even though many of these revolutions did not take place entirely in 1989, they are usually grouped together as such.
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revolution would require fraternisation with military forces, like in the relatively nonviolent Portuguese
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famously said, "Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable."
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Lakey, George. (1976) A Manifesto For Nonviolent Revolution. Training For Change: Philadelphia, PA (
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Arguments should also be reviewed by an expert in the area, in light of other sources/references.
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JFK : Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable
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and led to the annulment of the result and the repeat of the round—the leader of the opposition
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Lakey, George. (2002) Strategizing For A Living Revolution. retrieved on October 26, 2011 from
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of 1987. It led to the end of military rule in South Korea and the establishment of democracy.
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were held in March 2004. The Rose Revolution was supported by the civic resistance movement,
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198:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Nonviolent Social Change – the Bulletin of the Manchester College Peace Studies Institute
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of the new government won 88% of the vote. However, it is not common to refer to it as a
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1989:. Almost all of them used a particular colour or a flower to be their symbol of unity.
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or bloodless coup is an overthrow of a government that occurs without violence. If the
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Dan Jakopovich: Revolution and the Party in Gramsci's Thought: A Modern Application.
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started civil resistance against the government, but were initially crushed by the
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Lakey, George.(1973) Strategy For A Living Revolution. Grossman: New York, NY.
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of 1990. Prior to the demonstrations, Taiwan was under one-party rule by the
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from the 1989 student occupation of Beijing's Tienanmen Square (2014-06-09),
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reinforced the concept (with the notable exception of the notoriously bloody
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Why civil resistance works : the strategic logic of nonviolent conflict
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2693:"7 Egypt: Nonviolent Resistance in the Rise of a Nation-State, 1805–1922"
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could not hold elections in mainland China after the Kuomintang lost the
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of 2001, a four-day popular revolt that peacefully overthrew Philippine
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7 Egypt: Nonviolent Resistance in the Rise of a Nation-State, 1805–1922
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Nonviolent revolutions : civil resistance in the late 20th century
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1241: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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955:, expanded. Two major revolutions during the 1980s strongly influenced
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920:. The commonly held belief that most revolutions that have happened in
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countries experienced what were effectively non-violent revolutions.
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896:, to bring about the departure of governments seen as entrenched and
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1183:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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from mainland China, supported the students' goals and instituted
999:. The Revolutions of 1989 provided the template for the so-called
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Civil Resistance: Comparative Perspectives on Nonviolent Struggle
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2012:
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led to the resulted in the downfall of the communist government.
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Nonviolent revolution was popularized in the 20th century by the
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2118:, held seven months after the resignation of the former leader,
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2017:
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to force changes in the written constitution of the Republic.
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2524:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. p. 43.
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Demanding immediate independence for India from British rule.
2421:"Nonviolence and the Case of the Extremely Ruthless Opponent"
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http://www.trainingforchange.org/manifesto_for_nv_revolution
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Europe and other new countries that were part of the former
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Civil resistance to bring about the departure of governments
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led to the effect of a revolution, was mostly non-violent.
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leading to the downfall of the communist government there.
1034:(MDU) organized popular street protests and hunger strikes
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in 2005. Chiefly, the movement demanded the withdrawal of
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conducted primarily by unarmed civilians using tactics of
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in Ukraine, which was highlighted by a series of acts of
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http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lakeylivrev.html
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or oppressed as that is the source of nonviolent power.
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which effectively transformed Taiwan into a democracy.
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a cycle of singing mass demonstrations, followed by a
2148:, and their supporters, to adopt similar symbology.
2585:"East Germany 1989 - the march that KO'd communism"
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2487:"Corazon Aquino 1933–2009: The Saint of Democracy"
2691:Abdalla, Amr; Arafa, Yasmine (February 1, 2013),
947:, and in some other countries, began to focus on
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2162:followed the assassination of opposition leader
1543:
1296:Peaceful revolutions that have occurred are the
2768:Nonviolent Resistance, Reform, & Revolution
2518:"Defending Freedom in the Early Roman Republic"
2271:who effectively held lifelong terms since the
2209:– "The Butterflies" or "Las Mariposas". The
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1323:
939:In the 1970s and 1980s, intellectuals in the
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2690:
2450:Chenoweth, Erica; Stephan, Maria J. (2011).
2066:, followed the disputed second round of the
1122:rather than through a military revolution.
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1053:Recent nonviolent revolutions include the
868:
854:
2078:. The Orange Revolution was supported by
1377:Learn how and when to remove this message
1289:to divert armed conflict, it is called a
1257:Learn how and when to remove this message
1199:Learn how and when to remove this message
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
2557:"Your guide to the Carnation Revolution"
2311:in January 2001, self-organized through
2131:List of nonviolent revolutions by region
1571:a period of political liberalization in
997:that year's Polish legislative elections
194:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2764:- a journal on nonviolent social change
2456:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1954:
1087:class of Rome held general strikes and
14:
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2770:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive (U.S.)
2741:peace news – for nonviolent revolution
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1069:organized by the opposition movement.
959:that followed. The first was the 1986
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2091:, which began with the nomination of
1959:
1443:List of nonviolent revolutions by era
1327:
1239:adding citations to reliable sources
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1148:
1040:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
174:
101:adding citations to reliable sources
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31:
2774:12 Lessons in Nonviolent Resistance
2425:Global Change, Peace & Security
2390:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24:
2605:– John F. Kennedy (1962), p. 223.
2384:Nepstad, Sharon Erickson. (2011).
2126:, nor do its leaders use the term.
2074:was declared President, defeating
25:
2815:
2734:
2678:The Politics of Nonviolent Action
2571:"30 YEARS OF PEACEFUL REVOLUTION"
2485:Beech, Hannah (August 17, 2009).
2140:The media attention given to the
2035:2003 Georgia legislative election
1447:
991:), beginning with the victory of
47:This article has multiple issues.
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2003:, which led to the overthrow of
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2603:Public Papers of the Presidents
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2220:– The impeachment of President
1738:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
1226:needs additional citations for
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
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2194:, as well as other succeeding
2170:troops from Lebanon, ending a
2144:has inspired movements in the
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1681:– the bloodless revolution in
1114:. Despite the violence of the
1007:states, which tended to use a
13:
1:
2681:. Porter-Sargent: Boston, MA.
2371:
2366:2020–2021 Belarusian protests
2186:Drawing inspiration from the
1544:In nations of the Warsaw Pact
1422:, who influenced many in the
1038:. In 1990, dissidents in the
892:, including various forms of
2356:2007 Georgian demonstrations
2341:Peaceful transition of power
2088:Velvet Revolution in Armenia
1934:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
1693:The bloodless revolution in
1036:against the communist regime
7:
2351:1908 Venezuelan coup d'état
2334:
2104:Republican Party of Armenia
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1494:in an attempt to annul the
1352:. The specific problem is:
1179:the claims made and adding
1102:, who guided the people of
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10:
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2750:, documentary directed by
2650:November 19, 2011, at the
2257:Wild Lily student movement
2068:2004 presidential election
2037:, led to the overthrow of
1963:
1749:Outside of the Warsaw Pact
1662:German Democratic Republic
1498:and declare independence.
1496:Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910
1324:As it relates to democracy
1076:
1032:Mongolian Democratic Union
913:in the country concerned.
2747:How to Start a Revolution
2709:10.1515/9781626372641-008
2437:10.1080/14781159408412772
2319:
2033:, following the disputed
1970:These are revolutions in
188:This article needs to be
2701:Lynne Rienner Publishers
1515:An attempt to overthrow
1474:An attempt to overthrow
2236:
2188:People Power Revolution
2102:and against the ruling
2041:and his replacement by
1910:People Power Revolution
1841:1973 Afghan coup d'état
1770:The October Revolution
1666:fall of the Berlin Wall
1429:consent of the governed
1306:People Power Revolution
961:People Power Revolution
301:By other characteristic
112:"Nonviolent revolution"
2799:Nonviolent revolutions
2516:Howes, Dustin (2015).
2361:2011 Bahraini uprising
2302:Second EDSA Revolution
2291:constitutional reforms
1759:nonviolent revolution
1554:Nonviolent revolution
1458:Nonviolent revolution
1437:Martin Luther King Jr.
2419:Summy, Ralph (1994).
1439:argued this as well.
1079:Nonviolent resistance
911:national independence
882:nonviolent revolution
603:Bulgarian unification
279:Counter-revolutionary
2757:Right to Nonviolence
2703:, pp. 125–142,
2675:Sharp, Gene. (1973)
1996:Bulldozer Revolution
1955:Post–Cold War period
1865:Carnation Revolution
1404:groups and networks.
1359:improve this section
1348:to meet Knowledge's
1298:Carnation Revolution
1235:improve this article
1139:Carnation Revolution
1130:Fourth International
375:Contentious politics
246:Political revolution
97:improve this article
2591:. October 13, 2019.
2573:. October 28, 2019.
2327:Sudanese Revolution
2198:movements, several
2043:Mikhail Saakashvili
2039:Eduard Shevardnadze
1887:The April Intifada
1817:al-Fateh Revolution
1793:Egyptian Revolution
1656:Peaceful Revolution
1585:Revolutions of 1989
1528:Quit India movement
1470:Egyptian revolution
1314:Peaceful Revolution
1271:peaceful revolution
1145:Peaceful revolution
1044:Soviet Armed Forces
989:Romanian Revolution
977:Revolutions of 1989
957:political movements
930:political alliances
844:Politics portal
2497:on August 10, 2009
2207:Dominican Republic
2005:Slobodan Milošević
1960:Colour revolutions
1727:June 1990 Mineriad
1618:Singing Revolution
1487:March 1st Movement
1164:possibly contains
1116:Partition of India
1089:abandoned the city
1059:civil disobedience
936:governance waned.
894:nonviolent protest
819:Second Arab Spring
2718:978-1-62637-264-1
2463:978-0-231-15682-0
2397:978-0-19-977820-1
2277:Chinese Civil War
2273:Republic of China
2265:National Assembly
2142:color revolutions
2124:Colour Revolution
2116:National Assembly
2076:Viktor Yanukovych
2072:Viktor Yushchenko
2059:Orange Revolution
1966:Colour revolution
1952:
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1162:This section
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1048:Black January
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464:Strike action
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397:Direct action
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385:Demonstration
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114: –
113:
109:
108:Find sources:
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92:
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86:This article
84:
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75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2781:
2778:Chris Hedges
2745:
2722:, retrieved
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2602:
2597:
2588:
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2565:
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2540:
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2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2490:
2480:
2452:
2445:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2386:
2379:
2325:Sudan - The
2284:
2281:Lee Teng-hui
2185:
2171:
2164:Rafik Hariri
2153:
2139:
2086:
2057:
2024:
1994:
1979:Soviet Union
1969:
1717:in April by
1624:living chain
1418:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1364:
1357:Please help
1353:
1342:
1295:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1244:
1233:Please help
1228:verification
1225:
1195:
1186:
1163:
1124:
1108:independence
1093:
1082:
1052:
1029:
985:Eastern Bloc
979:that ousted
941:Soviet Union
938:
915:
907:human rights
881:
879:
730:People Power
447:Disobedience
316:
217:
201:
189:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
2298:Philippines
2286:waishengren
2243:South Korea
2192:Philippines
2146:Middle East
2136:Middle East
2085:2018 - The
2056:2004 – The
2023:2003 – The
1993:2000 – The
1983:Warsaw Pact
1923:Philippines
1854:Afghanistan
1723:Ion Iliescu
1626:across the
1606:martial law
1424:Arab Spring
1361:if you can.
1316:of 1989 in
1310:Philippines
1300:of 1974 in
965:Philippines
922:dictatorial
792:Arab Spring
390:Human chain
380:Coup d'état
289:Proletarian
2793:Categories
2724:August 18,
2607:Wikisource
2372:References
2315:messaging.
2261:Kuomintang
2175:occupation
2001:Yugoslavia
1644:Baltic Way
1599:Solidarity
1420:Gene Sharp
1367:March 2014
1312:, and the
1247:March 2014
1189:March 2014
1173:improve it
1120:resistance
1096:satyagraha
1077:See also:
1050:massacre.
1003:in mainly
993:Solidarity
943:and other
934:status quo
918:protesters
886:revolution
814:Euromaidan
762:Bolivarian
710:Nicaraguan
690:Guatemalan
628:Young Turk
608:Philippine
437:Nonviolent
432:Resistance
407:Insurgency
317:Nonviolent
312:From above
284:Democratic
204:March 2021
153:March 2011
123:newspapers
52:improve it
2472:660804982
2406:707267312
2306:president
2120:the party
2112:elections
2093:President
1719:Bucharest
1636:Lithuania
1601:movement
1594:1980–1989
1408:business.
1287:surrender
1283:negotiate
1279:loyalists
1177:verifying
1134:Karl Marx
1127:socialist
981:communist
903:democracy
767:Bulldozer
720:Carnation
715:Argentine
658:1917–1923
646:Communist
591:Hungarian
427:Rebellion
365:Civil war
327:Permanent
274:Communist
269:Bourgeois
196:talk page
58:talk page
2783:Truthdig
2648:Archived
2589:BBC News
2431:: 1–29.
2335:See also
2172:de facto
2009:Slovakia
1947:Mongolia
1878:Portugal
1762:Country
1709:Golaniad
1695:Bulgaria
1539:Cold War
1343:require
1302:Portugal
1085:plebeian
1073:Overview
969:Hispanic
953:samizdat
927:Cold War
824:Sudanese
802:Egyptian
797:Tunisian
750:Romanian
651:Cultural
637:Chinese
612:Iranian
581:February
502:American
497:Atlantic
486:Examples
459:Samizdat
263:By class
238:a series
236:Part of
2624:YouTube
2501:May 20,
2218:Ecuador
2214:ordeal.
2160:Lebanon
2114:to the
2108:country
2064:Ukraine
2031:Georgia
2013:Croatia
1715:Romania
1660:in the
1632:Estonia
1345:cleanup
1318:Germany
1171:Please
1112:Britain
1063:sit-ins
1046:in the
963:in the
755:Singing
705:Rwandan
680:Spanish
675:Siamese
663:Russian
633:Mexican
559:Belgian
534:Serbian
522:Haitian
507:Brabant
492:English
422:Protest
355:Boycott
349:Methods
322:Passive
190:updated
137:scholar
2715:
2528:
2470:
2460:
2404:
2394:
2320:Africa
2300:– The
2255:– The
2253:Taiwan
2245:– The
2230:Brazil
2168:Syrian
2045:after
2018:Otpor!
1944:
1920:
1896:
1875:
1851:
1827:
1803:
1779:
1756:Dates
1640:Latvia
1557:Notes
1551:Dates
1519:rule.
1478:rule.
1461:Notes
1455:Dates
1304:, the
1065:, and
1017:symbol
1013:flower
909:, and
807:Yemeni
787:Kyrgyz
777:Orange
745:Velvet
740:Yogurt
685:August
668:German
641:Xinhai
621:Second
598:Eureka
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517:French
474:Terror
417:Mutiny
332:Social
307:Colour
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2110:. In
2051:Kmara
1899:Sudan
1884:1985
1830:Libya
1806:Egypt
1782:Sudan
1511:India
1492:Korea
1466:1918
1110:from
1104:India
1015:as a
1009:color
973:Asian
884:is a
782:Tulip
700:Cuban
616:First
566:Texas
539:Greek
512:Liège
442:Civil
144:JSTOR
130:books
2726:2024
2713:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2503:2010
2491:Time
2468:OCLC
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2296:The
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2152:The
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2011:and
1932:The
1929:1990
1908:The
1905:1986
1863:The
1860:1974
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1812:1969
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1788:1952
1767:1964
1734:1991
1707:The
1704:1990
1690:1989
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1583:The
1580:1989
1565:The
1562:1968
1524:1942
1503:1930
1483:1919
1435:and
971:and
772:Rose
735:1989
725:Saur
571:1848
554:July
549:1830
544:1820
454:Riot
337:Wave
116:news
2705:doi
2622:on
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2313:SMS
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1999:in
1981:or
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