Bird vocalization - Knowledge

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recording the bird's song and then playing it back while the bird is singing, causing perturbed auditory feedback (the bird hears the superposition of its own song and a fragmented portion of a previous song syllable). After Nordeen & Nordeen made a landmark discovery as they demonstrated that auditory feedback was necessary for the maintenance of song in adult birds with crystallized song, Leonardo & Konishi (1999) designed an auditory feedback perturbation protocol in order to explore the role of auditory feedback in adult song maintenance further, to investigate how adult songs deteriorate after extended exposure to perturbed auditory feedback, and to examine the degree to which adult birds could recover crystallized song over time after being removed from perturbed feedback exposure. This study offered further support for role of auditory feedback in maintaining adult song stability and demonstrated how adult maintenance of crystallized birdsong is dynamic rather than static.

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costly fight. In birds with song repertoires, individuals may share the same song type and use these song types for more complex communication. Some birds will respond to a shared song type with a song-type match (i.e. with the same song type). This may be an aggressive signal; however, results are mixed. Birds may also interact using repertoire-matches, wherein a bird responds with a song type that is in its rival's repertoire but is not the song that it is currently singing. This may be a less aggressive act than song-type matching. Song complexity is also linked to male territorial defense, with more complex songs being perceived as a greater territorial threat.

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distinctly different characteristics from the wild song and lacks its complexity. The importance of the bird being able to hear itself sing in the sensorimotor period was later discovered by Konishi. Birds deafened before the song-crystallization period went on to produce songs that were distinctly different from the wild type and isolate song. Since the emergence of these findings, investigators have been searching for the neural pathways that facilitate sensory/sensorimotor learning and mediating the matching of the bird's own song with the memorized song template.

712:) have demonstrated changes in song nuclei correlated with differing exposures to darkness and secretions of melatonin. This suggests that melatonin might play a role in the seasonal changes of singing behavior in songbirds that live in areas where the amount of daylight varies significantly throughout the year. Several other studies have looked at seasonal changes in the morphology of brain structures within the song system and have found that these changes (adult neurogenesis, gene expression) are dictated by photoperiod, hormonal changes and behavior. 1224: 728: 449: 872:

production pathway in order to correct or modify the motor program for song production. In their study, Brainard & Doupe (2000) showed that while deafening adult birds led to the loss of song stereotypy due to altered auditory feedback and non-adaptive modification of the motor program, lesioning LMAN in the anterior forebrain pathway of adult birds that had been deafened led to the stabilization of song (LMAN lesions in deafened birds prevented any further deterioration in syllable production and song structure).

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relatively small choice of males to mate with, so the genetic basis of the females' narrow filter does not persist. Another possible situation deals with a population with mostly narrow filters. In the latter population, wide-filter males can feasibly avoid mate choice rejection by learning from older, narrow-filter males. Therefore, the average reproductive success of wide-filter birds is enhanced by the possibility of learning, and vocal learning and large song repertoires (i.e. wide filters) go hand-in-hand.

1084: 929: 480:. Vocal mimicry can include conspecifics, other species or even man-made sounds. Many hypotheses have been made on the functions of vocal mimicry including suggestions that they may be involved in sexual selection by acting as an indicator of fitness, help brood parasites, or protect against predation, but strong support is lacking for any function. Many birds, especially those that nest in cavities, are known to produce a snakelike hissing sound that may help deter predators at close range. 1093: 1471: 10758: 10137: 10161: 905:

by changes in auditory feedback and therefore, the error signal generated by LMAN appeared unrelated to auditory feedback. Moreover, the results from this study supported the predictions of the efference copy model, in which LMAN neurons are activated during singing by the efference copy of the motor signal (and its predictions of expected auditory feedback), allowing the neurons to be more precisely time-locked to changes in auditory feedback.

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they cannot breed in many years because food supply never increases above a minimal level. With aseasonal irregular breeding, both sexes must be brought into breeding condition and vocalisation, especially duetting, serves this purpose. The high frequency of female vocalisations in the tropics, Australia and Southern Africa may also relate to very low mortality rates producing much stronger pair-bonding and territoriality.

674:), a species in which only males typically sing, the size of the HVC and RA are approximately three to six times larger in males than in females, and Area X does not appear to be recognizable in females. Research suggests that exposure to sex steroids during early development is partially responsible for these differences in the brain. Female zebra finches treated with estradiol after hatching followed by testosterone or 10173: 42: 10770: 10149: 593: 264: 163: 365:, and experiments suggest that the quality of bird song may be a good indicator of fitness. Experiments also suggest that parasites and diseases may directly affect song characteristics such as song rate, which thereby act as reliable indicators of health. The song repertoire also appears to indicate fitness in some species. The ability of male birds to hold and advertise 1406:(that is, structures and rules). Studies to demonstrate the existence of language have been difficult because of the range of possible interpretations. For instance, some have argued that in order for a communication system to count as a language it must be "combinatorial", having an open-ended set of grammar-compliant sentences made from a finite vocabulary. 441:, males that have bred and reproduced successfully sing to their offspring to influence their vocal development, while males that have failed to reproduce usually abandon the nests and stay silent. The post-breeding song therefore inadvertently informs the unsuccessful males of particular habitats that have a higher likelihood of reproductive success. The 530:

habitats because they degrade less across open space. The acoustic adaptation hypothesis also states that song characteristics may take advantage of beneficial acoustic properties of the environment. Narrow-frequency bandwidth notes are increased in volume and length by reverberations in densely vegetated habitats.

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alters the motor program for song output. The generation of this instructive signal could be facilitated by auditory neurons in Area X and LMAN that show selectivity for the temporal qualities of the bird's own song (BOS) and its tutor song, providing a platform for comparing the BOS and the memorized tutor song.

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and vocal production pathways through connections back to the RA. Some investigators have posited a model in which the connection between LMAN and RA carries an instructive signal based on evaluation of auditory feedback (comparing the bird's own song to the memorized song template), which adaptively

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A recent study has shown that a dopamine circuit in zebra finches may promote social learning of bird song from tutors. Their data shows that certain brain areas in juvenile zebra finches are excited by the singing of conspecific (i.e. same-species) tutors and not by loudspeakers playing zebra finch

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Leonardo tested these models directly by recording spike rates in single LMAN neurons of adult zebra finches during singing in conditions with normal and perturbed auditory feedback. His results did not support the BOS-tuned error correction model, as the firing rates of LMAN neurons were unaffected

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of the motor command for song production is the basis of the real-time error-correction signal. During singing, activation of LMAN neurons will depend on the motor signal used to generate the song, and the learned prediction of expected auditory feedback based on that motor command. Error correction

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when they have been aroused by simulated intrusion into their territory. This implies a role in intraspecies aggressive competition towards joint resource defense. Duets are well known in cranes, but the Sarus Crane seems unique in infrequently also having three bonded adults defending one territory

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calls are used to recruit individuals in an area where an owl or other predator may be present. These calls are characterized by wide frequency spectra, sharp onset and termination, and repetitiveness that are common across species and are believed to be helpful to other potential "mobbers" by being

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vocalizations provides a detailed rebuttal to objections of birdsong being judged as music. The similar motor constraints on human and avian song may have driven these to have similar song structures, including "arch-shaped and descending melodic contours in musical phrases", long notes at the ends

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like those we found in human language. This is because not all members of a given geographic area will conform to the same song type, and also because there is no singular characteristic of a song type that differentiates it from all other types (unlike human dialects where certain words are unique

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activity, some researchers have suggested that mirror neurons may serve to map sensory experience onto motor structures. This has implications for birdsong learning– many birds rely on auditory feedback to acquire and maintain their songs. Mirror neurons may be mediating this comparison of what the

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Song learning in juvenile birds occurs in two stages: sensory learning, which involves the juvenile listening to the father or other conspecific bird and memorizing the spectral and temporal qualities of the song (song template), and sensorimotor learning, which involves the juvenile bird producing

689:), females normally sing less often and with less complexity than males. However, when adult females are given androgen injections, their singing will increase to an almost male-like frequency. Furthermore, adult females injected with androgens also show an increased size in the HVC and RA regions. 579:

being the birds of interest. Researchers "found that the males sang at high rates while their female partners were still roosting in the nest box at dawn, and stopped singing as soon as the females left the nest box to join them". The males were also more likely to sing when the females entered the

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Low frequency songs are optimal for obstructed, densely vegetated habitats because low frequency, slowly modulated song elements are less susceptible to signal degradation by means of reverberations off of sound-reflecting vegetation. High frequency calls with rapid modulations are optimal for open

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trachea). The syrinx and sometimes a surrounding air sac resonate to sound waves that are made by membranes past which the bird forces air. The bird controls the pitch by changing the tension on the membranes and controls both pitch and volume by changing the force of exhalation. It can control the

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Various studies have shown that adult birds that underwent stress during critical developmental periods produce less complex songs and have smaller HVC brain regions. This has led some researchers to hypothesize that sexual selection for more complex songs indirectly selects for stronger cognitive

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Although a significant amount of research was done on bird song during the 20th century, none was able to elucidate the evolutionary "use" behind birdsong, especially with regards to large vocal repertoires. In response, Lachlan and Slater proposed a "cultural trap" model to explain persistence of

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raised in isolation from their first week of life produce highly abnormal and less complex songs compared to other chaffinches. This suggested that many aspects of song development in songbirds depends on tutoring by older members of the same species. Later studies observed canary-like elements in

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it is more typical for females to sing as much as males. These differences have been known for a long time and are generally attributed to the much less regular and seasonal climate of Australian and African arid zones requiring that birds breed at any time when conditions are favourable, although

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Early experiments by Thorpe in 1954 showed the importance of a bird being able to hear a tutor's song. When birds are raised in isolation, away from the influence of conspecific males, they still sing. While the song they produce, called "isolate song", resembles the song of a wild bird, it shows

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The second principal function of bird song is territory defense. Territorial birds will interact with each other using song to negotiate territory boundaries. Since song may be a reliable indicator of quality, individuals may be able to discern the quality of rivals and prevent an energetically

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neurons) are highly responsive when the bird is hearing a playback of his own song. These neurons also fire in similar patterns when the bird is singing that same song. Swamp sparrows employ 3–5 different song types, and the neural activity differs depending on which song is heard or sung. The

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Hormone treatment alone does not seem to produce female finches with brain structures or behavior exactly like males. Furthermore, other research has shown results that contradict what would be expected based on our current knowledge of mammalian sexual differentiation. For example, male zebra

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and developed further by others including W. H. Thorpe. These visual representations are also called sonograms or sonagrams. Beginning in 1983, some field guides for birds use sonograms to document the calls and songs of birds. The sonogram is objective, unlike descriptive phrases, but proper

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with larger vocal repertoires required less time to solve detour-reaching cognitive tasks. Some have proposed that bird song (among other sexually selected traits such as flashy coloring, body symmetry, and elaborate courtship) allow female songbirds to quickly assess the cognitive skills and

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In one possible situation, the population consists mainly of birds with wide filters. In this population, a male songbird with a wide filter will rarely be chosen by the few females with narrow filters (as the male's song is unlikely to fall within a narrower filter). Such females will have a

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Several studies in the 1990s have looked at the neural mechanisms underlying birdsong learning by performing lesions to relevant brain structures involved in the production or maintenance of song or by deafening birds before and/or after song crystallization. Another experimental approach was

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It has been hypothesized that the available frequency range is partitioned, and birds call so that overlap between different species in frequency and time is reduced. This idea has been termed the "acoustic niche". Birds sing louder and at a higher pitch in urban areas, where there is ambient

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The range of frequencies at which birds call in an environment varies with the quality of habitat and the ambient sounds. The acoustic adaptation hypothesis predicts that narrow bandwidths, low frequencies, and long elements and inter-element intervals should be found in habitats with complex

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subspecies show differences in calls. These differences are sometimes minute, often detectable only in the sonograms. Song differences in addition to other taxonomic attributes have been used in the identification of new species. The use of calls has led to proposals for splitting of species

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Brainard & Doupe (2000) posit a model in which LMAN (of the anterior forebrain) plays a primary role in error correction, as it detects differences between the song produced by the bird and its memorized song template and then sends an instructive error signal to structures in the vocal

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Based on this evidence of learning and localized song types, researchers began to investigate the social learning of birdsong as a form of cultural transmission. The behavior patterns constituting this culture are the songs themselves, and the song types can be considered as traditions.

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Similar chaffinch song types (categorized based on their distinct elements and their order) were observed to cluster in similar geographic areas, and this discovery led to hypotheses about "dialects" in birdsong. It has since been postulated that these song type variations are not

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Kay Electric Company, started by former Bell Labs engineers Harry Foster and Elmo Crump, made a device that was marketed as the "Sona-Graph" in 1948. This was adopted by early researchers including C.E.G. Bailey who demonstrated its use for studying bird song in 1950. The use of

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Individual birds may be sensitive enough to identify each other through their calls. Many birds that nest in colonies can locate their chicks using their calls. Calls are sometimes distinctive enough for individual identification even by human researchers in ecological studies.

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In some species such as zebra finches, learning of song is limited to the first year; they are termed "age-limited" or "close-ended" learners. Other species such as the canaries can develop new songs even as sexually mature adults; these are termed "open-ended" learners.

1453:'s verbal areas in the brain and the equivalent human brain areas, suggesting that mimicry has much to do with the construction of language and its structures and order. Research in 2016 showed that birds construct sentence-like communications with a syntax and grammar. 750: 1112:

is usually defined to consist of socially transmitted behavior patterns ("traditions") that are characteristic of certain populations. The learned nature of bird song as well as evidence of "dialect"-like local variations have support theories about the existence of

737: 776:, songs imbed arbitrary elements learned in the individual's lifetime, a form of mimicry (though maybe better called "appropriation" (Ehrlich et al.), as the bird does not pass for another species). As early as 1773, it was established that birds learned calls, and 382:

easy to locate. The alarm calls of most species, on the other hand, are characteristically high-pitched, making the caller difficult to locate. Communication through bird calls can be between individuals of the same species or even across species. For example, the

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After two or three months of song learning and rehearsal (depending on species), the juvenile produces a crystallized song, characterized by spectral and temporal stereotypy (very low variability in syllable production and syllable order). Some birds, such as

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During singing, the activation of LMAN neurons will depend on the match between auditory feedback from the song produced by the bird and the stored song template. If this is true, then the firing rates of LMAN neurons will be sensitive to changes in auditory

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finches castrated or given sex steroid inhibitors as hatchlings still develop normal masculine singing behavior. This suggests that other factors, such as the activation of genes on the z chromosome, might also play a role in normal male song development.

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Ball, G.F.; Auger, C.J.; Bernard, D.J.; Charlier, T.D.; Sartor, J.J.; Riters, L.V.; Balthazart, J. (2004). "Seasonal plasticity in the song control system: Multiple brain sites of steroid hormone action and the importance of variation in song behavior".

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Researchers have hypothesized that learned songs allow the development of more complex songs through cultural interaction, thus allowing intraspecies dialects that help birds to identify kin and to adapt their songs to different acoustic environments.

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in many bird species, usually causing males and females to sing differently. Some of the known types of dimorphisms in the brain include the size of nuclei, the number of neurons present, and the number of neurons connecting one nucleus to another.

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Over 400 bird species engage in duet calls. In some cases, the duets are so perfectly timed as to appear almost as one call. This kind of calling is termed antiphonal duetting. Such duetting is noted in a wide range of families including quails,

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vegetation structures (which would absorb and muffle sounds), while high frequencies, broad bandwidth, high-frequency modulations (trills), and short elements and inter-elements may be expected in open habitats, without obstructive vegetation.

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The posterior descending pathway (PDP) is required throughout a bird's life for normal song production, while the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) is necessary for song learning, plasticity, and maintenance, but not for adult song production.

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Birds communicate alarm through vocalizations and movements that are specific to the threat, and bird alarms can be understood by other animal species, including other birds, in order to identify and protect against the specific threat.

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Cassone, V.M.; Bartell, P.A.; Earnest D.J. & Kumar, V. (2008). "Duration of melatonin regulates seasonal changes in song control nuclei of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus: Independence from gonads and circadian entrainment".

1212: 116: 635:, which projects information both to the RA (premotor nucleus) and to Area X of the anterior forebrain. Information in the posterior descending pathway (also referred to as the vocal production or motor pathway) descends from 792:. In many species, it appears that although the basic song is the same for all members of the species, young birds learn some details of their songs from their fathers, and these variations build up over generations to form 1243:

The specificity of bird calls has been used extensively for species identification. The calls of birds have been described using words or nonsense syllables or line diagrams. Common terms in English include words such as

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Boogert, Neeltje J.; Anderson, Rindy C.; Peters, Susan; Searcy, William A.; Nowicki, Stephen (2011). "Song repertoire size in male song sparrows correlates with detour reaching, but not with other cognitive measures".

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The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species. Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing (up to 3000 in the

843:, while the AFP has been considered homologous to the mammalian cortical pathway through the basal ganglia and thalamus. Models of bird-song motor learning can be useful in developing models for how humans learn 719:, defects of which affect both speech production and comprehension of language in humans, becomes highly expressed in Area X during periods of vocal plasticity in both juvenile zebra finches and adult canaries. 1435:

Some birds have two distinct "languages" — one for internal communications and one for use in flocks. All birds have a separate type of communication for "songs" vs. communicating danger and other information.

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has been defined as the act of producing non-vocal sounds that are intentionally modulated communicative signals, produced using non-syringeal structures such as the bill, wings, tail, feet and body feathers.

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in human infants. Soon after, the juvenile song shows certain recognizable characteristics of the imitated adult song, but still lacks the stereotypy of the crystallized song – this is called "plastic song".

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in contact. Other authorities such as Howell and Webb (1995) make the distinction based on function, so that short vocalizations, such as those of pigeons, and even non-vocal sounds, such as the drumming of

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Models regarding the real-time error-correction interactions between the AFP and PDP will be considered in the future. Other current research has begun to explore the cellular mechanisms underlying

44: 7513: 1567:, they can duet with birds. Authors including Rothenberg have claimed that birds sing on traditional scales as used in human music, but at least one songbird does not choose notes in this way. 1440:

demonstrated that jackdaws have "names" identifying each individual in the flock and when beginning flight preparations each of them says one other bird's name creating a "chain". In his book

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neurons only fire in response to the presentation (or singing) of one of the songs, the primary song type. They are also temporally selective, firing at a precise phase in the song syllable.

155:' wings in display flight, are considered songs. Still others require song to have syllabic diversity and temporal regularity akin to the repetitive and transformative patterns that define 1417:

is claimed to demonstrate the innate ability for grammatical structures, including the existence of concepts such as nouns, adjectives and verbs. In the wild, the innate vocalizations of

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It has been proposed that birds show latitudinal variation in song complexity; however, there is no strong evidence that song complexity increases with latitude or migratory behaviour.

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Nowicki, S.; Searcy, W.; Peters, S. (2002-12-01). "Brain development, song learning and mate choice in birds: a review and experimental test of the "nutritional stress hypothesis"".

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Tubaro, Pablo L.; Segura, Enrique T. (November 1994). "Dialect Differences in the Song of Zonotrichia capensis in the Southern Pampas: A Test of the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis".

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The cultural trap hypothesis is one example of gene-culture coevolution, in which selective pressures emerge from the interaction between genotypes and their cultural consequences.

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Hailman, Jack; Ficken, Millicent (1986). "Combinatorial animal communication with computable syntax: Chick-a-dee calling qualifies as "language" by structural linguistics".

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Thorpe, W. H.; Lade, B. I. (1961). "The songs of some families of the Passeriformes I. Introduction: The analysis of bird songs and their expression in graphic notation".

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that discharges both when an individual performs an action and when he/she perceives that same action being performed by another. These neurons were first discovered in

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Currently, there are two competing models that elucidate the role of LMAN in generating an instructive error signal and projecting it to the motor production pathway:

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Sclater, P. L. (1860). "List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species".

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The function of the mirror neuron system is still unclear. Some scientists speculate that mirror neurons may play a role in understanding the actions of others,

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using song also demonstrates their fitness. Therefore, a female bird may select males based on the quality of their songs and the size of their song repertoire.

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Nemeth, Erwin (2004-01-01). "Measuring the Sound Pressure Level of the Song of the Screaming Piha Lipaugus Vociferans: One of the Loudest Birds in the World?".

159:. It is generally agreed upon in birding and ornithology which sounds are songs and which are calls, and a good field guide will differentiate between the two. 7470: 7218: 3734:

Derryberry, Elizabeth (July 2009). "Ecology Shapes Birdsong Evolution: Variation in Morphology and Habitat Explains Variation in White-Crowned Sparrow Song".

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Luther, David A.; Derryberry, E.P. (April 2012). "Birdsongs keep pace with city life: changes in song over time in an urban songbird affects communication".

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They are action-specific – mirror neurons are only active when an individual is performing or observing a certain type of action (e.g., grasping an object).

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evidence in support of these theories. Specifically regarding birds, it is possible that the mirror neuron system serves as a general mechanism underlying

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of phrases, and typically small differences in pitch between adjacent notes, at least in birds with a strong song structure like the Eurasian treecreeper

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has long been a topic for anecdote and speculation. That calls have meanings that are interpreted by their listeners has been well demonstrated. Domestic

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is another hormone that is also believed to influence song behavior in adults, as many songbirds show melatonin receptors in neurons of the song nuclei.

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has influenced composers and musicians in several ways: they can be inspired by birdsong; they can intentionally imitate bird song in a composition, as

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nucleus of anterior nidopallium (LMAN), also considered a part of the avian basal ganglia; and the dorso-lateral division of the medial thalamus (DLM).

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Riebel, Katharina; Lachlan, Robert F.; Slater, Peter J. B. (2015-05-01), Naguib, Marc; Brockmann, H. Jane; Mitani, John C.; Simmons, Leigh W. (eds.),

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Reid, J. M.; Peter Arcese; Alice L. E. V. Cassidy; Sara M. Hiebert; James N. M. Smith; Philip K. Stoddard; Amy B. Marr & Lukas F. Keller (2005).

2190: 1280:). In addition to nonsense words, grammatically correct phrases have been constructed as likenesses of the vocalizations of birds. For example, the 977:

In search of these auditory-motor neurons, Jonathan Prather and other researchers at Duke University recorded the activity of single neurons in the

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by vocalization provides a shortcut to locating high quality habitats and saves the trouble of directly assessing various vegetation structures.

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The distinction between songs and calls is based upon complexity, length, and context. Songs are longer and more complex and are associated with

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Thorpe, W. H. (2008-06-28). "The Learning of Song Patterns by Birds, with Especial Reference to the Song of the Chaffinch Fringilla Coelebs".

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Brainard, M. S. & Doupe, A. J. (2000). "Interruption of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit prevents plasticity of learned vocalizations".

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Kao, M.H.; Doupe, A.J.; Brainard, M.S. (2005). "Contributions of an avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit to real=time modulation of song".

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Ey, Elodie; Fischer, J. (13 April 2012). "The "acoustic adaptation hypothesis" – a review of the evidence from birds, anurans and mammals".

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Falls, J. B.; Krebs, J. R.; McGregor, P.K. (1982). "Song matching in the great tit (Parus major) the effect of similarity and familiarity".

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may also more informally refer to patterns in bird vocalizations that communicate information to other birds or other animals in general.

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During the sensorimotor learning phase, song production begins with highly variable sub-vocalizations called "sub-song", which is akin to

8448: 1062:, but further research is needed. In addition to the implications for song learning, the mirror neuron system could also play a role in 170:, with the modifications noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860 and discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871. The bird produces sound with its wings. 10808: 6111:

Prather J. F.; Peters S.; Nowicki S.; Mooney R. (2008). "Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication".

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Ball, G.F. & Balthazart, J. (2002). "Neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating reproductive cycles and reproductive behavior in birds".

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Nordeen, K.W.; Nordeen, E.J. (1994). "Auditory feedback is necessary for the maintenance of stereotyped song in adult zebra finches".

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control of temporal patterns of song structure and RA control of syllable production. Brain structures involved in both pathways show

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Collias, N. E. (1987). "The vocal repertoire of the Red Junglefowl: A spectrographic classification and the code of communication".

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who perform "triets". Triets had a lower frequency relative to duets, but the functional value of this difference is not yet known.

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nests in the evening or even during the daytime. While this information is eye-opening, it still does not answer the question of

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Read, A. W. & D. M. Weary (1990). "Sexual selection and the evolution of bird song: A test of the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis".

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The acquisition and learning of bird song involves a group of distinct brain areas that are aligned in two connecting pathways:

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Beecher, M.D.; Stoddard, P.K.; Cambell, E.S.; Horning, C.L. (1996). "Repertoire matching between neighbouring song sparrows".

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singing 30% more softly. An increase in song volume restored fitness to birds in urban areas, as did higher frequency songs.

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Gurney, M.E. & Konishi, M. (1980). "Hormone-induced sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in zebra finches".

3592: 2181:"What Sounds Did Dinosaurs Make? - A new study of a fossilized ankylosaur suggests it could have uttered birdlike calls" 10507: 10204: 8247: 7302: 5630:

Nottebohm, F. (2004). "The road we travelled: discovery, choreography, and significance of brain replaceable neurons".

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Mikula, P.; Valcu, M.; Brumm, H.; Bulla, M.; Forstmeier, W.; Petrusková, T.; Kempenaers, B. & Albrecht, T. (2021).

816:, which are the most popular species for birdsong research, have overlapping sensory and sensorimotor learning stages. 107:, songs (relatively complex vocalizations) are distinguished by function from calls (relatively simple vocalizations). 8122: 1296:" has been coined to explain this approach to bird call description. Musical notation to depict bird sound began with 11187: 10393: 8442: 5097: 4829: 3661: 615:

Posterior descending pathway (vocal production): composed of HVC (proper name, although sometimes referred to as the

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One of the two main functions of bird song is mate attraction. Scientists hypothesize that bird song evolved through

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Evans, C. S.; Macedonia, J. M.; Marler, P. (1993). "Effects of apparent size and speed on the response of chickens,

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Thorpe, W. H. (1958). "The learning of song patterns by birds, with especial reference to the song of the chaffinch

2927:

Delport, Wayne; Kemp, Alan C.; Ferguson, J. Willem H. (2002). "Vocal identification of individual African Wood Owls

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Bird song is an integral part of bird courtship and is a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism involved in the process of

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Power, D. M. (1966). "Antiphonal duetting and evidence for auditory reaction time in the Orange-chinned Parakeet".

2873:"Intra-syllabic acoustic signatures used by the King Penguin in parent-chick recognition: an experimental approach" 2163: 1395:

have distinctive alarm calls for aerial and ground predators, and they respond to these alarm calls appropriately.

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dinosaurs may have made were bird-like vocalizations based on a finding of a fossilized larynx from the ankylosaur

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Thorpe, W. (1954). "The process of song-learning in the chaffinch as studied by means of the sound spectrograph".

2102: 925:

monkeys, but recent research suggests that mirror neuron systems may be present in other animals including humans.

201:

not unlike those found in some insects. The production of sounds by mechanical means as opposed to the use of the

11250: 8588: 5270:"Developmental shifts in gene expression in the auditory forebrain during the sensitive period for song learning" 1005:

input. In other words, the bird becomes "deaf" to his own song. This suggests that these neurons are producing a

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Scharff, Constance; Haesler, Sebastian (2005). "An evolutionary perspective on FoxP2: strictly for the birds?".

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Marler, P. (1970). "A comparative approach to vocal learning: Song development in the white-crowned sparrows".

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Redpath, S. M.; Bridget M Appleby; Steve J Petty (2000). "Do male hoots betray parasite loads in Tawny Owls?".

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Eastern wood pewee: note the simple repetitive pattern of ascending and descending tones from a grounding note.

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Leonardo, A.; Konishi, M. (1999). "Decrystallization of adult birdsong by perturbation of auditory feedback".

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Balthazart, Jacques; Adkins-Regan, Elizabeth (2002). "Sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in birds".

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Brainard, M. S. & Doupe, A. J. (2000). "Auditory feedback in learning and maintenance of vocal behavior".

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Suthers RA & Hector DH (1982). "Mechanism for the production of echolocating clicks by the Grey Swiftlet,

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Thorpe, W. H. (23 February 1963). "Antiphonal Singing in Birds as Evidence for Avian Auditory Reaction Time".

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to Area X (basal ganglia), then from Area X to the DLM (thalamus), and from DLM to LMAN, which then links the

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Nottebohm, F. (1980). "Testosterone triggers growth of brain vocal control nuclei in adult female canaries".

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Slater, Peter J. B.; Mann, Nigel I. (2004). "Why do the females of many bird species sing in the tropics?".

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Bostwick, Kimberly S. & Prum, Richard O. (2005). "Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers".

1520:(Soviet Union), and, in France, Claude Chappuis, Jean-Claude Roché, François Charron and Fernand Deroussen. 11383: 4853:

Nottebohm, F. & Arnold, A.P. (1976). "Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain".

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auditory motor neurons in swamp sparrows are very similar to the visual motor mirror neurons discovered in

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Teramitsu, Ikuko; Kudo, Lili C.; London, Sarah E.; Geschwind, Daniel H. & White, Stephanie A. (2004).

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is exceptional in producing sounds at about 11.8 kHz. It is not known if they can hear these sounds.

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Among birds which habitually borrow phrases or sounds from other species, the way they use variations of

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species), use audible sound (with the majority of sonic location occurring between 2 and 5 kHz) to

11323: 11308: 11100: 10957: 10711: 10696: 8816: 8548: 8538: 8145: 8015:"Composers' Appropriation of Pied Butcherbird Song: Henry Tate's "undersong of Australia" Comes of Age" 6706:

Schmidt, K. L.; MacDougall-Shackleton, E. A.; Kubli, S. P.; MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A. (2014-06-20).

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Konishi, M. (2010). "From central pattern generator to sensory template in the evolution of birdsong".

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its own vocalizations and practicing its song until it accurately matches the memorized song template.

197:), the males have evolved several mechanisms for mechanical sound production, including mechanisms for 6509:

Slater, P. J. B. (1983-04-01). "Chaffinch Imitates Canary Song Elements and Aspects of Organization".

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Leonard, S. L. (1 May 1939). "Induction of Singing in Female Canaries by Injections of Male Hormone".

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a female songbird's (i.e. receiver's) filter contains the range of songs that it finds acceptable for

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Manson-Barr, P.; Pye, J. D. (1985). "Mechanical sounds". In Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth (eds.).

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of male birds and the absence of females. The research was conducted in southern Germany, with male

28: 6907: 3677:

Olson, Christopher R.; Fernández-Vargas, Marcela; Portfors, Christine V.; Mello, Claudio V. (2018).

2560: 1306:(1650) but more careful use was attempted with enhancements in the twentieth century by the Germans 685:

Hormones also have activational effects on singing and the song nuclei in adult birds. In canaries (

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Garamszegi, L. Z.; A. P. Møller; János Török; Gábor Michl; Péter Péczely; Murielle Richard (2004).

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Prather, et al. found that during the short period of time before and after the bird sings, his HVC

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A timeline for song learning in different species. Diagram adapted from Brainard & Doupe, 2002.

32: 17: 3288:"Sarus crane Antigone antigone trios and their triets: Discovery of a novel social unit in cranes" 943:

Neurons do not fire in response to the other song type, regardless of whether it is heard or sung.

11030: 10569: 10342: 9062: 7867: 5583:"Parallel FoxP1 and FoxP2 expression in songbird and human brain predicts functional interaction" 5449:

Marler, P.; M. Tamura (1962). "Song dialects in three populations of the white-crowned sparrow".

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Dooling, R. J. (1982). "Auditory perception in birds". In Kroodsma, D. E.; Miller, E. H. (eds.).

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two sides of the trachea independently, which is how some species can produce two notes at once.

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Suthers, R. (2004). "How birds sing and why it matters". In Marler, P.; Slabbekoorn, H. (eds.).

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Suthers RA & Hector DH (1985). "The physiology of vocalization by the echolocating Oilbird,

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song. Additionally, they show that dopamine released into the HVC aids in the encoding of song.

608:): composed of Area X, which is a homologue to mammalian basal ganglia; the lateral part of the 11442: 11373: 11313: 10935: 10762: 10726: 10485: 10448: 10424: 10371: 10153: 9029: 8841: 8791: 8375: 7778: 7339: 7332: 6420:

Hyland Bruno, Julia; Jarvis, Erich D.; Liberman, Mark; Tchernichovski, Ofer (14 January 2021).

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almost all song is produced by male birds; however, in the tropics and to a greater extent the

231:

Song is usually delivered from prominent perches, although some species may sing when flying.

8432: 6437: 5823:

Metzmacher, M. (2016). "Alauda: Chaffinch song learning : Thorpe conclusions revisited".

10542: 10299: 10249: 8866: 6659:"The maintenance of vocal learning by gene–culture interaction: the cultural trap hypothesis" 4947:

Tomaszycki, M.L.; Peabody, C.; Replogle, K.; Clayton, D.F; Tempelman, R.J.; Wade, J. (2009).

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Kelley, L. A.; Coe, R. L.; Madden, J. R.; Healy, S. D. (2008). "Vocal mimicry in songbirds".

2993: 2726:"Fighting talk: complex song elicits more aggressive responses in a vocally complex songbird" 2541:"Covariation between brain size and immunity in birds: implications for brain size evolution" 1728: 1682: 1648: 1388: 1362: 1354:

interpretation requires experience. Sonograms can also be roughly converted back into sound.

1235: 1114: 314: 7836: 6421: 2481: 11432: 11291: 11077: 10619: 10552: 10532: 10527: 10398: 10259: 10220: 9494: 8281: 7682: 7322: 7032: 6600: 6235: 6178: 6120: 6029: 5852:"The role of auditory feedback on the control of vocalization in the white-crowned sparrow" 5789: 5754: 5639: 5539: 5372: 5226: 5126: 4905: 4862: 4761: 4657: 4578: 4370: 4287: 4139: 4082: 4033: 3790: 3690: 3299: 3022: 2791: 2369: 1795: 1703: 1665: 1632: 1628: 1302: 1063: 1051: 508: 442: 326: 8505: 2214:"An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs" 390:

as long as it follows the Japanese tit alert call in the correct alert+recruitment order.

8: 11437: 11328: 11222: 10915: 10817: 10686: 10624: 10574: 10419: 9024: 8916: 8856: 8801: 8581: 8171:

Baptista, Luis Felipe; Keister, Robin A. (2005). "Why Birdsong is Sometimes Like Music".

7751: 2264: 1960: 1718: 1505:, who went on to become an eminent wildlife recordist and BBC natural history presenter. 1006: 675: 620: 572: 500: 167: 10609: 8285: 8014: 7686: 7036: 6604: 6239: 6182: 6124: 5793: 5758: 5643: 5543: 5376: 5230: 5130: 4909: 4866: 4765: 4661: 4582: 4374: 4291: 4243:"The relationship between latitude, migration and the evolution of bird song complexity" 4143: 4086: 4037: 3794: 3694: 3303: 3200: 3026: 2795: 2483: 2373: 1173:

a male songbird's (i.e. singer's) filter contains the range of songs that it can develop

11343: 11286: 10649: 10579: 10547: 10522: 10403: 10381: 10330: 10294: 9807: 8871: 8831: 8796: 8496:

xeno-canto: Community online database of downloadable bird sounds from around the globe

8327: 8304: 8269: 8239: 8196: 7708: 7636: 7598: 7559: 7551: 7392: 7294: 7259: 7185: 7118: 7087: 7056: 7001: 6936: 6873: 6788: 6691: 6658: 6629: 6588: 6569: 6487: 6449: 6348: 6334:(1644). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Online. 6323: 6304: 6261: 6199: 6166: 6144: 6085: 6060: 6041: 5867: 5805: 5713: 5682: 5663: 5607: 5582: 5563: 5509: 5466: 5431: 5396: 5342: 5294: 5269: 5250: 5198: 5089: 5058: 5015: 4975: 4948: 4929: 4821: 4782: 4749: 4725: 4700: 4681: 4602: 4523: 4475: 4448: 4394: 4313: 4223: 4157: 4108: 4051: 3955: 3913: 3878: 3843: 3808: 3759: 3716: 3634: 3613:

Lieser, M.; Berthold, P. & Manley, G. A. (2005). "Infrasound in the capercaillie (

3549: 3510: 3446: 3411: 3392:"Testing the roles of species in mixed-species bird flocks of a Sri Lankan rain forest" 3367: 3342: 3323: 3223: 3181: 3150: 3080: 3038: 2807: 2706: 2668: 2633: 2581: 2518: 2338: 2240: 2213: 2185: 2151: 2094: 1990: 1913: 1589: 1297: 832: 782: 609: 366: 293: 277: 127: 7883: 7632: 7421: 6705: 6589:"A mesocortical dopamine circuit enables the cultural transmission of vocal behaviour" 5990: 5963: 2975: 2872: 2664: 2468: 1375:

Smartphone apps can identify birds using sounds. These apps work by comparing against

11255: 11113: 11040: 10945: 10930: 10857: 10670: 10366: 10361: 10160: 9933: 9880: 9830: 8973: 8963: 8906: 8706: 8641: 8438: 8335: 8309: 8229: 8188: 8062: 8052: 7962: 7700: 7447: 7384: 7343: 7048: 6993: 6946: 6896: 6865: 6829: 6780: 6772: 6737: 6729: 6678: 6634: 6616: 6561: 6526: 6491: 6453: 6441: 6353: 6296: 6265: 6253: 6204: 6136: 6090: 6061:"The human mirror neuron system: A link between action observation and social skills" 6033: 5995: 5944: 5940: 5871: 5705: 5655: 5612: 5555: 5513: 5501: 5435: 5388: 5363:

Brainard, M. S. & Doupe, A. J. (2002). "What songbirds teach us about learning".

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Halfwerk, Wouter; Holleman, L.J.M.; Lessells, C.M.; Slabbekoorn, H. (February 2011).

4125: 4100: 4046: 4021: 3932: 3803: 3778: 3751: 3708: 3657: 3469: 3372: 3327: 3315: 3117: 2979: 2944: 2895: 2573: 2569: 2510: 2387: 2298: 2245: 2159: 2137: 2086: 2043: 1982: 1936: 1905: 1868: 1826: 1713: 1708: 1560: 1556: 1229: 1223: 1100: 978: 697: 663: 659: 647: 640: 636: 632: 616: 576: 543: 534:

low-frequency noise. Traffic noise was found to decrease reproductive success in the

453: 418: 378: 8517: 8471: 8200: 7712: 7640: 7602: 7563: 7396: 7298: 7060: 7005: 6877: 6808:"Mate choice for cognitive traits: a review of the evidence in nonhuman vertebrates" 6792: 6308: 5717: 5667: 5346: 5254: 5062: 5019: 4933: 4398: 4227: 4161: 4055: 3959: 3882: 3847: 3812: 3638: 3553: 3450: 3415: 3227: 3042: 2710: 2672: 2637: 2585: 2522: 2342: 1917: 619:); the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA); and the tracheosyringeal part of the 11157: 11131: 11045: 10736: 10731: 10644: 10244: 9799: 8941: 8613: 8299: 8289: 8221: 8180: 7939: 7908: 7879: 7690: 7628: 7590: 7543: 7448:"The use of sounds in avian systematics, and the importance of bird sound archives" 7376: 7323: 7286: 7255: 7199: 7181: 7114: 7083: 7040: 6983: 6975: 6857: 6819: 6764: 6719: 6686: 6670: 6624: 6608: 6553: 6518: 6483: 6433: 6389: 6343: 6335: 6288: 6243: 6194: 6186: 6148: 6128: 6080: 6072: 6045: 6025: 5985: 5975: 5936: 5909: 5863: 5832: 5809: 5797: 5762: 5697: 5647: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5567: 5547: 5493: 5458: 5423: 5400: 5380: 5326: 5289: 5281: 5234: 5182: 5144: 5134: 5085: 5042: 5007: 4970: 4960: 4946: 4913: 4870: 4817: 4777: 4769: 4720: 4712: 4685: 4665: 4606: 4586: 4527: 4507: 4470: 4460: 4378: 4295: 4254: 4215: 4147: 4112: 4090: 4041: 3947: 3905: 3870: 3835: 3798: 3763: 3743: 3720: 3698: 3626: 3584: 3541: 3514: 3502: 3438: 3403: 3362: 3354: 3307: 3268: 3215: 3173: 3146: 3072: 3030: 2971: 2940: 2887: 2839: 2811: 2799: 2737: 2723: 2698: 2660: 2625: 2565: 2502: 2464: 2421: 2404: 2377: 2330: 2235: 2227: 2133: 2035: 1994: 1972: 1961:"High-speed video analysis of wing-snapping in two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves)" 1897: 1602: 1583: 1564: 1517: 1502: 1414: 1350: 1125: 788: 768:); individuals within some species vary in the same way. In a few species, such as 422: 362: 331: 289: 202: 148: 77: 8541:

distributes a number of different free birdsong synthesis & analysis programs.

7959:

Music Theory and Natural Order from the Renaissance to the Early Twentieth Century

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Searcy, W. A.; Beecher, M.D. (2009). "Song as an aggressive signal in songbirds".

2407:"Immune challenge mediates vocal communication in a passerine bird: an experiment" 1133:, evidencing the strong role of tutors in the learning of song by juvenile birds. 448: 426: 11227: 10974: 10966: 10701: 10604: 10599: 10239: 10234: 10031: 9859: 9329: 8851: 8836: 8774: 8673: 8601: 8489: 8485: 4465: 2023: 1768: 1670: 1544: 1256:. These are subject to imagination and vary greatly; a well-known example is the 1169:

wide varieties of song. This model is based on a concept of "filters", in which:

1130: 1055: 952: 836: 777: 742: 727: 175: 8534: 5683:"Song learning in birds: diversity and plasticity, opportunities and challenges" 5497: 5215: 3428: 2959: 974:

bird hears, how it compares to a memorized song template, and what he produces.

518:) to around 12 kHz, with maximum sensitivity between 1 and 5 kHz. The 425:, and some owls and parrots. In territorial songbirds, birds are more likely to 11194: 11050: 11023: 10895: 10721: 10594: 10589: 10537: 10309: 10141: 10071: 10023: 9957: 9896: 9851: 9838: 9712: 9675: 9526: 9300: 9137: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8861: 8846: 8741: 8716: 8711: 8693: 8574: 8274:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Barrington, D. (1773). "Experiments and observations on the singing of birds".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2231: 1738: 1612: 1536: 1531: 1376: 1311: 1109: 1059: 1047: 966: 896: 820: 765: 757: 651: 605: 565: 557: 434: 210: 55: 8560: 8409: 7020: 6768: 6708:"Developmental Stress, Condition, and Birdsong: A Case Study in Song Sparrows" 6612: 6544:

Slater, P. J. B.; Ince, S. A. (1979). "Cultural Evolution in Chaffinch Song".

6190: 6164: 6058: 5115:"Seasonal neuroplasticity in the songbird telencephalon: A role for melatonin" 5011: 4300: 4275: 3703: 3678: 3630: 3407: 2844: 928: 11426: 11411: 11298: 11212: 11088: 10940: 10880: 10584: 10517: 10471: 10079: 10063: 9986: 9978: 9812: 9610: 9460: 9347: 9305: 9105: 9097: 9019: 8983: 8901: 8825: 8653: 8482:

A blog with stories and tips for learning the patterns in bird vocalizations.

8080: 7338:. Golden Field Guides (Second ed.). Western Publishing Company. p. 7052: 6997: 6869: 6833: 6776: 6733: 6682: 6620: 6565: 6530: 6495: 6445: 5186: 4390: 3568: 2090: 2047: 1652: 1644: 1575: 1437: 1326: 1096: 1083: 1038:

Are action-specific – a response is only triggered by the "primary song type"

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neuron activity in response to calls heard (green) and calls produced (red).

914: 824: 705: 547: 519: 8294: 8243: 8215: 8114: 8066: 6824: 6807: 6557: 6522: 5980: 5651: 5238: 4965: 3679:"Black Jacobin hummingbirds vocalize above the known hearing range of birds" 2454: 2426: 1901: 11358: 11171: 11145: 11082: 10984: 10979: 10870: 10840: 10741: 10691: 10629: 10354: 10254: 10165: 9909: 9754: 9570: 9408: 9356: 9228: 9189: 8958: 8946: 8936: 8926: 8623: 8313: 8192: 8088: 7943: 7704: 7594: 7327: 7290: 6900: 6784: 6741: 6674: 6638: 6357: 6339: 6300: 6257: 6208: 6140: 6094: 6037: 5999: 5709: 5659: 5616: 5559: 5505: 5427: 5392: 5338: 5303: 5246: 5194: 5158: 5139: 4984: 4925: 4874: 4839: 4791: 4734: 4677: 4598: 4519: 4484: 4309: 4104: 4022:"The impact of environmental noise on song amplitude in a territorial bird" 3930: 3755: 3712: 3376: 3358: 3340: 3319: 3219: 2899: 2702: 2577: 2514: 2391: 2249: 1986: 1909: 1743: 1688: 1636: 1579: 1450: 1425:

vocalizations have also suggested that they may have recursive structures.

1315: 1197: 1124:, bird song's dependence on learning was studied by Thorpe, who found that 985:. They discovered that the neurons that project from the HVC to Area X (HVC 970: 383: 239: 198: 135: 8184: 7388: 6076: 6016:

Rizzolatti, Giacomo; Craighero, Laila (2004). "The mirror-neuron system".

5948: 5875: 5112: 5054: 3588: 2891: 2484:"Fitness Correlates of Song Repertoire Size in Free-Living Song Sparrows ( 2212:

Yoshida, Junki; Kobayashi, Yoshisuga; Norell, Mark A. (15 February 2023).

11363: 11348: 11338: 11318: 11207: 10900: 10885: 10665: 10634: 10614: 10289: 9970: 9817: 9623: 9602: 9591: 9556: 9423: 9413: 9371: 9262: 9129: 8931: 8756: 8751: 8683: 8668: 8636: 8225: 7984:"NJIT professor finds nothing cuckoo in serenading our feathered friends" 7804:"Birds use language like humans joining calls together to form sentences" 6724: 6707: 6110: 4882: 2406: 1748: 1723: 1421:

have been rigorously shown to exhibit combinatorial language. Studies on

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Accurate transcription of clean recordings of bird vocalizations to midi

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is the world's largest collection of animal sounds and associated video.

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Slater, P. J. B. (1989). "Bird song learning: causes and consequences".

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Morton, E.S. (1975). "Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds".

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The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots

7555: 7044: 6988: 6573: 5836: 5470: 5285: 3917: 3545: 3506: 3185: 3084: 2334: 2098: 2074: 1640: 1624: 1619:", in which the birds of the world assemble under the wisest bird, the 1358: 1281: 840: 515: 504: 495: 489: 433:

Sometimes, songs vocalized in the post-breeding season act as a cue to

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Behavioral Neurobiology: The Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior

4259: 4242: 3272: 2742: 2725: 2382: 2357: 1977: 11138: 11035: 10862: 10845: 10786: 10047: 10002: 9791: 9584: 9501: 9485: 9474: 9384: 9320: 9279: 8978: 8779: 8766: 8746: 8646: 7695: 7670: 7275:"Fifty years of bird song research: a case study in animal behaviour" 6422:"Birdsong Learning and Culture: Analogies with Human Spoken Language" 6279:

Miller, G. (2008). "Mirror neurons may help songbirds stay in tune".

5913: 5801: 5267: 4669: 4511: 4177:"When COVID-19 silenced cities, birdsong recaptured its former glory" 3391: 3311: 3034: 2803: 2355: 2039: 1796:""Bird Voices" and "Vocal Development" from Birds of Stanford essays" 1548: 1043: 690: 535: 461: 247: 178: 7547: 6587:

Tanaka, Masashi; Sun, Fangmiao; Li, Yulong; Mooney, Richard (2018).

6378:"Chapter Six – Learning and Cultural Transmission in Chaffinch Song" 6248: 6223: 5462: 5384: 4750:"Support for a synaptic chain model of neuronal sequence generation" 4095: 4070: 3909: 3256: 3201:"Countersinging as a signal of aggression in a territorial songbird" 3177: 3076: 2538: 1321: 819:

Research has indicated that birds' acquisition of song is a form of

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In February 2023, scientists reported that the possible sounds that

131: 11202: 10875: 10850: 10502: 10264: 10015: 9745: 9720: 9666: 9577: 9549: 9439: 9403: 9395: 9377: 9272: 9257: 9241: 8988: 8951: 8784: 3839: 3747: 3287: 2506: 1698: 1693: 1552: 1540: 1422: 1399: 1293: 1158: 1029: 1017: 804: 793: 769: 643:(nXIIts), which then controls muscular contractions of the syrinx. 219: 194: 8217:

Is Birdsong Music?: Outback Encounters with an Australian Songbird

5551: 4568: 3676: 2931:: a technique to monitor long-term adult turnover and residency". 2724:

Hill, S. D.; Brunton, D. H.; Anderson, M. A.; Weihong, J. (2018).

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singing help to distinguish these two species by voice definitely.

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makes the loudest call ever recorded for birds, reaching 125

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songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear. In

11055: 10999: 10989: 10386: 9925: 9778: 9657: 9542: 9508: 9446: 9267: 9121: 9113: 8806: 8678: 8663: 7731: 4414:"Absence of female partners can explain the dawn chorus of birds" 3933:"Birdsong and sound transmission: the benefits of reverberations" 1403: 1392: 1368: 1138: 939:

Neurons fire when the primary song type is either heard or sung.

922: 561: 484: 469: 408:(note the call and response with a second more distant chickadee) 235: 104: 10440: 7728:"Bird Language: Exploring the Language of Nature with Jon Young" 6966:

Sarvasy, Hannah (2016). "Warblish: Verbal Mimicry of Birdsong".

4128:"Negative impact of traffic nosie on avian reproductive success" 3341:

Betts, M.G.; Hadley, A.S.; Rodenhouse, N.; Nocera, J.J. (2008).

1647:", is considered one of his most important works. Bird poems by 1555:; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, as 1449:

Studies in parakeets have shown a striking similarity between a

646:

Information in the anterior forebrain pathway is projected from

10910: 10496: 10055: 9994: 9770: 9762: 9691: 9631: 9515: 9453: 9336: 9003: 8998: 8876: 8511: 7172:

Bailey, C. E. G (2008). "Towards an Orthography of Bird Song".

4276:"Extremely loud mating songs at close range in white bellbirds" 1620: 1608: 1571: 1410: 1261: 918: 844: 473: 301: 297: 251: 243: 186: 8498:≈250,000 recordings of ≈9400 species as of Aug 2015. See also 8480:

Bird Language: Exploring the Language of Nature with Jon Young

8268:

Tierney, Adam T.; Russo, Frank A.; Patel, Aniruddh D. (2011).

3931:

Slabbekoorn, Hans; Ellers, Jacintha; Smith, Thomas B. (2002).

1190: 1149: 631:

Both neural pathways in the song system begin at the level of

11060: 10994: 10274: 9941: 9728: 9291: 7021:"Die verschiedenen Methoden der Darstellung von Vogelstimmen" 6221: 6165:

Dinstein, I.; Thomas, C.; Behrmann, M.; Heeger, D.J. (2008).

3566: 2688: 1864:

The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. volume 2

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in the darkness of caves. The only bird known to make use of

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to RA, and then from RA to the tracheosyringeal part of the

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Head, Matthew (1997). "Birdsong and the Origins of Music".

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10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0564:basttb]2.0.co;2

3776: 3569:"Hearing and echolocation in the Australian Grey Swiftlet, 3055: 2782:

Marler, P. (1955). "Characteristics of some animal calls".

1823:

A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America

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The first known recording of birdsong was made in 1889 by

10039: 8896: 8658: 8486:

Large collection of audio bird calls collected in Arizona

4852: 4798: 3286:

Roy, Suhridam; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).

2832:"Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it" 1611:. Famous examples inspired by bird song include the 1177 1582:

can resemble music. Hollis Taylor's in-depth analysis of

1196:

ability in males. Further investigation showed that male

1069: 858: 7837:"Archive Pioneers – Ludwig Koch and the Music of Nature" 5358: 5356: 5075: 3895: 2075:"Some Biological Principles Applicable to Song-Behavior" 1794:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S. & Wheye, Darryl.

1623:, to decide who is to be their king. In English poetry, 745:

mimicking several different native Australian bird calls

7334:

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6663:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6011: 6009: 5529: 4895: 4068: 2024:"The biological significance of bird song in Australia" 542:) due to the overlap in acoustic frequency. During the 6805: 6657:

Lachlan, Robert F.; Slater, Peter J. B. (1999-04-07).

5964:"Experimental test of error-correction birdsong model" 5681:

Brenowitz, Eliot A. & Beecher, Michael D. (2005).

4807: 4205: 2534: 2532: 2320: 2211: 10430:

Category:Individual apes involved in language studies

8563:

GPL Licensed freeware for the Spectrogram extraction.

8270:"The motor origins of human and avian song structure" 7505:"Don't know birdsong? There's a (great) app for that" 7204:"The Analysis of Bird Songs by Means of a Vibralyzer" 6160: 6158: 5353: 4240: 1959:

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1643:'s 1970 collection of poems about a bird character, " 514:

The hearing range of birds is from below 50 Hz (

7445: 6006: 4274:

Podos, Jeffrey; Cohn-Haft, Mario (21 October 2019).

3612: 2262: 1284:

produces a motif which some bird guides describe as

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Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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(2001). 7025:Journal für Ornithologie 5187:10.1177/0748730407311110 3114:Shrikes and Bush-Shrikes 2457:Journal of Avian Biology 2126:Journal of Avian Biology 1861:Darwin, Charles (1871). 1639:" are popular classics. 951:They are located in the 827:. Further, the PDP (see 166:Wing feathers of a male 138:or keeping members of a 95:. In non-technical use, 10570:Theodore Holmes Bullock 10074:(hornbills and hoopoes) 9989:(falcons and relatives) 8561:Sonogram Visible Speech 8295:10.1073/pnas.1103882108 7363:Meijer, P.B.L. (1992). 6968:Journal of Ethnobiology 6558:10.1163/156853979X00142 6167:"A mirror up to nature" 5981:10.1073/pnas.0407870101 5690:Trends in Neurosciences 5652:10.1196/annals.1298.027 5239:10.1196/annals.1298.043 4966:10.1186/1471-2202-10-24 3736:The American Naturalist 2495:The American Naturalist 1902:10.1126/science.1111701 1848:Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1419:black-capped chickadees 1379:databases for matches. 1335:Recorded in south India 60:Pipilo erythrophthalmus 11374:BirdLife International 11314:John Gerrard Keulemans 11266:of the Tower of London 11127:In theatre and ballet 10936:Driven grouse shooting 10727:Surface wave detection 10425:Category:Talking birds 10058:(trogons and quetzals) 9870:(cranes and relatives) 9140:(emus and cassowaries) 9030:Glossary of bird terms 8842:Confuciusornithiformes 8518:Bird language articles 7595:10.1006/anbe.1993.1156 7291:10.1006/anbe.2003.2051 6675:10.1098/rspb.1999.0692 6340:10.1098/rstb.2013.0179 5428:10.1098/rstl.1773.0031 5140:10.1073/pnas.96.8.4674 4875:10.1126/science.959852 4545:. Sinauer Associates. 4447:Nottebohm, F. (2005). 3989:"The Niche Hypothesis" 3619:Journal of Ornithology 3571:Collocalia spodiopygia 3530:Collocalia spodiopygia 3359:10.1098/rspb.2008.0217 3220:10.1006/anbe.2003.2175 3199:Hyman, Jeremy (2003). 2703:10.1006/anbe.1996.0095 2219:Communications Biology 1578:, and combinations of 1341: 1258:white-throated sparrow 1240: 1220: 1218:white-throated sparrow 1142:to certain dialects). 944: 760: 746: 732: 597: 465: 409: 406:black-capped chickadee 358: 285: 259:Anatomy and physiology 171: 123: 81: 67: 10543:Anti-Hebbian learning 10300:Seismic communication 10250:Anecdotal cognitivism 9899:(kagu and sunbittern) 9862:(gulls and relatives) 8867:Songlingornithiformes 8832:Omnivoropterygiformes 8185:10.1353/pbm.2005.0066 7101:Hold, Trevor (1970). 6825:10.1093/beheco/arq173 6523:10.1093/auk/100.2.493 5962:Leonardo, A. (2004). 4020:Henrik Brumm (2004). 3589:10.1242/jeb.129.1.365 3491:Steatornis caripensis 2892:10.1242/jeb.204.4.663 2427:10.1093/beheco/arg108 2022:Robinson, A. (1948). 1933:A Dictionary of Birds 1729:Language of the birds 1683:Australian Bird Calls 1649:Gerard Manley Hopkins 1601:Further information: 1389:language of the birds 1324: 1236:Luscinia megarhynchos 1226: 1215: 1064:territorial behaviors 931: 755: 741: 730: 595: 451: 403: 329: 315:Pinacosaurus grangeri 275: 165: 121: 76: 53: 11453:Cognitive musicology 11292:The Birds of America 11078:Ode to a Nightingale 10620:Bernhard Hassenstein 10553:Ultrasound avoidance 10528:Fixed action pattern 10491:Coincidence detector 10260:Deception in animals 10221:Animal communication 9721:Phoenicopteriformes 8374:Sandy, Mark (2002). 8357:Ode to a Nightingale 8334:. Penguin Classics. 8226:10.2307/j.ctt2005zrr 8083:(10 December 2005). 7944:10.1093/jrma/122.1.1 7469:Alström, P. (1998). 7324:Robbins, Chandler S. 6763:(11–12): 1003–1014. 5850:Konishi, M. (1965). 5486:Brain & Language 1971:(Pt 20): 3693–3706. 1773:"Why do birds sing?" 1704:Bird singing contest 1666:Animal communication 1633:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1629:Ode to a Nightingale 1303:Musurgia universalis 1052:language acquisition 509:western capercaillie 443:social communication 189:sounds, such as the 132:courtship and mating 11329:Roger Tory Peterson 10687:Animal echolocation 10625:Werner E. Reichardt 10575:Walter Heiligenberg 9692:Mesitornithiformes 9686:(doves and pigeons) 9020:Families and orders 8882:Ichthyornithiformes 8857:Patagopterygiformes 8328:Attar, Farid al-Din 8286:2011PNAS..10815510T 8280:(37): 15510–15515. 7843:. BBC. 2009-04-15. 7808:The Daily Telegraph 7752:Scientific American 7726:Young, Jon (2008). 7687:2006Natur.440.1117M 7681:(7088): 1117–1118. 7037:1917JOrni..65...66H 6893:Guide to Bird Songs 6605:2018Natur.563..117T 6240:2008Natur.451..249T 6183:2008CBio...18..R13D 6133:10.1038/nature06492 6125:2008Natur.451..305P 6077:10.1093/scan/nsl022 6018:Annu. Rev. Neurosci 5974:(48): 16935–16940. 5794:1954Natur.173..465T 5759:1989EtEcE...1...19S 5644:2004NYASA1016..628N 5544:1999Natur.399..466L 5377:2002Natur.417..351B 5231:2004NYASA1016..586B 5131:1999PNAS...96.4674B 4910:1980Sci...208.1380G 4904:(4450): 1380–1383. 4867:1976Sci...194..211N 4774:10.1038/nature09514 4766:2010Natur.468..394L 4662:2000Natur.404..762B 4591:10.1038/nature03127 4583:2005Natur.433..638K 4375:2004Bioac..14..225N 4292:2019CBio...29R1068P 4286:(20): R1068–R1069. 4144:2011JApEc..48..210H 4087:2003Natur.424..267S 4038:2004JAnEc..73..434B 3828:American Naturalist 3795:2007FuEco..21..134B 3695:2018CBio...28.R204O 3534:J. Comp. Physiol. A 3353:(1648): 2257–2263. 3304:2022Ecol..103E3707R 3027:1963Natur.197..774T 2796:1955Natur.176....6M 2374:2021EcolL..24..477M 2152:Attenborough, David 2079:The Wilson Bulletin 1783:on 29 January 2020. 1777:The British Library 1719:Dawn chorus (birds) 1574:, relationships of 1559:first did; or like 1443:King Solomon's Ring 1103:, February 26, 2022 1007:corollary discharge 676:dihydrotestosterone 672:Taeniopygia guttata 621:hypoglossal nucleus 168:club-winged manakin 11344:Archibald Thorburn 11287:John James Audubon 10650:Fernando Nottebohm 10548:Sound localization 10523:Lateral inhibition 10382:Great ape language 10331:Whale vocalization 10295:Origin of language 10034:(eagles and hawks) 9934:Procellariiformes 9839:Opisthocomiformes 9808:Steatornithiformes 9035:List by population 8872:Hongshanornithidae 8797:Evolution of birds 8555:Audio Pitch Tracer 8512:The Sound Approach 7045:10.1007/BF02250349 6812:Behavioral Ecology 6725:10.1093/icb/icu090 5286:10.1002/dneu.20719 3783:Functional Ecology 3546:10.1007/BF00619784 3507:10.1007/BF00610867 2838:. Annual Reviews. 2414:Behavioral Ecology 2335:10.1007/BF00174024 2265:"Crows and Ravens" 2186:The New York Times 1590:Certhia familiaris 1481:. You can help by 1342: 1298:Athanasius Kircher 1260:'s song, given in 1241: 1221: 1110:Culture in animals 1056:neurophysiological 945: 783:Acanthis cannabina 761: 747: 733: 598: 568:with 116 dB. 466: 454:white-naped cranes 437:eavesdroppers. In 410: 359: 300:at the top of the 286: 278:red-legged seriema 217:and more recently 207:instrumental music 172: 124: 82: 68: 11420: 11419: 11355:Conservationists 11324:Richard Lewington 11114:The Ugly Duckling 10931:Cormorant fishing 10858:Bird conservation 10784: 10783: 10671:Slice preparation 10533:Krogh's Principle 10508:Feature detection 10438: 10437: 10187: 10186: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10098: 9920:(loons or divers) 9889:Phaethontiformes 9881:Phaethontimorphae 9831:Opisthocomiformes 9800:Caprimulgiformes 9740: 9739: 9729:Podicipediformes 9648: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9366: 9365: 9149: 9148: 9106:Struthioniformes 8974:Waterfowl hunting 8907:Gastornithiformes 8902:Aepyornithiformes 8892:Lithornithiformes 8529:Song Bird Science 8437:. Penguin Books. 8341:978-0-14-044434-6 8235:978-0-253-02648-4 8058:978-0-713-99829-0 7968:978-0-521-77191-7 7810:. March 8, 2016. 7381:10.1109/10.121642 7349:978-0-307-33656-9 7244:Fringilla coelebs 7200:Borror, Donald J. 6952:978-0-679-45122-8 6669:(1420): 701–706. 6599:(7729): 117–120. 6234:(7176): 249–250. 6119:(7176): 305–310. 5908:(2, Pt.2): 1–25. 5788:(4402): 465–469. 5747:Ethol. Ecol. Evol 5538:(6735): 466–470. 5371:(6886): 351–358. 4861:(4261): 211–213. 4760:(7322): 394–399. 4656:(6779): 762–766. 4631:978-0-12-473070-0 4577:(7026): 638–642. 4552:978-0-87893-092-0 4260:10.1111/ibi.12648 3615:Tetrao urogallus 3475:978-0-12-473070-0 3273:10.1111/eth.12182 3123:978-0-691-07036-0 3021:(4869): 774–776. 2985:978-0-12-374475-3 2886:(Pt 4): 663–672. 2836:Knowable Magazine 2743:10.1111/ibi.12542 2486:Melospiza melodia 2383:10.1111/ele.13662 2304:978-0-521-87242-3 2156:The Life of Birds 1978:10.1242/jeb.00598 1942:978-0-856-61039-4 1874:978-1-108-00510-4 1832:978-0-19-854012-0 1714:Cock a doodle doo 1709:Birdsong in music 1561:Beatrice Harrison 1557:Ottorino Respighi 1499: 1498: 1230:Luscinia luscinia 1227:The sonograms of 1213: 1107: 1106: 1101:Knowable Magazine 1028:Are located in a 753: 739: 710:Passer domesticus 698:European starling 664:sexual dimorphism 641:hypoglossal nerve 617:high vocal center 544:COVID-19 pandemic 423:scimitar babblers 401: 336:Corvus coronoides 273: 234:In extratropical 215:mechanical sounds 119: 85:Bird vocalization 74: 51: 16:(Redirected from 11460: 10960: 10811: 10804: 10797: 10788: 10787: 10772: 10771: 10760: 10759: 10737:Mechanoreception 10732:Electroreception 10645:Masakazu Konishi 10610:Jörg-Peter Ewert 10465: 10458: 10451: 10442: 10441: 10245:Animal cognition 10214: 10207: 10200: 10191: 10190: 10175: 10174: 10163: 10151: 10150: 10139: 10138: 10091: 10083: 10075: 10067: 10064:Leptosomiformes 10059: 10051: 10043: 10035: 10032:Accipitriformes 10027: 10006: 10005:(perching birds) 9998: 9990: 9982: 9961: 9953: 9945: 9937: 9929: 9926:Sphenisciformes 9921: 9900: 9892: 9871: 9863: 9860:Charadriiformes 9842: 9821: 9803: 9782: 9774: 9771:Musophagiformes 9766: 9751: 9750: 9732: 9724: 9703: 9695: 9687: 9672: 9671: 9663: 9662: 9654: 9653: 9627: 9614: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9381: 9294: 9287: 9251: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9155: 9154: 9141: 9133: 9125: 9117: 9109: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9074: 8942:Bird collections 8897:Dinornithiformes 8802:Darwin's finches 8792:Origin of flight 8732:Seabird breeding 8722:Sexual selection 8591: 8584: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8545:Macaulay Library 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8297: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8115:"Why Birds Sing" 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8085:"In full flight" 8077: 8071: 8070: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8010: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7833: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7698: 7696:10.1038/4401117a 7666: 7660: 7659: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7627:(6): 1899–1901. 7621:Animal Behaviour 7616: 7607: 7606: 7583:Animal Behaviour 7574: 7568: 7567: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7507: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7337: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7279:Animal Behaviour 7270: 7264: 7263: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7208: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7153: 7138: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6991: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6904: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6856:(6): 1209–1216. 6850:Animal Behaviour 6844: 6838: 6837: 6827: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6727: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6654: 6643: 6642: 6632: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6552:(1/2): 146–166. 6541: 6535: 6534: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6373: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6251: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6202: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6088: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5983: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5914:10.1037/h0029144 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5802:10.1038/173465a0 5777: 5771: 5770: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5687: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5142: 5125:(8): 4674–4679. 5110: 5104: 5103: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5030: 5024: 5023: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4978: 4968: 4953:BMC Neuroscience 4944: 4938: 4937: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4785: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4711:(5): 1231–1244. 4696: 4690: 4689: 4670:10.1038/35008083 4645: 4636: 4635: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4566: 4557: 4556: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4512:10.1038/35036205 4495: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4468: 4444: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4303: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4214:(4): 1059–1066. 4208:Animal Behaviour 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4098: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4002:. Archived from 3993: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3937: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3904:(4): 1084–1088. 3893: 3887: 3886: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3806: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3706: 3689:(5): R204–R205. 3674: 3668: 3667: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3495:J. Comp. Physiol 3486: 3480: 3479: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3431:Animal Behaviour 3426: 3420: 3419: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3312:10.1002/ecy.3707 3283: 3277: 3276: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3214:(6): 1179–1185. 3208:Animal Behaviour 3205: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3062: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3035:10.1038/197774a0 3010: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2929:Strix woodfordii 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2877: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2847: 2827: 2816: 2815: 2804:10.1038/176006a0 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2691:Animal Behaviour 2686: 2677: 2676: 2653:Animal Behaviour 2648: 2642: 2641: 2624:(6): 1281–1292. 2618:Animal Behaviour 2613: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2563: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2492: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2429: 2411: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2385: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2243: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2040:10.1071/mu948291 2019: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2006: 1980: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1779:. Archived from 1769:Boswall, Jeffery 1765: 1603:Birds in culture 1584:pied butcherbird 1565:David Rothenberg 1518:Boris Veprintsev 1494: 1491: 1473: 1466: 1415:Irene Pepperberg 1351:Donald J. Borror 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1214: 1095: 1094: 1086: 1074: 1073: 1012:Overall, the HVC 754: 740: 702:Sturnus vulgaris 452:A mated pair of 402: 363:sexual selection 357: 356: 355: 353: 332:Australian raven 282:Cariama cristata 274: 120: 75: 52: 21: 11468: 11467: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11390: 11272: 11234: 11004: 10961: 10952: 10824: 10815: 10785: 10780: 10748: 10702:Vision in toads 10675: 10654: 10605:Erich von Holst 10600:Karl von Frisch 10558: 10474: 10469: 10439: 10434: 10408: 10326:Aquatic animals 10319:Animal-specific 10314: 10310:Talking animals 10240:Animal language 10235:Animal training 10223: 10218: 10188: 10183: 10095: 10089: 10081: 10073: 10072:Bucerotiformes 10066:(cuckoo-roller) 10065: 10057: 10049: 10041: 10033: 10025: 10024:Cathartiformes 10010: 10004: 9996: 9995:Psittaciformes 9988: 9980: 9965: 9959: 9958:Pelecaniformes 9951: 9943: 9935: 9927: 9919: 9904: 9898: 9897:Eurypygiformes 9890: 9875: 9869: 9861: 9846: 9840: 9825: 9819: 9801: 9786: 9780: 9772: 9764: 9736: 9730: 9722: 9707: 9701: 9700:Pterocliformes 9693: 9685: 9636: 9625: 9612: 9597: 9521: 9480: 9418: 9383: 9382: 9375: 9374: 9362: 9342: 9315: 9292: 9285: 9245: 9244: 9232: 9231: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9145: 9139: 9138:Casuariiformes 9131: 9130:Apterygiformes 9123: 9115: 9107: 9084: 9069: 9040:Lists by region 9008: 8918: 8911: 8852:Chaoyangiformes 8837:Jeholornithidae 8811: 8775:Origin of birds 8761: 8742:Brood parasites 8688: 8618: 8605: 8595: 8490:Ask A Biologist 8468: 8463: 8454: 8452: 8445: 8434:Poems and Prose 8429: 8425: 8415: 8413: 8404: 8403: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8372: 8368: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8325: 8321: 8266: 8262: 8253: 8251: 8236: 8212: 8208: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8078: 8074: 8059: 8045: 8041: 8032: 8030: 8011: 8007: 7997: 7995: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7955: 7951: 7928: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7893: 7891: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7835: 7834: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7788: 7786: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7762: 7760: 7743: 7739: 7724: 7720: 7667: 7663: 7652: 7648: 7617: 7610: 7575: 7571: 7548:10.2307/1368641 7532: 7528: 7519: 7517: 7510:Telegraph.co.uk 7500: 7496: 7488: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7444: 7440: 7431: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7406: 7404: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7321: 7317: 7308: 7306: 7271: 7267: 7240: 7236: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7211:Wilson Bulletin 7206: 7197: 7193: 7170: 7166: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7099: 7095: 7072: 7068: 7017: 7013: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6934: 6930: 6921: 6919: 6912:edwardtufte.com 6906: 6889: 6885: 6845: 6841: 6804: 6800: 6753: 6749: 6704: 6700: 6655: 6646: 6585: 6581: 6542: 6538: 6507: 6503: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6401: 6374: 6365: 6320: 6316: 6277: 6273: 6249:10.1038/451249a 6220: 6216: 6171:Current Biology 6163: 6156: 6109: 6102: 6057: 6053: 6014: 6007: 5960: 5956: 5925: 5921: 5898: 5894: 5885: 5883: 5848: 5844: 5821: 5817: 5778: 5774: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5628: 5624: 5593:(13): 3152–63. 5579: 5575: 5528: 5521: 5482: 5478: 5463:10.2307/1365545 5447: 5443: 5412: 5408: 5385:10.1038/417351a 5361: 5354: 5315: 5311: 5266: 5262: 5214: 5210: 5170: 5166: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5074: 5070: 5031: 5027: 4996: 4992: 4945: 4941: 4894: 4890: 4851: 4847: 4832: 4806: 4799: 4746: 4742: 4697: 4693: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4618: 4614: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4539: 4535: 4496: 4492: 4445: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4410: 4406: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4280:Current Biology 4272: 4268: 4239: 4235: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4169: 4124: 4120: 4096:10.1038/424267a 4067: 4063: 4018: 4014: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3910:10.2307/1369117 3894: 3890: 3859: 3855: 3824: 3820: 3775: 3771: 3732: 3728: 3683:Current Biology 3675: 3671: 3664: 3650: 3646: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3596: 3565: 3561: 3526: 3522: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3462: 3458: 3427: 3423: 3388: 3384: 3339: 3335: 3284: 3280: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3178:10.2307/4083033 3162: 3158: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3110: 3106: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3077:10.2307/4083626 3060: 3054: 3050: 3011: 3007: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2956: 2952: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2828: 2819: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2722: 2718: 2687: 2680: 2659:(4): 997–1009. 2649: 2645: 2614: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2561:10.1.1.585.3938 2543: 2537: 2530: 2490: 2480: 2476: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2362:Ecology Letters 2354: 2350: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2291: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2261: 2257: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2149: 2145: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2020: 2013: 2004: 2002: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1929: 1925: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1859: 1855: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1792: 1788: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1671:Animal language 1661: 1605: 1599: 1534: 1528: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1479:needs expansion 1464: 1459: 1385: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1209: 1207: 1193: 1166: 1161: 1152: 1092: 1077:External videos 1072: 1023: 1015: 1000: 993: 988: 953:premotor cortex 911: 861: 837:cerebral cortex 789:Alauda arvensis 778:cross-fostering 749: 743:Superb lyrebird 735: 725: 687:Serinus canaria 590: 487:and swiftlets ( 397: 351: 348: 347: 324: 263: 261: 115: 113: 70: 66:, United States 41: 39: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11466: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11370:Organisations 11368: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11197: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11178:Animated films 11175: 11168: 11161: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11142: 11135: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11116: 11111: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11051:Gallic rooster 11048: 11043: 11038: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11024:Feather tights 11021: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10971: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10896:Model organism 10890: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10838: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10825: 10814: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10791: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10766: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10722:Vocal learning 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10683: 10681: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10595:Donald Kennedy 10592: 10590:Donald Griffin 10587: 10582: 10580:Niko Tinbergen 10577: 10572: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10538:Hebbian theory 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10468: 10467: 10460: 10453: 10445: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10229: 10225: 10224: 10217: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10194: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10181: 10169: 10157: 10145: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10085: 10080:Coraciiformes 10077: 10069: 10061: 10056:Trogoniformes 10053: 10045: 10037: 10029: 10020: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003:Passeriformes 10000: 9992: 9987:Falconiformes 9984: 9979:Cariamiformes 9975: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9955: 9947: 9942:Ciconiiformes 9939: 9931: 9923: 9914: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9894: 9885: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9865: 9856: 9854: 9852:Cursorimorphae 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9835: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9796: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9776: 9768: 9759: 9757: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9734: 9726: 9717: 9715: 9713:Mirandornithes 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9697: 9689: 9684:Columbiformes 9680: 9678: 9676:Columbimorphae 9669: 9660: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9621: 9616: 9611:Meleagridinae 9607: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9529: 9527:Odontophoridae 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9490: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9428: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9400: 9398: 9389: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9352: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9333: 9325: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9306:Stictonettinae 9303: 9301:Dendrocygninae 9298: 9297: 9296: 9289: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9254: 9252: 9235: 9222: 9179: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9135: 9127: 9119: 9111: 9102: 9100: 9086: 9085: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9054:Notable birds 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 9004:Egg collecting 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8923: 8921: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8887:Hesperornithes 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8862:Ambiortiformes 8859: 8854: 8849: 8847:Enantiornithes 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8821: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8771: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8698: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8594: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8542: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8493: 8483: 8477: 8467: 8466:External links 8464: 8462: 8461: 8443: 8423: 8412:on 2 July 2015 8397: 8376:"To a Skylark" 8366: 8347: 8340: 8319: 8260: 8234: 8206: 8179:(3): 426–443. 8163: 8136: 8106: 8081:Motion, Andrew 8072: 8057: 8051:. Allen Lane. 8049:Why Birds Sing 8039: 8005: 7974: 7967: 7949: 7922: 7900: 7878:(3): 321–328. 7858: 7825: 7795: 7770: 7737: 7734:on 2010-07-28. 7718: 7661: 7646: 7608: 7569: 7542:(3): 510–524. 7526: 7494: 7491:on 2008-03-07. 7461: 7438: 7413: 7375:(2): 112–121. 7355: 7348: 7315: 7285:(4): 633–639. 7265: 7254:(4): 535–570. 7234: 7217:(4): 271–276. 7191: 7164: 7124: 7113:(2): 151–172. 7093: 7082:(2): 231–245. 7066: 7011: 6974:(4): 765–782. 6958: 6951: 6928: 6883: 6839: 6818:(3): 447–459. 6798: 6747: 6718:(4): 568–577. 6698: 6644: 6579: 6536: 6517:(2): 493–495. 6501: 6482:(4): 535–570. 6466: 6432:(1): 449–472. 6409: 6363: 6314: 6271: 6214: 6154: 6100: 6051: 6005: 5954: 5919: 5892: 5862:(7): 770–783. 5842: 5815: 5772: 5737: 5696:(3): 127–132. 5673: 5638:(1): 628–658. 5622: 5573: 5519: 5476: 5457:(5): 368–377. 5441: 5406: 5352: 5325:(6): 694–703. 5309: 5280:(7): 436–450. 5260: 5225:(1): 586–610. 5208: 5164: 5105: 5098: 5068: 5035:Brain Research 5025: 5006:(1): 229–230. 4990: 4939: 4888: 4845: 4830: 4816:(1): 223–301. 4797: 4740: 4691: 4637: 4630: 4612: 4558: 4551: 4533: 4490: 4430: 4404: 4369:(3): 225–228. 4353: 4323: 4266: 4233: 4198: 4167: 4138:(1): 210–219. 4118: 4061: 4032:(3): 434–440. 4012: 4009:on 2008-03-07. 3979: 3946:(3): 564–573. 3923: 3888: 3869:(1–2): 21–48. 3853: 3840:10.1086/282971 3834:(965): 17–34. 3818: 3789:(1): 134–142. 3769: 3748:10.1086/599298 3726: 3669: 3662: 3644: 3625:(4): 395–398. 3605: 3559: 3540:(4): 457–470. 3520: 3501:(2): 243–266. 3481: 3474: 3456: 3437:(3): 521–528. 3421: 3402:(6): 669–676. 3382: 3333: 3278: 3247: 3191: 3172:(2): 314–319. 3156: 3145:(2): 310–311. 3129: 3122: 3104: 3048: 3005: 2984: 2950: 2919: 2863: 2817: 2774: 2749: 2736:(2): 257–268. 2716: 2697:(4): 917–923. 2678: 2643: 2605: 2554:(1): 223–237. 2528: 2507:10.1086/428299 2501:(3): 299–310. 2474: 2463:(4): 457–462. 2447: 2420:(1): 148–157. 2397: 2368:(3): 477–486. 2348: 2310: 2303: 2282: 2255: 2204: 2171: 2164: 2143: 2132:(4): 289–294. 2116: 2065: 2034:(4): 291–315. 2011: 1948: 1941: 1923: 1880: 1873: 1853: 1838: 1831: 1813: 1786: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1739:Lombard effect 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1598: 1595: 1532:Birds in music 1530:Main article: 1527: 1524: 1497: 1496: 1490:September 2011 1476: 1474: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1384: 1381: 1377:spectrographic 1312:Cornel Schmitt 1206: 1203: 1192: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1105: 1104: 1088: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1060:vocal learning 1048:theory of mind 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1021: 1013: 998: 991: 986: 983:swamp sparrows 963: 962: 959: 956: 910: 907: 902: 901: 897:efference copy 887: 886: 860: 857: 821:motor learning 766:brown thrasher 758:brown thrasher 724: 721: 652:vocal learning 625: 624: 613: 606:vocal learning 589: 586: 566:screaming piha 558:white bellbird 458:Antigone vipio 323: 320: 260: 257: 211:Charles Darwin 112: 109: 87:includes both 56:eastern towhee 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11465: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11443:Neuroethology 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11413: 11412:Zoomusicology 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11299:Thomas Bewick 11297: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11283:Illustrators 11282: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11229: 11228:Chicken dance 11226: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11213:Feather cloak 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11183:Chicken films 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11173: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11109: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10959: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10941:Plume hunting 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10881:Pigeon racing 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10812: 10807: 10805: 10800: 10798: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10777: 10776: 10767: 10765: 10764: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10678: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10585:Konrad Lorenz 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10518:NMDA receptor 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10472:Neuroethology 10466: 10461: 10459: 10454: 10452: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10356: 10355:Talking birds 10353: 10352: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10215: 10210: 10208: 10203: 10201: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10180: 10179: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10092: 10086: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10054: 10052: 10046: 10044: 10040:Strigiformes 10038: 10036: 10030: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9985: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9948: 9946: 9940: 9938: 9932: 9930: 9924: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9893: 9891:(tropicbirds) 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9813:Podargiformes 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9769: 9767: 9763:Cuculiformes 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9733: 9727: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9690: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9582: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9499: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9461:Macrocephalon 9458: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9348:Anseranatidae 9345: 9339: 9338: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9288: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9156: 9152: 9142: 9136: 9134: 9128: 9126: 9122:Tinamiformes 9120: 9118: 9112: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9098:Palaeognathae 9095: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8984:Pigeon racing 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 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5044: 5041:(2): 429–36. 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4831:9780125321044 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4563: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4261: 4256: 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BBC Books. 2157: 2153: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2016: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896:(5735): 736. 1895: 1891: 1884: 1876: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1654: 1653:The Windhover 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:musical pitch 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1477:This section 1475: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1438:Konrad Lorenz 1433: 1431: 1430:bird language 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1383:Bird language 1380: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1337: 1328: 1327:laughing dove 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1202: 1199: 1198:song sparrows 1188: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1156: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1120:As mentioned 1118: 1116: 1115:avian culture 1111: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1010: 1008: 1004: 995: 984: 980: 975: 972: 968: 960: 957: 954: 950: 949: 948: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 915:mirror neuron 906: 898: 894: 893: 892: 891: 883: 882: 881: 880: 876: 873: 869: 865: 856: 852: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:basal ganglia 822: 817: 815: 814:zebra finches 809: 806: 801: 797: 795: 791: 790: 785: 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 759: 744: 729: 720: 718: 713: 711: 707: 706:house sparrow 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 683: 679: 677: 673: 668: 665: 661: 656: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 622: 618: 614: 611: 610:magnocellular 607: 603: 602: 601: 594: 585: 583: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 554: 551: 549: 548:San Francisco 545: 541: 537: 531: 527: 523: 521: 520:black jacobin 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 497: 492: 491: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 463: 459: 455: 450: 446: 444: 440: 436: 431: 428: 424: 420: 416: 407: 395: 391: 389: 385: 380: 374: 370: 368: 364: 354: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 319: 317: 316: 311: 306: 303: 299: 295: 291: 283: 279: 256: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 229: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 179:Passeriformes 177: 169: 164: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 129: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 79: 65: 61: 57: 34: 30: 19: 11359:Niels Krabbe 11309:Lars Jonsson 11290: 11246:Golden eagle 11188:Horror films 11172:The Big Year 11170: 11163: 11156: 11146:The Firebird 11144: 11137: 11130: 11118: 11106: 11099: 11087: 11083:To a Skylark 11070: 10871:Cockfighting 10841:Birdwatching 10773: 10761: 10742:Lateral line 10692:Waggle dance 10630:Eric Knudsen 10495: 10349: 10255:Bioacoustics 10176: 10164: 10152: 10140: 10050:(mousebirds) 10048:Coliiformes 9918:Gaviiformes 9910:Aequornithes 9818:Apodiformes 9779:Otidiformes 9755:Otidimorphae 9702:(sandgrouse) 9624:Phasianinae 9590: 9583: 9576: 9571:Odontophorus 9569: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9541: 9534: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9409:Oreophasinae 9355: 9335: 9328: 9233:(waterfowls) 9229:Anseriformes 8979:Cockfighting 8964:Conservation 8959:Bird feeding 8947:Birdwatching 8937:Ornithomancy 8877:Gansuiformes 8824: 8817:Fossil birds 8707:Intelligence 8701: 8453:. Retrieved 8433: 8426: 8414:. Retrieved 8410:the original 8400: 8388:. Retrieved 8379: 8369: 8361:Keats's Odes 8360: 8356: 8350: 8331: 8322: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8252:. Retrieved 8244:j.ctt2005zrr 8216: 8209: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8154:. Retrieved 8139: 8127:. Retrieved 8109: 8097:. Retrieved 8089:The Guardian 8075: 8048: 8042: 8031:. Retrieved 8022: 8018: 8008: 7996:. Retrieved 7987: 7977: 7958: 7952: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7913:. Retrieved 7903: 7892:. Retrieved 7875: 7871: 7861: 7849:. Retrieved 7841:BBC Archives 7840: 7816:. Retrieved 7807: 7798: 7787:. Retrieved 7773: 7761:. Retrieved 7750: 7740: 7732:the original 7721: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7655: 7649: 7624: 7620: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7518:. Retrieved 7509: 7497: 7486:the original 7481: 7477: 7464: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7430:. Retrieved 7416: 7405:. Retrieved 7372: 7368: 7358: 7333: 7328:Bertel Bruun 7318: 7307:. Retrieved 7282: 7278: 7268: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7226:. Retrieved 7214: 7210: 7194: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7156:. 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The term " 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1234: 1228: 1216:Song of the 1194: 1186: 1182: 1167: 1153: 1144: 1135: 1119: 1108: 1041: 1011: 996: 976: 964: 946: 940: 936: 932: 912: 903: 889: 888: 878: 877: 874: 870: 866: 862: 853: 849: 829:Neuroanatomy 828: 818: 810: 802: 798: 787: 781: 774:mockingbirds 762: 714: 709: 701: 695: 686: 684: 680: 671: 669: 657: 645: 630: 626: 599: 588:Neuroanatomy 581: 570: 555: 552: 539: 532: 528: 524: 513: 494: 488: 482: 467: 457: 432: 421:such as the 411: 392: 384:Japanese tit 375: 371: 360: 343: 339: 335: 330:The Western 313: 307: 296:(unlike the 287: 281: 240:the Americas 233: 230: 224: 218: 214: 206: 199:stridulation 173: 125: 92: 88: 84: 83: 59: 11433:Bird sounds 11364:Peter Scott 11349:Joseph Wolf 11339:Joseph Smit 11319:Edward Lear 11256:Pigeon/Dove 11223:Cendrawasih 11208:Feather boa 11199:In fashion 11031:In heraldry 11009:In the arts 10946:Wildfowling 10927:In hunting 10916:Sacred ibis 10901:Ornithology 10892:In science 10886:Vinkensport 10666:Patch clamp 10635:Eric Kandel 10615:Franz Huber 10486:Feedforward 10290:Mating call 10178:WikiProject 10088:Piciformes 9971:Australaves 9950:Suliformes 9868:Gruiformes 9723:(flamingos) 9632:Tetraoninae 9603:Phasianidae 9592:Rhynchortyx 9557:Dactylortyx 9424:Megapodidae 9414:Penelopinae 9372:Galliformes 9114:Rheiformes 9108:(ostriches) 9058:individuals 8932:Ornithology 8919:interaction 8674:Preen gland 8148:. Science. 7988:Star Ledger 7938:(1): 1–23. 7915:13 November 7851:2 September 7180:: 115–131. 6989:1885/112092 6459:23 February 6024:: 169–192. 5837:2268/204189 5831:: 465–469. 5587:J. Neurosci 5422:: 249–291. 5084:: 649–798. 4423:February 7, 4253:(1): 1–12. 3583:: 365–371. 3267:(1): 1–10. 2856:22 February 2197:26 February 2109:22 February 2058:22 February 1749:Vinkensport 1724:Flight call 1503:Ludwig Koch 1398:However, a 1372:bushlarks. 1308:Alwin Voigt 1270:New England 1178:mate choice 1126:chaffinches 573:dawn chorus 540:Parus major 435:conspecific 427:countersing 415:bushshrikes 367:territories 344:ah-ah-aaaah 223:. The term 145:woodpeckers 101:ornithology 62:) singing, 11438:Song forms 11427:Categories 11304:John Gould 11067:In poetry 11041:Crow/Raven 10921:Sky burial 10836:Aviculture 10829:Activities 10640:Nobuo Suga 10555:in insects 10343:Bumblebees 9928:(penguins) 9781:(bustards) 9619:Perdicinae 9564:Dendrortyx 9536:Callipepla 9468:Megapodius 9433:Aepypodius 9311:Tadorninae 9293:true geese 9124:(tinamous) 9083:Neornithes 8994:Pheasantry 8969:Aviculture 8737:Incubation 8727:Lek mating 8500:xeno-canto 8455:2017-08-30 8254:2023-03-07 8033:2017-06-25 7894:2023-02-07 7789:2022-08-10 7536:The Condor 7520:2016-06-08 7458:: 114–135. 7432:2014-06-03 7407:2007-10-10 7309:2018-11-09 7228:2017-11-02 7158:2017-12-03 6922:2008-09-12 6905:Quoted in 6404:2020-01-30 5886:2020-02-01 5731:2007-10-14 4459:(5): 163. 4346:25 October 3973:2018-11-09 3940:The Condor 3898:The Condor 3599:2021-05-11 3241:2008-09-10 3098:2013-09-20 2970:: 67–121. 2913:2007-05-13 2768:2023-02-13 2599:2008-03-10 2441:2019-04-10 2226:(1): 152. 2005:2007-05-31 1756:References 1678:, birdsong 1641:Ted Hughes 1625:John Keats 1510:Eric Simms 1457:In culture 1363:allopatric 1359:speciation 1282:barred owl 1032:brain area 841:brain stem 833:homologous 516:infrasound 505:infrasound 501:echolocate 496:Aerodramus 490:Collocalia 388:willow tit 310:ankylosaur 183:percussive 111:Definition 93:bird songs 89:bird calls 11219:In dance 11158:The Birds 11139:Swan Lake 11132:The Birds 11096:In prose 11036:Avalerion 10867:In sport 10863:Fletching 10846:Bird hide 10818:Human use 10372:Elephants 9997:(parrots) 9841:(hoatzin) 9792:Strisores 9773:(turacos) 9765:(cuckoos) 9694:(mesites) 9613:(turkeys) 9585:Philortyx 9502:Agelastes 9495:Acryllium 9486:Numididae 9475:Talegalla 9385:gamebirds 9378:landfowls 9357:Anseranas 9321:Anhimidae 9280:Anserinae 9063:fictional 8785:dinosaurs 8780:Theropoda 8767:Evolution 8712:Migration 8694:Behaviour 7053:0021-8375 6998:0278-0771 6945:. Knopf. 6870:0003-3472 6834:1045-2249 6777:0340-7594 6734:1540-7063 6683:0962-8452 6621:1476-4687 6566:0005-7959 6546:Behaviour 6531:0004-8038 6496:0019-1019 6454:228894898 6446:2333-9683 6266:205035217 5514:205791930 5436:186207885 5203:206544790 4453:PLOS Biol 4391:0952-4622 4318:204823663 3328:247840832 2556:CiteSeerX 2275:12 August 2091:0043-5643 2048:1448-5540 1635:'s 1820 " 1627:'s 1819 " 1597:In poetry 1549:Beethoven 1462:Recording 1428:The term 1044:imitation 1024:neurons: 885:feedback. 770:lyrebirds 715:The gene 696:Both the 691:Melatonin 623:(nXIIts). 577:blue tits 536:great tit 462:pair bond 340:perplexus 302:mammalian 248:Australia 246:belts of 149:winnowing 147:and the " 128:territory 78:Blackbird 11203:Aigrette 11195:In music 11153:In film 10967:Products 10876:Falconry 10851:Big year 10763:Category 10503:Instinct 10479:Concepts 10265:Ethology 10228:Concepts 10142:Category 10016:Afroaves 9944:(storks) 9746:Passerea 9731:(grebes) 9667:Columbea 9578:Oreortyx 9550:Cyrtonyx 9440:Alectura 9404:Cracinae 9396:Cracidae 9273:Oxyurini 9263:Aythyini 9258:Anatinae 9242:Anatidae 8989:Falconry 8952:big year 8807:Seabirds 8717:Foraging 8664:Feathers 8449:Archived 8416:22 April 8390:22 April 8384:Archived 8314:21876156 8248:Archived 8201:38108417 8193:16085998 8156:24 April 8150:Archived 8129:24 April 8123:Archived 8099:24 April 8093:Archived 8067:62224476 8027:Archived 7992:Archived 7888:Archived 7845:Archived 7812:Archived 7783:Archived 7757:Archived 7713:14191866 7705:16641976 7641:53172611 7603:53197810 7589:: 1–11. 7564:87662926 7514:Archived 7478:Forktail 7426:Archived 7401:Archived 7397:34811735 7303:Archived 7299:53157104 7219:Archived 7149:Archived 7147:: 3–50. 7061:38262090 7006:89990174 6939:(2000). 6916:Archived 6878:21724914 6793:14298372 6785:12471497 6742:24951504 6639:30333629 6398:archived 6358:24778375 6309:34367648 6301:18202262 6258:18202627 6209:18177704 6141:18202651 6095:18985120 6038:15217330 6000:15557558 5880:Archived 5722:Archived 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1545:Vivaldi 1411:parrots 1404:grammar 1369:Mirafra 1361:. Many 1300:in his 1268:and in 1254:chirrup 967:sensory 923:macaque 485:oilbird 474:drongos 379:Mobbing 346:sound. 338:, ssp. 294:trachea 236:Eurasia 105:birding 11277:People 10911:Augury 10563:People 10497:Umwelt 10404:Wolves 10166:Portal 10042:(owls) 9516:Numida 9454:Leipoa 9337:Chauna 9330:Anhima 9025:Genera 8999:Imping 8917:Human 8757:Colony 8684:Vision 8669:Flight 8441: 8338: 8312: 8302: 8242: 8232: 8199: 8191: 8065: 8055: 7965: 7711: 7703: 7675:Nature 7639: 7601: 7562: 7554: 7395: 7387: 7346: 7297: 7059: 7051: 7004: 6996: 6949: 6899: 6876: 6868: 6832: 6791: 6783: 6775: 6740: 6732: 6689: 6681: 6637: 6627: 6619: 6593:Nature 6572: 6564: 6529: 6494: 6452: 6444: 6356: 6346: 6307: 6299: 6264: 6256: 6228:Nature 6207: 6197: 6147: 6139: 6113:Nature 6093: 6083: 6044: 6036: 5998: 5991:534752 5988: 5947: 5874: 5825:Alauda 5808: 5782:Nature 5716: 5708: 5666: 5658: 5615: 5605: 5566: 5558: 5532:Nature 5512: 5504: 5469: 5451:Condor 5434: 5399: 5391: 5365:Nature 5345: 5337: 5302: 5292: 5253: 5245: 5201: 5193: 5157: 5147: 5096: 5061: 5053: 5018: 4983: 4973: 4959:: 24. 4932: 4924: 4883:959852 4881: 4838: 4828: 4790: 4780: 4754:Nature 4733: 4723: 4684: 4676: 4650:Nature 4628: 4605: 4597: 4571:Nature 4549: 4526: 4518: 4483: 4473: 4418:Nature 4397: 4389: 4316: 4308: 4226: 4191:28 May 4160: 4111: 4103: 4075:Nature 4054: 3958: 3916: 3881: 3846: 3811: 3762: 3754: 3719: 3711: 3660: 3637: 3552: 3513: 3472: 3449: 3414: 3375: 3365: 3326: 3318: 3226: 3184: 3120: 3083: 3041: 3015:Nature 2982: 2898: 2810: 2784:Nature 2709: 2671: 2636: 2584: 2576: 2558: 2521: 2513: 2390: 2341: 2301: 2248: 2238: 2162: 2097: 2089: 2046: 1993: 1985: 1939: 1916: 1908: 1871: 1829: 1631:" and 1621:hoopoe 1609:poetry 1572:rhythm 1314:, and 1276:(also 1262:Canada 919:neuron 845:speech 704:) and 470:mimics 298:larynx 290:syrinx 252:Africa 244:desert 225:sonate 203:syrinx 191:storks 153:snipes 136:alarms 11261:Raven 11061:Turul 11046:Eagle 10995:Guano 10822:birds 10377:Frogs 10350:Birds 10275:FOXP2 9286:swans 9248:ducks 9218:fowls 9013:Lists 8637:Brain 8602:class 8598:Birds 8488:from 8240:JSTOR 8197:S2CID 7911:. BnF 7709:S2CID 7637:S2CID 7599:S2CID 7560:S2CID 7552:JSTOR 7489:(PDF) 7474:(PDF) 7393:S2CID 7295:S2CID 7222:(PDF) 7207:(PDF) 7152:(PDF) 7137:(PDF) 7057:S2CID 7002:S2CID 6874:S2CID 6789:S2CID 6570:JSTOR 6450:S2CID 6305:S2CID 6262:S2CID 6145:S2CID 6042:S2CID 5806:S2CID 5725:(PDF) 5714:S2CID 5686:(PDF) 5664:S2CID 5564:S2CID 5510:S2CID 5467:JSTOR 5432:S2CID 5397:S2CID 5343:S2CID 5251:S2CID 5199:S2CID 5150:16391 5059:S2CID 5016:S2CID 4930:S2CID 4682:S2CID 4603:S2CID 4524:S2CID 4395:S2CID 4314:S2CID 4224:S2CID 4158:S2CID 4109:S2CID 4052:S2CID 4007:(PDF) 3992:(PDF) 3967:(PDF) 3956:S2CID 3936:(PDF) 3914:JSTOR 3879:S2CID 3844:S2CID 3809:S2CID 3760:S2CID 3717:S2CID 3635:S2CID 3550:S2CID 3511:S2CID 3447:S2CID 3412:S2CID 3324:S2CID 3235:(PDF) 3224:S2CID 3204:(PDF) 3182:JSTOR 3092:(PDF) 3081:JSTOR 3061:(PDF) 3039:S2CID 2907:(PDF) 2876:(PDF) 2808:S2CID 2707:S2CID 2669:S2CID 2634:S2CID 2593:(PDF) 2582:S2CID 2544:(PDF) 2519:S2CID 2491:(PDF) 2435:(PDF) 2410:(PDF) 2339:S2CID 2095:JSTOR 1991:S2CID 1914:S2CID 1806:9 Sep 1580:notes 1250:chirp 1246:quack 1122:above 971:motor 941:b, c. 917:is a 717:FOXP2 176:order 157:music 151:" of 140:flock 11089:Crow 10980:Down 10420:Roar 10367:Dogs 10362:Cats 10338:Bees 8659:Eggs 8647:milk 8642:Crop 8632:Beak 8439:ISBN 8418:2016 8392:2016 8336:ISBN 8310:PMID 8230:ISBN 8189:PMID 8158:2016 8131:2016 8101:2016 8063:OCLC 8053:ISBN 8000:2011 7963:ISBN 7917:2023 7853:2011 7820:2020 7765:2020 7701:PMID 7456:123A 7385:PMID 7344:ISBN 7248:Ibis 7174:Ibis 7107:Ibis 7080:103a 7076:Ibis 7049:ISSN 6994:ISSN 6947:ISBN 6897:OCLC 6866:ISSN 6830:ISSN 6781:PMID 6773:ISSN 6738:PMID 6730:ISSN 6679:ISSN 6635:PMID 6617:ISSN 6562:ISSN 6527:ISSN 6492:ISSN 6476:Ibis 6461:2022 6442:ISSN 6354:PMID 6297:PMID 6254:PMID 6205:PMID 6137:PMID 6091:PMID 6034:PMID 5996:PMID 5945:PMID 5872:PMID 5706:PMID 5656:PMID 5636:1016 5613:PMID 5556:PMID 5502:PMID 5389:PMID 5335:PMID 5300:PMID 5243:PMID 5223:1016 5191:PMID 5155:PMID 5094:ISBN 5051:PMID 4981:PMID 4922:PMID 4879:PMID 4836:PMID 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