Scientific racism - Knowledge

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proceed from a want of forethought, which prevents their seeing a danger till it be present. When present, they do not go through it with more coolness or steadiness than the whites. They are more ardent after their female: but love seems with them to be more an eager desire, than a tender delicate mixture of sentiment and sensation. Their griefs are transient. Those numberless afflictions, which render it doubtful whether heaven has given life to us in mercy or in wrath, are less felt, and sooner forgotten with them. In general, their existence appears to participate more of sensation than reflection... Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory, they are equal to the whites; in reason, much inferior, as I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination, they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous... I advance it, therefore, as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind.

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consideration by legislators. As suggestive evidence, Franco pointed to the following fact: Following the passage of the immigration act, information from the 1890 census was used to set quotas based on percentages of immigrants coming from different countries. Based on these data, the legislature restricted the entrance of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe into the United States and allowed more immigrants from northern and Western Europe into the country. The use of the 1900, 1910 or 1920 census data sets would have resulted in larger numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe being allowed into the U.S. However, Franco pointed out that using the 1890 census data allowed congress to exclude southern and eastern Europeans (who performed worse on IQ tests of the time than did western and northern Europeans) from the U.S. Franco argued that the work Snyderman and Herrnstein conducted on this matter neither proved or disproved that intelligence testing influenced immigration laws.

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mental age less than 12. Some have also claimed that this information was taken as "evidence" by lawmakers and thus it affected social policy for years. Bernard Davis has pointed out that, in the first sentence of his paper, Goddard wrote that the subjects of the study were not typical members of their groups but were selected because of their suspected sub-normal intelligence. Davis has further noted that Goddard argued that the low IQs of the test subjects were more likely due to environmental rather than genetic factors, and that Goddard concluded that "we may be confident that their children will be of average intelligence and if rightly brought up will be good citizens". In 1996 the American Psychological Association's Board of Scientific Affairs stated that IQ tests were not discriminatory towards any ethnic/racial groups.

5179:"colored" races would result in the destruction of Western civilization. Like Madison Grant, Stoddard divided the white race into three main divisions: Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean. He considered all three to be of good stock, and far above the quality of the colored races, but argued that the Nordic was the greatest of the three and needed to be preserved by way of eugenics. Unlike Grant, Stoddard was less concerned with which varieties of European people were superior to others (Nordic theory), but was more concerned with what he called "bi-racialism", seeing the world as being composed of simply "colored" and "white" races. In the years after the Great Migration and World War I, Grant's racial theory would fall out of favor in the U.S. in favor of a model closer to Stoddard's. 4943: 3022: 3597: 3376: 2582:

depended on environmental factors. He also suggested that the latter criterion might be relevant to distinguish sub-types. His biological classification of racial types never sought to go beyond physical traits, and he also accepted the role of climate and diet in explaining degrees of human diversity. Bernier had been the first to extend the concept of "species of man" to racially classify the entirety of humanity, but he did not establish a cultural hierarchy between the so-called "races" that he had conceived. On the other hand, he clearly placed white Europeans as the norm from which other "races" deviated.

2606: 4126: 3569: 2589:, because he thought that peoples of temperate Europe, the Americas, and India—although culturally very different from one another—belonged to roughly the same racial group, and he explained the differences between the civilizations of India (his main area of expertise) and Europe through climate and institutional history. By contrast, he emphasized the biological difference between Europeans and Africans, and made very negative comments towards the Sámi (Lapps) of the coldest climates of Northern Europe, and about Africans living at the 4879: 7221:"It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant... they graduate into each other, and.. it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive characters between them... As it is improbable that the numerous and unimportant points of resemblance between the several races of man in bodily structure and mental faculties (I do not here refer to similar customs) should all have been independently acquired, they must have been inherited from progenitors who had these same characters.", 4564:, there was "little doubt that if the natives were given full economic opportunity, the more competent among them would soon outstrip the less competent whites". Keppel's support for the project of creating the report was motivated by his concern with the maintenance of existing racial boundaries. The preoccupation of the Carnegie Corporation with the so-called poor white problem in South Africa was at least in part the outcome of similar misgivings about the state of poor whites in the southern United States. 3848: 3070: 3005: 5464: 3440: 3105:, because the former kept mostly in towns, and were protected from environmental factors. Environmental factors, poverty, and hybridization could make races "degenerate", and differentiate them from the original white race by a process of "raciation". Interestingly, both Buffon and Blumenbach believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original white race. 3312: 2757: 11656: 3728:(German for 'original humans'), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors. These separate languages had completed the transition from animals to man, and, under the influence of each main branch of languages, humans had evolved as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. Haeckel divided human beings into ten races, of which the Caucasian was the highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction. Haeckel was also an advocate of the 3488: 4505:, Harriet A. Washington noted the prevalence of two different views on blacks in the 19th century: the belief that they were inferior and "riddled with imperfections from head to toe", and the idea that they did not know true pain and suffering because of their primitive nervous systems (and that slavery was therefore justifiable). Washington noted the failure of scientists to accept the inconsistency between these two viewpoints, writing that: 2714: 3942: 3675: 11676: 2420:, and was particularly prominent in European and American academic writings from the mid-19th century through the early-20th century. Since the second half of the 20th century, scientific racism has been discredited and criticized as obsolete, yet has persistently been used to support or validate racist world-views based upon belief in the existence and significance of racial categories and a hierarchy of superior and inferior races. 2597:, but according to the portraits I've seen, and from what I've heard from a number of people, they're ugly animals". The significance of Bernier's ideology for the emergence of what Joan-Pau Rubiés called the "modern racial discourse" has been debated, with Siep Stuurman considering it the beginning of modern racial thought, while Rubiés believes it is less significant if Bernier's entire view of humanity is taken into account. 352: 2670:(1721), Bradley claimed there to be "five sorts of men" based on their skin colour and other physical characteristics: white Europeans with beards; white men in America without beards (meaning Native Americans); men with copper-coloured skin, small eyes, and straight black hair; Blacks with straight black hair; and Blacks with curly hair. It has been speculated that Bradley's account inspired Linnaeus' later categorisation. 3367:, was among the first to make a scientific contestation of racism. Tiedemann asserted that based upon his documentation of craniometric and brain measurements of Europeans and black people from different parts of the world, that the then-common European belief that Negroes have smaller brains, and are thus intellectually inferior, was scientifically unfounded, and based merely on the prejudice of travellers and explorers. 5400:. Whitney published works suggesting higher crime rates among people of African descent can be partially attributed to genetics. Whitney draws this conclusion from data showing higher crime rates among people of African descent across different regions. Other researchers point out that proponents of a genetic crime-race link are ignoring confounding social and economic variables, drawing conclusions from correlations. 4238: 3889: 4306: 3176: 11666: 5308:. Rockwell justified his belief that blacks were inferior to whites by citing a long 1916 study by G. O. Ferguson which claimed to show that the intellectual performance of black students was correlated with their percentage of white ancestry, stating "pure negroes, negroes three-fourths pure, mulattoes and quadroons have, roughly, 60, 70, 80 and 90 percent, respectively, of white intellectual efficiency". 3703: 4376:(Or, The Racial Basis of European History) by American eugenicist, lawyer, and amateur anthropologist Madison Grant was published in 1916. Though influential, the book was largely ignored when it first appeared, and it went through several revisions and editions. Nevertheless, the book was used by people who advocated restricted immigration as justification for what became known as scientific racism. 2655:, speculating that perhaps these differences were due to "seminal impressions". However, Boyle's writings mentioned that at his time, for "European Eyes", beauty was not measured so much in colour, but in "stature, comely symmetry of the parts of the body, and good features in the face". Various members of the scientific community rejected his views, and described them as "disturbing" or "amusing". 3411:. All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention, because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers, and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want, and misery, which, in their many forms, were brought about by the climate. This they had to do to make up for the 2451:" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of 'race' should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes, 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of 'race' has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold suffering". Since that time, developments in 2985:, but as a collective term for whatever population he happened to be discussing at the time; for instance: "The Danish, Swedish, and Muscovite Laplanders, the inhabitants of Nova-Zembla, the Borandians, the Samoiedes, the Ostiacks of the old continent, the Greenlanders, and the savages to the north of the Esquimaux Indians, of the new continent, appear to be of one common race". 5593:". The ASHG denounced this as a "misuse of genetics to feed racist ideologies", and highlighted several factual errors upon which white supremacist claims have been based. The statement affirms that genetics "demonstrates that humans cannot be divided into biologically distinct subcategories" and that it "exposes the concept of 'racial purity'' as scientifically meaningless". 3343:(yellow), and the Ethiopian (black). He rated each for the beauty or ugliness of the skull and quality of their civilizations. Cuvier wrote about Caucasians: "The white race, with oval face, straight hair and nose, to which the civilised people of Europe belong, and which appear to us the most beautiful of all, is also superior to others by its genius, courage, and activity". 3654:, "The subtitle of made a convenient motto for racists: 'The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.' Darwin, of course, took 'races' to mean varieties or species; but it was no violation of his meaning to extend it to human races.... Darwin himself, in spite of his aversion to slavery, was not averse to the idea that some races were more fit than others". 5563:, not genetic differences between races, are the reason for these differences. He writes that genetic differences between different population groups are based on climate and geography, not race, and he calls for replacing incorrect biological explanations of racial disparities with an analysis of the social conditions that lead to disparate medical outcomes. In his book 2981:, points out that Buffon, indeed "the enemy of all rigid classifications", was diametrically opposed to such broad categories, and did not use the word "race" to describe them. "It was quite clear, after reading Buffon, that he uses the word in no narrowly defined, but rather in a general sense", wrote Montagu, pointing out that Buffon did employ the French word 3202:, Meiners argued that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. Meiners thought only the white race to be beautiful, and considered ugly races to be inferior, immoral, and animal-like. Meiners wrote about how the dark, ugly peoples were differentiated from the white, beautiful peoples by their "sad" lack of virtue and their "terrible vices". 8494:, was published in 1934, this time with the subtitle of "Eine Einführung in den Sinn der leiblichen Gestalt" (An introduction to the meaning of somatic form), and this latter edition remained the basis for all subsequent printings ... he content of the three books is similar, though the various editions tend to organize this material in very different ways. 2954:, which said that a person's temperament may be related to biological fluids. In a 1994 essay, Gould added: "I don't mean to deny that Linnaeus held conventional beliefs about the superiority of his own European variety over others... nevertheless, and despite these implications, the overt geometry of Linnaeus' model is not linear or hierarchical". 5578: Harriet Washington describes the abuse of Black people in medical research and experimentation. Black people were tricked into participating in medical experiments through the use of unclear language on consent forms and a failure to list the risks and side effects of the treatment. Washington mentions that, because Black people were denied 3427:(1808–1882) was a German physician, ophthalmologist, and anthropologist who studied the racial structure of Negroes in Egypt. In a book Pruner wrote in 1846, he claimed that Negro blood had a negative influence on the Egyptian moral character. He published a monograph on Negroes in 1861. He claimed that the main feature of the Negro's skeleton is 3167:, which darkened their skin color. Rush drew the conclusion that "whites should not tyrannize over , for their disease should entitle them to a double portion of humanity. However, by the same token, whites should not intermarry with them, for this would tend to infect posterity with the 'disorder'… attempts must be made to cure the disease". 4285:'s principal opponents; whereas Ripley maintained, as did Vacher de Lapouge, that the European populace comprised three races, Joseph Deniker proposed that the European populace comprised ten races (six primary and four sub-races). Furthermore, he proposed that the concept of "race" was ambiguous, and in its stead proposed the compound word " 2369:. Before the mid-20th century, scientific racism was accepted throughout the scientific community, but it is no longer considered scientific. The division of humankind into biologically separate groups, along with the assignment of particular physical and mental characteristics to these groups through constructing and applying corresponding 5807:"Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), 3018:(1728–1793), a Scottish surgeon, believed that the Negroid race was originally white at birth. He thought that over time, because of the sun, the people turned dark-skinned, or "black". Hunter also stated that blisters and burns would likely turn white on a Negro, which he asserted was evidence that their ancestors were originally white. 3214:, based upon his observations that Negroes had bigger teeth and jaws than any other race. Meiners claimed the skull of the Negro was larger, but the brain of the Negro was smaller than any other race. Meiners theorized that the Negro was the most unhealthy race on Earth because of its poor diet, mode of living, and lack of morals. 4912:. It was the first such government-funded institute in the world performing research into "racial biology" and remains highly controversial to this day. It was the most prominent institution for the study of "racial science" in Sweden. The goal was to cure criminality, alcoholism and psychiatric problems through research in 3607:'s views on race have been a topic of much discussion and debate. According to Jackson and Weidman, Darwin was a moderate in the 19th century debates about race. "He was not a confirmed racist — he was a staunch abolitionist, for example — but he did think that there were distinct races that could be ranked in a hierarchy". 5162:(Johnson–Reed Act), which imposed racial quotas limiting Italian American immigration to the United States and immigration from other southern European and eastern European nations. Proponents of these quotas, who sought to block "undesirable" immigrants, justifying restrictions by invoking scientific racism. 4843:

translated the Binet intelligence test from French and in 1912 began to apply the test to incoming immigrants on Ellis Island. Some claim that in a study of immigrants Goddard reached the conclusion that 87% of Russians, 83% of Jews, 80% of Hungarians, and 79% of Italians were feeble-minded and had a

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The Negro race … is marked by black complexion, crisped or woolly hair, compressed cranium, and a flat nose. The projection of the lower parts of the face, and the thick lips, evidently approximate it to the monkey tribe: the hordes of which it consists have always remained in the most complete state

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No body wishes more than I do to see such proofs as you exhibit, that nature has given to our black brethren, talents equal to those of the other colors of men, & that the appearance of a want of them is owing merely to the degraded condition of their existence both in Africa & America. I can

2593:. For example, Bernier wrote: "The 'Lappons' compose the 4th race. They are a small and short race with thick legs, wide shoulders, a short neck, and a face that I don't know how to describe, except that it's long, truly awful, and seems reminiscent of a bear's face. I've only ever seen them twice in 6190:

Two facts are relevant: (i) as a result of different evolutionary forces, including natural selection, there are geographical patterns of genetic variations that correspond, for the most part, to continental origin; and (ii) observed patterns of geographical differences in genetic information do not

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relationship between correlated statistics. Lynn supports scientific racism more directly in his 2002 paper "Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans", where he proposes "the level of intelligence in African Americans is significantly determined by the proportion of Caucasian genes". As with

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in 1920. In this book he presented a view of the world situation pertaining to race focusing concern on the coming population explosion among the "colored" peoples of the world and the way in which "white world-supremacy" was being lessened in the wake of World War I and the collapse of colonialism.

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I will not wait for the friends of equality to show me such and such passages in books written by missionaries or sea captains, who declare some Wolof is a fine carpenter, some Hottentot a good servant, that a Kaffir dances and plays the violin, that some Bambara knows arithmetic… Let us leave aside

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culture, the essay placed an emphasis on different kinds of female beauty. Bernier emphasized that his novel classification was based on his personal experience as a traveler in different parts of the world. Bernier offered a distinction between essential genetic differences and accidental ones that

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There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition

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Haeckel also wrote that Negroes have stronger and more freely movable toes than any other race which is evidence that Negroes are related to apes because when apes stop climbing in trees they hold on to the trees with their toes. Haeckel compared Negroes to "four-handed" apes. Haeckel also believed

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Although Darwinism was not the primary source of the belligerent ideology and dogmatic racism of the late nineteenth century, it did become a new instrument in the hands of the theorists of race and struggle... The Darwinist mood sustained the belief in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority which obsessed

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would lead to the collapse of culture and civilization. He claimed that "The white race originally possessed the monopoly of beauty, intelligence and strength" and that any positive accomplishments or thinking of blacks and Asians were due to an admixture with whites. His works were praised by many

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Stoddard's analysis divided world politics and situations into "white", "yellow", "black", "Amerindian", and "brown" peoples and their interactions. Stoddard argued race and heredity were the guiding factors of history and civilization, and that the elimination or absorption of the "white" race by

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in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scientific racism was simply science, and it was promulgated by the very best minds at the most prestigious institutions of the nation. Other, more logical medical theories stressed the equality of Africans and laid poor black health at the feet of their

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became popular, though they would only be systematized epistemologically during the 19th century. Monogenism contends that all races have a single origin, while polygenism is the idea that each race has a separate origin. Until the 18th century, the words "race" and "species" were interchangeable.

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Juan N. Franco contested the findings of Snyderman and Herrnstein. Franco stated that even though Snyderman and Herrnstein reported that the data collected from the results of the intelligence tests were in no way used to pass The Immigration Act of 1924, the IQ test results were still taken into

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Before the 1920s, social scientists agreed that whites were superior to blacks, but they needed a way to prove this to back social policy in favor of whites. They felt the best way to gauge this was through testing intelligence. By interpreting the tests to show favor to whites these test makers'

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were not African; and that mixed-race offspring (the product of miscegenation) tended to physical weakness and infertility. After the Civil War, Southern (Confederacy) physicians wrote textbooks of scientific racism based upon studies claiming that black freemen (ex-slaves) were becoming extinct,

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to measure intelligence among species of men. The facial angle was formed by drawing two lines: a horizontal line from nostril to ear; and a vertical line from the upper-jawbone prominence to the forehead prominence. Camper's craniometry reported that antique statues (the Greco-Roman ideal) had a

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are an inferior race, "less sensitive and content with eating rough food". He described stories of Slavs allegedly eating poisonous fungi without coming to any harm. He claimed that their medical techniques were also counterproductive; as an example, Meiners described their practice of warming up

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polarity, and that Linnaeus' thinking became paradigmatic for later racist beliefs. On the other hand, Quintyn (2010) points out that some authors believed that Linnaeus' classification was based upon geographical distribution, being cartographically-based, and not hierarchical. In the opinion of

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Lynn claims that national GDP is determined largely by national average IQ. He draws this conclusion from the correlation between average IQ and GDP and argues low intelligence in African nations is the cause of their low levels of growth. Lynn's theory has been criticized for attributing causal

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There are disagreements about the basis for Linnaeus' human taxa. On the one hand, his harshest critics say the classification was not only ethnocentric, but seemed to be based upon skin colour. Renato G. Mazzolini argued that classifications based on skin colour, at its core, were a white/black

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Meiners hypothesized about how the Negro felt less pain than any other race, and lacked in emotions. Meiners wrote that the Negro had thick nerves, and thus, was not sensitive like the other races. He went so far as to say that the Negro possessed "no human, barely any animal, feeling". Meiners

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in South Africa, it was not as important in South Africa as it has been in Europe and the United States. This was due in part to the "poor white problem", which raised serious questions for supremacists about white racial superiority. Since poor whites were found to be in the same situation as

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were Caucasian, and hence, the original race of mankind. The other two races arose by survivors escaping in different directions after a major catastrophe hit the earth approximately 5,000 years ago. Cuvier theorized that the survivors lived in complete isolation from each other, and developed

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They seem to require less sleep. A black, after hard labor through the day, will be induced by the slightest amusements to sit up till midnight, or later, though knowing he must be out with the first dawn of the morning. They are at least as brave, and more adventuresome. But, this may perhaps

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in 1904, sought to "understand the African mind". They believed that the cultural differences between whites and blacks in South Africa might be caused by physiological differences in the brain. Rather than suggesting that Africans were "overgrown children", as early white explorers had, Kidd

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claims black people are intellectually inferior to whites. He argues the best way to combat IQ disparities is to encourage low-IQ women to reproduce with high-IQ men. He faced intense public backlash, with his work being described as a promotion of eugenics. Brand's book was withdrawn by the

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and his social role"). In this book, he classified humanity into various, hierarchized races, spanning from the "Aryan white race, dolichocephalic", to the "brachycephalic", "mediocre and inert" race, best represented by Southern European, Catholic peasants". Between these, Vacher de Lapouge

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John Michael found Morton's original data to be more accurate than Gould describes, concluding that "ontrary to Gould's interpretation... Morton's research was conducted with integrity". Jason Lewis and colleagues reached similar conclusions as Michael in their reanalysis of Morton's skull

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capacity. Conversely, a small skull denoted a small brain, thus low intellectual capacity; superior and inferior established. After inspecting three mummies from ancient Egyptian catacombs, Morton concluded that Caucasians and Negroes were already distinct three thousand years ago. Since

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and the emergence of scientific geology, many believed the Earth was only 6,000 years old. Buffon had conducted experiments with heated balls of iron, which he believed were a model for the Earth's core, and concluded that the Earth was 75,000 years old, but did not extend the time since

5127: 5323:", UNESCO did not reject the idea of a biological basis to racial categories, but instead defined a race as: "A race, from the biological standpoint, may therefore be defined as one of the group of populations constituting the species Homo sapiens", which were broadly defined as the 4526:

in 1905 describing the physical geography of different continents and linking these geologic settings to the intelligence and strength of human races that inhabited these spaces. Shaler argued that North American climate and geology was ideally suited for the institution of slavery.

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Despite scientific racism being largely dismissed by the scientific community after World War II, some researchers have continued to propose theories of racial superiority in the past few decades. These authors themselves, while seeing their work as scientific, may dispute the term

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collection; however, they depart from Morton's racist conclusions by adding that "studies have demonstrated that modern human variation is generally continuous, rather than discrete or "racial", and that most variation in modern humans is within, rather than between, populations".

4200:, etc.) Jews were dolichocephalic like the Aryans, according to Lapouge, but exactly for this reason he considered them to be dangerous; they were the only group, he thought, threatening to displace the Aryan aristocracy. Vacher de Lapouge became one of the leading inspirators of 3665:

According to Myrna Perez Sheldon, Darwin believed that different races gained their 'population-level characteristics' via sexual selection. Previously, race theorists conceptualized race as a 'stable blood essence' and that these 'essences' mixed when miscegenation occurred.

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On the other hand, Robert Bannister defended Darwin on the issue of race, writing that "Upon closer inspection, the case against Darwin himself quickly unravels. An ardent opponent of slavery, he consistently opposed the oppression of nonwhites... Although by modern standards

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add with truth that no body wishes more ardently to see a good system commenced for raising the condition both of their body & mind to what it ought to be, as fast as the imbecility of their present existence, and other circumstance which cannot be neglected, will admit.

2543:(1620–1688) was a French physician and traveller. In 1684, he published a brief essay dividing humanity into what he called "races", distinguishing individuals, particularly women, by skin color and a few other physical traits. The article was published anonymously in the 8485:

has a curious publication history. The first edition appeared under this title in 1926 with the subtitle "Eine Einführung in die Gegenwart" (An Introduction to the contemporary world). A second, heavily revised edition appeared in 1929 under an entirely different title,

5582:, they were often desperate for medical help, and medical experimenters were able to exploit that need. Washington also emphasizes that when treatments were perfected and refined as a result of those experiments, Black people almost never benefited from the treatments. 4865:

and committee hearings related to the Immigration Act, concluded "the testing community did not generally view its findings as favoring restrictive immigration policies like those in the 1924 Act, and Congress took virtually no notice of intelligence testing".

3190:, and believed that each race had a separate origin. Meiners studied the physical, mental, and moral characteristics of each race, and built a race hierarchy based on his findings. Meiners split mankind into two divisions, which he labelled the "beautiful 3588:(1864) he compared the Negro to the white race whom he described as "two extreme human types". The difference between them, he claimed are greater than those between two species of ape; and this proves that Negroes are a separate species from the whites. 6110: 5335:

races but stated that "It is now generally recognized that intelligence tests do not in themselves enable us to differentiate safely between what is due to innate capacity and what is the result of environmental influences, training and education".

5502:) faced strong backlash from the scientific community, with 142 geneticists and biologists signing a letter describing Wade's work as "misappropriation of research from our field to support arguments about differences among human societies". 3206:

described a story where a Negro was condemned to death by being burned alive. Halfway through the burning, the Negro asked to smoke a pipe, and smoked it like nothing was happening while he continued to be burned alive. Meiners studied the

5396:, also has multiple publications perpetuating scientific racism. Rushton argues "race differences in brain size likely underlie their multifarious life history outcomes". Rushton's theories are defended by other scientific racists such as 1309: 3431:, which he claimed was the Negro's relation to the ape. He also claimed that Negroes had brains very similar to those of apes and that Negroes have a shortened big toe, a characteristic, he said, that connected Negroes closely to apes. 3253:: "One of the most influential pre-Darwinian racial theorists, Jefferson's call for science to determine the obvious 'inferiority' of African Americans is an extremely important stage in the evolution of scientific racism". Writing for 3228:. This was based upon assertions that they were able to conquer various parts of the world, they were more sensitive to heat and cold, and their delicacy is shown by the way they are selective about what they eat. Meiners claimed that 3525:

Gobineau believed that the different races originated in different areas, the white race had originated somewhere in Siberia, the Asians in the Americas and the blacks in Africa. He believed that the white race was superior, writing:

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argued that Samuel Morton had falsified the craniometric data, perhaps inadvertently over-packing some skulls, to so produce results that would legitimize the racist presumptions he was attempting to prove. A subsequent study by the

3638:(1871), Darwin examined the question of "Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species" and reported no racial distinctions that would indicate that human races are discrete species. 6968:(Jefferson's Letter to Benjamin Banneker, August 30, 1791. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol 22, August 6, 1791 – December 31, 1791, ed. Charles T. Cullen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 49–54.) 4575:

and discrimination in the following decades. The report expressed fear about the loss of white racial pride, and in particular pointed to the danger that the poor white would not be able to resist the process of "Africanisation".

3908:(1799–1851), collected human skulls from worldwide, and attempted a logical classification scheme. Influenced by contemporary racialist theory, Dr Morton said he could judge racial intellectual capacity by measuring the interior 5819:(2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, 4567:

The report was five volumes in length. Around the start of the 20th century, white Americans, and whites elsewhere in the world, felt uneasy because poverty and economic depression seemed to strike people regardless of race.

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was founded, which is commonly described as a venue for scientific racism and white supremacy, and as lacking a legitimate scholarly purpose. The journal was founded in 1960, partly in response to the Supreme Court decision

5842:. "Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within". 3264:

described how as "a scientist, Jefferson nevertheless speculated that blackness might come 'from the color of the blood,' and concluded that blacks were 'inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind'". In his

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data, that the Caucasians had the biggest brains, averaging 87 cubic inches, Native Americans were in the middle with an average of 82 cubic inches and Negroes had the smallest brains with an average of 78 cubic inches.

6010:(2007), p. 75: "...the idea of a hierarchy of races was driven by an influential, secular, scientific discourse in the second half of the eighteenth century and was rapidly disseminated during the nineteenth century". 9599: 5571:" must be devised to establish categories of race, even if they go against the natural patterns within our species. According to Marks' writing, racist ideas propagated by scientists are what make science racist. 4584:

natives in the African environment, the idea that intrinsic white superiority could overcome any environment did not seem to hold. As such, scientific justifications for racism were not as useful in South Africa.

3221:", and consumed copious amounts of alcohol. He believed their skulls were so thick that the blades of Spanish swords shattered on them. Meiners also claimed the skin of an American is thicker than that of an ox. 3249:(1743–1826) was an American politician, scientist, and slave owner. His contributions to scientific racism have been noted by many historians, scientists, and scholars. According to an article published in the 6667: 5367:

in which he supports the theory that black people are inherently less intelligent than whites. Jensen argues for differentiation in education based on race, stating that educators must "take full account of

6133: 6800:

Rush, Benjamin (1799). "Observations Intended to Favour a Supposition That the Black Color (As It Is Called) of the Negroes Is Derived from the Leprosy". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

6470:

niger, phlegmaticus, laxus. Pilis atris, contortuplicatis. Cute holosericea. Naso simo. Labiis tumidis. Feminis sinus pudoris. Mammae lactantes prolixae. Vafer, segnis, negligens. Ungit se pingui. Regitur

12772: 3925:

only a thousand years earlier, Morton claimed that Noah's sons could not possibly account for every race on earth. According to Morton's theory of polygenesis, races have been separate since the start.

3399:, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste, or race, is fairer in colour than the rest, and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the 6434:

rufus, cholericus, rectus. Pilis: nigris, rectis, crassis. Naribus: Patulis. Facie: ephelitica. Mento: subimberbi. Pertinax, contentus, liber. Pingit: Se lineis daedaleis rubris. Regitur Consuetudine.

3736:(South Asia) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's hypothesis of Africa. 2988:

Scholar Stanley A. Rice agrees that Linnaeus' classification was not meant to "imply a hierarchy of humanness or superiority"; however, modern critics regard Linnaeus' classification as obviously

5047:

described the appearance of the mentally ill and the importance of preventing such births. Photographs of mentally incapacitated children were juxtaposed with those of healthy children. The film

4396:. Alexander Thomas and Samuell Sillen described black men as uniquely fitted for bondage, because of their "primitive psychological organization". In 1851, in antebellum Louisiana, the physician 4446:

claimed that Northern, free blacks suffered mental illness at higher rates than did their Southern, enslaved counterparts. Though the census was later found to have been severely flawed by the

2961:, Marie-Christine Skuncke interpreted Linnaeus' statements as reflecting a view that "Europeans' superiority resides in "culture", and that the decisive factor in Linnaeus' taxa was "culture", 9761: 5559:

Clarence Gravlee writes that disparities in the incidence of such medical conditions as diabetes, stroke, cancer, and low birth weight should be viewed with a societal lens. He argues that

2678: 4370:

was coloured by attempts at justifying the view that European peoples east of Sweden were Asian and thus of an inferior race, justifying colonialism, eugenics and racial hygiene. The book

3303:(1787). Smith claimed that Negro pigmentation was nothing more than a huge freckle that covered the whole body as a result of an oversupply of bile, which was caused by tropical climates. 10204: 9655: 1275: 4904:, the third in the world. By lobbying Swedish parliamentarians and medical institutes the society managed to pass a decree creating a government-run institute in the form of the Swedish 3041:", and he tried to scientifically prove that human races had distinct origins from each other. He speculated that whites and Negroes were two different species. White was a believer in 5815:(1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, 2416:

into physically discrete human races, some of which might be asserted to be superior or inferior to others. Scientific racism was common during the period from the 1600s to the end of

4385: 2809:: red, choleric, upright; black, straight, thick hair; nostrils flared; face freckled; beardless chin; stubborn, zealous, free; painting themself with red lines; governed by habit. 5316: 6604:"Linnaeus was the first to use biological traits as a basis for further subdivisions of the species into varieties. It would be unfair to ascribe racist motives to this effort". 3859:(1722–89), an early craniometric theoretician, used "craniometry" (interior skull-volume measurement) to scientifically justify racial differences. In 1770, he conceived of the 3387:(1788–1860) attributed civilizational primacy to the white races, who gained sensitivity and intelligence via the refinement caused by living in the rigorous Northern climate: 6584:

Renato G Mazzolini – Skin Color and the Origin of Physical Anthropology. in: Reproduction, Race, and Gender in Philosophy and the Early Life Sciences. Ed. Susanne Lettow. 2014

5081: 3163:, which he called "negroidism", and that it could be cured. Rush believed non-whites were actually white underneath, but that they were stricken with a non-contagious form of 6723:"Even though the prejudice and racism of the attributes are obvious to modern scientists, Linnaeus did not apparently mean to imply a hierarchy of humanness or superiority". 4557: 4536: 4014:. Other historical studies, proposing a black race–white race, intelligence–brain size difference, include those by Bean (1906), Mall (1909), Pearl (1934), and Vint (1934). 5589:(ASHG) expressed alarm at the "resurgence of groups rejecting the value of genetic diversity and using discredited or distorted genetic concepts to bolster bogus claims of 4514:

Even after the end of the Civil War, some scientists continued to justify the institution of slavery by citing the effect of topography and climate on racial development.

3144:

subscribed to by most of the monogenists. Opponents of monogenism believed that it would have been difficult for races to change markedly in such a short period of time.

4981: 2700:, Home claimed that the environment, climate, or state of society could not account for racial differences, so the races must have come from distinct, separate stocks. 5319:

attempted to draft resolutions that would summarize the state of scientific knowledge about race and issued calls for the resolution of racial conflicts. In its 1950 "

5060:

Although the child was "the most important treasure of the people", this did not apply to all children, even German ones, only to those with no hereditary weaknesses.

3278:

However, by 1791, Jefferson had to reassess his earlier suspicions of whether blacks were capable of intelligence when he was presented with a letter and almanac from

2950:(1994) argued that the taxa was "not in the ranked order favored by most Europeans in the racist tradition", and that Linnaeus' division was influenced by the medical 6664: 6380:(Note the color references were whitish, reddish, and blackish, in difference to later editions white, red and black). Only later editions included the "Monstrosus". 5137:

In the 20th century, concepts of scientific racism, which sought to prove the physical and mental inadequacy of groups deemed "inferior", was relied upon to justify

5054: 4408:, that "with proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented". The term 2946:(1976), Linnaeus certainly considered his own culture as superior, but his motives for the classification of human varieties were not race-centered. Paleontologist 10491: 3646:

many American thinkers in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The measure of world domination already achieved by the 'race' seemed to prove it the fittest.

1778: 3662:

is frustratingly inconclusive on the critical issues of human equality, it was a model of moderation and scientific caution in the context of midcentury racism".

3089:, the concept that all races have a single origin. Buffon and Blumenbach believed a "degeneration theory" of the origins of racial difference. Both asserted that 7163:, p. 294. (The Germanic race was also regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'. While 5408: 3093:

were white, and that other races came about by degeneration owing to environmental factors, such as climate, disease, and diet. According to this model, Negroid

3061:, which were separate groups that were still able to interbreed. For White, each race was a separate species, divinely created for its own geographical region. 5170: 4886:, founded in 1922, was the world's first government-funded institute performing research into racial biology. It was housed in what is now the Dean's house at 817: 9385:"IQ guru talks to Skeptic magazine? Given the chance to explain how he chose to endure denunciation for 'fascism', psychologist Arthur Jensen holds his peace" 5271:

upholding of racial segregation in the United States, American popular and scholarly opinions of scientific racism and its sociologic practice had evolved.

2482:, founded explicitly as a "race-conscious" journal, are generally regarded as platforms of scientific racism because they publish fringe interpretations of 11447: 9566: 3729: 3634: 9714: 8250: 6252:

Joan-Pau Rubiés, «Race, climate and civilization in the works of François Bernier», L'inde des Lumières. Discours, histoire, savoirs (XVIIe-XIXe siècle),

5811:(1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; 4297:. Moreover, Ripley argued that Deniker's "race" idea should be denoted a "type", because it was less biologically rigid than most racial classifications. 5219:. By the 1960s, Coon's approach had been rendered obsolete in mainstream anthropology, but his system continued to appear in publications by his student 1028: 2549:, the earliest academic journal published in Europe, and titled "New Division of the Earth by the Different Species or 'Races' of Man that Inhabit It". 5244:"—was intellectually rooted in the racism of the era, as was the popular support for the decision. Later, in the mid-20th century, the Supreme Court's 3282:, an educated black mathematician. Delighted to have discovered scientific proof for the existence of black intelligence, Jefferson wrote to Banneker: 6006:(2005), p. 163: "It became such a powerful idea because ... it helped legitimate the domination of the globe by whites"; David Brown and Clive Webb, 4339:(1865–1937) presented as the white racial engine of world civilization. Having adopted Ripley's three-race European populace model, but disliking the 3584:(1817–1895) who believed that the Negro race was related to the ape. He wrote the white race was a separate species to Negroes. In Chapter VII of his 11599: 10672: 9769: 4571:

Though the ground work for apartheid began earlier, the report provided support for this central idea of black inferiority. This was used to justify

4510:

abusers, but these never enjoyed the appeal of the medical philosophy that justified slavery and, along with it, our nation's profitable way of life.

2189: 1550: 6550:

Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine".

6446:

albus, sanguineus, torosus. Pilis flavescentibus, prolixis. Oculis caeruleis. Levis, argutus, inventor. Tegitur Vestimentis arctis. Regitur Ritibus.

5567:, Jonathan Marks similarly asserts that races exist, though they lack a natural categorization in the realm of biology. Cultural rules such as the " 5970: 5623: 5193: 2969:", arguing that Linnaeus never called for racist action, and did not use the word "race", which was only introduced later "by his French opponent, 2321: 979: 173: 5536:

is smaller than within them, demonstrating that the biological concept of "races" is invalid. The statement highlights that there are no specific

4349:

into 'the Nordic race', the acme of the concocted racial hierarchy, based upon his racial classification theory, popular in the 1910s and 1920s.

10327: 9614: 4999:

people and other, supposedly inferior, groups. German schools used these books as texts during the Nazi era. In the early 1930s, the Nazis used

6458:

luridus, melancholicus, rigidus. Pilis nigricantibus. Oculis fuscis. Severus, fastuosus, avarus. Tegitur Indumentis laxis. Regitur Opinionibus.

3128:. Blumenbach stated: "I have allotted the first place to the Caucasian for the reasons given below, which make me esteem it the primeval one". 2818:: white, sanguine, muscular; with yellowish, long hair; blue eyes; gentle, acute, inventive; covered with close vestments; governed by customs. 892: 10687: 11833: 11730: 3505: 8813: 11399: 4830:(1933–45) discredited scientific racism in academia, but racist legislation based upon it remained in some countries until the late 1960s. 3468: 1555: 9792: 9731: 11382: 5437: 5363: 4560:

played a key role in establishing apartheid in South Africa. According to one memorandum sent to Frederick Keppel, then president of the

1525: 1121: 647: 12887: 6229: 5633: 5312:

later published the interview with an editorial note claiming the study was a "discredited ... pseudoscientific rationale for racism".

802: 5928:

Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017).

12838: 12779: 11569: 6238:, 24 April 1684. Translated by T. Bendyshe in Memoirs Read Before the Anthropological Society of London, vol. 1, 1863–64, pp. 360–64. 5856: 4553:

believed that Africans were "misgrown with a vengeance". He described Africans as at once "hopelessly deficient", yet "very shrewd".

4117:—mankind has a common genetic ancestry, the races are related, opposing everything that the polygenism of Nott and Gliddon proposed. 3011:. Painted by John Jackson in 1813, after an original by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who exhibited his painting at the Royal Academy in 1786. 2639:, so he concluded that Adam and Eve were originally white, and that whites could give birth to different coloured races. Theories of 10859: 5517:. The article falsely claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans. 3811:

contradicted Herder with a nationalism based upon the "will to live together", not founded upon ethnic or racial prerequisites (see

2801:" of human species. Each one was described as possessing the following physiognomic characteristics "varying by culture and place": 11285: 3053:'s interfertility argument, which said that only the same species can interbreed. White pointed to species hybrids, such as foxes, 2435:

were among the earliest leading critics of scientific racism. Skepticism towards the validity of scientific racism grew during the

729: 617: 4683:(1822–1911) proposed the first social measures meant to preserve or enhance biological characteristics, and later coined the term 12743: 11712: 11305: 10903: 9567:"The geography of tyranny and despair: development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality" 9142: 5237: 4962:

ideas with which they were widely associated, although these ideas had been in circulation since the 19th century. Books such as

2459:

have led to a new consensus among anthropologists that human races are a sociopolitical phenomenon rather than a biological one.

235: 5348:

expressed strong concern about the return of these ideas into the mainstream. Saini followed up on this idea with her 2019 book

2825:: yellow, melancholic, stiff; black hair, dark eyes; austere, haughty, greedy; covered with loose clothing; governed by beliefs. 11641: 10634: 9305:

Rushton, J. Philippe; Whitney, Glayde (2002). "Cross-National Variation in Violent Crime Rates: Race, r-K Theory, and Income".

8858: 7226: 6002:(2nd ed., 2000), Glossary, p. 300: "Scientific racism was designed to prove the inferiority of people of color"; Simon During, 4026:(1879–83) there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class. In his 1918 book physician 3078: 3050: 2970: 2290: 984: 739: 567: 552: 547: 379: 119: 10700: 8349: 4991:(published under different titles between 1926 and 1934) attempted to scientifically identify differences between the German, 4782:(1879–1966), who became an important figure within the plan to remove populations considered "inferior" from eastern Germany. 11937: 10819: 10663: 10214: 10186: 10162: 9071: 9039: 8868: 8833: 6772: 6483: 6346: 5197: 4089: 3629: 807: 532: 9530:

Volken, T. (September 1, 2003). "IQ and the Wealth of Nations. A Critique of Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen's Recent Book".

12892: 12189: 10747: 10616:"The unwelcome revival of 'race science': 20 years after the human genome was first sequenced, dangerous gene myths abound" 10479:"Racially stuffed shirts and other enemies of mankind: Horace Mann Bond's parody of segregationist psychology in the 1950s" 10323: 9127: 8961: 6935: 5528:, rejects the idea of human races and distances itself from the racial theories of 20th century scientists. It states that 5421: 5350: 4928:. In 1958 it closed down and all remaining research was moved to the Department of Medical Genetics at Uppsala University. 4924:

was highly critical of the validity of the science performed at the institute and reshaped the institute toward a focus on

3156: 2314: 1331: 622: 438: 292: 158: 139: 9199:

Sanday, Peggy R. (1972). "An Alternative Interpretation of the Relationship between Heredity, Race, Environment, and IQ".

6059: 11054: 9218:

Scarr, Sandra (1981). "Implicit Messages: A Review of "Bias in Mental Testing"Bias in Mental Testing. Arthur R. Jensen".

7667:

Hoffman, Matthew (January 2005). "From Pintele Yid to Racenjude: Chaim Zhitlovsky and Racial Conceptions of Jewishness".

6602:

Kenneth A.R. Kennedy (1976), "Human Variation in Space and Time". Wm. C. Brown Company, p. 25. Kennedy writes that while

4265:

or Samuel Weissenberg, also endorsed the same pseudoscientific theories, convinced that the Jews formed a distinct race.

1991: 1647: 1560: 1451: 1111: 929: 557: 542: 230: 143: 10615: 10514: 6869: 2556:

The first race included populations from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, south-east Asia, and the Americas

12792: 10779: 10760: 10735: 10642: 10607: 10582: 10439: 10380: 10233: 10143: 10122: 10043: 9942: 9917: 9089: 8990: 8909: 8796: 8526: 8321: 8252:

Rektor Lennmalms förslag – Om 1918–1921 års diskussioner kring ett Nobelinstitut i rasbiologi vid Karolinska institutet

8092: 7970: 7910: 7876: 7844: 7792: 7420: 7395: 7301: 7276: 7251: 6029: 5586: 4905: 4883: 4498:

because they were inadequate to the demands of being a free man—implying that black people benefited from enslavement.

4353: 3121: 3049:(1799) provided an empirical basis for this idea. White defended the theory of polygeny by rebutting French naturalist 1545: 1011: 5974: 4493:, aimed to scientifically prove that Negroes were a human species different from the white people; that the rulers of 2880: 11486: 11469: 10931: 10467: 9506: 8702: 8654: 8621: 8589: 8475: 8415: 6093: 5899: 4895: 4645: 4451: 1185: 1016: 488: 468: 17: 9935:

Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present

7784:

Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present

3873: 3459:, or classical social evolution, was a conflation of competing sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that 2385:

by those who support these ideas. Modern scientific consensus rejects this view as being irreconcilable with modern

12167: 11964: 11679: 11435: 11404: 11300: 10795: 10449: 10055:

The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars

9446:; Amos, Amanda (1998). "Eugenics and the New Genetics in Britain: Examining Contemporary Professionals' Accounts". 7150:

D'Souza, Dinesh "Is Racism a Western Idea?" pp. 517–39 from The American Scholar, Vol. 64, No. 4 Autumn 1995, p.538

4965: 4942: 4447: 4003: 1944: 1773: 1667: 1116: 1006: 287: 5452:

theories that Jews as a group have biologically evolved to be highly ethnocentric and hostile to the interests of

5372:

the facts of nature". Responses to Jensen criticized his lack of emphasis on environmental factors. Psychologist

2791:

for fauna and flora, and also made a classification of humans into different subgroups. In the twelfth edition of

12817: 12759: 12475: 12292: 11954: 11387: 5184: 4254: 4135: 4088:(mankind has discrete genetic ancestries; the races are evolutionarily unrelated), which is a predecessor of the 2307: 1520: 1023: 777: 572: 10833: 6418: 5744:

Norton, Heather L.; Quillen, Ellen E.; Bigham, Abigail W.; Pearson, Laurel N.; Dunsworth, Holly (July 9, 2019).

5211:

Coon's school of thought was the object of increasing opposition in mainstream anthropology after World War II.

11811: 11559: 11416: 10848: 9673: 8259: 6956: 5441: 3266: 2840:; mammary glands give milk abundantly; sly, lazy, negligent; anoints themself with grease; governed by caprice. 2439:, and by the end of World War II, scientific racism in theory and action was formally denounced, especially in 632: 318: 225: 215: 5823:(2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism". 4050:

in Sweden. Palacios argued on medical grounds against immigration to Chile from southern Europe claiming that

3140:

and the origin of humanity back more than 8,000 years—not much further than the 6,000 years of the prevailing

782: 12612: 9286:

Rushston, J Philippe (2001). "Genes, Brains, and Culture: Returning to a Darwinian Evolutionary Psychology".

5663: 5388: 4937: 4618: 4372: 2221: 1929: 612: 68: 7487:

Lewis, Jason E.; Degusta, David; Meyer, Marc R.; Monge, Janet M.; Mann, Alan E.; Holloway, Ralph L. (2011).

6296:

Robert Boyle (1664), "Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours", Henry Herringman, London, pp. 160–61

4723:, a branch of psychology concerned with psychological differences between people rather than common traits. 3509:(1853–55) which proposed three human races (black, white and yellow) were natural barriers and claimed that 12824: 12079: 11629: 11491: 11481: 11474: 11278: 10459: 8490:(On the soul and face of races and nations). A third revised edition, which returned to the original title 8467: 6084:

Daley, C. E.; Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2011). "Race and Intelligence". In Sternberg, R.; Kaufman, S. B. (eds.).

5480: 5344:

and may prefer terms such as "race realism" or "racialism". In 2018, British science journalist and author

4392:

In the United States, scientific racism justified Black African slavery to assuage moral opposition to the

1478: 1426: 369: 220: 10453: 4986: 4249:, the late 19th century also witnessed "the scientizing of anti-Jewish prejudice", stigmatizing Jews with 3628:" such as "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage", and does not carry the modern connotation of 3455:

established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century,

12845: 12435: 12152: 11705: 11506: 11322: 10896: 10853: 5283: 5246: 5233: 5155: 4739: 4700: 3021: 2472:(1994). Critics argue that such works postulate racist conclusions, such as a genetic connection between 2452: 2354: 2132: 1976: 1381: 974: 912: 49: 9843: 4760:(1929), he made statistical arguments that biological and cultural degradation followed white and black 3791:, New York City, alongside apes and animals. The most influential theorists included the anthropologist 12877: 12867: 12831: 12562: 12505: 12029: 11263: 8518: 5638: 5490:, Lynn's methodology is flawed, and he purports a causal relationship from what is simply correlation. 4853:, Stephen Jay Gould argued that intelligence testing results played a major role in the passage of the 4696: 3037:(1728–1813), an English physician and surgeon, believed that races occupied different stations in the " 2663: 2241: 996: 667: 384: 84: 10490:

Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard, T.J. Jr.; Boykin, A.W.; Brody, N.; Ceci, S.J.; et al. (1996).

9087:

Rushton, J. Philippe; Jensen, Arthur R. (2005). "Wanted: More race realism, less moralistic fallacy".

8938: 6500: 5041:

Propaganda for the Nazi eugenics program began with propaganda for eugenic sterilization. Articles in

3760:

to produce a form of coercive, anti-immigrant government programs influenced by other socio-political

12445: 11892: 11579: 11423: 10335: 10038:. The Gypsies During the Second World War. Vol. 1. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. 8543: 6676: 5613: 5525: 5498: 5376:

describes Jensen's work as "conjur up images of blacks doomed to failure by their own inadequacies".

5138: 4443: 4148: 4034:

race and its superiority when compared to neighboring peoples. He thought Chileans were a mix of two

3792: 3452: 3034: 2958: 2774: 1572: 1386: 1280: 1165: 824: 792: 448: 374: 256: 9103: 8552:. Vol. 7. Translated by Bytwerk, Randall. pp. 16–21 – via German Propaganda Archive. 8173: 6219:

Jen E. Boyle (2010), "Anamorphosis in Early Modern Literature: Mediation and Affect", Ashgate, p. 74

5072:

through eugenics at the center of Nazi ideology. People targeted by this policy included criminals,

4711:

to collect data on population sets, which he needed for genealogical and biographical works and for

3596: 2836:: black, phlegmatic, relaxed; black, frizzled hair; silky skin, flat nose, tumid lips; females with 12403: 12297: 12263: 12147: 11196: 8577: 6843: 4917: 4807: 4726:

Like scientific racism, eugenics grew popular in the early 20th century, and both ideas influenced

4667:

Racial hygiene was historically tied to traditional notions of public health, but with emphasis on

4653: 4622:(1916) as "the most influential tract of American scientific racism". In the 1920s–30s, the German 4110: 3612: 2413: 1838: 1726: 1567: 1336: 1265: 1093: 1048: 902: 787: 767: 697: 627: 503: 63: 10423: 8286:"What happened to 'race' in race biology? The Swedish State Institute for Race Biology, 1936–1960" 7643: 7593: 6721:

Stanley A. Rice (2009), "Encyclopedia of Evolution", Infobase Publishing, p. 195. Stanley states:

5204:

into five main races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid (including Native Americans), Australoid, Congoid, and

12810: 12728: 12480: 12162: 12101: 11872: 11669: 11589: 11394: 11334: 11312: 11039: 10251: 9443: 7926:

Verbeek, Jennifer (1986). "Racially Segregated School Libraries in KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa".

6403: 6308:

Humans And Other Animals in Eighteenth-Century British Culture: Representation, Hybridity, Ethics

5445: 5414: 5299: 5168:

published many racialist books on what he saw as the peril of immigration, his most famous being

5159: 5151:(1927). In all, between 60,000 and 90,000 Americans were subjected to involuntary sterilization. 4854: 4823: 4811: 4720: 4438: 4144: 3796: 3443:

A late-19th-century illustration by H. Strickland Constable shows an alleged similarity between "

2814: 2456: 2409: 2137: 2117: 1971: 1961: 1919: 1535: 1376: 1230: 1200: 1195: 1138: 1073: 1058: 991: 964: 949: 335: 12127: 10075:

Dennis, Rutledge M. (1995). "Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race".

7902: 7896: 6160:"Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?" 5839: 3868:

a 58-degree facial angle—thus he established a racist biological hierarchy for mankind, per the

3815:). Scientific racist discourse posited the historical existence of "national races" such as the 3463:

was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The Christian Bible was interpreted to sanction

1175: 12882: 12642: 12510: 12423: 12398: 12388: 12246: 11949: 11816: 11698: 11554: 11457: 11377: 11206: 11147: 11049: 10946: 10889: 10801: 9739: 9098: 8686: 7129: 5914:

Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.),

5683: 5608: 3375: 2736: 2689: 2682: 2605: 2444: 2236: 2209: 2199: 1657: 1637: 1500: 1371: 1260: 1210: 1180: 1160: 1088: 1068: 1043: 1038: 1033: 944: 907: 880: 856: 851: 433: 423: 8638: 8460:"Learning to See (Race): Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss's Racial Psychology as Applied Phenomenology" 8459: 8108:

Snyderman, M.; Herrnstein, R.J. (1983). "Intelligence Tests and the Immigration Act of 1924".

7042: 12647: 12632: 12525: 12157: 12096: 12091: 11984: 11609: 11501: 11496: 11411: 11372: 11179: 11174: 10176: 8825: 8678: 8510: 8110: 7782: 7489:"The Mismeasure of Science: Stephen Jay Gould versus Samuel George Morton on Skulls and Bias" 6637: 6525: 5678: 5115: 5085: 4858: 4849: 4482: 4367: 3978: 3954: 3901: 3842: 3618:

by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

3296: 3097:

arose because of the heat of the tropical sun; that cold wind caused the tawny colour of the

3015: 2943: 2788: 2696:; he believed God had created different races on Earth in separate regions. In his 1734 book 2652: 2473: 2397: 2362: 2204: 2164: 2097: 1986: 1934: 1853: 1602: 1366: 1270: 1245: 1240: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1155: 1103: 1063: 969: 939: 834: 443: 271: 179: 169: 10571: 8581: 8571: 8567: 8374: 8198:

Björkman, Maria; Widmalm, Sven (December 20, 2010). "Selling eugenics: the case of Sweden".

6045: 5794: 4971: 3722:, in which several different language groups had arisen separately from speechless prehuman 12637: 12597: 12268: 12179: 12074: 11867: 11796: 11564: 11430: 11074: 11011: 10981: 10966: 10951: 10843: 8854: 7738: 7057: 4862: 4791: 4727: 4580: 4561: 4548: 4490: 4454:. Southern slavers concluded that escaping Negroes were suffering from "mental disorders". 4397: 4393: 4208: 3983: 3905: 3893: 3038: 2732: 2520: 2487: 2405: 2370: 2075: 1587: 1461: 1170: 1128: 1078: 1053: 866: 829: 562: 418: 199: 164: 38: 9979: 9156:

Jensen, Arthur R. (1968). "Social Class, Race, and Genetics: Implications for Education".

5864: 5456:. He asserts Jewish behavior and culture are central causes of antisemitism, and promotes 3872:

conception of history. Such scientific racist researches were continued by the naturalist

3479:, to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery. 8: 12733: 12567: 11877: 11584: 11339: 11218: 10971: 10876: 10714: 10705: 10034:

Asséo, Henriette; Fings, Karola; Sparing, Frank; Kenrick, Donald; Heuss, Herbert (1997).

9870: 8768:

Memories of Belonging: Descendants of Italian Migrants to the United States, 1884–Present

6234: 5643: 5506: 5460:

about alleged Jewish control and influence in government policy and political movements.

5379: 5295: 5220: 5073: 4692: 4179: 4125: 3683: 3651: 3456: 3384: 3364: 2930: 2620: 2545: 2251: 2112: 1731: 1627: 1607: 1396: 1304: 1255: 1235: 1205: 1098: 885: 692: 7551: 7061: 4027: 3772:

skull and skeleton studies; thus skulls and skeletons of black people and other colored

2540: 12803: 12702: 12677: 12515: 12465: 12340: 12174: 12122: 12009: 11989: 11744: 11614: 11594: 11253: 11184: 11152: 11119: 11109: 10991: 10692: 10653: 10411: 10133: 10112: 10092: 10007: 9962: 9704: 9645: 9479: 9365: 9322: 9243: 9181: 8716: 8646: 8506: 8378: 8231: 8150: 7943: 7833: 7722: 7705: 7686: 7605: 7515: 7488: 7469: 7075: 6912: 6895: 6767:(Updated ed.). Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. pp. 84–87, 110–111. 6567: 5954: 5929: 5775: 5721: 5704: 5457: 5425: 5241: 5228: 4920:

of certain groups was enacted in Sweden in 1934. The second president of the institute

4887: 4708: 4649: 4572: 4519: 4458: 4246: 4188: 4105: 4023: 3987: 3804: 3500: 3492: 3424: 3255: 2872: 2784: 2648: 2366: 2358: 2016: 2011: 2001: 1949: 1939: 1914: 1848: 1806: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1612: 897: 311: 184: 12142: 8082: 5478:

has published multiple papers and a book supporting theories of scientific racism. In

2783:(1707–1778), the Swedish physician, botanist, and zoologist, modified the established 2466:

is generally used pejoratively when applied to more modern theories, such as those in

12872: 12765: 12738: 12667: 12335: 12323: 12231: 12137: 11779: 11769: 11273: 11238: 11228: 11189: 11129: 11079: 10986: 10956: 10775: 10756: 10731: 10659: 10638: 10603: 10578: 10463: 10435: 10415: 10376: 10355: 10302: 10239: 10229: 10210: 10182: 10172: 10158: 10139: 10118: 10064: 10039: 10012: 9938: 9913: 9890: 9709: 9696: 9650: 9637: 9591: 9586: 9547: 9512: 9502: 9471: 9463: 9406: 9357: 9247: 9235: 9173: 9067: 9035: 9006: 8986: 8981:

Banton, Michael (2008). "Race, Unesco statements on". In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.).

8905: 8864: 8829: 8792: 8708: 8698: 8650: 8617: 8585: 8522: 8471: 8411: 8303: 8223: 8215: 8088: 8052: 7966: 7906: 7872: 7840: 7788: 7757: 7690: 7520: 7473: 7416: 7391: 7297: 7272: 7247: 7079: 7029:

The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600–2000,

6917: 6768: 6645: 6342: 6181: 6089: 6025: 5959: 5926:. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: 5895: 5779: 5767: 5726: 5668: 5560: 5529: 5320: 5276: 5142: 4894:

Following the creation of the first society for the promotion of racial hygiene, the

4753: 4609: 4478: 4282: 4250: 4223: 4215: 4130: 3990: 3970: 3950: 3864:

90-degree facial angle, whites an 80-degree angle, blacks a 70-degree angle, and the

3812: 3719: 3279: 3183: 3141: 3082: 2947: 2590: 2578: 2478: 2448: 2283: 2194: 2122: 2107: 1890: 1833: 1632: 1540: 1431: 1351: 1190: 149: 10804: – Refutes claims that Darwin was a racist or that his views inspired the Nazis 9483: 9326: 9185: 8902:

Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education

8235: 7947: 7043:"On the Brain of the Negro, Compared with that of the European and the Orang-outang" 6593:

Conrad B. Quintyn (2010), "The Existence Or Non-existence of Race?, Teneo Press p.17

6270:

Stuurman, S. (2000), "François Bernier and the invention of racial classification",

5406:

was a proponent of Arthur Jensen's work on racial intelligence differences. Brand's

5084:, the insane, idle and "weak". As they were seen as people who fit the criteria of " 4878: 12707: 12408: 12367: 12329: 12251: 12221: 12216: 12019: 11367: 11344: 11327: 11317: 11295: 11258: 11248: 11233: 11223: 11142: 11137: 11114: 11104: 10872: 10676: 10506: 10403: 10373:

Beyond the gene: cytoplasmic inheritance and the struggle for authority in genetics

10084: 10002: 9994: 9882: 9817: 9688: 9629: 9602:

from the original on March 21, 2024 – via University of Surrey Open Research.

9581: 9539: 9455: 9396: 9349: 9314: 9227: 9165: 9108: 9059: 9027: 8850: 8821: 8771: 8720: 8690: 8605: 8293: 8207: 8146: 8119: 7935: 7717: 7678: 7510: 7500: 7461: 7440:

Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology, And The Battle For Native American Identity

7330: 7065: 6951: 6907: 6559: 6334: 6326: 6171: 6125: 5949: 5941: 5919: 5757: 5716: 5533: 5521: 5256: 5189: 5165: 5130: 5038:) led most of the scientific community to repudiate scientific support for racism. 5035: 5004: 4840: 4545:

in South Africa. In South Africa, white scientists, like Dudly Kidd, who published

4515: 4294: 4266: 3909: 3625: 3568: 3412: 3246: 3217:

Meiners studied the diet of the Americans, and said they fed off any kind of "foul

2798: 2246: 2231: 2159: 2080: 2050: 1865: 1701: 1401: 959: 954: 797: 687: 266: 189: 10815: 10772:

Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant

10360: 9063: 8298: 8285: 7752: 3616:

did not discuss human origins. The extended wording on the title page, which adds

3108:

According to Blumenbach, there are five races, all belonging to a single species:

12723: 12691: 12577: 12552: 12241: 12206: 12201: 12117: 12049: 11969: 11942: 11932: 11927: 11862: 11659: 11624: 11516: 11349: 11268: 11243: 11211: 11201: 11169: 11164: 11059: 11016: 11006: 10996: 10961: 10941: 10926: 10837: 10823: 8753: 7505: 7181:

a racial designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as 'la race germanique'.

6762: 6671: 6111:"Galileo wept: A critical assessment of the use of race in forensic anthropolopy" 6000:

Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment

5673: 5653: 5648: 5590: 5101: 5077: 5065: 4921: 4815: 4712: 4672: 4366:

in Sweden were active in racist research. Furthermore, much of early research on

4363: 4054:

who are of south European stock lack "cerebral control" and are a social burden.

3913: 3732:

by writing that the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia; he believed that

3460: 2993: 2837: 2793: 2483: 2436: 2432: 2261: 2169: 2065: 2006: 1858: 1843: 1823: 1788: 1495: 1406: 1341: 1133: 1083: 861: 712: 276: 194: 154: 114: 109: 8350:"Rasbiologiska institutet – Uppsala universitetsbibliotek – Uppsala universitet" 7898:

The American Century: Consensus and Coercion in the Projection of American Power

7646:

Defenders of the Race: Jewish Doctors & Race Science in Fin-de-Siècle Europe

5969: 4092:. Moreover, Morton himself had been reluctant to espouse polygenism, because it 2408:, and other disciplines or pseudo-disciplines through proposing anthropological 12697: 12672: 12662: 12657: 12622: 12617: 12592: 12285: 12226: 12059: 12024: 11822: 11764: 11754: 11636: 11290: 11159: 10478: 9998: 9674:"Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans: A Reanalysis of Lynn's Data" 9459: 9261: 9112: 8123: 7939: 7669: 7222: 5545: 5541: 5510: 5430: 5397: 5328: 5324: 5212: 4954:

and its sympathizers published many books on scientific racism, seizing on the

4704: 4680: 4623: 4602: 4466: 4405: 4278: 4227: 4183: 4077: 4073: 4031: 3995: 3892:

Racialist differences: "a Negro head ... a Caucasian skull ... a Mongol head",

3753: 3621: 3604: 3515: 3476: 3472: 3336: 3320: 3261: 3160: 3109: 2974: 2965:

race". Thus, regarding this topic, Skuncke considers Linnaeus' view as merely "

2926: 2635:. He studied reported stories of parents' giving birth to differently coloured 2468: 2256: 2214: 2184: 2174: 2092: 2085: 2070: 2060: 1880: 1816: 1758: 1753: 1738: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1391: 1326: 839: 812: 657: 343: 135: 89: 37:"Race theory" redirects here. For the intellectual movement and framework, see 31: 10602:. New York/Manchester: New York University Press/Manchester University Press. 10510: 10407: 10226:

The end of the soul: scientific modernity, atheism, and anthropology in France

10114:

Defenders of the race: Jewish doctors and race science in fin-de-siècle Europe

9692: 9633: 9318: 9169: 8754:

Theorizing Race in the Americas: Douglass, Sarmiento, Du Bois, and Vasconcelos

7682: 6191:

correspond to our notion of social identities, including 'race' and 'ethnicity

5762: 5745: 4857:

that restricted immigration to the United States. However, Mark Snyderman and

3069: 3004: 2570: 12861: 12786: 12582: 12413: 12357: 12236: 12184: 12132: 11979: 11917: 11912: 11774: 11759: 11721: 11452: 11099: 11064: 10976: 10936: 10807: 10631:

Rhetorical Engagements in the Scientist's Process of Remaking Race as Genetic

10343: 10282:

The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism

10200: 10196: 10066:

Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau

9762:"Personality and Individual Differences Retracts Rushton and Templer Article" 9700: 9641: 9595: 9551: 9516: 9467: 9410: 9361: 9239: 9177: 8748: 8613: 8563: 8444: 8392: 8307: 8219: 7193: 7174: 7108: 6649: 6330: 6129: 5771: 5579: 5568: 5493: 5358: 5080:

who opposed the Nazification of Germany, the "feeble minded", Jewish people,

5027: 5023: 5019: 4992: 4833: 4761: 4731: 4716: 4657: 4631: 4627: 4613: 4494: 4462: 4336: 4290: 4262: 4231: 4168: 4097: 3918: 3856: 3817: 3711: 3687: 3510: 3444: 3152: 2780: 2724: 2631:, that is, that all races, no matter how diverse, came from the same source: 2428: 2342: 2268: 1875: 1811: 1796: 1652: 1617: 1597: 1468: 1411: 1346: 734: 637: 304: 94: 12773:

An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

10243: 3847: 3335:

and scientific racism. Cuvier believed there were three distinct races: the

3301:

Essay on the Causes of Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species

12652: 12572: 12530: 12470: 12362: 12313: 12196: 12014: 11959: 11907: 11897: 11887: 11857: 11786: 11619: 11464: 10867: 10752: 10620: 10390:

Schaffer, Gavin (2007). ""'Scientific' Racism Again?": Reginald Gates, the

10306: 10290: 10135:

The Nazi ancestral proof: genealogy, racial science, and the final solution

10016: 9894: 9543: 9475: 9401: 9384: 8674: 8670: 8227: 8211: 8056: 7524: 7092: 7070: 6921: 6321:

Staffan Müller-Wille (2014). "Linnaeus and the Four Corners of the World".

6185: 5963: 5923: 5730: 5658: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5449: 5383: 5373: 5345: 5332: 5147: 5111: 5092:), they should thus not be allowed to procreate and pass on their genes or 5061: 5011: 4959: 4827: 4799: 4795: 4769: 4765: 4735: 4676: 4474: 4401: 4286: 4230:

of its inhabitants. He was an important influence of the American eugenist

4204: 4174: 4035: 3922: 3860: 3808: 3356: 3132: 3094: 3090: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2616: 2609: 2586: 2417: 2393: 2102: 1981: 1801: 1768: 1748: 1672: 1662: 1642: 1622: 1250: 1148: 1143: 871: 846: 702: 642: 607: 577: 261: 9031: 8712: 6626:

Rachel N. Hastings (2008), "Black Eyez: Memoirs of a Revolutionary", p. 17

6378:

Europæus albesc, Americanus rubesc, Asiaticus fuscus, & Africanus nigr

4916:

and racial hygiene. As a result of the institute's work, a law permitting

3686:(1851–1911) used the ratio of the width of a nose to its height to divide 3439: 12557: 12318: 12044: 12034: 11902: 11852: 11544: 11511: 11089: 11069: 10291:"'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund" 10258:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994. Accessed October 21, 2007. 7388:

Prehistoric Past Revealed: The Four Billion Year History of Life on Earth

7198:

Images of Savages: Ancients Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture

7113:

Images of Savages: Ancients Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture

5403: 5105: 4839:

research results portrayed all minority groups very negatively. In 1908,

4774: 4688: 4486: 4329: 4271: 4258: 3962: 3934: 3838: 3826: 3800: 3769: 3749: 3553: 3519: 3428: 3404: 2966: 2918: 2864: 2503: 2491: 2401: 1996: 1956: 1924: 1783: 1743: 1577: 1490: 1441: 1416: 1316: 1001: 724: 707: 662: 582: 251: 30:"Racial biology" redirects here. For the biological concept of race, see 9966: 7706:"The passing of the great race, or the racial basis of european history" 6571: 4047: 12797: 12627: 12607: 12602: 12490: 12485: 12460: 12455: 12345: 12280: 12211: 12086: 12054: 11994: 11791: 11440: 11094: 11084: 11021: 10455:

The funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

10316:

The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture

10096: 10033: 9886: 9369: 8885:

The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

8694: 8548: 7828: 7452:

Michael, J.S. (1988). "A New Look at Morton's Craniological Research".

7335: 7318: 6563: 6338: 5945: 5618: 5505:

On June 17, 2020, Elsevier announced it was retracting an article that

5291: 5069: 5043: 5015: 5000: 4951: 4819: 4779: 4749: 4744: 4114: 4085: 4067: 4063: 3877: 3822: 3765: 3715: 3577: 3549: 3536: 3434: 3332: 3324: 3311: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3125: 3086: 3042: 2989: 2756: 2693: 2628: 2528: 2524: 2476:, that are unsupported by available evidence. Publications such as the 2424: 2278: 2273: 2154: 2149: 2045: 2021: 1870: 1763: 1721: 1677: 1485: 1473: 1446: 1436: 1356: 751: 746: 717: 652: 493: 10485:. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 261–283. 9128:"Racism is creeping back into mainstream science – we have to stop it" 6870:"Thomas Jefferson: Founding Father of Science | RealClearScience" 4579:

Although scientific racism played a role in justifying and supporting

12682: 12500: 12450: 12418: 12393: 12258: 12064: 12039: 12004: 11806: 11749: 11604: 11539: 11044: 10829: 10431: 8863:(1st St. Martin's Griffin ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 39. 7613: 5628: 5096:. Although they were still regarded as "Aryan", Nazi ideology deemed 5031: 4790:

Scientific racism continued through the early 20th century, and soon

4542: 4197: 3869: 3865: 3788: 3780: 3761: 3733: 3581: 3552:, which published his works in German. They played a key role in the 3487: 3408: 3396: 3340: 3328: 3113: 2907: 2896: 2847:

were mythologic humans which did not appear in the first editions of

2499: 2179: 2127: 1828: 1421: 527: 10206:

Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels With Science

10088: 9353: 7963:

Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History

6764:

The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture

6088:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–306. 5022:

consolidated their institutional power. After the war, discovery of

3299:(1751–1819) was an American Presbyterian minister and author of the 3175: 12440: 11999: 11974: 11922: 11882: 11801: 11574: 10600:

Race in a Godless World: Atheism, Race, and Civilization, 1850–1914

10394:

and the Question of "Race" in Science after the Second World War".

9736:

Stanford Center for Computational, Evolutionary, and Human Genomics

9231: 7465: 7294:

Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought

6176: 6159: 5126: 5093: 5049: 5014:, Nazi racialist beliefs became anathema in the United States, and 4955: 4925: 4913: 4803: 4668: 4661: 4593: 4384: 4333: 4152: 4093: 4043: 3941: 3757: 2951: 2899: 2495: 2386: 2144: 1966: 1885: 1530: 1456: 1361: 1321: 682: 677: 672: 597: 592: 537: 9340:

Powledge, Tabitha M. (1996). "Genetics and the Control of Crime".

8789:

Race, Law, and Culture: Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education

7539:

Imperial Impersonations: Chilean Racism and the War of the Pacific

4598: 3447:" and "Negro" features in contrast to the higher "Anglo-Teutonic". 2627:, physicist, and inventor. Boyle believed in what today is called 12587: 12520: 12430: 12383: 12350: 11534: 10728:

Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums

10713:

Purves D; Augustine GJ; Fitzpatrick D; et al., eds. (2001).

10712: 10680: 10483:

Defining difference: Race and Racism in the History of Psychology

9793:"Elsevier journal to retract 2012 paper widely derided as racist" 8966: 8464:

About Face: German Physiognomic Thought from Lavater to Auschwitz

7170: 7004:

The Animal Kingdom: Arranged in Conformity with its Organization,

5553: 5304: 4909: 4465:

prompted studies of ostensible physiological differences between

4275:(Ashkenazi Jewishness) by turning to contemporary racial theory. 4237: 4051: 4039: 4011: 3958: 3888: 3784: 3464: 3400: 3207: 3164: 3117: 3098: 3045:, the idea that different races had been created separately. His 2892: 2651:

in physics were also extended by Robert Boyle into discourses of

2636: 2624: 2585:

The qualities which he attributed to each race were not strictly

602: 498: 478: 453: 428: 351: 12687: 11690: 9738:. The New York Times Book Review. August 8, 2014. Archived from 6675:, A forum for natural history. The Linnean Special Issue No. 8. 5746:"Human races are not like dog breeds: refuting a racist analogy" 5255:

arguments about the "need" for racial segregation—especially in

4379: 4305: 4084:(1854), claiming that Morton's findings supported the notion of 12495: 10912: 10348:

Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe

9980:"ASHG Denounces Attempts to Link Genetics and Racial Supremacy" 9058:. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press. 8643:

Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics against Human Dignity

8440: 8388: 7871:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 66–67. 7869:

The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race

6896:"A Brave Old World: An Analysis of Scientific Racism and BiDil" 5813:

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology

5705:"A brave old world: an analysis of scientific racism and BiDil" 5549: 5420:

Other prominent modern proponents of scientific racism include

5252: 5205: 4193: 3966: 3821:

in Germany, and the "French race" being a branch of the basal "

3702: 3557: 3392: 3210:

of the Negro, and came to the conclusion that Negroes were all

3102: 3058: 2594: 2560: 2440: 1582: 587: 483: 463: 458: 408: 99: 7610:

La Force du préjugé – Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles

7598:

La couleur et le sang – Doctrines racistes à la française

5918:(pp. 346–361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. 5108:, suitable for expulsion, enslavement, or even extermination. 3740:

Negroes were savages and that whites were the most civilised.

12069: 11549: 8137:

Franco, J.N. (1985). "Intelligence tests and social policy".

8107: 7894: 7651: 7165: 5916:

How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society

5215:

was particularly vocal in denouncing Coon, especially in his

5145:, were upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 5097: 4996: 4558:

Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa

4537:

Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa

4470: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4162: 3691: 3674: 3391:

The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient

3229: 3225: 3218: 2922: 2346: 1592: 413: 8639:"Conclusion: Anthropology and the Peculiarities of the East" 6283:

French introduction by France Bhattacharya to an edition of

6215: 6213: 6108: 5007:

to push its restrictive and discriminatory social policies.

4226:. Ripley even made a map of Europe according to the alleged 3159:

and a physician, proposed that being black was a hereditary

9871:"How race becomes biology: Embodiment of social inequality" 8258:. Nobel Museum Occasional Papers. p. 4. Archived from 8043:

Davis, Bernard (1983). "Neo-Lysenkoism, IQ and the Press".

5603: 5537: 5357:

One such post-World War II scientific racism researcher is

5154:

Scientific racism was also used as a justification for the

4201: 3531:

these puerilities and compare together not men, but groups.

3137: 3054: 2350: 2226: 2055: 8546:[Women Who May Not Be Allowed to become Mothers]. 5927: 5857:"Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?" 5743: 4834:

Early intelligence testing and the Immigration Act of 1924

4332:), a generic, racial-stock descriptor, which the American 3415:

of nature, and out of it all came their high civilization.

2996:, non-biological features, such as customs or traditions. 2666:(1688–1732) was an English naturalist. In his book titled 2566:

The third race consisted of the east- and northeast Asians

10881: 10535:

Race, Racism, and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History

10155:

Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality

9441: 8848: 7050:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

6210: 5548:. It also indicates that the idea of "races" is based on 5141:

programs. Such programs, promoted by eugenicists such as

5055:

Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring

3682:

As an exponent of "race science", colonial administrator

3233:

sick people in ovens, then making them roll in the snow.

2934: 2851:

The sub-species included: the "four-footed, mute, hairy"

10428:

La Force du préjugé. Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles

10273:

Race, Racism, and Science: Social Impact and Interaction

8685:. Die Naturwissenschaften. Vol. 68. New Brunswick: 8437:

Race and Soul: An Introduction to the Contemporary World

7390:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 43. 7343: 6376:

Initially, Linnaeus had only described four categories:

6008:

Race in the American South: From Slavery to Civil Rights

5930:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics" 5413:

publisher and he was dismissed from his position at the

3832: 3514:

white supremacist American pro-slavery thinkers such as

2392:

Scientific racism misapplies, misconstrues, or distorts

9429:

The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications

6991:

Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux

6389:

Linnaeus did not use the term "race". He used the term

5409:

The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications

4908:

in 1921. By 1922 the institute was built and opened in

4699:. He was also the first to study human differences and 4222:(1899), a book which had a large influence on American 3912:, hence a large skull denoted a large brain, thus high 3764:

and events. Such institutional racism was effected via

3748:

At the 19th century's end, scientific racism conflated

8408:

Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940

7486: 5795:"How Scientific Taxonomy Constructed the Myth of Race" 5287:

which desegregated the American public school system.

5171:

The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

5053:

showed conflict in nature in order to legitimize the

3467:

and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the

10546:(9th ed.). Belmont CA: Thomson Higher Education. 10489: 8904:. New York: New York University Press. p. 148–. 8069: 5236:

decision—which upheld the constitutional legality of

4898:

in 1905—a Swedish society was founded in 1909 as the

4147:

used to classify various human races was invented by

2552:

In the essay, he distinguished four different races:

10688:"Race Science: When Racial Categories Make No Sense" 10228:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 171. 8791:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 55, 59. 8556: 8511:"The Nature of Science and the Nature of Philosophy" 7355: 7097:

Parerga and Paralipomena: Short Philosophical Essays

7040: 6665:

The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries after his birth

6320: 4412:(mania of the runaway slave) derives from the Greek 4289:", which later prominently featured in the works of 3743: 3635:

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

3471:

Southern United States, by writers such as the Rev.

3435:

Racial theories in physical anthropology (1850–1918)

10721:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 8610:

Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web

6024:. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 4794:became a new source for racial comparisons. Before 4756:(1866–1944) was briefly involved in the review. In 4703:with statistical methods. He introduced the use of 4322:Joseph Deniker's contribution to racist theory was 4214:Vacher de Lapouge's classification was mirrored in 3803:theory, thereby developing the first conception of 3714:(1834–1919) put forward a doctrine of evolutionary 10860:"How Can We Curb the Spread of Scientific Racism?" 10570: 10359: 10063: 9615:"Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans" 8732: 8730: 7832: 7006:Translated from the French by H.M. Murtrie, p. 50. 5892:Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences 3795:(1854–1936) who proposed "anthroposociology"; and 3718:based on the ideas of the linguist and polygenist 2523:(an era from the 1650s to the 1780s), concepts of 11600:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 10830:Institute for the study of academic racism (ISAR) 10798:from the National Human Genome Research Institute 8814:"Scientific Racism and North American Psychology" 8433:Rasse und Seele: Eine Einführung in die Gegenwart 7965:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 66. 7960: 7925: 6256:31, París, Éditions de l'EHESSS, 2013, pp. 53–78. 4719:, the science of measuring mental faculties, and 3690:into Aryan and Dravidian races, as well as seven 3101:; and that the Chinese had fairer skins than the 2190:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 12859: 10701:Race, Evolution and the Science of Human Origins 7928:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 7787:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 42. 7666: 6827: 6083: 5979:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 5971:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 5624:History of the race and intelligence controversy 5194:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 5104:, etc.) to be racially inferior to the Germanic 5026:and Nazi abuses of scientific research (such as 4798:(1939–45), scientific racism remained common to 4541:Scientific racism played a role in establishing 4436:, 'madness, frenzy'). Cartwright also described 4006:(1859), found the same pattern of measures—that 3269:", Jefferson described black people as follows: 9026:, Columbia University Press, January 31, 2014, 8899: 8727: 8683:The Structure & Measurement of Intelligence 8197: 7415:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 73–75. 7385: 7189: 7187: 6360: 6358: 4400:(1793–1863) wrote of slave escape attempts as " 1834:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 10270: 10264:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 9422: 9420: 9304: 8736: 8042: 7753:"Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race" 7373: 7209: 7015: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6697:Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race 6364: 6305: 6060:"Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue" 5831: 5829: 5513:had published in 2012 in the Elsevier journal 5217:Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race 5068:social policies placed the improvement of the 4785: 3787:, was displayed as the "Missing Link", in the 3548:Gobineau's works were also influential to the 2979:Man's Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race 1310:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11731:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 11706: 10897: 10271:Jackson, John P.; Weidman, Nadine M. (2005). 10209:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 9262:"Outstanding Synthesis of Current Work on IQ" 9086: 8786: 8669: 8024: 7866: 7765: 7451: 7434: 7432: 6699:. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 69. 4899: 4380:Justification of slavery in the United States 4357: 3776:, were displayed between apes and white men. 3506:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 2315: 312: 10796:Fact Sheet on Eugenics and Scientific Racism 10541: 10103:Detterman, Douglas K. 2006. "Intelligence". 9125: 8900:Jackson, John; McCarthy, John P. Jr (2005). 8679:"Intelligence: The Development of a Concept" 8136: 8030: 8007: 7890: 7888: 7736:Alexander Thomas and Samuell Sillen (1972). 7541:, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 7410: 7184: 6662:Mary J. Morris & Leonie Berwick (2008), 6355: 5908: 5850: 5848: 5792: 4975: 4963: 4635: 4344: 4323: 4156: 4090:modern human multiregional origin hypothesis 4057: 3917:interpretations of the bible indicated that 3723: 3540: 3224:Meiners wrote that the noblest race was the 2764: 2668:Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature 10651: 10562:The Science and Politics of Racial Research 10266:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 10254:The Science and Politics of Racial Research 10195: 9848:Nachrichten Informationsdienst Wissenschaft 9417: 8983:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society 8895: 8893: 8887:, University of Illinois Press, 2002, p. 2. 8488:Von Seele und Antlitz der Rassen und Völker 8344: 8342: 8080: 7827: 7600:("Colour and Blood – Racist doctrines 6739: 6691: 6689: 6393:, as can be seen in Systema naturae, p. 34. 6266: 6264: 6262: 6201: 6199: 5826: 5364:The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability 5196:from 1930 to 1961. Coon was a proponent of 4970:("Racial Science of the German People") by 4300: 4080:(1809–1857), extended Dr Morton's ideas in 1526:List of people killed for being transgender 11713: 11699: 10904: 10890: 10131: 9932: 8818:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology 8757:(Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 9–10. 8515:Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference 8248: 7780: 7429: 7266: 7241: 6830:Race and Racialization: Essential Readings 6823: 6821: 6819: 6629: 5634:Institute for the Study of Academic Racism 4530: 4261:. At the same time, several Jews, such as 2322: 2308: 319: 305: 12839:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 12780:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 11570:Interminority racism in the United States 10875:—The Asian/Pacific/American Institute at 10550: 10138:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 10006: 9875:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9708: 9649: 9585: 9400: 9140: 9102: 9054:Sussman, Robert Wald (January 31, 2014). 8541: 8297: 7885: 7839:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7823: 7821: 7819: 7721: 7514: 7504: 7445: 7349: 7334: 7291: 7130:"The Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist" 7069: 6911: 6323:The Cultural Politics of Blood, 1500–1900 6248: 6246: 6244: 6175: 6004:Cultural studies: a critical introduction 5953: 5934:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5845: 5793:Kenyon-Flatt, Britanny (March 19, 2021). 5761: 5720: 4772:. In 1939 he wrote a contribution to the 4072:Samuel Morton's followers, especially Dr 3641:The historian Richard Hofstadter wrote: 2514: 27:Pseudoscientific justification for racism 10532: 10422: 10389: 10362:Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis 10342: 10288: 10152: 10107:DVD. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. 9339: 9285: 8936: 8924: 8890: 8782: 8780: 8604: 8544:"Frauen, die nicht Mutter werden dürfen" 8339: 8283: 7996: 7954: 7895:Slater, David; Taylor, Peter J. (1999). 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7835:Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa 7638: 7636: 7624: 7622: 7550: 7296:. Temple University Press. p. 184. 7177:, "Aryan" became, partly because of the 7123: 7121: 6686: 6679:, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. 6259: 6196: 5462: 5125: 4941: 4877: 4597: 4383: 4304: 4245:Furthermore, according to John Efron of 4236: 4124: 4046:of Spain, who descended ultimately from 4010:reported—by weighing specimen brains at 3940: 3887: 3846: 3825:" extant for millennia, to advocate for 3701: 3673: 3595: 3567: 3503:(1816–1882), is best known for his book 3486: 3438: 3374: 3310: 3291: 3174: 3068: 3064: 3020: 3003: 2771:Voyage to the South Pole, and in Oceania 2755: 2677: 2615:An early scientist who studied race was 2604: 2423:During the 20th century, anthropologist 618:Social determinants of health in poverty 12744:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 10802:The Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist 10564:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 10476: 10354: 10117:. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. 10061: 10057:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 9959:The Journal of African American History 9868: 9822:Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology 9790: 9448:Science, Technology, & Human Values 9053: 8811: 8405: 8373: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8160: 7703: 7413:Human Evolution: A Guide to the Debates 7316: 6816: 6710:Natural History, General and Particular 6481: 6404:"Race: Social Concept, Biological Idea" 4450:, it became a political weapon against 4442:, called "rascality" by overseers. The 3900:In the 19th century, an early American 3883: 3047:Account of the Regular Gradation in Man 14: 12860: 11642:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 10810:Race: The Reality of Human Differences 10725: 10635:The University of South Carolina Press 10628: 10559: 10448: 10366:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10322: 10153:Ewen, Stuart; Ewen, Elizabeth (2007). 10074: 10052: 9987:The American Journal of Human Genetics 9961:, vol. 94, no. 1, , 2009, pp. 101–03, 9732:"Letters: "A Troublesome Inheritance"" 9720:from the original on November 4, 2021. 9529: 9198: 9155: 9143:"Is 'Race Science' Making A Comeback?" 8980: 8860:Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined 8826:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.516 8636: 8410:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 150. 8200:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8174:"En meningslös sortering av människor" 8074: 8036: 7816: 7807: 6977: 6893: 6760: 6733: 6241: 6205: 6157: 6086:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence 6057: 5889: 5702: 5515:Personality and Individual Differences 4752:and statistical analysis of heredity. 4522:from 1869 to 1906, published the book 3768:, telling character from physiognomy; 3669: 3370: 3079:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 3051:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 2917:), or humanoid creatures, such as the 2895:giant; the Dwarf of the Alps; and the 2349:is divided into biologically distinct 11694: 10885: 10769: 10744: 10568: 10313: 10261: 10223: 10171: 10110: 9907: 9564: 9426: 9382: 9217: 9158:American Educational Research Journal 9022:"9. Challenges to the Race Concept", 8959: 8777: 8562: 8505: 8430: 8139:Journal of Counseling and Development 8019: 7853: 7660: 7633: 7628: 7619: 7580: 7568: 7361: 7127: 7118: 6810: 6789:Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader, 6635: 6614: 6109:Diana Smay, George Armelagos (2000). 5854: 5835: 5198:multiregional origin of modern humans 4818:in Europe and the United States. The 4687:. Galton, a statistician, introduced 4172:" (Teutonic, Protestant, etc.), the " 3833:Craniometry and physical anthropology 3829:borders parallel to the racial ones. 3482: 3419: 3081:(1707–1788) and the German anatomist 2559:The second race consisted of the sub- 11665: 10864:Superior: The Return of Race Science 10748:Superior: The Return of Race Science 10715:"Box D. Brain Size and Intelligence" 10613: 10370: 10284:. New York: Oxford University Press. 10279: 9671: 9661:from the original on April 17, 2021. 9612: 9496: 8962:"Interview: George Lincoln Rockwell" 8457: 8157: 8063: 7985: 7808:Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate (1905). 7244:Social Darwinism in American Thought 6934:Paul Finkelman (November 12, 2012). 6636:Gould, Stephen Jay (November 1994). 6549: 6285:Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol 5544:that match with conventional racial 5351:Superior: The Return of Race Science 4802:, and was used as justification for 4109:(1871), Charles Darwin proposed the 4002:In 1873, Paul Broca, founder of the 3539:" to describe the Germanic peoples ( 3170: 3157:Founding Father of the United States 2766:Voyage au pole sud et dans l'Océanie 2707: 1332:Capital punishment for homosexuality 623:Social determinants of mental health 11055:Discrimination based on nationality 10816:RaceSci: History of Race in Science 10542:Shultz, D.P.; Shultz, S.E. (2008). 10492:"Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns" 10375:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9011:. France: UNESCO publication. 1950. 8812:Winston, Andrew S. (May 29, 2020). 8568:"Ethnic Revival and Racist Anxiety" 8385:Racial Science of the German People 7812:. New York: Duffield & Company. 7742:. New York: Carol Publishing Group. 7269:Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution 5975:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism" 5883: 5821:A History of Anthropological Theory 5703:Garros, Joel Z. (January 9, 2006). 4748:scientific journal, which promoted 4017: 3876:(1772–1844) and the anthropologist 3799:(1744–1803), who applied "race" to 3241: 2535: 1452:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 12793:James Randi Educational Foundation 10844:"Race, Science, and Social Policy" 10592: 9090:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 8322:"Kapitel 3: Rasbiologin i Sverige" 8284:Ericsson, Martin (June 30, 2020). 8151:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1985.tb01101.x 7246:. Beacon Press. pp. 172–173. 7161:The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus 6848:Journal of the American Revolution 6058:Gannon, Megan (February 5, 2016). 5894:. SAGE Publications. p. 779. 5587:American Society of Human Genetics 4906:State Institute for Racial Biology 4884:State Institute for Racial Biology 4354:State Institute for Racial Biology 3710:Like most of Darwin's supporters, 3620:, uses the general terminology of 2992:and erroneous for having included 2658: 25: 12904: 12888:Race and intelligence controversy 11720: 10789: 10157:. New York: Seven Stories Press. 10070:. New York: Weybright and Talley. 9126:Angela Saini (January 22, 2018). 7319:"Sexual selection as race making" 6022:Racism: A Very Short Introduction 5750:Evolution: Education and Outreach 5118:(IQ) testing for being "Jewish". 4896:German Society for Racial Hygiene 4646:German Society for Racial Hygiene 3744:Nationalism of Lapouge and Herder 3591: 3499:The French aristocrat and writer 3346:Regarding Negroes, Cuvier wrote: 3306: 3236: 3200:The Outline of History of Mankind 2957:In a 2008 essay published by the 12190:Strauss–Howe generational theory 12168:Moon landing conspiracy theories 11965:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 11674: 11664: 11655: 11654: 10252:"Scientific Racism: A Review of 10224:Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). 10036:From "race science" to the camps 9972: 9951: 9926: 9901: 9862: 9836: 9810: 9784: 9754: 9724: 9665: 9606: 9587:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2008.00296.x 9558: 9523: 9490: 9435: 9427:Brand, Christopher (1996). "3". 9376: 9333: 9298: 9279: 9254: 9211: 9192: 9149: 9134: 9119: 9080: 9047: 9015: 8999: 8974: 8953: 8930: 8918: 8877: 8842: 8805: 8760: 8742: 8663: 8630: 8598: 8535: 8499: 8451: 8431:Clauß, Ludwig Ferdinand (1926). 8424: 8399: 8380:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes 8367: 8314: 8277: 8242: 8191: 8130: 8101: 8013: 8001: 7990: 7979: 7919: 7616:, La Découverte, 1987, 644 pages 5121: 5030:'s ethical violations and other 4966:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes 4901:Svenska sällskapet för rashygien 4671:—what philosopher and historian 4648:in 1905. The movement advocated 4448:American Statistical Association 4133:'s European cephalic index map, 4004:Anthropological Society of Paris 3697: 3495:by the Comtesse de la Tour, 1876 3147: 3029: 2883:); the agile, but faint-hearted 2712: 2703: 1945:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1774:Law for Protection of the Nation 1668:White genocide conspiracy theory 350: 12818:The Natural History of Quackery 12760:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 11675: 10774:. University of Vermont Press. 10652:Fredrickson, George M. (2002). 10181:. New York: W W Norton and Co. 10026: 9850:(in German). September 10, 2019 9791:Sapunar, Leto (June 17, 2020). 8290:Scandinavian Journal of History 7801: 7781:Washington, Harriet A. (2008). 7774: 7745: 7730: 7697: 7586: 7574: 7562: 7558:(in Spanish), Editorial Chilena 7544: 7531: 7480: 7404: 7379: 7367: 7310: 7285: 7260: 7235: 7215: 7203: 7153: 7144: 7102: 7086: 7034: 7021: 7009: 6996: 6983: 6971: 6962: 6945: 6928: 6887: 6862: 6836: 6804: 6794: 6781: 6727: 6715: 6702: 6656: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6543: 6518: 6493: 6475: 6462: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6416:diurnus, varians cultura, loco: 6408: 6396: 6383: 6370: 6314: 6299: 6290: 6277: 6222: 6151: 6102: 6077: 6051: 6038: 6013: 5809:The Social Science Encyclopedia 5182:An influential publication was 4931: 4359:Statens Institut för Rasbiologi 4151:(1854–1936), a theoretician of 3610:Darwin's influential 1859 book 3085:(1752–1840) were proponents of 2973:". However, the anthropologist 2906:(1763), Linnaeus presented the 2600: 1779:MSM blood donation restrictions 1521:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 11560:Go back to where you came from 10849:Race: The Power of an Illusion 10658:. Princeton University Press. 10544:A History of Modern Psychology 8087:. W. W. Norton & Company. 7762:, Volume XI, New Orleans, 1851 6957:Notes on the State of Virginia 6414:Linnaeus used the Latin term: 5992: 5855:Kurtz, Paul (September 2004). 5801: 5786: 5737: 5696: 5226:In the late 19th century, the 4974:(first published in 1922) and 4946:Nazi poster promoting eugenics 4309:Madison Grant, creator of the 3874:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 3535:Gobineau later used the term " 3267:Notes on the State of Virginia 2999: 2698:Sketches on the History of Man 2509: 1792:(as religious or racial quota) 216:Race and ethnicity in censuses 13: 1: 10873:Timeline of Scientific Racism 10673:Scientific racism, history of 10614:Ball, Philip (June 9, 2021). 10598:Alexander, Nathan G. (2019). 10551:Trautmann, Thomas R. (1997), 9869:Gravlee, Clarence C. (2009). 9220:American Journal of Education 9064:10.4159/harvard.9780674736160 8985:. Sage. pp. 1096, 1098. 8939:"The Psychology of the Negro" 8937:Ferguson, G.O. (April 1916). 8470:. pp. 273–332, 393–396. 8299:10.1080/03468755.2020.1778520 7901:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 7760:– Southern and Western States 7317:Sheldon, Myrna Perez (2021). 7292:Bannister, Robert C. (1979). 7267:Himmelfarb, Gertrude (1959). 7128:Price, R.G. (June 24, 2006). 7041:Tiedemann, Friedrich (1836). 6844:"Thomas Jefferson, Scientist" 6230:"A New Division of the Earth" 6019: 5690: 5664:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 5392:) and a defender of Jensen's 5389:Race, Evolution, and Behavior 5361:. His most prominent work is 5315:International bodies such as 5262: 5003:scientific rhetoric based on 4938:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 4764:. Davenport was connected to 4715:studies. Galton also founded 4619:The Passing of the Great Race 4373:The Passing of the Great Race 4343:race name, he transliterated 4120: 3331:, influenced both scientific 2763:, or Patagonian giants, from 2673: 2569:The fourth race consisted of 2361:exists to support or justify 2222:Second-generation gender bias 1930:Constitutional colorblindness 613:Social determinants of health 69:Biblical terminology for race 12825:The Psychology of the Occult 12080:Traditional Chinese medicine 11955:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 11812:Superseded scientific theory 10730:. Harvard University Press. 10460:University of Illinois Press 10062:Biddiss, Michael D. (1970). 9993:(5): 636. November 1, 2018. 9933:Washington, Harriet (2007). 9844:"'Human races' do not exist" 9532:European Sociological Review 9499:IQ and the wealth of nations 9207:: 250–254 – via JSTOR. 8468:Wayne State University Press 7506:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001071 7242:Hofstadter, Richard (1992). 6708:Buffon, trans. Barr, (1807) 5817:The myth of the noble savage 5488:IQ and the Wealth of Nations 5481:IQ and the Wealth of Nations 5444:series, used arguments from 5267:By 1954, 58 years after the 4890:and was closed down in 1958. 4634:(1860–1940) coined the term 4432: 4420: 4317: 4030:argued for the existence of 3563: 2933:, incorrectly identified as 2735:or discuss the issue on the 2619:(1627–1691), an Anglo-Irish 7: 12893:Social problems in medicine 12436:Electronic voice phenomenon 12293:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 12153:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 10770:Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). 10629:Condit, Celeste M. (2010). 10396:Journal of American Studies 10275:. Rutgers University Press. 10262:Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). 9141:Jess Kung (July 10, 2019). 6936:"The Monster of Monticello" 6695:Montagu, A. (2001 edition) 6484:"Taxonomy for Human Beings" 6158:Rotimi, Charles N. (2004). 5998:Cf. Patricia Hill Collins, 5890:Kaldis, Byron, ed. (2013). 5596: 5284:Brown v. Board of Education 5247:Brown v. Board of Education 5234:United States Supreme Court 5156:Emergency Quota Act of 1921 5102:Poles, Russians, Ukrainians 4786:Interbellum to World War II 4701:inheritance of intelligence 4656:, and a close alignment of 4587: 4518:, a prominent geologist at 4461:(1861–1865), the matter of 3933:, his claims were based on 3904:, physician and polygenist 3650:According to the historian 3073:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 2453:human evolutionary genetics 2133:Medical model of disability 1977:Hate speech laws by country 10: 12909: 12832:The Ragged Edge of Science 12563:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 12506:Pseudoscientific metrology 12030:Miracle Mineral Supplement 10911: 10822:February 11, 2021, at the 10726:Redman, Samuel J. (2016). 10289:Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). 10077:Journal of Negro Education 9999:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.011 9681:Population and Environment 9622:Population and Environment 9460:10.1177/016224399802300202 9307:Population and Environment 9113:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.328 8960:Haley, Alex (April 1966). 8737:Jackson & Weidman 2005 8519:Princeton University Press 8326:Forum för levande historia 8124:10.1037/0003-066x.38.9.986 8070:American Psychologist 1996 7961:Stoler, Ann Laura (2006). 7940:10.1177/096100068601800102 7374:Jackson & Weidman 2005 7210:Jackson & Weidman 2005 7016:Jackson & Weidman 2005 6900:McGill Journal of Medicine 6365:Jackson & Weidman 2005 5709:McGill Journal of Medicine 5639:Italian Fascism and racism 4935: 4697:regression toward the mean 4626:movement embraced Grant's 4591: 4534: 4426: 4414: 4186:, etc.), and finally the " 4158:L'Aryen et son rôle social 4061: 3836: 3251:McGill Journal of Medicine 2727:towards certain viewpoints 2647:about color and light via 2414:classify human populations 2242:Social model of disability 668:Discrimination against men 36: 29: 12752: 12716: 12543: 12446:Facilitated communication 12376: 12306: 12110: 11845: 11832: 11737: 11728: 11650: 11527: 11360: 11128: 11030: 10919: 10836:January 17, 2022, at the 10569:Walsh, Judith E. (2011), 10511:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77 10408:10.1017/S0021875807003477 10318:. Westport CT: Greenwood. 10132:Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). 9170:10.3102/00028312005001001 8857:, eds. (March 14, 1997). 8458:Gray, Richard T. (2004). 8249:Ambrosiani, Aron (2009). 7683:10.1007/s10835-005-4358-7 7644:Review of John M. Efron, 6828:Das Gupta, Tania (2007). 6677:Linnean Society of London 6118:Transforming Anthropology 5763:10.1186/s12052-019-0109-y 5614:Environmental determinism 5526:German Zoological Society 5499:A Troublesome Inheritance 5251:(1954) decision rejected 5223:as late as in the 1970s. 5139:involuntary sterilization 4873: 4444:1840 United States Census 4269:also attempted to define 4149:Georges Vacher de Lapouge 4096:challenged the Christian 4058:Monogenism and polygenism 3793:Georges Vacher de Lapouge 3453:scientific classification 3186:(1747–1810) was a German 2959:Linnean Society of London 2861:Juvenis lupinus hessensis 2797:(1767), he labeled five " 2365:, racial inferiority, or 1573:Opposition to immigration 464:Race / Ethnicity 257:Nakedness and colonialism 12846:The Skeptic's Dictionary 12404:Biological transmutation 12324:Faster-than-light travel 12298:Enneagram of Personality 12264:Recovered-memory therapy 12148:9/11 conspiracy theories 10573:A Brief History of India 10553:Aryans and British India 10481:. In Winston, A. (ed.). 10350:. New York: Basic Books. 10314:Mintz, Frank P. (1985). 9912:(1st ed.). Polity. 9908:Marks, Jonathan (2017). 9444:Cunningham-Burley, Sarah 8578:Harvard University Press 8178:Forskning & Framsteg 8031:Shultz & Shultz 2008 8008:Shultz & Shultz 2008 7386:Palmer, Douglas (2006). 7132:. rationalrevolution.net 6894:Garrod, Joel Z. (2006). 6874:www.realclearscience.com 6761:Harris, Marvin (2001) . 6331:10.1057/9781137338211_10 6272:History Workshop Journal 6130:10.1525/tran.2000.9.2.19 5585:A 2018 statement by the 4918:compulsory sterilization 4816:immigration restrictions 4808:compulsory sterilization 4758:Race Crossing in Jamaica 4742:(1860–1906) founded the 4654:compulsory sterilization 4644:(1895), and founded the 4301:Ideological applications 4155:, who published in 1899 4111:single-origin hypothesis 3756:'s concept of voluntary 3613:On the Origin of Species 3461:Western European culture 3407:, and the rulers of the 3363:One of Cuvier's pupils, 3360:separately as a result. 3323:(1769–1832), the French 1568:Occupational segregation 1337:Compulsory sterilization 12811:The Demon-Haunted World 12729:Bourgeois pseudoscience 12163:COVID-19 misinformation 12102:Young blood transfusion 11873:Anthroposophic medicine 11590:Psychometrics of racism 11040:Anti-miscegenation laws 10655:Racism: A Short History 10111:Efron, John M. (1994). 10053:Barkan, Elazar (1992). 9693:10.1023/a:1020704322510 9634:10.1023/a:1014572602343 9565:Morse, Stephen (2008). 9319:10.1023/a:1016335501805 9288:Behavior and Philosophy 8542:Rodenfels, H. (2007) . 7704:Lindsay, J. A. (1917). 7608:, 2002, 203 pages, and 7099:, Volume II, Section 92 6787:Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, 6306:Palmeri, Frank (2006). 5446:evolutionary psychology 5415:University of Edinburgh 5300:George Lincoln Rockwell 5240:under the doctrine of " 5160:Immigration Act of 1924 4855:Immigration Act of 1924 4824:crimes against humanity 4812:anti-miscegenation laws 4721:differential psychology 4531:South African apartheid 4439:dysaesthesia aethiopica 4388:Samuel Cartwright, M.D. 4281:(1852–1918) was one of 4100:espoused in the Bible. 3902:physical anthropologist 3797:Johann Gottfried Herder 3624:as an alternative for " 3383:The German philosopher 2118:Internalized oppression 1972:Fighting Discrimination 1962:Fat acceptance movement 1920:Anti-discrimination law 1546:Native American mascots 12643:Corentin Louis Kervran 12511:Rapid prompting method 12399:Biodynamic agriculture 12389:Aquatic ape hypothesis 12247:Historical negationism 11950:Doctrine of signatures 11817:True-believer syndrome 11555:Ethnic plastic surgery 11050:Biological determinism 10745:Saini, Angela (2019). 10537:. New York: Routledge. 10424:Taguieff, Pierre-André 10338:on September 24, 2005. 10328:"The Inequality Taboo" 10105:Microsoft Student 2007 9672:Hill, Mark E. (2002). 9613:Lynn, Richard (2002). 9497:Lynn, Richard (2002). 9402:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800226 8943:Archives of Psychology 8787:Sarat, Austin (1997). 8774:, 2015), pp. 190, 198. 8687:Transaction Publishers 8637:Mineau, André (2004). 8406:Maxwell, Anne (2010). 8212:10.1098/rsnr.2010.0009 7867:Füredi, Frank (1998). 7751:Samual A. Cartwright, 7071:10.1098/rstl.1836.0025 6681:Was Linnaeus a racist? 6638:"The Geometer of Race" 6526:"The Geometer of Race" 6287:(Paris: Fayard, 1981). 6020:Rattansi, Ali (2007). 5924:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26 5878:to affirmative action. 5684:Scientific imperialism 5609:Biological determinism 5471: 5134: 5089: 4982:Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß 4976: 4964: 4947: 4900: 4891: 4636: 4606: 4512: 4389: 4358: 4345: 4324: 4314: 4242: 4157: 4140: 3984:evolutionary biologist 3973: 3949:(1854), whose authors 3897: 3852: 3724: 3707: 3679: 3648: 3601: 3600:Charles Darwin in 1868 3573: 3541: 3533: 3496: 3448: 3417: 3380: 3353: 3316: 3289: 3276: 3198:". In his book titled 3180: 3077:The French naturalist 3074: 3026: 3012: 2904:Amoenitates academicae 2881:Wild-girl of Champagne 2777: 2775:Jules Dumont d'Urville 2765: 2690:Henry Home, Lord Kames 2685: 2683:Henry Home, Lord Kames 2612: 2515:Enlightenment thinkers 2237:Social identity threat 2210:Reverse discrimination 2200:Racial color blindness 1658:Violence against women 1638:Sex-selective abortion 12648:The Light (newspaper) 12633:William Donald Kelley 12526:Voice stress analysis 12158:Climate change denial 12097:Wind turbine syndrome 12092:Vertebral subluxation 11985:Germ theory denialism 11475:In Jewish communities 11453:Hispanic & Latino 10703:" by Allison Hopper, 10560:Tucker, W.H. (1994). 10533:Richards, G. (1997). 10499:American Psychologist 10280:Kühl, Stefan (1994). 10256:by William H. Tucker" 10178:The Mismeasure of Man 9383:Brand, Chris (2003). 9032:10.7312/yude16874-011 8855:Steinberg, Shirley R. 8111:American Psychologist 8084:The Mismeasure of Man 7739:Racism and Psychiatry 7594:Pierre-André Taguieff 7411:Regal, Brian (2004). 7159:A. J. Woodman, 2009, 6402:Gloria Ramon (2002), 5679:Race and intelligence 5466: 5274:In 1960, the journal 5129: 5116:intelligence quotient 5086:life unworthy of life 4980:("Race and Soul") by 4945: 4881: 4861:, after studying the 4859:Richard J. Herrnstein 4850:The Mismeasure of Man 4642:Racial Hygiene Basics 4601: 4592:Further information: 4507: 4483:George Robins Gliddon 4387: 4368:Ural-Altaic languages 4308: 4255:pathological hysteria 4240: 4128: 4062:Further information: 3979:The Mismeasure of Man 3955:George Robins Gliddon 3944: 3891: 3850: 3843:physical anthropology 3837:Further information: 3705: 3677: 3643: 3599: 3571: 3528: 3490: 3442: 3389: 3378: 3348: 3314: 3297:Samuel Stanhope Smith 3292:Samuel Stanhope Smith 3284: 3271: 3178: 3072: 3065:Buffon and Blumenbach 3024: 3007: 2944:Kenneth A. R. Kennedy 2859:); the animal-reared 2789:binomial nomenclature 2759: 2681: 2608: 2474:race and intelligence 2457:physical anthropology 2398:physical anthropology 2373:, is referred to as 2363:racial discrimination 2205:Religious intolerance 2165:Political correctness 1987:Intersex human rights 1935:Cultural assimilation 1603:Religious persecution 1367:Disability hate crime 1144:Jewish / Antisemitism 272:Social stratification 12638:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 12598:Ignatius L. Donnelly 12269:Past life regression 12128:Arabian Judah theory 12075:Traditional medicine 11868:Alternative medicine 11797:Pathological science 11565:Herrenvolk democracy 10477:Jackson, J. (2004). 10430:(in French). Paris: 9824:. September 10, 2019 9574:Geographical Journal 9544:10.1093/esr/19.4.411 9201:The Phi Delta Kappan 8671:Eysenck, Hans Jürgen 8649:. pp. 180–182. 8081:Gould, S.J. (1996). 7454:Current Anthropology 7438:David Hurst Thomas, 6482:Schiebinger, Londa. 6325:. pp. 191–209. 5867:on November 23, 2007 5580:adequate health care 5090:Lebensunwertes Leben 4863:Congressional Record 4792:intelligence testing 4728:Nazi racial policies 4581:institutional racism 4562:Carnegie Corporation 4491:Samuel George Morton 4424:, 'a runaway ') and 4398:Samuel A. Cartwright 4394:Atlantic slave trade 4209:Nazi racist ideology 3988:historian of science 3906:Samuel George Morton 3894:Samuel George Morton 3884:Samuel George Morton 3039:Great Chain of Being 2869:Juvenis hannoveranus 2688:The Scottish lawyer 2577:A product of French 2521:Age of Enlightenment 2406:evolutionary biology 1588:Political repression 573:Anti-left handedness 563:Anti-intellectualism 39:Critical race theory 12734:Demarcation problem 12568:Brigitte Boisselier 12197:Hollow Earth theory 12180:Generational theory 11878:Applied kinesiology 11585:Perpetual foreigner 10877:New York University 10706:Scientific American 10696:, October 27, 1995. 10332:Commentary Magazine 10250:Higgins, A.C. n.d. 8883:William H. Tucker, 8573:The Nazi Conscience 8507:Smith, Justin E. H. 8387:] (in German). 8375:Günther, Hans F. K. 8265:on January 16, 2017 8045:The Public Interest 8010:, pp. 233, 236 7710:The Eugenics Review 7062:1836RSPT..126..497T 6993:(Paris, 1798) p. 71 6505:The Linnean Society 6501:"Linnaeus and Race" 6422:13th edition, p. 29 6235:Journal des Scavans 6170:(11 Suppl): 43–47. 6064:Scientific American 5644:Italian racial laws 5561:social inequalities 5524:, published by the 5507:J. Philippe Rushton 5458:conspiracy theories 5442:Culture of Critique 5382:, president of the 5380:J. Philippe Rushton 5296:American Nazi Party 5221:John Lawrence Angel 5192:, president of the 5185:The Races of Europe 4740:Walter F. R. Weldon 4734:. In 1901, Galton, 4693:regression analysis 4457:At the time of the 4362:) and its director 4220:The Races of Europe 4136:The Races of Europe 3684:Herbert Hope Risley 3678:Herbert Hope Risley 3670:Herbert Hope Risley 3652:Gertrude Himmelfarb 3457:unilineal evolution 3385:Arthur Schopenhauer 3379:Arthur Schopenhauer 3371:Arthur Schopenhauer 3365:Friedrich Tiedemann 2915:Anthropomorphic man 2911:Homo anthropomorpha 2733:improve the article 2621:natural philosopher 2546:Journal des Savants 2337:, sometimes termed 2113:Historical eugenics 1628:Segregation academy 1608:Religious terrorism 1397:Enemy of the people 1305:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 808:Jehovah's Witnesses 693:Perpetual foreigner 64:Historical concepts 12804:Skeptical Inquirer 12703:Paul Joseph Watson 12678:Hans Alfred Nieper 12516:Statement analysis 12466:Intelligent design 12341:Reactionless drive 12175:Conversion therapy 12123:Ancient astronauts 12010:Leaky gut syndrome 11990:HIV/AIDS denialism 11745:Cargo cult science 11615:Racial integration 11595:Race and sexuality 11400:Japanese Americans 11120:Racial segregation 11110:Racial nationalism 10693:The Globe and Mail 10520:on August 16, 2010 10450:Tucker, William H. 10371:Sapp, Jan (1987). 10356:Proctor, Robert N. 10326:(September 2005). 10201:Levitt, Norman Jay 10173:Gould, Stephen Jay 9910:Is Science Racist? 9887:10.1002/ajpa.20983 9818:"Jenaer Erklärung" 9329:– via JSTOR. 8695:10.1007/bf00365371 8521:. pp. 10–15. 7654:Reviews, May 1996 7606:Mille et une nuits 7336:10.1017/bjt.2021.2 7228:The Descent of Man 7169:was originally an 6940:The New York Times 6670:2013-05-13 at the 6644:. pp. 65–69. 6564:10.1002/tax.581005 6228:François Bernier, 6139:on August 18, 2018 5973:(March 27, 2019). 5946:10.1002/ajpa.23120 5861:Skeptical Inquirer 5472: 5426:Richard Herrnstein 5269:Plessy v. Ferguson 5242:separate but equal 5238:racial segregation 5229:Plessy v. Ferguson 5135: 5057:by sterilization. 4948: 4892: 4768:before and during 4650:selective breeding 4607: 4605:in his later years 4573:racial segregation 4520:Harvard University 4459:American Civil War 4390: 4315: 4247:Indiana University 4243: 4189:Homo mediterraneus 4141: 4106:The Descent of Man 4024:War of the Pacific 3974: 3945:Illustration from 3898: 3855:The Dutch scholar 3853: 3805:ethnic nationalism 3730:out of Asia theory 3708: 3680: 3660:The Descent of Man 3602: 3574: 3542:la race germanique 3501:Arthur de Gobineau 3497: 3493:Arthur de Gobineau 3483:Arthur de Gobineau 3449: 3425:Franz Ignaz Pruner 3420:Franz Ignaz Pruner 3381: 3319:Racial studies by 3317: 3256:The New York Times 3181: 3075: 3027: 3013: 2778: 2692:(1696–1782) was a 2686: 2649:optical dispersion 2613: 2371:explanatory models 2367:racial superiority 2359:empirical evidence 2017:Social integration 2012:Self-determination 2002:Racial integration 1950:Diversity training 1940:Cultural pluralism 1915:Affirmative action 1807:Racial segregation 1717:Crime of apartheid 1613:Religious violence 1108:Indigenous people 489:Sexual orientation 12878:Pseudoarchaeology 12868:Scientific racism 12855: 12854: 12766:Cults of Unreason 12739:Scientific method 12668:Ministry of Ayush 12613:Nicholas Gonzalez 12539: 12538: 12476:Law of attraction 12456:Flat Earth theory 12336:Quantum mysticism 12276:Scientific racism 12232:Pseudoarchaeology 12138:Conspiracy theory 11836:characterized as 11780:Pseudomathematics 11770:Pseudoarchaeology 11688: 11687: 11436:African Americans 11383:Chinese Americans 11080:Ethnic stereotype 10665:978-0-691-00899-8 10577:, Facts On File, 10434:, La Découverte. 10392:Mankind Quarterly 10295:Albany Law Review 10216:978-0-8018-4766-0 10188:978-0-393-01489-1 10164:978-1-58322-776-3 9073:978-0-674-73616-0 9041:978-0-231-53799-5 9008:The Race Question 8927:, pp. 253–78 8870:978-0-312-17228-2 8851:Kincheloe, Joe L. 8835:978-0-19-023655-7 8689:. pp. 8–31. 8606:Nicholas, Lynn H. 7810:Man and the Earth 7583:, pp. 171–72 7552:Palacios, Nicolás 7442:, 2001, pp. 38–41 6850:. August 20, 2015 6832:. pp. 25–26. 6774:978-0-7591-1699-3 6712:, volume 4, p.191 6530:Discover Magazine 6348:978-1-349-46395-4 6310:. pp. 49–67. 6046:The Race Question 5669:Race and genetics 5576:Medical Apartheid 5565:Is Science Racist 5534:human populations 5530:genetic variation 5404:Christopher Brand 5321:The Race Question 5277:Mankind Quarterly 5143:Harry H. Laughlin 4754:Charles Davenport 4610:Stephen Jay Gould 4524:Man and the Earth 4503:Medical Apartheid 4479:Josiah Clark Nott 4283:William Z. Ripley 4251:male menstruation 4224:white supremacism 4216:William Z. Ripley 4143:One of the first 4131:William Z. Ripley 4038:: the indigenous 3991:Stephen Jay Gould 3951:Josiah Clark Nott 3921:had washed up on 3813:Civic nationalism 3720:August Schleicher 3580:evolutionist was 3572:Carl Vogt in 1870 3409:South Sea Islands 3280:Benjamin Banneker 3184:Christoph Meiners 3179:Christoph Meiners 3171:Christoph Meiners 3142:Ussher chronology 3083:Johann Blumenbach 2948:Stephen Jay Gould 2754: 2753: 2591:Cape of Good Hope 2479:Mankind Quarterly 2464:scientific racism 2449:The Race Question 2339:biological racism 2335:Scientific racism 2332: 2331: 2195:Racism by country 2123:Intersectionality 2108:Heteronormativity 1891:Voter suppression 1633:Sexual harassment 1432:Forced conversion 1352:Cultural genocide 1007:African Americans 818:post–Cold War era 803:Eastern Orthodoxy 558:Anti-drug addicts 553:Anti-homelessness 473:Scientific racism 329: 328: 120:Sociology of race 104:scientific racism 85:Color terminology 18:Biological racism 16:(Redirected from 12900: 12708:Andrew Wakefield 12409:Creation science 12368:Water-fueled car 12330:Perpetual motion 12252:Holocaust denial 12222:Nibiru cataclysm 12217:Nazi archaeology 12020:Macrobiotic diet 11843: 11842: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11692: 11691: 11678: 11677: 11668: 11667: 11658: 11657: 11512:Racial supremacy 11470:Jewish Americans 11448:Native Americans 11417:Zainichi Koreans 11405:Japanese Koreans 11388:Zainichi Chinese 11361:Racism by target 11138:Global apartheid 11130:Racism by region 11115:Racial profiling 11105:Racial hierarchy 10906: 10899: 10892: 10883: 10882: 10785: 10766: 10741: 10722: 10677:Encyclopedia.com 10669: 10648: 10625: 10587: 10576: 10565: 10556: 10547: 10538: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10519: 10513:. 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Archived from 9758: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9742:on June 20, 2020 9728: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9712: 9678: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9653: 9619: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9589: 9571: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9424: 9415: 9414: 9404: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9106: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9056:The Myth of Race 9051: 9045: 9044: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8897: 8888: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8849:Gresson, Aaron; 8846: 8840: 8839: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8784: 8775: 8772:Brill Publishers 8764: 8758: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8725: 8724: 8675:Fulker, David W. 8667: 8661: 8660: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8346: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8301: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8264: 8257: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8170: 8155: 8154: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8078: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7994: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7892: 7883: 7882: 7864: 7851: 7850: 7838: 7825: 7814: 7813: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7778: 7772: 7769: 7763: 7749: 7743: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7642:Richard Bodek. " 7640: 7631: 7626: 7617: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7548: 7542: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7518: 7508: 7499:(6): e1001071+. 7484: 7478: 7477: 7449: 7443: 7436: 7427: 7426: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7350:Trautmann (1997) 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7239: 7233: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7191: 7182: 7157: 7151: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7125: 7116: 7106: 7100: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7073: 7047: 7038: 7032: 7025: 7019: 7018:, pp. 41–42 7013: 7007: 7002:Georges Cuvier, 7000: 6994: 6989:Georges Cuvier, 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6960: 6952:Thomas Jefferson 6949: 6943: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6758: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6706: 6700: 6693: 6684: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6420:Systema Naturae, 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6368: 6367:, pp. 39–41 6362: 6353: 6352: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6288: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6257: 6250: 6239: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6208: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6179: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6138: 6132:. Archived from 6115: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6055: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6017: 6011: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5967: 5957: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5863:. Archived from 5852: 5843: 5833: 5824: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5765: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5724: 5700: 5552:rather than any 5522:Jena Declaration 5190:Carleton S. Coon 5166:Lothrop Stoddard 5131:Lothrop Stoddard 5036:Nuremberg Trials 5034:revealed at the 5005:social Darwinism 4990: 4979: 4969: 4903: 4738:(1857–1936) and 4639: 4516:Nathaniel Shaler 4435: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4361: 4348: 4346:la race nordique 4327: 4325:La Race nordique 4295:Alfred C. Haddon 4267:Chaim Zhitlovsky 4166:identified the " 4160: 4129:Cephalic Index. 4082:Types of Mankind 4076:(1804–1873) and 4028:Nicolás Palacios 4018:Nicolás Palacios 4008:Crania Americana 3947:Types of Mankind 3931:Crania Americana 3910:cranial capacity 3752:eugenicism with 3727: 3622:biological races 3544: 3247:Thomas Jefferson 3242:Thomas Jefferson 3194:" and the "ugly 2952:theory of humors 2902:(Hottentot). In 2877:Puella campanica 2849:Systema Naturae. 2768: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2541:François Bernier 2536:François Bernier 2387:genetic research 2345:belief that the 2343:pseudoscientific 2324: 2317: 2310: 2247:Social privilege 2232:Social exclusion 2160:Police brutality 2081:Multiculturalism 2051:Amatonormativity 1866:Social exclusion 1702:Age of candidacy 1496:Homeless dumping 1402:Ethnic cleansing 354: 331: 330: 321: 314: 307: 267:Human skin color 46: 45: 21: 12908: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12851: 12748: 12724:Bogdanov affair 12712: 12692:Claude Vorilhon 12578:Robert Charroux 12553:Sucharit Bhakdi 12545: 12535: 12372: 12302: 12242:Genocide denial 12207:Japhetic theory 12202:Indigo children 12118:2012 phenomenon 12106: 12050:Patent medicine 11970:Energy medicine 11943:Colon cleansing 11928:Crystal healing 11863:Adrenal fatigue 11837: 11835: 11828: 11733: 11724: 11719: 11689: 11684: 11646: 11625:Racism in sport 11523: 11517:White supremacy 11356: 11124: 11060:Ethnic conflict 11032: 11026: 10920:Types of racism 10915: 10910: 10838:Wayback Machine 10824:Wayback Machine 10792: 10782: 10763: 10738: 10709:(July 5, 2021). 10666: 10645: 10595: 10593:Further reading 10590: 10585: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10494: 10470: 10442: 10383: 10324:Murray, Charles 10236: 10217: 10189: 10165: 10146: 10125: 10089:10.2307/2967206 10046: 10029: 10024: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9973: 9956: 9952: 9945: 9931: 9927: 9920: 9906: 9902: 9867: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9827: 9825: 9816: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9789: 9785: 9775: 9773: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9745: 9743: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9717: 9676: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9617: 9611: 9607: 9569: 9563: 9559: 9528: 9524: 9509: 9495: 9491: 9440: 9436: 9425: 9418: 9381: 9377: 9354:10.2307/1312648 9338: 9334: 9303: 9299: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9260: 9259: 9255: 9216: 9212: 9197: 9193: 9154: 9150: 9139: 9135: 9124: 9120: 9104:10.1.1.521.5570 9085: 9081: 9074: 9052: 9048: 9042: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8979: 8975: 8958: 8954: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8912: 8898: 8891: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8847: 8843: 8836: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8785: 8778: 8766:Christa Wirth, 8765: 8761: 8747: 8743: 8735: 8728: 8705: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8635: 8631: 8624: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8561: 8557: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8504: 8500: 8492:Rasse und Seele 8483:Rasse und Seele 8478: 8456: 8452: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8404: 8400: 8372: 8368: 8358: 8356: 8348: 8347: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8282: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8247: 8243: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8172: 8171: 8158: 8135: 8131: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8079: 8075: 8068: 8064: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8018: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7980: 7973: 7959: 7955: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7865: 7854: 7847: 7826: 7817: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7750: 7746: 7735: 7731: 7702: 7698: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7549: 7545: 7537:Ericka Beckman 7536: 7532: 7485: 7481: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7384: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7315: 7311: 7304: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7240: 7236: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7192: 7185: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7107: 7103: 7091: 7087: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7001: 6997: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6950: 6946: 6933: 6929: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6826: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6759: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6707: 6703: 6694: 6687: 6672:Wayback Machine 6661: 6657: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6388: 6384: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6319: 6315: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6278: 6274:, 50, pp. 1–21. 6269: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6164:Nature Genetics 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6018: 6014: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5888: 5884: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5846: 5834: 5827: 5806: 5802: 5791: 5787: 5742: 5738: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5674:Race and health 5654:Objectification 5649:Nazism and race 5599: 5591:white supremacy 5546:categorizations 5542:genetic markers 5438:Kevin MacDonald 5290:In April 1966, 5265: 5124: 4984: 4977:Rasse und Seele 4940: 4934: 4922:Gunnar Dahlberg 4876: 4836: 4788: 4695:and discovered 4673:Michel Foucault 4596: 4590: 4539: 4533: 4475:anthropologists 4404:", a treatable 4382: 4364:Herman Lundborg 4320: 4303: 4123: 4070: 4060: 4020: 3886: 3845: 3835: 3746: 3700: 3672: 3594: 3586:Lectures of Man 3566: 3485: 3437: 3422: 3373: 3309: 3294: 3244: 3239: 3173: 3155:(1745–1813), a 3150: 3067: 3032: 3002: 2994:anthropological 2885:Homo monstrosus 2873:Hannoverian boy 2838:elongated labia 2794:Systema Naturae 2761:Homo monstrosus 2750: 2744: 2741: 2730: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2676: 2664:Richard Bradley 2661: 2659:Richard Bradley 2603: 2538: 2517: 2512: 2484:human evolution 2437:interwar period 2433:Lancelot Hogben 2427:and biologists 2328: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2170:Polyculturalism 2066:Civil liberties 2038: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2007:Reappropriation 1907: 1906:Countermeasures 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1824:Racial steering 1790:Numerus clausus 1694: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1407:Ethnic conflict 1342:Corrective rape 1297: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1285: 932: 921: 920: 919: 918: 917: 770: 760: 759: 758: 757: 756: 648:HIV/AIDS stigma 520: 512: 511: 510: 509: 508: 459:Mental disorder 401: 393: 392: 391: 390: 389: 362: 325: 277:White supremacy 115:Racial politics 110:Racial equality 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12906: 12896: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12842: 12835: 12828: 12821: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12783: 12776: 12769: 12762: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12720: 12718: 12717:Related topics 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12698:Randolph Stone 12695: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12673:Theodor Morell 12670: 12665: 12663:Joseph Mercola 12660: 12658:Jenny McCarthy 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12623:Graham Hancock 12620: 12618:Goop (company) 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12593:Vernon Coleman 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12380: 12378: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12358:Teleportation‎ 12355: 12354: 12353: 12348: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12321: 12316: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12286:Melanin theory 12283: 12273: 12272: 12271: 12261: 12256: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12234: 12229: 12227:Parapsychology 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12177: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12114: 12112: 12111:Social science 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12060:Primal therapy 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12025:Magnet therapy 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11938:Detoxification 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11849: 11847: 11840: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11826: 11823:Voodoo Science 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11765:Fringe science 11757: 11752: 11747: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11718: 11717: 11710: 11703: 11695: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11672: 11662: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11637:Reverse racism 11634: 11633: 11632: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11610:Racial figleaf 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11531: 11529: 11528:Related topics 11525: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11487:Middle Eastern 11484: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11462: 11461: 11460: 11450: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11421: 11420: 11419: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11402: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11370: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11279:United Kingdom 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11221: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11140: 11134: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11036: 11034: 11031:Manifestations 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10923: 10921: 10917: 10916: 10909: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10870: 10857: 10841: 10827: 10813: 10805: 10799: 10791: 10790:External links 10788: 10787: 10786: 10781:978-1584657156 10780: 10767: 10762:978-0008341008 10761: 10742: 10737:978-0674660410 10736: 10723: 10710: 10697: 10686:Gardner, Dan. 10684: 10670: 10664: 10649: 10644:978-1299241091 10643: 10626: 10611: 10608:978-1526142375 10594: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10584:978-0816081431 10583: 10566: 10557: 10548: 10539: 10530: 10487: 10474: 10468: 10446: 10441:978-2070719778 10440: 10420: 10387: 10382:978-0195042061 10381: 10368: 10352: 10344:Poliakov, Leon 10340: 10320: 10311: 10301:(3): 743–830. 10286: 10277: 10268: 10259: 10248: 10235:978-0231128469 10234: 10221: 10215: 10197:Gross, Paul R. 10193: 10187: 10169: 10163: 10150: 10145:978-0253349453 10144: 10129: 10124:978-0300054408 10123: 10108: 10101: 10072: 10059: 10050: 10045:978-0900458781 10044: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10022: 9971: 9950: 9944:978-0767915472 9943: 9925: 9919:978-0745689227 9918: 9900: 9861: 9835: 9809: 9783: 9753: 9723: 9687:(2): 209–214. 9664: 9628:(4): 365–375. 9605: 9580:(3): 195–206. 9557: 9538:(4): 411–412. 9522: 9507: 9489: 9454:(2): 175–198. 9434: 9416: 9395:(5): 346–347. 9375: 9332: 9313:(6): 501–511. 9297: 9278: 9266:www.amazon.com 9253: 9232:10.1086/443584 9226:(3): 330–338. 9210: 9191: 9148: 9133: 9118: 9079: 9072: 9046: 9040: 9014: 8998: 8992:978-1412926942 8991: 8973: 8952: 8929: 8917: 8911:978-0814742716 8910: 8889: 8876: 8869: 8841: 8834: 8804: 8798:978-0195106220 8797: 8776: 8759: 8741: 8726: 8703: 8662: 8655: 8629: 8622: 8597: 8590: 8564:Koonz, Claudia 8555: 8534: 8528:978-1400866311 8527: 8498: 8476: 8450: 8423: 8416: 8398: 8366: 8338: 8313: 8276: 8241: 8206:(4): 379–400. 8190: 8156: 8129: 8100: 8094:978-0393314250 8093: 8073: 8062: 8035: 8023: 8012: 8000: 7989: 7978: 7972:978-0822337249 7971: 7953: 7918: 7912:978-0631212225 7911: 7884: 7878:978-0813526126 7877: 7852: 7846:978-0521479073 7845: 7815: 7800: 7794:978-0767929394 7793: 7773: 7764: 7758:DeBow's Review 7744: 7729: 7716:(2): 139–141. 7696: 7670:Jewish History 7659: 7632: 7618: 7602:à la française 7585: 7573: 7561: 7543: 7530: 7479: 7466:10.1086/203646 7444: 7428: 7422:978-1851094189 7421: 7403: 7397:978-0520248274 7396: 7378: 7366: 7354: 7342: 7309: 7303:978-0877221555 7302: 7284: 7278:978-1566631068 7277: 7259: 7253:978-0807055038 7252: 7234: 7230:p. 225 onwards 7223:Charles Darwin 7214: 7202: 7183: 7152: 7143: 7117: 7101: 7085: 7033: 7020: 7008: 6995: 6982: 6970: 6961: 6944: 6927: 6886: 6861: 6835: 6815: 6803: 6793: 6780: 6773: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6701: 6685: 6655: 6628: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6586: 6577: 6542: 6517: 6492: 6474: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6407: 6395: 6382: 6369: 6354: 6347: 6313: 6298: 6289: 6276: 6258: 6240: 6221: 6209: 6195: 6177:10.1038/ng1439 6150: 6101: 6094: 6076: 6050: 6037: 6031:978-0192805904 6030: 6012: 5991: 5940:(2): 318–327. 5907: 5900: 5882: 5844: 5825: 5800: 5785: 5736: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5511:Donald Templer 5431:The Bell Curve 5422:Charles Murray 5398:Glayde Whitney 5264: 5261: 5257:public schools 5213:Ashley Montagu 5123: 5120: 5066:racially based 4936:Main article: 4933: 4930: 4875: 4872: 4835: 4832: 4787: 4784: 4713:anthropometric 4705:questionnaires 4681:Francis Galton 4624:racial hygiene 4603:Francis Galton 4589: 4586: 4547:The essential 4532: 4529: 4406:mental illness 4381: 4378: 4319: 4316: 4302: 4299: 4279:Joseph Deniker 4241:Joseph Deniker 4228:cephalic index 4169:Homo europaeus 4122: 4119: 4078:George Gliddon 4074:Josiah C. Nott 4059: 4056: 4019: 4016: 3996:anthropologist 3965:rank between " 3957:implied that " 3885: 3882: 3834: 3831: 3754:Francis Galton 3745: 3742: 3699: 3696: 3671: 3668: 3605:Charles Darwin 3593: 3592:Charles Darwin 3590: 3565: 3562: 3516:Josiah C. Nott 3484: 3481: 3477:Thomas R. Cobb 3473:Richard Furman 3436: 3433: 3421: 3418: 3372: 3369: 3321:Georges Cuvier 3315:Georges Cuvier 3308: 3307:Georges Cuvier 3305: 3293: 3290: 3262:Paul Finkelman 3243: 3240: 3238: 3237:Later thinkers 3235: 3172: 3169: 3149: 3146: 3066: 3063: 3031: 3028: 3001: 2998: 2977:, in his book 2975:Ashley Montagu 2939: 2938: 2841: 2826: 2819: 2810: 2752: 2751: 2720: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2675: 2672: 2660: 2657: 2602: 2599: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2557: 2537: 2534: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2469:The Bell Curve 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2215:Reverse racism 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2185:Prisoner abuse 2182: 2177: 2175:Power distance 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2093:Ethnic penalty 2090: 2089: 2088: 2086:Neurodiversity 2083: 2073: 2071:Dehumanization 2068: 2063: 2061:Cisnormativity 2058: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2037:Related topics 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1881:State religion 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1817:Nuremberg Laws 1814: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1759:Ghetto benches 1756: 1754:Gerrymandering 1751: 1746: 1741: 1739:Gender pay gap 1736: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516:Lavender scare 1513: 1511:Kill Haole Day 1508: 1506:Indian rolling 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1392:Eliminationism 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327:Cancel culture 1324: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1296:Manifestations 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1186:Middle Eastern 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 999: 994: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 936: 935: 934: 933: 927: 926: 923: 922: 916: 915: 913:Zoroastrianism 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 889: 888: 878: 877: 876: 875: 874: 869: 864: 859: 844: 843: 842: 840:Untouchability 837: 827: 822: 821: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 790: 785: 780: 774: 773: 772: 771: 766: 765: 762: 761: 755: 754: 749: 744: 743: 742: 737: 732: 722: 721: 720: 715: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 658:Leprosy stigma 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 524: 523: 522: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 475: 474: 471: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 405: 404: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 365: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 347: 346: 344:Discrimination 340: 339: 327: 326: 324: 323: 316: 309: 301: 298: 297: 296: 295: 290: 282: 281: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 246: 245: 244:Related topics 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 210: 209: 205: 204: 203: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 167: 162: 152: 147: 140:United Kingdom 130: 129: 125: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 97: 92: 90:Race relations 87: 79: 78: 74: 73: 72: 71: 66: 58: 57: 53: 52: 32:Race (biology) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12905: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12883:Pseudoscience 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12848: 12847: 12843: 12841: 12840: 12836: 12834: 12833: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12822: 12820: 12819: 12815: 12813: 12812: 12808: 12806: 12805: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12787:Fortean Times 12784: 12782: 12781: 12777: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12751: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12583:Deepak Chopra 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546:pseudoscience 12542: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12414:Cryptozoology 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12331: 12328: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12314:Anti-gravity‎ 12312: 12311: 12309: 12305: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12238: 12237:Pseudohistory 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12185:Generationism 12183: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12143:5G conspiracy 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12133:Catastrophism 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11980:FasciaBlaster 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11918:Correactology 11916: 11914: 11913:Chromotherapy 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11838:pseudoscience 11831: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11775:Pseudohistory 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11760:Fringe theory 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11727: 11723: 11722:Pseudoscience 11716: 11711: 11709: 11704: 11702: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11681: 11673: 11671: 11663: 11661: 11653: 11652: 11649: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11507:Wine industry 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11335:South America 11333: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11323:United States 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11313:North America 11311: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11100:Racialization 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11065:Ethnic hatred 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10982:Laissez-faire 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10967:Institutional 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10952:Environmental 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10907: 10902: 10900: 10895: 10893: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10862:—A review of 10861: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10850: 10845: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10828: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10803: 10800: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10783: 10777: 10773: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10749: 10743: 10739: 10733: 10729: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10656: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10627: 10623: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10586: 10580: 10575: 10574: 10567: 10563: 10558: 10554: 10549: 10545: 10540: 10536: 10531: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10505:(2): 77–101. 10504: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10475: 10471: 10469:9780252074639 10465: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10402:(2): 253–78. 10401: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10384: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10363: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10278: 10274: 10269: 10265: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10227: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10156: 10151: 10147: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10130: 10126: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10109: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10083:(3): 243–52. 10082: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10067: 10060: 10056: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10032: 10031: 10018: 10014: 10009: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9981: 9975: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9946: 9940: 9937:. Doubleday. 9936: 9929: 9921: 9915: 9911: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9823: 9819: 9813: 9798: 9794: 9787: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9508:0-275-97510-X 9504: 9500: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9430: 9423: 9421: 9412: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9214: 9206: 9202: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9144: 9137: 9129: 9122: 9114: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9097:(2): 328–36. 9096: 9092: 9091: 9083: 9075: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9024:Race Unmasked 9018: 9010: 9009: 9002: 8994: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8956: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8925:Schaffer 2007 8921: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8894: 8886: 8880: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8845: 8837: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8808: 8800: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8749:Juliet Hooker 8745: 8739:, p. 119 8738: 8733: 8731: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8704:9781412839235 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8658: 8656:9789042016330 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8623:9780679776635 8619: 8616:. p. 6. 8615: 8614:Vintage Books 8611: 8607: 8601: 8593: 8591:9780674011724 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8538: 8530: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8477:9780814331798 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8446: 8445:J. F. Lehmann 8442: 8438: 8434: 8427: 8419: 8417:9781845194154 8413: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8393:J. F. Lehmann 8390: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8370: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8280: 8261: 8254: 8253: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8194: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8118:(9): 986–95. 8117: 8113: 8112: 8104: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8077: 8071: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8033:, p. 237 8032: 8027: 8021: 8016: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7997:Richards 1997 7993: 7987: 7982: 7974: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7922: 7914: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7891: 7889: 7880: 7874: 7870: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7848: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7811: 7804: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7777: 7771:Higgins, 1994 7768: 7761: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7741: 7740: 7733: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7663: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7639: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7571:, p. 171 7570: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7540: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7460:(2): 349–54. 7459: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7370: 7364:, p. 171 7363: 7358: 7352:, p. 203 7351: 7346: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7305: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7218: 7211: 7206: 7200:, 1999, p. 83 7199: 7195: 7194:Gustav Jahoda 7190: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7175:Indo-Iranians 7173:used only by 7172: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7156: 7147: 7131: 7124: 7122: 7115:, 1999, p. 82 7114: 7110: 7109:Gustav Jahoda 7105: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7012: 7005: 6999: 6992: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6831: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6813:, p. 150 6812: 6807: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6735: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6711: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6590: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6392: 6391:"Homo variat" 6386: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6350: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6302: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6095:9780521518062 6091: 6087: 6080: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5903: 5901:9781452276045 5897: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5569:one-drop rule 5566: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5494:Nicholas Wade 5491: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5474:Psychologist 5469: 5465: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5359:Arthur Jensen 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5200:. He divided 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5122:United States 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5074:"degenerates" 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028:Josef Mengele 5025: 5024:the Holocaust 5021: 5020:Ruth Benedict 5017: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4944: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4841:Henry Goddard 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762:interbreeding 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732:Nazi eugenics 4729: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4717:psychometrics 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4658:public health 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4637:Rassenhygiene 4633: 4632:Alfred Ploetz 4629: 4628:Nordic theory 4625: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4614:Madison Grant 4611: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4499: 4496: 4495:Ancient Egypt 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463:miscegenation 4460: 4455: 4453: 4452:abolitionists 4449: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4422: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4337:Madison Grant 4335: 4331: 4326: 4312: 4307: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291:Julian Huxley 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4263:Joseph Jacobs 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4232:Madison Grant 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4098:creation myth 4095: 4094:theologically 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036:martial races 4033: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3890: 3881: 3880:(1824–1880). 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3857:Pieter Camper 3851:Pieter Camper 3849: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3818:Deutsche Volk 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:Ernst Haeckel 3706:Ernst Haeckel 3704: 3698:Ernst Haeckel 3695: 3693: 3689: 3688:Indian people 3685: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3494: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3445:Irish Iberian 3441: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3351:of barbarism. 3347: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153:Benjamin Rush 3148:Benjamin Rush 3145: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:Charles White 3030:Charles White 3025:Charles White 3023: 3019: 3017: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Monstrous man 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781:Carl Linnaeus 2776: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2721:This section 2719: 2710: 2709: 2704:Carl Linnaeus 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:Julian Huxley 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:human species 2344: 2340: 2336: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2269:Social stigma 2267: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1876:State atheism 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1812:Jim Crow laws 1810: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:One-drop rule 1795: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1712:Blood quantum 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1690: 1689: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1653:Victimisation 1651: 1649: 1648:Trans bashing 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1618:Religious war 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1598:Racialization 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1469:Glass ceiling 1467: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1412:Ethnic hatred 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1347:Counter-jihad 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1293: 1292: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122:United States 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 986: 985:United States 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 931: 925: 924: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 898:Protestantism 896: 894: 891: 887: 884: 883: 882: 879: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 853: 850: 849: 848: 845: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 831: 828: 826: 823: 819: 816: 814: 813:LDS or Mormon 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 769: 764: 763: 753: 750: 748: 745: 741: 738: 736: 735:Transmisogyny 733: 731: 728: 727: 726: 723: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 638:Gerontophobia 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 568:Anti-intersex 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:Anti-albinism 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 516: 515: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 472: 470: 467: 466: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 397: 396: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 370:Institutional 368: 367: 358: 357: 353: 349: 348: 345: 342: 341: 337: 333: 332: 322: 317: 315: 310: 308: 303: 302: 300: 299: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 284: 283: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 248: 247: 243: 242: 237: 236:United States 234: 232: 231:Latin America 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211: 207: 206: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 175: 171: 168: 166: 163: 160: 159:United States 156: 153: 151: 148: 145: 144:United States 141: 137: 134: 133: 132: 131: 127: 126: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 105: 101: 98: 96: 95:Racialization 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 81: 80: 76: 75: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 60: 59: 55: 54: 51: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 12844: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12785: 12778: 12771: 12764: 12653:Mike Lindell 12573:Rhonda Byrne 12544:Promoters of 12531:Water memory 12471:Laundry ball 12363:Tractor beam 12319:Cold fusion‎ 12275: 12015:Lunar effect 11960:Ear candling 11908:Chiropractic 11898:Bloodletting 11888:Bates method 11858:Aromatherapy 11821: 11787:Junk science 11630:in Australia 11620:Racial quota 11264:Soviet Union 11207:Saudi Arabia 11148:South Africa 11075:Ethnic slurs 11070:Ethnic jokes 11001: 10972:Internalized 10868:Angela Saini 10863: 10847: 10809: 10771: 10753:Beacon Press 10746: 10727: 10719:Neuroscience 10718: 10704: 10691: 10654: 10630: 10621:The Guardian 10619: 10599: 10572: 10561: 10552: 10543: 10534: 10524:February 24, 10522:. 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Retrieved 8177: 8145:(4): 278–9. 8142: 8138: 8132: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8083: 8076: 8065: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8026: 8015: 8003: 7992: 7981: 7962: 7956: 7934:(1): 23–46. 7931: 7927: 7921: 7897: 7868: 7834: 7809: 7803: 7783: 7776: 7767: 7756: 7747: 7737: 7732: 7713: 7709: 7699: 7677:(1): 65–78. 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656:(in English) 7645: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7556:Raza Chilena 7555: 7546: 7538: 7533: 7496: 7493:PLOS Biology 7492: 7482: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7439: 7412: 7406: 7387: 7381: 7376:, p. 87 7369: 7362:Walsh (2011) 7357: 7345: 7326: 7322: 7312: 7293: 7287: 7271:. I.R. Dee. 7268: 7262: 7243: 7237: 7227: 7217: 7212:, p. 69 7205: 7197: 7178: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7146: 7134:. Retrieved 7112: 7104: 7096: 7093:Schopenhauer 7088: 7053: 7049: 7036: 7028: 7027:Colin Kidd, 7023: 7011: 7003: 6998: 6990: 6985: 6980:, p. 87 6973: 6964: 6955: 6947: 6939: 6930: 6906:(1): 54–60. 6903: 6899: 6889: 6879:September 2, 6877:. Retrieved 6873: 6864: 6854:September 2, 6852:. 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Retrieved 5865:the original 5860: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5788: 5753: 5749: 5739: 5715:(1): 54–60. 5712: 5708: 5698: 5659:Pioneer Fund 5584: 5575: 5574:In her book 5573: 5564: 5558: 5556:factuality. 5519: 5514: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5479: 5476:Richard Lynn 5473: 5468:Richard Lynn 5454:white people 5436: 5429: 5419: 5407: 5402: 5394:The g Factor 5393: 5387: 5384:Pioneer Fund 5378: 5374:Sandra Scarr 5369: 5362: 5356: 5349: 5346:Angela Saini 5341: 5338: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5294:interviewed 5289: 5282: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5245: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5210: 5202:Homo sapiens 5201: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5164: 5153: 5148:Buck v. Bell 5146: 5136: 5112:Adolf Hitler 5110: 5078:"dissidents" 5062:Nazi Germany 5059: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5012:World War II 5009: 4972:Hans Günther 4949: 4932:Nazi Germany 4893: 4882:The Swedish 4868: 4848: 4847:In his book 4846: 4837: 4828:Nazi Germany 4800:anthropology 4796:World War II 4789: 4773: 4770:World War II 4766:Nazi Germany 4757: 4743: 4736:Karl Pearson 4725: 4684: 4677:state racism 4666: 4641: 4617: 4608: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4555: 4546: 4540: 4523: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4456: 4437: 4410:drapetomania 4409: 4402:drapetomania 4391: 4371: 4351: 4340: 4321: 4310: 4287:ethnic group 4277: 4270: 4244: 4219: 4213: 4205:antisemitism 4187: 4175:Homo alpinus 4173: 4167: 4142: 4134: 4104: 4102: 4081: 4071: 4021: 4007: 4001: 3982:(1981), the 3977: 3975: 3946: 3930: 3929:In Morton's 3928: 3923:Mount Ararat 3914:intellectual 3899: 3861:facial angle 3854: 3827:geopolitical 3816: 3809:Ernest Renan 3778: 3773: 3770:craniometric 3747: 3738: 3709: 3681: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3603: 3585: 3575: 3547: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3504: 3498: 3491:Portrait of 3450: 3423: 3390: 3382: 3362: 3357:Adam and Eve 3354: 3349: 3345: 3318: 3300: 3295: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3223: 3216: 3204: 3199: 3182: 3161:skin disease 3151: 3133:James Hutton 3130: 3107: 3095:pigmentation 3091:Adam and Eve 3076: 3046: 3033: 3014: 3008: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2962: 2956: 2940: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2853:Homo feralis 2852: 2848: 2844: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2813: 2806: 2792: 2779: 2770: 2760: 2742: 2722: 2697: 2687: 2667: 2662: 2645:Isaac Newton 2641:Robert Hooke 2633:Adam and Eve 2617:Robert Boyle 2614: 2610:Robert Boyle 2601:Robert Boyle 2584: 2576: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2518: 2506:, and race. 2488:intelligence 2477: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2447:statement, " 2422: 2418:World War II 2394:anthropology 2391: 2383:race science 2382: 2379:race realism 2378: 2374: 2357:", and that 2338: 2334: 2333: 2103:Gender-blind 1982:Human rights 1802:Racial quota 1789: 1769:Jewish quota 1749:Gerontocracy 1744:Gender roles 1722:Disabilities 1707:Blood purity 1673:Wife selling 1663:White flight 1643:Slut-shaming 1623:Scapegoating 1541:Murder music 1206:Palestinians 1149:Anti-Zionism 1017:South Africa 1002:Black people 980:South Africa 793:Christianity 783:Baháʼí Faith 703:Sectarianism 643:Heterosexism 608:Ephebiphobia 578:Anti-Masonry 439:Hair texture 262:Ethnic group 180:Neuroscience 170:Intelligence 165:Horror films 103: 43: 12558:Del Bigtree 12045:Panchagavya 12035:Naturopathy 11903:Body memory 11853:Acupuncture 11738:Terminology 11545:Anti-racism 11286:Middle East 11180:South Korea 11175:North Korea 11090:Hate speech 11012:Substantive 10992:Neocolonial 10808:Reviews of 9501:. Praeger. 9348:(1): 7–10. 9164:(1): 1–42. 9130:. Guardian. 8580:. pp. 8359:November 7, 8331:November 7, 8269:January 24, 8183:November 7, 7829:Dubow, Saul 7604:"), Paris, 7323:BJHS Themes 7056:: 497–527. 7031:2006, p. 28 6978:Harris 2001 6791:1997, p. 84 6734:Harris 2001 6339:10871/16833 6254:Purushartha 6206:Tucker 2007 5871:December 1, 5838:, pp. 5470:(1930–2023) 5450:antisemitic 5448:to promote 5133:(1883–1950) 5106:master race 5088:" (German: 5082:homosexuals 4985: [ 4960:antisemitic 4775:festschrift 4689:correlation 4679:. In 1869, 4675:has called 4487:Robert Knox 4330:Nordic race 4311:Nordic race 4272:Yiddishkayt 4259:nymphomania 3971:chimpanzees 3935:craniometry 3839:Craniometry 3807:. In 1882, 3801:nationalist 3750:Greco-Roman 3630:human races 3554:master race 3520:Henry Hotze 3511:race mixing 3429:prognathism 3355:He thought 3016:John Hunter 3009:John Hunter 3000:John Hunter 2990:stereotyped 2967:eurocentric 2653:polygenesis 2587:Eurocentric 2571:Sámi people 2519:During the 2510:Antecedents 2504:archaeology 2492:ethnography 2402:craniometry 1997:Nonviolence 1992:LGBT rights 1957:Empowerment 1925:Anti-racism 1839:Segregation 1784:No kid zone 1578:Persecution 1491:Hate speech 1442:Gay bashing 1417:Ethnic joke 1372:Dog whistle 1317:Blood libel 997:Azerbaijani 893:Neopaganism 886:Persecution 852:Persecution 835:Persecution 798:Catholicism 725:Transphobia 708:Supremacism 663:Lesbophobia 583:Aporophobia 548:Anti-autism 385:Taste-based 380:Statistical 252:Colonialism 208:By location 200:Video games 128:Race and... 12862:Categories 12798:Quackwatch 12628:David Icke 12608:Max Gerson 12603:Gaia, Inc. 12491:Numerology 12486:Lysenkoism 12481:Levitation 12461:Graphology 12346:Dean drive 12281:Aryan race 12212:Mediumship 12087:Trepanning 12055:Phrenology 11995:Homeopathy 11893:Biorhythms 11792:Paranormal 11424:Vietnamese 11197:Arab world 11095:Hate group 11085:Hate crime 11022:Xenophobia 11002:Scientific 10987:Linguistic 9342:BioScience 8549:Neues Volk 8020:Gould 1981 7629:Efron 1994 7581:Hecht 2003 7569:Hecht 2003 7136:January 6, 6811:Isaac 2004 6615:Gould 1981 6468:In latin: 6456:In latin: 6444:In latin: 6432:In latin: 5968:See also: 5836:Gould 1981 5797:. 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