Bicycle helmet - Knowledge

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UK figures show that it takes at least 8,000 years of average cycling to produce one clinically severe head injury and 22,000 years for one death. De Jong developed a mathematical model to evaluate the health-risk trade-offs of all-age mandatory helmet laws, if they were to be introduced in various North American and Western European countries. He concluded that helmet laws appear to offer net health benefit only in those countries with more dangerous bicycling environments under optimistic assumptions of the efficacy of helmets. Newbold suggested improvements to the De Jong model, and, using published cycling statistics for the United States in his revised model, found that mandatory bicycle helmet laws would seem to have positive net public health benefits there. However, Newbold stressed that there were many parameters to these models which require further research to properly quantitate, and that results should be considered provisional rather than definitive.

722:, a transport and road safety analyst from the UK, does not support the use of helmets, reasoning that they are of very limited value in the event of a collision with a car, that risk compensation negates their protective effect and because he feels their promotion implicitly shifts responsibility of care to the cyclist. He also cautions against placing the recommendations of surgeons above other expert opinion in the debate, comparing it to drawing conclusions on whether it is worthwhile to buy lottery tickets by sampling only a group of prizewinners. The prominent UK-based cycling activist 774:, in at least one jurisdiction, for either minors only, or for all riders: Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. Spain requires helmets on interurban routes. In the US, 21 states have statewide mandatory helmet laws for minors of varying ages, and 37 states have mandatory helmet laws for varying age groups in varying jurisdictions. Nearly 9 in 10 American adults support helmet laws for children. Israel's helmet law was never enforced or obeyed, and the adult element has been revoked; Mexico City has repealed its helmet law. 485: 538: 881:. 2006: "Confounding variables may also influence both the exposure and outcome variables in the context of a time series or ecological study. For example, a fall in the number of bicyclists in the 1990s may simply reflect an increase in in-line skating or other recreational activities... Without evidence that those who allegedly stopped cycling rode enough to confer a heart health benefit or that they did not take up another healthy activity in its place, Robinson cannot conclude that decreases in cycling are harmful to health and her argument crumbles." 88: 664:"has encouraged the wearing of helmets via its publications and its education program for many years. Since 1991 the League has required participants in League-sponsored events to wear helmets." Bicycle Network, Australia's largest bike riding organisation, previously supported the helmet legislation, but is no longer supporting a mandate. Bicycle Queensland supports helmet laws, noting that "ample research shows the safety benefits of wearing helmets surpasses the no-helmet personal-freedom argument". 33: 80: 526: 41: 311: 120: 606:

metres). An initial re-analysis of these data by other investigators agreed that with the 8.5 cm finding, but argued that there were not more "close passes" (which they defined as under 1 metre of clearance). In 2018, Walker published a rebuttal, arguing that there were more passes under 1.5m (the legal minimum distance in Spain and Germany) or 2m, and there was not enough evidence to say there weren't more passes at under 1m.

69: 375:(UK) market survey showed that around 90 % of helmets on sale were Snell B90 certified. By their 1998 survey, the number of Snell certified helmets was around zero. There are two main types of helmet: hard shell and soft/micro shell (no-shell helmets are now rare). Hard shells declined rapidly among the general cyclist population over this period, almost disappearing by the end of the decade, but remained more popular with 816:. A study of cycling in major streets of Boston, Paris and Amsterdam illustrates the variation in cycling culture: Boston had far higher rates of helmet-wearing (32% of cyclists, versus 2.4% in Paris and 0.1% in Amsterdam), Amsterdam had far more cyclists (242 passing bicycles per hour, versus 74 in Paris and 55 in Boston). Cycle helmet wearing rates in the Netherlands and Denmark are very low. An Australian journalist writes: 232: 632:

tree being climbed, and so on. European Standard EN 1080, which uses a weak retention system designed to open under load, was published in 1997 to address this problem. Such helmets are not intended for use anywhere motor vehicles are present. To avoid serious accidents, parents and carers should take care to ensure that children do not wear bicycle helmets during unsupervised play, or when using climbing equipment.

3436:"National Poll on Children's Health. Bicycle helmet laws for kids effective but not yet the norm. A publication from C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, the University of Michigan Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, and the University of Michigan Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Unit. Vol. 6 Issue 4 17 June 2009" 574:" effect. This means that if the number of cyclists on the road doubles, then the average individual cyclist can ride for an additional 50 percent of the time without increasing the probability of being struck. It is thought that the increased frequency of motorist-cyclist interaction creates more aware motorists. 818:"Rarities in Amsterdam seem to be stretch-fabric-clad cyclists and fat cyclists. Helmets are non-existent, and when people asked me where I was from, they would grimace and mutter: "Ah, yes, helmet laws." These had gained international notoriety on a par with our deadly sea animals. Despite the lack of helmets, 602:

faster and took more risks when wearing safety gear (including helmets). A telephone interview study found that in hypothetical scenarios of their children wearing protective equipment or not, parents' ratings of permissible risk for their children was higher if protective gear was hypothetically worn.

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is skeptical of the merits of helmets, regarding proactive measures including bike maintenance and riding skills as being more important. Cyclists' representative groups complain that focus on helmets diverts attention from other issues which are much more important for improving bicycle safety, such

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Motorists may also alter their behaviour toward helmeted cyclists. One study by Walker in England found that 2500 vehicles passed a helmeted cyclist with measurably less clearance (8.5 cm less) than that given to the same cyclist unhelmeted (out of an average total passing distance of 1.2 to 1.3

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In one experimental study, adults accustomed to wearing helmets cycled more slowly without a helmet, but no difference in helmeted and unhelmeted cycling speed was found for cyclists who do not usually wear helmets. An experimental study found that children negotiating an obstacle course on foot went

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of inferior quality and durability increasingly appearing for sale online, many direct from China, consumers are warned to be suspicious of prices that seem too good to be true, and to purchase helmets from reputable local or online sellers. The main target markets seem to be the US and Europe, with

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A Spanish study of traffic accidents between 1990 and 1999 found that helmeted cyclists involved in accidents were less likely to have committed a traffic law violation than unhelmeted cyclists, and that helmeted cyclists were no more likely to have committed a speeding violation in association with

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The late 1990s and early 2000s saw advances in retention and fitting systems, with cradles which adjust precisely to the rider's head, replacing the old system of varying thickness pads. This resulted in the back of the head being less covered by the helmet, although more recent designs have largely

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The first commercially successful purpose-designed bicycle helmet was the Bell Biker, a polystyrene-lined hard shell released in 1975. At the time there was no appropriate standard; the only applicable one, from Snell, would be passed only by a light open-face motorcycle helmet. Over time the design

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activity which significantly raises body temperature, and the head in particular needs to be able to regulate its temperature. The dominant form of the helmet up to the 1970s was the "hairnet" style, an open construction made of rubber bars covered in leather. This offered acceptable protection from

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Studies from China, Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom show that regular cyclists live longer because the health effects far outweigh the risk of crashes. A reduction in the number of cyclists is likely to harm the health of the population more than any possible protection from injury.

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In 1985, Snell B85 was introduced, the first widely adopted standard for bicycle helmets; this has subsequently been refined into B90 and B95 (see Standards below). At this time helmets were almost all either hard-shell or no-shell (perhaps with a vacuum-formed plastic cover). Ventilation was still

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The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has warned that children should not wear bike helmets while using playground equipment, or any time when they are not biking, because of the risk of strangulation by the helmet strap should the helmet or strap be caught in playground equipment, a

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In 1988, Rodgers re-analysed data which supposedly showed helmets to be effective; he found data errors and methodological weaknesses, and concluded that in fact the data showed "bicycle-related fatalities are positively and significantly associated with increased helmet use". He mentioned risk

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It is important that a helmet fit the cyclist properly – in one study of children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years, 96 % were found to be incorrectly fitted. Efficacy of incorrectly fitted helmets is reckoned to be much lower; one estimate states that risk is increased almost twofold.

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Cycling UK say that cycling in the Netherlands and Denmark is perceived as a "normal" activity requiring no special clothing or equipment. Pucher and Buehler state: "The Dutch cycling experts and planners interviewed for this paper adamantly opposed the use of helmets, claiming that helmets

499:(UCI), did not require helmet use, leaving the matter to individual preferences and local traffic laws. The majority of professional cyclists chose not to wear helmets, citing discomfort and claiming that helmet weight would put them in a disadvantage during uphill sections of the race. 569:

Some researchers have suggested that a legal requirement to wear helmets there may have dissuaded people from cycling, and that repeal of these laws could lead to increased cycling. This suggestion has been criticised. Fewer cyclists might lead to increased risks per cyclist due to the

427:, the current legally required standard is AS/NZS 2063. A 2004 report concluded that the performance requirements of the 1996 version of this standard was slightly less strict than the Snell B95 standard but incorporated a quality assurance requirement, making it arguably safer. 755:

Cycling Action Network (New Zealand) policy states "There is evidence that mandatory cycle helmet wearing legislation is not working as intended and should be reviewed. Priority needs to be given to other safety issues such as motorist behaviour and roading improvements."

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discourage cycling by making it less convenient, less comfortable, and less fashionable. They also mention the possibility that helmets would make cycling more dangerous by giving cyclists a false sense of safety and thus encouraging riskier riding behavior."

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Around 1990 a new construction technique was invented: in-mould micro shell. A very thin shell was incorporated during the moulding process. This rapidly became the dominant technology, allowing for larger vents and more complex shapes than hard shells.

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Helmets use varies greatly between populations and between groups. Downhill mountain bikers and amateur sportive cyclists normally wear helmets, and helmet use is enforced in professional cycle sport and in a few legal jurisdictions.

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was refined and by 1983 Bell were making the V1-Pro, the first polystyrene helmet intended for racing use. In 1984 Bell produced the Lil Bell Shell, a no-shell children's helmet. These early helmets had little ventilation.

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the accident than unhelmeted cyclists. The authors concluded that "although the findings do not support the existence of a strong risk compensation mechanism among helmeted cyclists, this possibility cannot be ruled out."

371:, an organisation initially established to create standards for motorcycle and auto racing helmets, implemented one of the first standards, since updated. Snell's standard includes testing of random samples. In 1990 the 3130: 99: 521:

being the first major race affected. The 2003 rules allowed for discarding the helmets during final climbs of at least 5 kilometres in length; subsequent revisions made helmet use mandatory at all times.

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of the United Kingdom lists wearing a helmet as one of its "cycling safety tips" for beginners, and it states "wearing a cycling helmet can help prevent a head injury if you fall from your bike". The

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More widespread use of helmets began in the US in the 1970s. After many decades when bicycles were regarded largely as children's toys, many American adults took up cycling during and after the

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Andersen, Lars Bo; Schnohr, Peter; Schroll, Marianne; Hein, Hans Ole (2000). "All-Cause Mortality Associated with Physical Activity During Leisure Time, Work, Sports, and Cycling to Work".

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Dorothy Robinson reviewed data from jurisdictions where helmet use increased following legislation, and concluded that helmet laws did not demonstrably reduce cyclists' head injuries.

734:(ECF) adopted a position paper rejecting compulsory helmet laws as being likely to have greater negative rather than positive health effects. The UK's largest cyclists' organisation, 553:

There is consistent scientific evidence that bicycle helmets reduce the severity of head injuries, particularly serious injuries, in accidents, although they are less useful when a

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the ratio of cyclists wearing a helmet is close to 90% among sportive cyclists (86 to 94%), whereas this ratio is only 7% among urban cyclists or non-sportive leisure cyclists

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Morrongiello, Barbara A.; Walpole, Beverly; Lasenby, Jennifer (2007). "Understanding children's injury-risk behavior: Wearing safety gear can lead to increased risk taking".

2742: 3134: 1232: 3000: 3608: 748:(Cyclists' Union) summarised existing evidence and concluded that a compulsory helmet law (for utility cyclists) would have a negative impact on population health: " 2574: 2794: 3080: 3490: 2913: 3454:"European Cyclists Federation - We care for biking, cycle touring, and bicycle policy, cycle tourism, Bike and train, Fahrrad, Radfahrer, vélo and cycliste" 3038: 1080: 3332: 282:

Alchera, were among the first to use carbon fiber, MET Helmets furthered the use of carbon fibre by in-moulding a complete cage during manufacturing.

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Walker, Ian (2007). "Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender".

808:) have among the lowest levels of helmet use. Their bicycle safety record is generally attributed to public awareness and understanding of cyclists, 3626: 3933: 3180: 439:

to (and within) the head due to impact, as a stiff liner made of expanded polystyrene is crushed against the head. However, both the CPSC and the

1891:"The possible effect on frequency of cycling if mandatory bicycle helmet legislation was repealed in Sydney, Australia: A cross sectional survey" 582:

It has been hypothesised that the wearing of helmets may make cyclists feel safer and thus take more risks. This hypothetical effect is known as

752:". No policy position was provided for other types of cycling, particular mountain biking (MTB) and all forms of on- and off-road cycle sports. 2598: 2549: 777:

In 2004, a Bill proposing to make the wearing of bicycle helmets compulsory came before the UK Parliament, and was defeated. Horton observed: "

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While voluntary helmet use in professional ranks rose somewhat in the 1990s, the turning point in helmet policy was the March 2003 death of

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Trade Practices (Consumer Product Safety Standard) (Bicycle Helmets) Regulations 2001 Statutory Rules 2001 No. 279 as amended – F2009C01271

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is safer than in any other country, and the Dutch have one-third the number of cycling fatalities (per 100,000 people) that Australia has."

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program classifies bicycle helmets laws as an "effective" public health intervention, based on a review of scholarly research. The British

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Horton D. Fear of Cycling. pp. 133–154 in Rosen P., Cox P., Horton D.(eds.) Cycling and Society. Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK, 2007.

1144: 3092: 1410: 683:, the Canadian Paediatric Society, the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine, and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. 687: 542: 413: 2127:

Lardelli-Claret, P; De Dios Luna-Del-Castillo, J; Jiménez-Moleón, JJ; García-Martín, M; Bueno-Cavanillas, A; Gálvez-Vargas, R (2003).

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Parkinson GW, Hike KE (August 2003). "Bicycle helmet assessment during well visits reveals severe shortcomings in condition and fit".

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Cycle helmets protect the head by reducing the rate at which the skull and brain would be accelerated or decelerated by an impact.

3575:"Getting These Cyclists to Use Helmets Is Like Tilting at Windmills. Bicycle-Loving Dutch Hate Headgear; 'We Are Not in Germany'" 1446:

Høye A (August 2018). "Bicycle helmets - To wear or not to wear? A meta-analyses of the effects of bicycle helmets on injuries".

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Hansen, Kirk; Dau, Nathan; Feist, Florian; Deck, Caroline; Willinger, Rémy; Madey, Steven M.; Bottlang, Michael (October 2013).

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Rodgers G.B. (1988). "Reducing Bicycle Accidents: A Re-evaluation of the Impacts of the CPSC Bicycle Standard and Helmet Use".

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EN 1080/A2 Impact protection helmets for young children, European Committee for Standardization, 2005 (first published 1997)

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Use of hard shells declined rapidly among the general cyclist population during the 1990s, almost disappearing from road and

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or risk homeostasis. Some authors have suggested that risk compensation occurs with other road safety interventions such as

208:, a manufacturer of helmets for auto racing and motorcycles. These helmets were a spin-off from the development of expanded 2518: 2677: 541:

Types of modern bicycle helmet design technologies. Energy absorbing Bontrager Wavecell (left) and Smith Koroyd (center);

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Matthews, Charles E.; Jurj, Adriana L.; Shu, Xiao-ou; Li, Hong-Lan; Yang, Gong; Li, Qi; Gao, Yu-Tang; Zheng, Wei (2007).

4661: 2625: 387: 4686: 3741: 3055: 2798: 1173:"Angular Impact Mitigation system for bicycle helmets to reduce head acceleration and risk of traumatic brain injury" 1090: 350: 159: 702:

urge helmet wearing. SWOV (the Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research) recommends helmet use. Temple University's

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A cycle helmet should generally be light in weight and provide ample ventilation because cycling can be an intense

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Cyclecraft: Skilled Cycling Techniques for Adults. Franklin J. Stationery Office Books; 4th Ed edition 2007.

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Although a causal link is not proven, it is observed that the countries with the best cycle safety records (

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and the (British) Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents recommend wearing helmets. Safety groups

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Phillips, Ross Owen; Fyhri, Aslak; Sagberg, Fridulv (2011). "Risk Compensation and Bicycle Helmets".

961: 668: 416:-compliant helmets are intended to reduce rotational violence to the brain caused by angled impacts. 368: 3687: 1846:

Newbold, Stephen C. (2012). "Examining the Health-Risk Tradeoffs of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws".

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Ulla Baden; Ernst Poulsen; Tom Godefrooij; Hildegard Resinger & Daniel Eritja (November 1998).

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The 2004 Parliamentary Bill was unanimously opposed by the cycling establishment, with every major

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FUBICY, Fédération francaise des Usagers de la Bicyclette. Our helmet main page, English version.

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Use bicycle helmets for cycling only. Product Safety Australia. Retrieved 14 September 2010.

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CR 220: Assessing the level of safety provided by the Snell B95 standard for bicycle helmets

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in collisions while minimizing side effects such as interference with peripheral vision.

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E. Towner; T. Dowswell; M. Burkes; H. Dickinson; J. Towner; M. Hayes (November 2002).

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Hillman, M., 1993. Cycle Helmets: the case for and against, Policy Studies Institute.

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Some modern road and track racing bicycle helmets have a long tapering back end for

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Rivara, F. P; Astley, S. J; Clarren, S. K; Thompson, D. C.; Thompson, R. S (1999).

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An additional and voluntary standard was created by Swedish medical professionals.

279: 181: 4681: 4610: 3928: 459:. A few new helmets are designed to reduce rotational accelerations in accidents. 4780: 4758: 4343: 4257: 4181: 4121: 4111: 4043: 4013: 3983: 3938: 3908: 3888: 3883: 3843: 3808: 3657:"Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany" 3042: 2969: 2952: 2917: 2897: 2843: 2711: 2387: 1520: 1355:"Death of cyclist Andrei Kivilev: declaration by the International Cycling Union" 942: 794: 502:

The first serious attempt by the UCI to introduce compulsory helmet use was 1991

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as they lack significant ventilation, making them uncomfortable for long races.

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ee Hartog, Jeroen Johan; Boogaard, Hanna; Nijland, Hans; Hoek, Gerard (2010).

1459: 1188: 390:(CPSC) created its own mandatory standard for all bicycle helmets sold in the 386:(ANSI) created a standard called ANSI Z80.4 in 1984. Later, the United States 274:

inserts are often used to increase strength and protection of the helmet. The

220:, having completely overtaken the motorcycle and motorsports helmet business. 4926: 4906: 4879: 4857: 4821: 4790: 4775: 4454: 4393: 4338: 4278: 4273: 4221: 4136: 4116: 3993: 3958: 3878: 3023: 2396: 1982:"Safety in numbers: More walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling" 1948: 1890: 1196: 1019: 719: 695: 554: 391: 364: 213: 185:

scrapes and cuts, but only minimal impact protection, and was mainly used by

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De Jong, Piet (2012). "The Health Impact of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws".

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minimal due mainly to technical limitations of the foams and shells in use.

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mountain bike helmets by the end of the decade, but remaining popular with

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After Recent Death, CPSC Warns Against Wearing Bike Helmets on Playgrounds

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has stated that "helmet use is an effective public health intervention".

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as road danger reduction, training, roadcraft, and bicycle maintenance.

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plastic shells. The bicycle helmet arm of Bell was split off in 1991 as

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90 percent of US counterfeit seizures coming from Hong Kong and China.

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Historically, road cycling regulations set by the sport's ruling body,

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Numerous health medical groups support helmet laws. These include the

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race, which resulted in a riders' strike, and UCI abandoned the idea.

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Three styles of bicycle helmets: standard, full-face, and multi-sport

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and children are much less likely to wear helmets unless compelled.

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complained that it would discourage people from taking up cycling.

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of the 1970s. Two of the first modern bicycle helmets were made by

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European Cyclist's Federation. Examples of successful campaigns.

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foam liners for motorcycling and motorsport helmets and had hard

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Robinson, D.L. (1996). "Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws".

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Atmos helmet, showing seamless in-mould micro shell construction

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compensation as one possible explanation of this association.

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Death on the Streets: Cars and the mythology of road safety

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Helmet laws save a few brains, but destroy a lot of hearts

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overall health effects of compulsory helmets are negative.

3709: 2866:"Legislation for the compulsory wearing of cycle helmets" 2795:"Parliamentary Committee on Cycling Issues Report is out" 2120: 376: 252: 3534:"Bicycle Use and Safety in Paris, Boston, and Amsterdam" 1973: 1145:"Letter to the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission" 517:. The new rules were introduced on 5 May 2003, with the 1931:

Hagel, B.; MacPherson, A; Rivara, FP; Pless, B (2006).

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standards only look at linear accelerations and ignore

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and more aggressive mountain bike disciplines such as

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Olivier, Jake; Walter, Scott R. (25 September 2013).

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organisations support helmet use or legislation. The

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in bicycle helmet to signal when a crash has occurred

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American Medical Association Medical Student Section

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riders as well as inline skaters and skateboarders.

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Since more advanced helmets began being used in the

2951:Goudie, Richard; Page, Jessica L. (November 2013). 2428:Walker, Ian; Robinson, Dorothy L. (February 2019). 2077: 1584: 1500: 1926: 1924: 1381:"Mandatory wear of helmets for the elite category" 1170: 984: 430: 3627:"Cycle helmet promotion: a dangerous distraction" 3228: 3226: 3036:"American Academy of Pediatrics: Bicycle Helmets" 3024:"Injury-Control Recommendations: Bicycle Helmets" 2276: 1933:"Arguments against helmet legislation are flawed" 1590: 4924: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1078: 1921: 789:originally depicting a cyclist with helmet and 56:designed to attenuate impacts to the head of a 3648: 3629:. Cyclists' Touring Club (CTC). Archived from 3489:McQuinn, Cormac; Nugent, Ryan (21 July 2016). 3223: 2427: 3735: 3654: 3488: 2909:The American College of Emergency Physicians 2743:"What's the case for keeping the helmet law?" 2360: 1798: 1796: 1690: 1650: 1257: 1040:. UK Department for Transport. Archived from 627:Accidents from wearing at inappropriate times 560: 289:. This type of helmet is mainly dedicated to 3591: 2644: 2474: 1625: 991:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 401:(EU) the currently applicable standards are 3517:Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation (BHRF). 3244:""Keep your head". Letter to New Scientist" 1839: 1753:"Three lessons for a better cycling future" 1136: 3742: 3728: 3241: 2950: 2573:U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2319: 2219:Goverde, Marcel (September–October 2009). 1793: 1038:"Bicycle Helmets: Review of Effectiveness" 759: 688:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 636:Debate over compulsion or strong promotion 3606: 3280:. European Cyclists' Federation, Brussels 2968: 2670: 2404: 2386: 2302: 2169: 2152: 2103: 2080:"Risk homeostasis hypothesis: A rebuttal" 2005: 1956: 1888: 1776: 1727: 1608: 1567: 1318: 1230: 1204: 1031: 1029: 783:and magazine rejecting helmet compulsion. 351:Learn how and when to remove this message 160:Learn how and when to remove this message 3572: 2618: 2496:"Fake Bike Helmets: Cheap But Dangerous" 1979: 1701: 1661: 681:American College of Emergency Physicians 536: 524: 483: 230: 171: 97: 86: 78: 67: 39: 31: 3302:. Cyclists Touring Club. Archived from 3271: 3269: 2842:. BikeBiz. 30 June 2005. Archived from 2547: 2468: 2218: 1845: 1802: 1750: 1631: 1142: 982: 300: 14: 4925: 3525: 2325: 2277:Morrongiello, B.A.; Major, K. (2002). 1166: 1164: 1117: 1026: 899: 897: 3723: 3607:Mayrhofer, Debra (11 February 2008). 2028: 1895:Health Promotion Journal of Australia 1226: 1224: 964:. National Museum of American History 906:"Safety Standard for Bicycle Helmets" 435:The standards are intended to reduce 384:American National Standards Institute 109: 3655:Pucher; Buehler (12 November 2007). 3573:Michaels, Daniel (2 November 2010). 3266: 3250: 2868:. BMA. November 2004. Archived from 2516: 2047: 2022: 1889:Rissel, Chris; Wen, Li Ming (2011). 1445: 1439: 962:"America on the move-Bicycle helmet" 904:Consumer Product Safety Commission. 577: 480:Required helmet use in cycling sport 333:adding citations to reliable sources 304: 142:adding citations to reliable sources 113: 1161: 894: 548: 394:, which took effect in March 1999. 24: 3705:Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation 3181:"Childhood unintentional injuries" 2957:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2548:Lindsey, Joe (15 September 2015). 2434:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2328:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2244:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2078:O'Neill, B.; Williams, A. (1998). 1664:Accident Analysis & Prevention 1634:Cycling: Towards health and safety 1221: 1177:Accident Analysis & Prevention 1143:Sundahl, Jim G (19 January 1998). 793:was altered to remove those after 710:supports and promotes helmet use. 388:Consumer Product Safety Commission 25: 4954: 3698: 3532:Osberg, J.S.; Stiles, C. (1998). 3331:. CTC. March 2004. Archived from 2493: 2221:"Helmets Make You Bicycle Faster" 1854:(5): 791–98, discussion 799–800. 1548:Environmental Health Perspectives 466: 3715:Helmet Development and Standards 3422:"Helmet Laws for Bicycle Riders" 2190:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01589.x 1860:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01770.x 1817:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01785.x 1597:American Journal of Epidemiology 1231:Frank, Michael; Phillips, Matt. 1118:Walker, Brian (June–July 2005). 309: 278:Atmos and Ionos, as well as the 118: 3710:Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute 3619: 3600: 3585: 3566: 3510: 3482: 3473: 3445: 3428: 3414: 3390: 3376: 3350: 3318: 3292: 3242:M. Hillman (2 September 2002). 3235: 3205: 3173: 3141: 3123: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3048: 3029: 3017: 2993: 2944: 2923: 2903: 2884: 2858: 2832: 2811: 2805: 2787: 2761: 2735: 2717: 2698: 2591: 2580: 2567: 2550:"To Catch a Bike Counterfeiter" 2541: 2510: 2487: 2421: 2354: 2270: 2235: 2212: 1882: 1744: 1636:. British Medical Association. 1474: 1403: 1373: 1347: 1335: 1286: 1251: 613: 431:Design intentions and standards 320:needs additional citations for 129:needs additional citations for 2911:"Universal Bicycle Helmet Use" 1111: 1072: 1068:. Australian Government. 2009. 1056: 1012: 976: 954: 934: 850:Bicycle helmets in New Zealand 840:Bicycle helmet laws by country 766:Bicycle helmet laws by country 692:American Academy of Pediatrics 13: 1: 3403:. 1 June 2007. Archived from 3106:"Bicycle helmets: yes or no?" 2517:Reid, Carlton (28 May 2018). 2477:Journal of Products Liability 2225:Annals of Improbable Research 1509:Archives of Internal Medicine 1418:Union Cycliste Internationale 1385:Union Cycliste Internationale 887: 770:The following countries have 732:European Cyclists' Federation 662:League of American Bicyclists 640: 497:Union Cycliste Internationale 3081:"Bicycling and Skating Tips" 2970:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000025 2920:. Retrieved 8 February 2012. 2725:"Bicycle Network Membership" 2685:American Medical Association 2388:10.1371/journal.pone.0075424 1751:Wardlaw, Malcolm J. (2000). 1676:10.1016/0001-4575(96)00016-4 1521:10.1001/archinte.160.11.1621 1420:. 2 May 2003. Archived from 1387:. 2 May 2003. Archived from 845:Bicycle helmets in Australia 713: 677:American Medical Association 7: 4309:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop 3749: 1079:Gibson T; Cheung A (2004). 913:Final Rule 16 CFR Part 1203 828: 673:British Medical Association 10: 4959: 4445:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet 3547:(4): 61–76. Archived from 2900:Retrieved 8 February 2012] 1720:10.1136/bmj.332.7543.722-a 983:Herlihy, David V. (2004). 820:cycling in the Netherlands 763: 708:National Children's Bureau 704:Public Health Law Research 561:Health benefits of cycling 63: 4850: 4809: 4719: 4634: 4558: 4427: 4266: 4235: 4062: 3966: 3957: 3757: 3095:Retrieved 8 February 2012 3083:Retrieved 8 February 2012 2714:Retrieved 8 February 2012 2705:"Helmet Use when Cycling" 2599:"Bicycle helmet injuries" 2446:10.1016/j.aap.2018.11.015 2340:10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.010 2256:10.1016/j.aap.2006.10.006 1769:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1582 1460:10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.026 1189:10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.019 865: 669:World Health Organization 620:fake "knock-off" products 592:anti-lock braking systems 369:Snell Memorial Foundation 3541:Transportation Quarterly 2814:"Helmet use saves lives" 2519:"Fake sense of security" 1949:10.1136/bmj.332.7543.725 445:rotational accelerations 44:A typical bicycle helmet 3579:The Wall Street Journal 3058:. RoSPA. Archived from 3041:30 January 2012 at the 2710:20 January 2012 at the 2656:National Health Service 2630:National Health Service 2626:"Cycling for beginners" 1702:Robinson, D.L. (2006). 1632:Hillman, Mayer (1992). 943:Bike Riders Aids 1967–8 760:Legislation and culture 700:National Safety Council 647:National Health Service 4647:Advanced Combat Helmet 3682:Cite journal requires 3470:downloaded 10 May 2010 2769:"Helmet policy review" 1980:Jacobsen, P L (2003). 1272:10.1542/peds.112.2.320 814:cycling infrastructure 545: 534: 492: 373:Consumers' Association 240: 177: 106: 95: 84: 76: 45: 37: 4739:Boxing / Martial Arts 3592:Brian Wilson (2006). 3326:"CTC Policy Handbook" 2896:20 March 2015 at the 2652:"Benefits of cycling" 1233:"Precious Protection" 1157:on 20 September 2008. 772:mandatory helmet laws 738:, believes that the " 540: 528: 487: 453:diffuse axonal injury 234: 175: 101: 90: 83:Bicycle helmet, 1940s 82: 71: 43: 35: 4289:M32 (Czechoslovakia) 3669:on 17 November 2014. 3636:on 28 September 2007 3594:"Amsterdam Bicycles" 3410:on 25 December 2010. 3300:"Helmets CTC policy" 3149:"Active Transitions" 3045:Retrieved 1202-02-08 3026:Retrieved 1202-02-08 3013:on 11 December 2013. 2872:on 26 September 2007 2846:on 28 September 2007 2577:accessed 21 May 2014 2529:on 17 September 2018 2029:Adams, John (1995). 987:Bicycle: the history 922:on 24 September 2006 781:cycling organisation 329:improve this article 301:History of standards 200:, a manufacturer of 138:improve this article 4460:Romanian M73 helmet 4414:M1918 (Switzerland) 4334:Mk II talker helmet 4299:Stahlhelm (Germany) 3854:Henry VIII's Horned 3519:"Safety in numbers" 3062:on 24 November 2013 2916:2 July 2011 at the 2820:on 24 November 2013 2801:on 14 January 2014. 2731:on 2 December 2013. 2379:2013PLoSO...875424O 1560:10.1289/ehp.0901747 835:Bicycle helmet laws 787:Irish postage stamp 4697:Lightweight Helmet 4172:Lobster-tailed pot 3219:. 2 November 2002. 3213:"A Chain Reaction" 2749:on 30 October 2016 2145:10.1136/ip.9.2.128 1998:10.1136/ip.9.3.205 1610:10.1093/aje/kwm088 1311:10.1136/ip.5.3.194 1099:on 5 December 2010 1044:on 2 February 2010 950:. 1966. p. 6. 860:Closed head injury 546: 535: 519:2003 Giro d'Italia 493: 457:subdural haematoma 241: 178: 110:History of designs 107: 96: 85: 77: 46: 38: 4920: 4919: 4759:Gridiron football 4715: 4714: 4369:SSh-39 and SSh-40 4304:M1934/39 (Greece) 3496:Irish Independent 3306:on 29 August 2007 3262:978-0-11-703740-3 2295:10.1136/ip.8.1.27 2283:Injury Prevention 2133:Injury Prevention 2096:10.1136/ip.4.2.92 2084:Injury Prevention 2064:978-0-948135-46-0 2040:978-1-85728-068-5 1986:Injury Prevention 1763:(7276): 1582–85. 1643:978-0-19-286151-1 1411:"Article 1.3.031" 1383:(Press release). 1299:Injury Prevention 1002:978-0-300-12047-9 812:, education, and 810:safety in numbers 584:risk compensation 578:Risk compensation 572:safety in numbers 361: 360: 353: 170: 169: 162: 103:Bernhard Eckstein 16:(Redirected from 4950: 4354:M1940 (Portugal) 4029:Late Roman ridge 3964: 3963: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3668: 3662:. 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Archived from 910: 901: 882: 875: 658:cycling advocacy 549:Injury reduction 474:Utility cyclists 356: 349: 345: 342: 336: 313: 305: 263:addressed this. 218:Bell Sports Inc. 176:"Hairnet" helmet 165: 158: 154: 151: 145: 122: 114: 21: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4938:Protective gear 4933:Bicycle helmets 4923: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4846: 4837:Riot protection 4805: 4711: 4662:ECH (Australia) 4630: 4554: 4423: 4419:Type 92 Tetsubo 4344:Netherlands M34 4294:M1923 (Denmark) 4262: 4258:Tarleton helmet 4231: 4064: 4058: 3953: 3809:Coventry Sallet 3761: 3759: 3753: 3748: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3683: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3590: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3463: 3461: 3460:on 22 June 2011 3452: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3255: 3251: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3161:on 9 March 2016 3158: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3043:Wayback Machine 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2918:Wayback Machine 2908: 2904: 2898:Wayback Machine 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2810: 2806: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2773:Bicycle Network 2767: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2712:Wayback Machine 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2606: 2605:on 5 March 2011 2597: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2473: 2469: 2426: 2422: 2359: 2355: 2324: 2320: 2275: 2271: 2240: 2236: 2217: 2213: 2174: 2170: 2125: 2121: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2057:. Davis. 1993. 2053: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2027: 2023: 1978: 1974: 1929: 1922: 1907:10.1071/HE11178 1887: 1883: 1844: 1840: 1801: 1794: 1749: 1745: 1700: 1691: 1660: 1651: 1644: 1630: 1626: 1603:(12): 1343–50. 1589: 1585: 1540: 1536: 1515:(11): 1621–28. 1505: 1501: 1491: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1448:Accid Anal Prev 1444: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1427:on 26 June 2016 1424: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1391:on 4 March 2016 1379: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1361:on 4 March 2016 1353: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1291: 1287: 1256: 1252: 1242: 1240: 1229: 1222: 1169: 1162: 1154: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1093: 1077: 1073: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1045: 1034: 1027: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1003: 981: 977: 967: 965: 960: 959: 955: 940: 939: 935: 925: 923: 919: 908: 902: 895: 890: 885: 876: 872: 868: 831: 795:Cycling Ireland 768: 762: 716: 643: 638: 629: 616: 580: 563: 551: 482: 469: 433: 357: 346: 340: 337: 326: 314: 303: 257:downhill riding 204:equipment, and 187:racing cyclists 166: 155: 149: 146: 135: 123: 112: 92:Martin Wierstra 66: 28: 23: 22: 18:Bicycle helmets 15: 12: 11: 5: 4956: 4946: 4945: 4943:Cycling safety 4940: 4935: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4900:American fiber 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4435:Bangtan Helmet 4431: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4404:M1937 (Sweden) 4401: 4399:M1926 (Sweden) 4396: 4391: 4389:M1942 Modelo Z 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4284:M36 (Bulgaria) 4281: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3944:Witcham Gravel 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3834:Guilden Morden 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3814:Crosby Garrett 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3700: 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612: 579: 576: 562: 559: 550: 547: 531:shock detector 511:Andrei Kivilev 489:Joop Zoetemelk 481: 478: 468: 467:History of use 465: 432: 429: 399:European Union 359: 358: 317: 315: 308: 302: 299: 268:Tour de France 202:mountaineering 168: 167: 126: 124: 117: 111: 108: 65: 62: 50:bicycle helmet 27:Type of helmet 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4955: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4827:Firefighter's 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Hełm wz. 2005 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 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3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3689: 3676: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3513: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3476: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3246:. p. 50. 3245: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2497: 2494:Tyler, Jeff. 2490: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2373:(9): e75424. 2372: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334:(2): 417–25. 2333: 2329: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2250:(3): 618–23. 2249: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178:Risk Analysis 2172: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139:(2): 128–32. 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2033:. Routledge. 2032: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992:(3): 205–09. 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901:(3): 178–83. 1900: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Risk Analysis 1842: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1811:(5): 782–90. 1810: 1806: 1805:Risk Analysis 1799: 1797: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1670:(4): 463–75. 1669: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305:(3): 194–97. 1304: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1254: 1238: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1098: 1094: 1092:0-642-25522-9 1088: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1021: 1015: 1008: 1004: 998: 994: 989: 988: 979: 963: 957: 949: 945: 944: 937: 918: 914: 907: 900: 898: 893: 880: 874: 870: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 826: 823: 821: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 782: 775: 773: 767: 757: 753: 751: 747: 746: 741: 737: 733: 728: 725: 724:John Franklin 721: 720:Mayer Hillman 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696:Safe Kids USA 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 633: 624: 621: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 593: 589: 585: 575: 573: 567: 558: 557:is involved. 556: 555:motor vehicle 544: 539: 532: 527: 523: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 500: 498: 490: 486: 477: 475: 464: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 428: 426: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 392:United States 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365:United States 355: 352: 344: 334: 330: 324: 323: 318:This section 316: 312: 307: 306: 298: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 260: 258: 254: 250: 249:cross country 245: 238: 233: 229: 225: 221: 219: 215: 214:polycarbonate 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 183: 174: 164: 161: 153: 143: 139: 133: 132: 127:This section 125: 121: 116: 115: 104: 100: 93: 89: 81: 74: 70: 61: 59: 55: 52:is a type of 51: 42: 34: 30: 19: 4875:Heraldic use 4863:Helmet cover 4743: 4635:2001–present 4465:Mº 44 E.T.A. 4319:M42 Duperite 4217:Takula tofao 4167:Lamellenhelm 4065:Early Modern 4063:Medieval and 4034:Montefortino 3779:Benty Grange 3675:cite journal 3664:the original 3650: 3638:. 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Retrieved 917:the original 912: 878: 873: 817: 799: 778: 776: 769: 754: 749: 745:Fietsersbond 743: 742:" The Dutch 739: 730:In 1998 the 729: 717: 685: 666: 656:A number of 655: 644: 630: 617: 614:Counterfeits 608: 604: 600: 596: 581: 568: 564: 552: 543:MIPS (right) 508: 501: 494: 470: 461: 437:acceleration 434: 418: 411: 396: 381: 362: 347: 338: 327:Please help 322:verification 319: 287:streamlining 284: 272:carbon fiber 265: 261: 246: 242: 226: 222: 191: 179: 156: 147: 136:Please help 131:verification 128: 49: 47: 29: 4652:BK-3 helmet 4606:Hełm wz. 93 4530:Paratrooper 4515:Modèle 1978 4510:Modèle 1951 4485:Hełm wz. 67 4480:Hełm wz. 63 4475:Hełm wz. 50 4349:Hełm wz. 31 4314:M33 (Italy) 4253:Pith helmet 4248:Pickelhaube 4236:Late Modern 4212:Spangenhelm 4197:Pickelhaube 4097:Cervelliere 3979:Boar's tusk 3839:Guisborough 3804:Coțofenești 2609:17 November 2440:: 107–113. 1492:25 February 1486:Yes Cycling 1183:: 109–117. 1048:10 December 1007:bell biker. 806:Netherlands 791:hi-vis vest 529:Example of 449:concussions 425:New Zealand 293:racing and 210:polystyrene 206:Bell Sports 94:(NED), 1959 4927:Categories 4786:Motorcycle 4769:Revolution 4754:Equestrian 4581:M90 (Iraq) 4162:Kulah khud 4122:Frog-mouth 3999:Corinthian 3989:Chalcidian 3919:Sutton Hoo 3904:Ribchester 3864:Iron Gates 3859:Horncastle 3829:Gjermundbu 3799:Coppergate 3789:Canterbury 3760:historical 3758:Individual 3197:29 October 3165:29 October 3115:29 October 3066:29 October 2936:29 October 2824:29 October 2779:4 December 2753:29 October 2690:29 October 2662:29 October 2636:29 October 1260:Pediatrics 1120:"Heads Up" 948:Holdsworth 946:. 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