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215:. Ludwig's mother Caroline Agnes Vogel was seventeen when she married the thirty-four-year-old Gustav. Ludwig von Bertalanffy grew up as an only child educated at home by private tutors until he was ten and his parents divorced, both remarried outside the Catholic Church in civil ceremonies. When he arrived at his
932:(coefficient of catabolism) in his works, and that caused a fair criticism from biologists. But the Bertalanffy equation is a special case of the Tetearing equation, that is a more general equation of the growth of a biological organism. The Tetearing equation determines the physical meaning of the coefficients
362:
Bertalanffy met his wife, Maria, in April 1924 in the
Austrian Alps. They were hardly ever apart for the next forty-eight years. She wanted to finish studying but never did, instead devoting her life to Bertalanffy's career. Later, in Canada, she would work both for him and with him in his career,
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that experience a constant food availability. The inverse of the
Bertalanffy growth rate appears to depend linearly on the ultimate length, when different food levels are compared. The intercept relates to the maintenance costs, the slope to the rate at which reserve is mobilized for use by
1632:
David
Pouvreau (2013). "Une histoire de la 'systémologie générale' de Ludwig von Bertalanffy - Généalogie, genèse, actualisation et postérité d'un projet herméneutique", Doctoral Thesis (1138 pages), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris :
226:
The
Bertalanffy family had roots in the 16th century nobility of Hungary which included several scholars and court officials. His grandfather Charles Joseph von Bertalanffy (1833–1912) had settled in Austria and was a state theatre director in
831:
1476:(Jena: G. Fischer, 1911) and many other notable works. For a translation of his "Studien ūber physiologische Ähnlichkeit. VI. Wachstumsähnlichkeiten" ("Studies on Physiological Similarity. VI. Analogies of Growth") in
312:, which facilitated his promotion to professor at the University of Vienna in 1940. During the Second World War, he linked his "organismic" philosophy of biology to the dominant Nazi ideology, principally that of the
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and after his death she compiled two of
Bertalanffy's last works. They had one child, a son who followed in his father's footsteps by making his profession in the field of cancer research.
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in 1934. The post yielded little income, and
Bertalanffy faced continuing financial difficulties. He applied for promotion to the status of associate professor, but funding from the
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in March 1938. However, his attempts to remain in the US failed, and he returned to Vienna in
October of that year. Within a month of his return, he joined the
1289:. I. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Theorie; mathematische und physiologische Gesetzlichkeiten des Wachstums bei Wassertieren. Arch. Entwicklungsmech., 131:613-652.
219:(a form of grammar school) he was already well habituated in learning by reading, and he continued to study on his own. His neighbour, the famous biologist
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The
Bertalanffy equation is the equation that describes the growth of a biological organism. The equation was offered by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1969.
254:; he chose the latter because, according to him, one could always become a philosopher later, but not a biologist. In 1926 he finished his PhD thesis (
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referred to as the theory of "general systems". However, in the West, Bertalanffy is widely recognized for the development of a theory known as
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1016:. GST defined new foundations and developments as a generalized theory of systems with applications to numerous areas of study, emphasizing
266:. For the next six years he concentrated on a project of "theoretical biology" which focused on the philosophy of biology. He received his
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the ultimate length of the individual. This model was proposed earlier by August
Friedrich Robert PĹ«tter (1879-1929), writing in 1920.
235:
and Vienna, which were important sites in imperial
Austria. Ludwig's father Gustav von Bertalanffy (1861–1919) was a prominent railway
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Today, Bertalanffy is considered to be a founder and one of the principal authors of the interdisciplinary school of thought known as
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383:(1989), he "occupies an important position in the intellectual history of the twentieth century. His contributions went beyond
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415:. Some of his admirers even believe that this theory will one day provide a conceptual framework for all these disciplines".
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Here W is organism weight, t is the time, S is the area of organism surface, and V is a physical volume of the organism.
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published by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1934 is widely used in biological models and exists in a number of permutations.
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239:. On his mother's side Ludwig's grandfather Joseph Vogel was an imperial counsellor and a wealthy Vienna publisher.
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Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science, page: His Life - Bertalanffy's Origins and his First Education
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August Friedrich Robert PĹ«tter (6 April 1879 - 11 March 1929) wrote a textbook on comparative physiology entitled
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are (by Bertalanffy's definition) the "coefficient of anabolism" and "coefficient of catabolism" respectively.
180:(GST). This is an interdisciplinary practice that describes systems with interacting components, applicable to
1627:
The Relevance of General Systems Theory: Papers Presented to Ludwig Von Bertalanffy on His Seventieth Birthday
151:
Fechner und das Problem der Integration höherer Ordnung (Fechner and the Problem of Higher-Order Integration)
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In 1918, Bertalanffy started his studies at the university level in philosophy and art history, first at the
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1375:"On the Making of a System Theory of Life: Paul A Weiss and Ludwig von Bertalanffy's Conceptual Connection"
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Bertalanffy grew up in Austria and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada, and the United States.
17:
1646:, Center for Systems Research Working Paper No. 89-2. Edmonton AB: University of Alberta, February 1989.
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1955:
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International Society for the Systems Sciences' THE PRIMER PROJECT: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMICS (organismics)
192:
might be applied to closed systems, but not necessarily to "open systems" such as living things. His
1094:, Braunschweig: Vieweg. 2nd rev. ed. by W. Beier and R. Laue, East Berlin: Akademischer Verlag, 1977
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Foundational to GST are the inter-relationships between elements which all together form the whole.
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and then at the University of Vienna. Ultimately, Bertalanffy had to make a choice between studying
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Passive electrical schematic of the Bertalanffy module together with equivalent expression in the
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metabolism. The ultimate length equals the maximum length at high food availabilities.
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Ludwig von Bertalanffy was born and grew up in the little village of Atzgersdorf (now
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1963:
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826:{\displaystyle W(t)={\Big (}\eta \,c_{1}-c_{2}\,e^{-{\tfrac {k}{3}}t}{\Big )}^{3}\,,}
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In its simplest version the so-called Bertalanffy growth equation is expressed as a
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working paper by T.E. Weckowicz, University of Alberta Center for Systems Research.
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1951, "General system theory – A new approach to unity of science" (Symposium),
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2008:
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1598:: The Synergism Hypothesis as a General Theory of Biological and Social Systems
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1012:(GST). The theory attempted to provide alternatives to conventional models of
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1978:
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of an organism's growth over time, published in 1934, is still in use today.
1534:
Nicholas D. Rizzo William Gray (Editor), Nicholas D. Rizzo (Editor), (1973)
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1085:
Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought
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1115:, Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltorientierung Vol 5. Berlin: LĂĽttke
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185:
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Perspectives on General Systems Theory. Scientific-Philosophical Studies
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1675:
Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory
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Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory
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Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory
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408:
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309:
228:
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Pflūgers Archiv fūr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere
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Modern Theories of Development: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology
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Drack, Manfred; Apfalter, Wilfried; Pouvreau, David (11 March 2017).
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Unity Through Diversity. A Festschrift for Ludwig von Bertalanffy
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To honour Bertalanffy, ecological systems engineer and scientist
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provides a mechanistic explanation of this model in the case of
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1605:
Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy
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Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy
1149:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
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Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
1213:, 3/4. (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139-164).
1165:, Heinz Werner lectures, Worcester: Clark University Press.
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Bertalanffy couldn't explain the meaning of the parameters
232:
1587:, ISSS Luminaries of the Systemics Movement, January 1999.
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The solution of the Bertalanffy equation is the function:
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and other fields. Bertalanffy proposed that the classical
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Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Systems Thinking
1681:
Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory - Passages
522:{\displaystyle L'(t)=r_{B}\left(L_{\infty }-L(t)\right)}
256:
Fechner und das Problem der Integration höherer Ordnung
1186:, editor Paul A. LaViolette, Boulder: Westview Press,
789:
223:, became a mentor and an example to the young Ludwig.
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Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv Review of World Economics
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Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World
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problematic and left Vienna in 1948. He moved to the
304:
Bertalanffy was still in the US when he heard of the
1287:
Untersuchungen ĂĽber die Gesetzlichkeit des Wachstums
1235:
1172:, E. Taschdjian (eds.), New York: George Braziller,
1151:, New York: George Braziller, revised edition 1976:
1669:
Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science
260:
Fechner and the Problem of Higher-Order Integration
27:
Austrian biologist and systems theorist (1901–1972)
1104:1955, "An Essay on the Relativity of Categories."
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319:Following the defeat of Nazism, Bertalanffy found
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1044:, Oxford University Press, New York: Harper, 1933
808:
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1657:International Society for the Systems Sciences'
1317:
1129:, New York: George Braziller, 1969 hardcover:
1702:
1503:
1218:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
1216:1950, "An Outline of General System Theory",
988:as the Bertalanffy module (see image right).
2381:Academic staff of the Université de Montréal
1635:http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804157
1163:The Organismic Psychology and Systems Theory
2376:Academic staff of the University of Alberta
1486:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/147555.pdf
1101:, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, pp 53–66
1083:, Bern: Europäische Rundschau. In English:
2386:Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
1709:
1695:
1300:Taufbuch Wien-Atzgersdorf, Vol. 15, p. 333
1209:1945, "Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre",
1113:Stammesgeschichte, Umwelt und Menschenbild
996:In the late 1920s, the Soviet philosopher
666:{\displaystyle {\frac {dW}{dt}}=\eta S-kV}
418:
169:(19 September 1901 – 12 June 1972) was an
40:
1398:
1281:
1279:
1097:1953, "Die Evolution der Organismen", in
1074:Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion
819:
779:
755:
991:
599:
2371:Austrian emigrants to the United States
1514:. Moscow: SSO Foundation. p. 607.
1436:"Aleksandr Bogdanov and Systems Theory"
1344:
1342:
1184:A Systems View of Man: Collected Essays
611:
349:State University of New York at Buffalo
14:
2338:
1550:"Um die Allgemeine Organisationslehre"
1547:
1276:
1227:, Dec. 1951, Vol. 23, p. 303-361.
1099:Schöpfungsglaube und Evolutionstheorie
354:In 1972, he died from a heart attack.
262:) on the psychologist and philosopher
1690:
1500:. New York: George Braziller, pp. 136
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1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
975:
2391:Austrian people of Hungarian descent
2318:
1659:biography of Ludwig von Bertalanffy.
1433:
1429:
1427:
1339:
2260:Systems theory in political science
1716:
1629:, New York: George Braziller, 1972.
1596:Fulfilling von Bertalanffy's Vision
1584:Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901--1972)
1108:, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 243–263.
912:(the coefficient of anabolism) and
558:is the Bertalanffy growth rate and
24:
1575:
1357:
1314:. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher. p.49
1092:Biophysik des Fliessgleichgewichts
570:
494:
270:in 1934 in "theoretical biology".
25:
2447:
1650:
1538:. Gordon & Breach Science Pub
1424:
1038:Kritische Theorie der Formbildung
337:University of Southern California
2436:20th-century Canadian biologists
2356:20th-century Austrian biologists
2317:
2305:
2294:
2293:
1238:
1211:Blätter für deutsche Philosophie
984:named the storage symbol of his
293:. He was also able to visit the
176:known as one of the founders of
1663:http://isss.org/projects/primer
1619:, tripleC 3(2): pp. 20–27.
1541:
1528:
1490:
1379:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1030:
2421:20th-century Austrian nobility
2250:Systems theory in anthropology
1510:Alexandr N. Tetearing (2012).
1466:
1415:
1304:
1292:
1120:Modern Theories of Development
1070:Vom MolekĂĽl zur Organismenwelt
1056:Lebenswissenschaft und Bildung
739:
733:
511:
505:
468:
462:
357:
285:enabled him to make a trip to
46:Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1926
13:
1:
2255:Systems theory in archaeology
1607:, Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.
1496:Bertalanffy, L. von, (1969).
1354:. Working paper Feb 1989. p.2
1285:Bertalanffy, L. von, (1934).
1269:
1254:Bowman–Heidenhain hypothesis
590:dynamic energy budget theory
295:Marine Biological Laboratory
202:
7:
1231:
1040:, Borntraeger. In English:
889:are the certain constants.
578:{\displaystyle L_{\infty }}
167:Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy
10:
2452:
2416:Nobility in the Nazi Party
2396:Austrian untitled nobility
1581:Sabine Brauckmann (1999).
1434:Gare, Arran (2000-11-01).
1051:, G. MĂĽller, MĂĽnchen 1928.
273:Bertalanffy was appointed
2289:
2268:
2242:
1954:
1887:
1839:
1830:
1794:
1751:Coupled human–environment
1724:
1474:Vergleichende Physiologie
1452:10.1080/10855660020020230
1087:, New York: Harper, 1952.
375:, which was pioneered by
160:
144:
130:
123:
109:
99:
80:
51:
39:
32:
1081:Das biologische Weltbild
986:General Systems Language
118:Von Bertalanffy function
2431:Scientists from Ontario
2084:Charles A. S. Hall
1548:Plenge, Johann (1927).
1348:T.E. Weckowicz (1989).
1329:. Retrieved 2009-04-27
606:Energy Systems Language
419:Individual growth model
366:
244:University of Innsbruck
2401:Scientists from Vienna
2366:Theoretical biologists
2004:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1603:Mark Davidson (1983).
1440:Democracy & Nature
1333:July 25, 2011, at the
1310:Mark Davidson (1983).
1246:Systems science portal
1203:general systems theory
1058:, Stenger, Erfurt 1930
966:
946:
926:
906:
883:
856:
827:
712:
692:
667:
608:
579:
552:
523:
373:general systems theory
329:Université de Montréal
283:Rockefeller Foundation
264:Gustav Theodor Fechner
190:laws of thermodynamics
178:general systems theory
114:General systems theory
34:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2281:Principia Cybernetica
1994:Anthony Stafford Beer
1864:Sociotechnical system
1512:Theory of populations
1498:General System Theory
1106:Philosophy of Science
1063:Das GefĂĽge des Lebens
1010:general system theory
992:General system theory
967:
947:
945:{\displaystyle \eta }
927:
907:
905:{\displaystyle \eta }
884:
882:{\displaystyle c_{2}}
857:
855:{\displaystyle c_{1}}
828:
713:
693:
691:{\displaystyle \eta }
668:
603:
580:
553:
551:{\displaystyle r_{B}}
524:
435:differential equation
345:University of Alberta
289:in 1937 to work with
248:philosophy of science
2144:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
2119:Edward Norton Lorenz
2074:Jay Wright Forrester
1879:World-systems theory
1854:Earth system science
1640:Thaddus E. Weckowicz
1563:: 18–29 – via
1201:from Bertalanffy on
956:
936:
916:
896:
866:
839:
727:
702:
682:
622:
612:Bertalanffy equation
562:
535:
451:
387:, and extended into
341:Menninger Foundation
333:University of Ottawa
325:University of London
279:University of Vienna
258:, translated title:
104:University of Vienna
2406:People from Liesing
2019:Kenneth E. Boulding
1264:Population dynamics
1220:1, p. 114-129.
1065:, Leipzig: Teubner.
1020:over reductionism,
347:(1961–68); and the
2411:Hungarian nobility
2361:Systems biologists
2149:James Grier Miller
2104:Faina M. Kirillova
2064:Heinz von Foerster
2054:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2014:Alexander Bogdanov
1999:Richard E. Bellman
1974:William Ross Ashby
1122:, New York: Harper
998:Alexander Bogdanov
976:Bertalanffy module
962:
942:
922:
902:
879:
852:
823:
798:
708:
688:
663:
609:
575:
548:
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377:Alexander Bogdanov
351:(SUNY) (1969–72).
194:mathematical model
2333:
2332:
2214:Manuela M. Veloso
2129:Humberto Maturana
2069:Stephanie Forrest
2039:C. West Churchman
1964:Russell L. Ackoff
1950:
1949:
1822:Positive feedback
1817:Negative feedback
1521:978-1-365-56080-4
1259:Integrative level
1049:Nikolaus von Kues
965:{\displaystyle k}
925:{\displaystyle k}
797:
711:{\displaystyle k}
678:The coefficients
643:
425:individual growth
291:Nicolas Rashevsky
164:
163:
125:Scientific career
92:Buffalo, New York
62:19 September 1901
16:(Redirected from
2443:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2209:Francisco Varela
1941:Systems thinking
1874:Urban metabolism
1837:
1836:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1671:BCSSS in Vienna.
1569:
1568:
1565:Internet Archive
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1024:over mechanism.
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2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2285:
2264:
2238:
2179:Anatol Rapoport
2164:Talcott Parsons
2139:Donella Meadows
2114:Allenna Leonard
2034:Mary Cartwright
2029:Kathleen Carley
1989:Gregory Bateson
1984:Béla H. Bánáthy
1946:
1883:
1832:
1826:
1812:Limiting factor
1807:Leverage points
1790:
1728:
1720:
1718:Systems science
1715:
1653:
1578:
1576:Further reading
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1572:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1533:
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1522:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1484:: 298-340, see
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1467:
1432:
1425:
1421:Davidson, p. 51
1420:
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1371:
1358:
1347:
1340:
1335:Wayback Machine
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813:
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728:
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703:
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635:
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538:
536:
533:
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493:
489:
488:
484:
478:
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454:
452:
449:
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421:
379:. According to
369:
360:
343:(1958–60); the
339:(1955–58); the
335:(1950–54); the
327:(1948–49); the
205:
154:
116:
100:Alma mater
95:
89:
85:
76:
74:Austria-Hungary
63:
57:
55:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2234:Anthony Wilden
2231:
2229:Jennifer Wilby
2226:
2224:Norbert Wiener
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Claude Shannon
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:Ilya Prigogine
2166:
2161:
2159:Howard T. Odum
2156:
2154:Radhika Nagpal
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Niklas Luhmann
2121:
2116:
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2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:George Dantzig
2046:
2044:Manfred Clynes
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:Margaret Boden
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
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1981:
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1969:Victor Aladjev
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1859:Living systems
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Control theory
1840:
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1814:
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1651:External links
1649:
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1611:Debora Hammond
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1601:
1588:
1577:
1574:
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1502:
1489:
1465:
1446:(3): 341–359.
1423:
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1391:10.1086/522810
1385:(4): 349–373.
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993:
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982:Howard T. Odum
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368:
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359:
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321:denazification
204:
201:
162:
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158:
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139:systems theory
132:
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110:Known for
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88:(aged 70)
82:
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53:
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6:
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2269:Organizations
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2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Margaret Mead
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Lydia Kavraki
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Barbara Grosz
2077:
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2025:
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
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1979:Ruzena Bajcsy
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1802:Doubling time
1800:
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1787:
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1779:
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1625:eds. (1972).
1624:
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1599:
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1592:
1591:Peter Corning
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1225:Human Biology
1222:
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1208:
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1204:
1200:
1193:
1192:0-86531-094-7
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1178:0-8076-0797-5
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1158:
1157:0-8076-0453-4
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:0-8076-0530-1
1140:
1137:, paperback:
1136:
1135:0-8076-0428-3
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1128:
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1103:
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1007:
1006:Johann Plenge
1003:
999:
989:
987:
983:
973:
959:
939:
919:
899:
890:
874:
870:
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833:
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791:
785:
781:
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770:
766:
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742:
736:
730:
722:
719:
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685:
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673:
660:
657:
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651:
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645:
639:
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628:
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602:
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591:
586:
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539:
529:
515:
508:
502:
499:
490:
485:
479:
475:
471:
465:
458:
455:
446:
444:
441:) over time (
440:
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416:
414:
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406:
402:
398:
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382:
378:
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364:
355:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
314:FĂĽhrerprinzip
311:
307:
302:
300:
299:Massachusetts
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
237:administrator
234:
230:
224:
222:
221:Paul Kammerer
218:
214:
210:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
159:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
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126:
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119:
115:
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108:
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93:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2243:Applications
2199:Katia Sycara
2099:James J. Kay
2089:Mike Jackson
2024:Murray Bowen
2003:
1922:Pharmacology
1917:Neuroscience
1626:
1623:Ervin László
1615:
1604:
1600:, ISCS 2001.
1595:
1583:
1560:
1556:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1443:
1439:
1417:
1382:
1378:
1349:
1311:
1306:
1294:
1286:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1198:
1196:
1183:
1169:
1162:
1148:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1031:Publications
1026:
1014:organization
1001:
995:
979:
891:
834:
723:
720:
677:
674:
618:
615:
587:
530:
447:
442:
438:
432:
422:
370:
361:
353:
331:(1949); the
318:
303:
275:Privatdozent
272:
268:habilitation
259:
255:
241:
225:
206:
198:
166:
165:
150:
124:
86:(1972-06-12)
84:12 June 1972
2351:1972 deaths
2346:1901 births
2189:Peter Senge
2184:John Seddon
2174:Qian Xuesen
2109:George Klir
1912:Engineering
1849:Cybernetics
1831:Theoretical
1781:Recommender
1771:Multi-agent
1766:Information
1072:, Potsdam:
1000:pioneered "
437:of length (
389:cybernetics
358:Family life
186:cybernetics
66:Atzgersdorf
18:Bertalanffy
2340:Categories
2204:Eric Trist
2059:Fred Emery
1956:Scientists
1932:Psychology
1927:Philosophy
1756:Ecological
1741:Biological
1270:References
1197:The first
409:psychology
405:psychiatry
401:philosophy
310:Nazi Party
229:Klagenfurt
58:1901-09-19
1869:Systemics
1460:1085-5661
1002:Tektology
940:η
900:η
786:−
767:−
753:η
686:η
655:−
649:η
594:isomorphs
571:∞
500:−
495:∞
413:sociology
393:education
381:Weckowicz
306:Anschluss
217:Gymnasium
203:Biography
174:biologist
2300:Category
1902:Dynamics
1892:Analysis
1795:Concepts
1761:Economic
1642:(1989).
1613:(2005).
1593:(2001).
1409:18217527
1331:Archived
1232:See also
1199:articles
1022:organism
1004:", whom
459:′
171:Austrian
2324:Commons
1907:Ecology
1897:Biology
1776:Nervous
1746:Complex
1400:2874664
397:history
385:biology
287:Chicago
277:at the
252:biology
211:) near
209:Liesing
182:biology
135:Biology
2312:Portal
1937:Theory
1833:fields
1786:Social
1726:System
1683:(1968)
1518:
1458:
1407:
1397:
1190:
1182:1981,
1176:
1168:1975,
1161:1968,
1155:
1147:1968,
1141:
1133:
1125:1967,
1118:1962,
1111:1959,
1090:1953,
1079:1949,
1068:1940,
1061:1937,
1054:1930,
1047:1928,
1036:1928,
1018:holism
835:where
213:Vienna
155:(1926)
153:
146:Thesis
131:Fields
70:Vienna
1729:types
1553:(PDF)
1298:(de)
531:when
428:model
68:near
2276:List
1516:ISBN
1456:ISSN
1405:PMID
1188:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1131:ISBN
952:and
862:and
698:and
588:The
423:The
411:and
367:Work
250:and
233:Graz
137:and
94:, US
81:Died
52:Born
1736:Art
1482:180
1448:doi
1395:PMC
1387:doi
445:):
297:in
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1561:25
1559:.
1555:.
1480:,
1454:.
1442:.
1438:.
1426:^
1403:.
1393:.
1383:82
1381:.
1377:.
1359:^
1341:^
1319:^
1278:^
1205::
972:.
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403:,
399:,
395:,
391:,
316:.
301:.
231:,
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1939:(
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476:r
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469:)
466:t
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56:(
20:)
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