1123:, commanding their first battle; Neville their second; and the Archbishop of York their third. Neville remained in overall command. The English were entirely dismounted, with each battle having men-at-arms in the centre and longbowmen on each flank. The English also took a defensive stance, knowing they had the superior position and that time was on their side; their morale was high. The resulting stalemate lasted until the afternoon, when the English sent longbowmen forward to harass the Scottish lines. On the English left, the Scottish light horse and archers withdrew under the arrow fire and the English were able to shoot into the flank of Moray's battle. The
45:
1135:, broke and fled, with most escaping. The English stood off from the remaining Scots under David II and poured in arrows. The English men-at-arms then attacked and after fighting described as "ferocious", the Scots attempted unsuccessfully to retreat and were routed. The English men-at-arms outfought superior numbers of the Scottish foot, while the performance of the English archers was mixed. Most of them were participating in their first pitched battle, or even their first combat. Many groups of bowmen conspicuously hung back, while the Lancashire longbowmen received a post-battle bonus of ÂŁ10 each (ÂŁ11,700 in 2024 terms).
1072:
238:
1108:, each battle forming a rectilinear formation. The front ranks were armed with axes and long spears carried by the rear ranks protruded past them. The knights and other men-at-arms dismounted and stiffened the formations, usually at the very front. A screen of archers skirmished to the front, and each flank of the army was shielded by hobelars and further archers. As the mist lifted, it became clear the Scots were poorly positioned, on broken ground and with their movement made difficult by ditches and walls. They remembered their defeats at
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948:, Philip VI described northern England to David II as "a defenceless void". David II felt certain that few English troops would be left to defend the rich northern English cities, but when the Scots probed into northern England they were sharply rebuffed by the local defenders. David II agreed to a truce, to last until 29 September, in order to fully mobilise the Scottish army, which was assembling at
1215:, who was leading the detachment and had two teeth knocked out by the King. During the battle David II had been twice shot in the face with arrows. Surgeons attempted to remove the arrows but the tip of one remained lodged in his face, rendering him prone to headaches for decades. Edward III ordered David II to be handed over to him, rewarding Coupland with a knighthood and an
1222:
All the
Scottish captives were ordered to London, to the disgust of their captors who had a legal right to ransom them. A significant number of Scottish prisoners were privately ransomed, their captors subsequently attempting to deny they had been taken, which outraged Edward III. Edward III refused
968:
On 7 October the Scots invaded
England with approximately 12,000 men. Many had modern weapons and armour supplied by France. A small number of French knights marched alongside the Scots. It was described by both Scottish and English chroniclers of the time, and by modern historians, as the strongest
865:
and invade
England. David II obliged, and after ravaging much of northern England was taken by surprise by the English defenders. The ensuing battle ended with the rout of the Scots, the capture of their king and the death or capture of most of their leadership. Strategically, this freed significant
1259:
in Durham
Cathedral. On three separate occasions, Edward III offered to release the childless David II for ÂŁ40,000 (approximately ÂŁ47 million in 2024 terms) if the latter would accept one of Edward III's sons as his heir to the Scottish throne. All three offers were refused. Eleven years after
995:
The invasion had been expected by the
English for some time; two years earlier the Chancellor of England had told parliament the Scots were "saying quite openly that they will break the truce as soon as our adversary desires and will march into England". Once the Scots invaded, an army was quickly
1138:
David II, badly wounded, was captured after he fled the field, while the rest of the
Scottish army was pursued by the English long into the night. More than 50 Scottish barons were killed or captured; Scotland lost almost all its military leadership. The Scottish dead included: the Constable, Lord
1130:
Moray's battle led the assault, but the broken terrain and obstacles slowed their advance and made it difficult for them to maintain formation. The longbowmen were able to fall back behind their men-at-arms. By the time the disorganised battle came to hand-to-hand combat it was easily dealt with.
1280:
boundary marker in the form of a cross which was located on the ridge where the battle was fought; and from Lord Ralph
Neville, the leader of the victorious English. Lord Neville paid to have a replacement cross erected to commemorate the day; this was destroyed in 1589. A wooden cross erected on
1239:
In early 1347, two
English forces made large-scale raids deep into Scotland. They met little opposition and devastated much of southern Scotland. Border raids, often accompanied by devastation of the countryside, and sometimes on a large scale, continued to be launched by both the Scots and the
1171:. An unknown number of Scots were taken prisoner. It is believed that only Scots thought able to pay a ransom were spared, others being slain out of hand. Scottish nobles who were captured included William Douglas, the "Knight of Liddesdale", their most skilled guerilla fighter, and four earls.
1346:
inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and
Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 28 October 2018. To give a very rough idea of earning power, an English foot-soldier could expect to earn ÂŁ1 in wages in
1272:
prohibited any
Scottish citizen from bearing arms against Edward III or any of his men and the English were supposed to stop attacking Scotland. This truce lasted for four decades and marked the end of the Second War of Scottish Independence although intermittent fighting continued.
866:
English resources for the war against France, and the English border counties were able to guard against the remaining Scottish threat from their own resources. The eventual ransoming of the Scottish King resulted in a truce that brought peace to the border for forty years.
1227:
as was traditional; he wished to cripple the Scottish capacity to make war for as long as possible, by depriving them of their leaders. In at least some cases, he paid considerable sums to their captors to buy out their ransom rights.
960:. The French were also in difficulty in south-west France, where their front had collapsed, with the major city and provincial capital of Poitiers, 125 miles (201 km) from the border of English Gascony, falling on 4 October.
1064:, south of Durham. The two rear divisions of the English army drove them off, with around 300 Scottish casualties. Douglas raced back to David II's camp, alerting the rest of the army, which stood to arms. The same morning two
916:
sent an appeal to David II to open a northern front. Philip VI wanted the Scots to divert English troops, supplies and attention away from the army under Edward III which was gathering in southern England. The
355:
1240:
English. The battle removed the strategic threat to Edward III's rear, and by 1349 the English border counties were able to guard against the remaining Scottish threat from their own resources.
921:
between France and Scotland had been renewed in 1326 and was intended to deter England from attacking either country by the threat that in this case the other would invade English territory.
1356:
Robert Stewart was David II's nephew, the heir-apparent, and a future king of Scotland (as Robert II). After the battle he became Lord Guardian of Scotland, regent for the captured David II.
1307:. In Act 1 Scene 3, Henry discusses the Scottish invasion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The last lines refer to an earlier play which should have been known to Shakespeare's audience,
288:
2209:
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890:, which included Scotland and was intended to last until 29 September 1346. In defiance of the truce, hostilities continued on all fronts, although mostly at a lower level; King
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of ÂŁ500 for life (ÂŁ590,000 per year in 2024 terms). Despite having fled without fighting, Robert Stewart was appointed Lord Guardian to act on David II's behalf in his absence.
348:
1131:
Seeing their first attack repulsed, and also being harassed by the English archers, the third and largest Scottish battle, on the Scottish left under the Earl of March and
1127:
attempted to clear away the English archers with a cavalry charge, but this failed and he was taken prisoner. The archers succeeded in provoking the Scots into attacking.
1036:
were en route to reinforce the English forces. This was possible because Edward III, when raising his army to invade France, had exempted the counties north of the River
1186:
said "few English were killed". Modern historians Given-Wilson and BĂ©riac have estimated that some 3,000 Scotsmen perished and fewer than a hundred were taken prisoner.
341:
281:
1068:
monks arrived from Durham in an attempt to broker a peace but David II, thinking they were spies, ordered their beheading; the monks escaped in the confusion.
81:
2653:
2299:
King, Andy (2002). "According to the Custom Used in French and Scottish Wars: Prisoners and Casualties on the Scottish Marches in the Fourteenth Century".
1056:
The Scots at Beaurepaire discovered the English army only on the morning of 17 October, when they were six miles (10 km) away. Around 500 men under
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1040:. On 14 October, while the Scots were sacking Hexham Abbey, the Archbishop decided not to wait for the Yorkshire troops and marched north-west towards
274:
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1232:, had previously sworn fealty to Edward III, who considered him guilty of treason. On the King's direct orders, he was tried, condemned and then
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that stood on the hill where the Scots made their stand. After the victory, Neville paid to have a new cross erected to commemorate the day.
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1088:
David II led the Scottish army east from Beaurepaire to high ground less than half a mile (800 m) to the west of Durham and within sight of
717:
237:
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1104:, took command of the third battle. The contemporary sources are not consistent, but it seems the Scots formed up in their traditional
680:
2249:
Given-Wilson, Chris; Bériac, Françoise (September 2001). "Edward III's Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and its Context".
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707:
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was bypassed in exchange for a large indemnity and the Scottish army moved east, ravaging the countryside as they went. They
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Priory, where the monks offered the Scots ÂŁ1,000 (ÂŁ1,170,000 as of 2024) in protection money to be paid on 18 October.
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with an army of 15,000 in July. Philip VI renewed his pleas to David II. As the English had also committed troops to
460:
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to commemorate the victory stood until 1569. The site of the battle has been listed as a registered battlefield by
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when his reflection was seen in the water by a group of English soldiers. David II was then taken prisoner by
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1092:, where he prepared for battle. Both the Scots and the English arranged themselves in three formations, or
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1264:(approximately ÂŁ78 million in 2024 terms). The ransom was to be paid over ten years, on 24 June (
1044:, and then rapidly north-east to Durham. He was joined en route by the Yorkshire contingent, and Lord
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Accounts of the time state that after the battle David II was hiding under a bridge over the
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was defeated with heavy loss by an English army of approximately 6,000–7,000 men led by
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Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology
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928:... Do for me what I would willingly do for you in such a crisis and do it as quickly
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In June Philip VI asked David II to attack pre-emptively: "I beg you, I implore you
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1012:. It was not a large army: 3,000–4,000 men from the northern English counties of
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was stormed and captured after a siege of three days and the garrison massacred.
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1096:. On the Scottish side, David II took control of the second battle, and placed
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952:. By the time the truce expired, the French had been decisively beaten at
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The battle was the result of the invasion of France by England during the
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and best-equipped Scottish expedition for many years. The border fort of
518:
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since 1337. In January 1343 the French and English had entered into the
861:) called on the Scots to fulfil their obligation under the terms of the
2579:. Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England. 6 June 1995.
1248:
1025:
1021:
1013:
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the battle, David II was released in exchange for a ransom of 100,000
1182:
both wrote that a thousand Scots were killed in the battle, while the
2446:. Stamford: Shaun Tyas for the North-East England History Institute.
2010:
2008:
1317:
brings the captured David II to Edward III in Calais, where he meets
1223:
to ransom any of those who were passed on to him, or release them on
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1033:
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and so took a defensive stance, waiting for the English to attack.
989:
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2005:
2037:
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2020:
1846:
1426:
1216:
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937:
2538:. The Hundred Years War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber.
1897:
1873:
1585:
1194:
2593:. Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England. 1995
2508:. The Hundred Years War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber.
1861:
1639:
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approximately 3 months for, usually seasonal, military service.
1224:
1037:
2364:
A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages: 1278–1485 A.D.
2032:
1668:
1666:
2553:
Wagner, John A. (2006). "Neville's Cross, Battle of (1346)".
2342:
The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346: Translated, with notes
2115:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.).
2072:
2055:"Durham City Conservation Area: Character Area 3 - Crossgate"
1202:
in Hampshire, where David II was imprisoned from 1346 to 1357
1028:
and a small number of lightly armed border cavalry, known as
1499:
1497:
1495:
1251:, and previously belonging to the former queen of Scotland,
901:) led a six-day raid into northern England in October 1345.
2585:"English Heritage Battlefield Report: Neville's Cross 1346"
1993:
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1800:
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1759:
1713:
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1709:
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1705:
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stumbled upon them in the morning mist during a raid near
988:. They arrived outside Durham on 16 October and camped at
912:) planned an invasion of northern France in 1346 and King
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1602:
1600:
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49:
Battle of Neville's Cross from a 15th-century manuscript
1933:
1921:
1834:
1795:
1702:
1573:
1255:, was taken from David II and donated to the shrine of
1048:
took command of the combined force of 6,000–7,000 men.
823:
on 17 October 1346, half a mile (800 m) to the west of
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16:
1346 battle of the Second War of Scottish Independence
2408:
The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377
2190:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 379–380.
2084:
1747:
1735:
1480:
244:
2557:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 228–229.
2281:
Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46
1981:
1885:
1822:
1561:
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1969:
1957:
1945:
1909:
1810:
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1545:
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2484:Border Fury: England and Scotland at War 1296–1568
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831:. An invading Scottish army of 12,000 led by King
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2434:
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2041:
2014:
1903:
1879:
1867:
1645:
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1119:The English similarly divided their forces with
1024:; it is known that Lancashire contributed 1,200
2177:
1432:
1324:
984:, taking three days to do so, then advanced to
1159:; two earls, John Randolph, Earl of Moray and
296:
2386:. East Linton, East Lothian: Tuckwell Press.
504:
349:
282:
2163:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
1000:in north Yorkshire under the supervision of
2654:Registered historic battlefields in England
932:... as you are able." Edward III landed in
2214:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press.
874:By 1346 England had been embroiled in the
511:
497:
356:
342:
289:
275:
2659:14th-century military history of Scotland
2464:(1998). "The Scottish invasion of 1346".
2400:
2141:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1777:
1297:The fate of King David II is recalled in
2530:
2500:
2106:
1999:
1927:
1804:
1765:
1729:
1717:
1672:
1579:
1539:
1474:
1444:
1420:
1390:
1375:
1193:
1070:
2335:
2204:
2188:The Oxford Companion to British History
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1684:
1657:
1633:
1621:
1606:
1515:
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182:
159:
2611:
2552:
2480:
2460:
2381:
2284:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
2277:
2228:
2090:
1891:
1828:
1753:
1741:
1527:
1503:
1459:
1161:Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn
2555:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
2236:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: W. Fraser.
2155:
2131:
1987:
1567:
1405:
1234:drawn, hanged, beheaded and quartered
492:
337:
270:
257:Location of the battle within England
224:Many captured including King David II
2629:Battles between England and Scotland
2357:
2298:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1915:
1840:
1816:
1696:
1551:
1321:, who has captured the French king.
2444:The Battle of Neville's Cross, 1346
2412:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1268:'s Day) each year, during which an
876:Second War of Scottish Independence
821:Second War of Scottish Independence
178:William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale
37:Second War of Scottish Independence
13:
2345:. Glasgow: J. Maclehose and Sons.
1276:The battle takes its name from an
14:
2675:
2649:Military history of County Durham
2634:Battles of the Hundred Years' War
2107:Boardman, Stephen I. (May 2006).
1313:. At the end of the latter play,
1100:, in charge of the first battle.
2573:"Battle of Neville's Cross 1346"
1292:
839:. The battle was named after an
733:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)
708:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)
243:
236:
43:
2487:, London; New York: Routledge,
2138:The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371
2047:
1350:
1336:
907:
896:
856:
2027:Given-Wilson & BĂ©riac 2001
1856:Given-Wilson & BĂ©riac 2001
1247:, venerated as a piece of the
713:Edward III's chevauchée (1355)
1:
2664:Scottish invasions of England
2313:10.1016/s0048-721x(02)00057-x
2251:The English Historical Review
2015:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1904:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1880:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1868:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1646:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1592:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1230:John Graham, Earl of Menteith
1102:Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March
869:
654:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)
1363:
1325:Notes, citations and sources
1189:
1098:John Randolph, Earl of Moray
166:John Randolph, Earl of Moray
121:Capture of the Scottish King
7:
2301:Journal of Medieval History
1433:Crowcroft & Cannon 2015
837:Ralph Neville, Lord Neville
10:
2680:
2644:History of Durham, England
2184:"Franco-Scottish Alliance"
2099:
1253:Saint Margaret of Scotland
1010:Lord Warden of the Marches
963:
718:Normandy chevauchée (1356)
300:Scottish Independence Wars
2367:London: Greenhill Books.
2278:Gribit, Nicholas (2016).
1167:, an illegitimate son of
1051:
817:Battle of Neville's Cross
532:
461:Berwick (1355 & 1356)
375:
323:Later Anglo-Scottish Wars
308:
231:
216:
203:
148:
131:
53:
42:
30:
26:Battle of Neville's Cross
25:
2382:Penman, Michael (2004).
2263:10.1093/ehr/CXVI.468.802
1329:
368:of Scottish Independence
2234:The Scotts of Buccleuch
2117:Oxford University Press
2060:. Durham County Council
1310:The Reign of Edward III
1155:; the Chancellor, Lord
841:Anglo-Saxon stone cross
2481:Sadler, John (2013) ,
2125:10.1093/ref:odnb/23713
2079:Historic England 1995a
2042:Historic England 1995b
1245:Black Rood of Scotland
1204:
1184:Chronicle of Lanercost
1165:Niall Bruce of Carrick
1085:
819:took place during the
149:Commanders and leaders
2402:Prestwich, Michael C.
1197:
1174:Scottish chroniclers
1074:
956:and the English were
903:Edward III of England
728:Loire campaign (1356)
217:Casualties and losses
1270:Anglo-Scottish truce
1266:St. John the Baptist
1002:William de la Zouche
892:David II of Scotland
254:class=notpageimage|
97:54.77250°N 1.59333°W
2462:Rogers, Clifford J.
2178:Crowcroft, Robert;
2002:, pp. 145–148.
1942:, pp. 281–282.
1843:, pp. 269–270.
1675:, pp. 552–553.
1542:, pp. 550–551.
1506:, pp. 228–229.
1462:, pp. 157–180.
1435:, pp. 379–380.
1378:, pp. 507–508.
1151:; the Chamberlain,
914:Philip VI of France
888:Truce of Malestroit
878:since 1332 and the
852:Philip VI of France
766:Treaties and truces
681:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
579:Tournaisis campaign
93: /
2532:Sumption, Jonathan
2502:Sumption, Jonathan
2436:Prestwich, Michael
1768:, pp. 552–53.
1344:Retail Price Index
1205:
1086:
1080:, on Crossgate in
1006:Archbishop of York
880:Hundred Years' War
848:Hundred Years' War
647:Calais (1346–1347)
557:Thiérache campaign
520:Hundred Years' War
222:1,000–3,000 killed
190:Lord Ralph Neville
102:54.77250; -1.59333
33:Hundred Years' War
2639:Conflicts in 1346
2564:978-0-313-32736-0
2545:978-0-571-13896-8
2515:978-0-571-20095-5
2494:978-1-4058-4022-4
2453:978-1-900289-19-1
2393:978-1-86232-202-8
2374:978-1-85367-332-0
2291:978-1-78327-117-7
2221:978-0-85115-571-5
2197:978-0-19-967783-2
2170:978-1-84022-210-4
2148:978-0-7486-1238-3
2017:, pp. 59–60.
1732:, pp. 3, 40.
1176:Andrew of Wyntoun
810:
809:
569:Scheldt campaigns
486:
485:
331:
330:
265:
264:
127:
126:
2671:
2624:1346 in Scotland
2602:
2600:
2598:
2590:Historic England
2580:
2577:Historic England
2568:
2549:
2527:
2497:
2477:
2466:Northern History
2457:
2431:
2411:
2397:
2378:
2354:
2337:Maxwell, Herbert
2332:
2295:
2274:
2257:(468): 802–833.
2245:
2225:
2201:
2174:
2152:
2128:
2114:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1319:the Black Prince
1315:John de Coupland
1287:Historic England
1213:John de Coupland
1169:Robert the Bruce
1157:Thomas Charteris
1153:John de Roxburgh
1125:Earl of Menteith
1121:Lord Henry Percy
1090:Durham Cathedral
1032:. Another 3,000
958:besieging Calais
931:
927:
911:
910: 1327–1377
909:
900:
899: 1329–1371
898:
860:
859: 1328–1350
858:
527:
513:
506:
499:
490:
489:
370:
358:
351:
344:
335:
334:
303:
301:
291:
284:
277:
268:
267:
247:
246:
240:
194:Lord Henry Percy
184:
174:
161:
117:English victory
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
55:
54:
47:
23:
22:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2619:1346 in England
2609:
2608:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2565:
2546:
2516:
2506:Trial by Battle
2495:
2454:
2440:Rollason, David
2420:
2394:
2375:
2292:
2230:Fraser, William
2222:
2198:
2171:
2149:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1295:
1203:
1192:
1149:Robert de Keith
1141:David de la Hay
1084:
1078:Neville's Cross
1076:The remains of
1058:William Douglas
1054:
966:
929:
925:
906:
895:
872:
855:
813:
812:
811:
806:
552:English Channel
528:
524:
523:Edwardian phase
521:
519:
517:
487:
482:
466:Burnt Candlemas
444:Neville's Cross
371:
367:
364:
362:
332:
327:
304:
299:
297:
295:
261:
260:
259:
258:
256:
250:
249:
248:
223:
196:
192:
176:
170:
164:
101:
99:
95:
92:
87:
84:
82:
80:
79:
78:
71:Neville's Cross
61:17 October 1346
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2604:
2603:
2581:
2569:
2563:
2550:
2544:
2528:
2514:
2498:
2493:
2478:
2458:
2452:
2432:
2418:
2398:
2392:
2379:
2373:
2355:
2339:, ed. (1913).
2333:
2307:(3): 263–290.
2296:
2290:
2275:
2246:
2226:
2220:
2206:DeVries, Kelly
2202:
2196:
2175:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2133:Brown, Michael
2129:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2093:, p. 129.
2083:
2071:
2046:
2031:
2029:, p. 811.
2019:
2004:
1992:
1990:, p. 219.
1980:
1978:, p. 278.
1968:
1966:, p. 281.
1956:
1954:, p. 282.
1944:
1932:
1930:, p. 554.
1920:
1918:, p. 269.
1908:
1906:, p. 146.
1896:
1884:
1882:, p. 140.
1872:
1860:
1858:, p. 809.
1845:
1833:
1821:
1819:, p. 151.
1809:
1807:, p. 143.
1794:
1792:, p. 341.
1782:
1780:, p. 267.
1778:Prestwich 1980
1770:
1758:
1756:, p. 134.
1746:
1744:, p. 228.
1734:
1722:
1720:, p. 553.
1701:
1699:, p. 150.
1689:
1687:, p. 335.
1677:
1662:
1660:, p. 339.
1650:
1638:
1636:, p. 337.
1626:
1624:, p. 336.
1611:
1609:, p. 181.
1596:
1594:, p. 143.
1584:
1582:, p. 552.
1572:
1570:, p. 218.
1560:
1554:, p. 149,
1544:
1532:
1520:
1518:, p. 332.
1508:
1491:
1489:, p. 330.
1479:
1477:, p. 550.
1464:
1449:
1447:, p. 504.
1437:
1425:
1423:, p. 500.
1410:
1408:, p. 247.
1395:
1393:, p. 499.
1380:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1294:
1291:
1283:Maiden's Bower
1257:Saint Cuthbert
1198:
1191:
1188:
1133:Robert Stewart
1075:
1053:
1050:
1042:Barnard Castle
1018:Northumberland
965:
962:
871:
868:
808:
807:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
768:
767:
763:
762:
757:
755:Reims campaign
752:
746:
745:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
704:
703:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
662:
661:
657:
656:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
627:Crécy campaign
624:
619:
618:
617:
612:
601:
600:
594:
593:
592:
591:
586:
576:
571:
566:
565:
564:
554:
549:
544:
538:
537:
533:
530:
529:
516:
515:
508:
501:
493:
484:
483:
481:
480:
478:Berwick (1357)
474:
473:
469:
468:
463:
458:
452:
451:
447:
446:
440:
439:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Berwick (1333)
409:
403:
402:
398:
397:
392:
387:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
361:
360:
353:
346:
338:
329:
328:
326:
325:
320:
315:
309:
306:
305:
294:
293:
286:
279:
271:
263:
262:
252:
251:
242:
241:
235:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
201:
200:
198:William Zouche
187:
151:
150:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
114:
110:
109:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2536:Trial by Fire
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2419:0-297-77730-0
2415:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2359:Oman, Charles
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2161:The Crecy War
2158:
2157:Burne, Alfred
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2001:
2000:Sumption 1999
1996:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1928:Sumption 1990
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1894:, p. 51.
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1870:, p. 26.
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1831:, p. 15.
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1805:Sumption 1999
1801:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1766:Sumption 1990
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1730:Boardman 2006
1726:
1719:
1718:Sumption 1990
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1673:Sumption 1990
1669:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1648:, p. 88.
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1580:Sumption 1990
1576:
1569:
1564:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1540:Sumption 1990
1536:
1530:, p. 37.
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1475:Sumption 1990
1471:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1445:Sumption 1990
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1421:Sumption 1990
1417:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1391:Sumption 1990
1387:
1385:
1377:
1376:Sumption 1990
1372:
1368:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1293:In literature
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:River Browney
1201:
1200:Odiham Castle
1196:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1046:Ralph Neville
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:mobilised at
993:
991:
987:
983:
980:
976:
972:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
922:
920:
919:Auld Alliance
915:
904:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
867:
864:
863:Auld Alliance
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
803:
800:
798:
797:Second London
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:Calais (1350)
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
623:
620:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
596:
595:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
526:
514:
509:
507:
502:
500:
495:
494:
491:
479:
476:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
400:
399:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
374:
369:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
339:
336:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
307:
302:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
272:
269:
255:
239:
230:
226:
221:
220:
215:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
195:
191:
188:
185:
179:
175:
173:
167:
162:
156:
155:King David II
153:
152:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
130:
120:
119:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2606:
2595:. Retrieved
2588:
2576:
2554:
2535:
2505:
2483:
2465:
2443:
2407:
2383:
2363:
2341:
2304:
2300:
2280:
2254:
2250:
2233:
2210:
2187:
2180:Cannon, John
2160:
2137:
2110:
2086:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2049:
2044:, p. 2.
2022:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1790:Maxwell 1913
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1692:
1685:Maxwell 1913
1680:
1658:Maxwell 1913
1653:
1641:
1634:Maxwell 1913
1629:
1622:Maxwell 1913
1607:DeVries 2006
1587:
1575:
1563:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1516:Maxwell 1913
1511:
1487:Maxwell 1913
1482:
1440:
1428:
1371:
1352:
1338:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1275:
1242:
1238:
1221:
1206:
1180:Walter Bower
1173:
1137:
1129:
1118:
1114:Halidon Hill
1110:Dupplin Moor
1087:
1055:
1034:Yorkshiremen
994:
982:Hexham Abbey
971:Liddell Peel
967:
923:
873:
845:
816:
814:
792:First London
637:Blanchetaque
472:Peace treaty
443:
417:Halidon Hill
390:Dupplin Moor
171:
132:Belligerents
116:
31:Part of the
18:
2091:Penman 2004
1892:Rogers 1998
1829:Fraser 1878
1754:Penman 2004
1742:Sadler 2013
1528:Gribit 2016
1504:Wagner 2006
1460:Penman 2004
1299:Shakespeare
1278:Anglo-Saxon
1066:Benedictine
990:Beaurepaire
525:(1337–1360)
456:Nesbit Moor
422:Boroughmuir
212:6,000–7,000
100: /
2613:Categories
2597:1 November
2064:3 February
1988:Burne 1999
1568:Burne 1999
1406:Brown 2004
1249:True Cross
1106:schiltrons
1062:Merrington
1026:longbowmen
1022:Lancashire
1014:Cumberland
1008:, who was
870:Background
777:Malestroit
676:Winchelsea
584:Saint-Omer
547:Arnemuiden
366:Second War
88:01°35′36″W
85:54°46′21″N
73:, west of
2524:819663446
2474:0078-172X
2468:. xxxiv.
2428:611186058
2361:(1998) .
2351:457526322
2329:159873083
2321:0304-4181
2271:0013-8266
2242:866515784
2111:Robert II
1976:King 2002
1964:King 2002
1952:King 2002
1940:King 2002
1916:King 2002
1841:King 2002
1817:Oman 1998
1697:Oman 1998
1552:Oman 1998
1364:Citations
1190:Aftermath
1145:Marischal
772:Espléchin
750:Jacquerie
744:1358–1360
702:1355–1356
666:Lunalonge
660:1349–1352
622:Aiguillon
615:Auberoche
598:1345–1347
536:1337–1340
450:1355–1356
401:1333–1342
77:, England
2534:(1999).
2504:(1990).
2442:(1998).
2404:(1980).
2384:David II
2232:(1878).
2208:(2006).
2182:(2015).
2159:(1999).
2135:(2004).
1301:'s play
1030:hobelars
998:Richmond
975:Carlisle
946:Flanders
942:Brittany
934:Normandy
833:David II
802:Brétigny
760:Chartres
738:Poitiers
723:Breteuil
610:Bergerac
427:Culblean
385:Kinghorn
204:Strength
138:Scotland
66:Location
35:and the
2100:Sources
1304:Henry V
1217:annuity
1094:battles
964:Prelude
938:Gascony
850:. King
829:England
686:Saintes
605:Gascony
589:Tournai
562:Cambrai
542:Cadzand
407:Dornock
180: (
172:†
157: (
143:England
2561:
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2145:
1556:
1225:parole
1163:; and
1143:; the
1082:Durham
1052:Battle
1038:Humber
1004:, the
986:Durham
979:sacked
930:
926:
884:France
825:Durham
787:Guînes
782:Calais
696:Guînes
691:Ardres
318:Second
209:12,000
168:
113:Result
75:Durham
2325:S2CID
2058:(PDF)
1330:Notes
1262:marks
954:Crécy
950:Perth
882:with
642:Crécy
574:Sluys
432:Perth
395:Annan
313:First
2599:2019
2559:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2520:OCLC
2510:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2470:ISSN
2448:ISBN
2424:OCLC
2414:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2347:OCLC
2317:ISSN
2286:ISBN
2267:ISSN
2238:OCLC
2216:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2066:2024
1243:The
1178:and
1112:and
1020:and
944:and
815:The
632:Caen
438:1346
379:1332
58:Date
2309:doi
2259:doi
2255:116
2121:doi
1558:n 1
1342:UK
227:Few
183:POW
160:POW
2615::
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1494:^
1467:^
1452:^
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