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belles marches de Lang-Son à Hanoï et sur les rives de la rivière Claire a prouvé que vous sentiez l'importance de vos nouvelles opérations. Le 2 mars, vous avez rencontré l'armée chinoise, descendue du Yun-Nan, retranchée dans une série d'ouvrages formidables, sur un terrain d'une difficulté inouïe. L’ennemi, renforcé de tous les bandits de Luu-Vinh-Phuoc, avait annoncé bien haut qu’il vous barrerait la route de Tuyen-Quan, assiégé avec rage par lui. Sans tenir compte du nombre de vos adversaires, vous avez enlevé de vive force les ouvrages de Hoa-Moc après une lutte de près de vingt-quatre heures. Le résultat a répondu à vos sacrifices, et, le 3 mars, vous serriez la main des braves de l'héroïque garnison que vous veniez d'égaler. Honneur à vous tous!
824:(You have just added a glorious page to the annals of the expeditionary corps. After your victories on the march from Chu to Lang Son I was obliged, without giving you the rest you so richly deserved, to require of you new efforts and to lead you into new dangers. The energy which you showed during your fine marches from Lang Son to Hanoi and up the banks of the Clear River demonstrated that you appreciated the importance of your new mission. On 2 March you met the Chinese army that had come down from Yunnan, entrenched within a complex of formidable defences, on ground of the most appalling difficulty.
262:
22:
703:(Luu Vĩnh Phúc, as he was known to the French from the Vietnamese pronunciation of his name), and seem to have numbered around 6,000 men. They held three lines of trenches, one behind the other, and their flanks rested on the Clear River to the east and on impassable mountain terrain to the west. The position was well chosen, and the French had no option except to attack it frontally. Their single advantage was their artillery, which was stationed by Giovanninelli on hilltop positions from which the guns could fire down into the enemy trenches.
680:
775:
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636:, it would lose the support of the gunboats. It would also be exposing its rear to a potentially devastating counterattack by the enemy troops at Hòa Mộc. It would be advancing through unknown country, along paths reported to be bad. Finally, whichever route the column took, it would not get to Tuyên Quang without a battle. Even if the flank march succeeded, the column would still have to fight its way through the Yunnan Army's siege lines around
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Lieutenants
Embarck, Moissenet and de l'Étoile, and 2nd Lieutenant Brun) and 21 officers wounded. Three of the 21 wounded officers (Captains Bourguignon and Chanu and 2nd Lieutenant Peyre) later died of their wounds. The heaviest losses fell on Mahias's marine infantry battalion. The battalion's strength on 26 December 1884 was 600 men and 19 officers. Its casualties in the
589:, Giovanninelli's men pressed on to Hanoi via the French posts at Kép, Phu Lang Thuong and Dap Cau. The brigade reached Hanoi on the evening of 22 February. It had left Lạng Sơn 3,000 strong, but straggling had reduced its numbers by a sixth, and it set off to relieve Tuyên Quang with only a little over 2,400 men. Five gunboats of the
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bloodstained stretchers file past him, and kept exclaiming in a strangled voice, 'My children! My poor children!' The bullets whistled incessantly in the close air, and the groans of the wounded men lying in the rose bushes, inside the bamboo groves, and against the sides of the enemy works, rose ever more distinctly.
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fourth, unidentified company (Lieutenant de l'Étoile). De
Mibielle's Turco battalion was the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Algerian Rifle Regiment (Captains Camper, Chirouze, Polère and Valet). Comoy's Turco battalion was the 4th Battalion, 1st Algerian Rifle Regiment (Captains Gérôme, Boëlle, Bigot and Rollandes).
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On the morning of 3 March
Giovanninelli brought up his reserves and ordered the entire brigade to assault the stretch of trench line still in enemy hands. The French infantry moved forward at the trot, then accelerated into a charge, expecting to be met by a volley at point-blank range. Instead, they
813:
Marc-Edmond Dominé's defence of Tuyên Quang, and it eventually became the defining image of the Sino-French War in France. The battle of Hòa Mộc, fought to relieve the besieged garrison, is far less well known, and some of its participants were aggrieved at how quickly their achievements faded from
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On 27 February
Giovanninelli's men set out from Phu Doan towards the Yu Oc gorge, the most direct route to Tuyên Quang. The French knew that the Chinese and Black Flags had established a strong blocking position in the Yu Oc gorge, near the village of Hòa Mộc. In theory, the French column could have
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Mahias's battalion consisted of the 25th, 29th, 34th and 36th
Companies, 1st Marine Infantry Regiment (Captains Tailland, Salles, Hougnon and Bourguignon). Lambinet's battalion included the 25th A, 28th and 31st D Companies, 1st Marine Infantry Regiment (Captains Chanu, Herbin and de Damian) and a
739:
Mahias's marine infantry battalion. The attack was met by accurate close range rifle fire, and also failed with heavy casualties. Giovanninelli reinforced the attackers with
Lambinet's marine infantry battalion, and a third and final assault was made. This time the French broke through, capturing a
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Taking no heed of the number of your adversaries, you stormed and captured the positions of Hoa Moc after a struggle lasting nearly twenty-four hours. The outcome justified your sacrifices, and on 3 March you shook hands with the brave men of the heroic garrison whose courage you had just matched.
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Although the French had made some progress in the afternoon's fighting, their casualties had been disconcertingly high, and it was not clear whether the brigade was strong enough to break through on the following morning. According to
Lieutenant Huguet of Lambinet's marine infantry battalion, both
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Costly though it had been, Giovanninelli's victory cleared the way to Tuyên Quang. The Yunnan Army and the Black Flags raised the siege and drew off to the west, and the relieving force entered the beleaguered post on 3 March. Brière de l'Isle praised the courage of the hard-pressed garrison in a
818:
Vous venez d'ajouter une glorieuse page à l'histoire du corps expéditionnaire. Après vos victoires sur la route de Chu à Lang-Son, sans vous accorder un repos déjà bien mérité, j’ai dû vous demander de nouveaux efforts, vous conduire à de nouveaux dangers. L’entrain que vous avez montré dans vos
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The French gunboat flotilla was unable to ascend the Clear River as far as Hòa Mộc, despite the utmost efforts of the gunboat crews, who hauled their vessels along the shallow river bed. Their absence was recognised by the French officers as a serious loss. Had they been present, they could have
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Giovanninelli's reinforced 1st
Brigade consisted of seven infantry battalions (Mahias and Lambinet's marine infantry battalions, de Mibielle and Comoy's Turco battalions, Tonnot's battalion of Tonkinese riflemen and de Maussion's two mixed battalions) and two marine artillery batteries (Captains
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avoided this blocking position by advancing northwest along the Song Chay river and approaching Tuyên Quang from the west. Brière de l'Isle and
Giovanninelli considered the possibility of making a flank march to bypass the Hòa Mộc position, but rejected it. If the column marched inland from the
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French casualties at Hòa Mộc were 76 dead and 408 wounded. This was the highest casualty rate and the heaviest loss in a single day's fighting sustained by the French during the Sino-French War. The casualties included six officers killed or mortally wounded (Captains
Rollandes and Tailland,
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The general-in-chief was sitting behind a bank, anxious, his head in his hands, surrounded by his staff, perhaps wondering whether he would have to retreat. Colonel Giovanninelli, who valued the life of the humblest soldier as dearly as his own, was pale and shaken as he watched the lines of
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was the most evocative confrontation of the Sino-French War. The Chinese and Black Flags sapped methodically up to the French positions, and in January and February 1885 breached the outer defences with mines and delivered seven separate assaults on the breach. The Tuyên Quang garrison, 400
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Marc-Edmond Dominé, beat off all attempts to storm their positions, but lost over a third of their strength (50 dead and 224 wounded) sustaining a heroic defence against overwhelming odds. By mid-February it was clear that Tuyên Quang would fall unless it was relieved immediately.
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The French approached the Chinese and Black Flag positions late in the morning of 2 March 1885. The enemy flags were down, and the Chinese trenches appeared to be deserted. The French shelled the trenches but there was no sign of life, so Giovanninelli sent forward a platoon of
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Comoy's Turco battalion. The Chinese exploded a mine in front of their trenches as the Algerians advanced, killing and wounding scores of the attackers, and the assault failed. One of the battalion's company commanders, Captain Rollandes, was mortally wounded in the attack.
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On 28 February the brigade crossed the Song Chay river and camped 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) below the village of Hòa Mộc, at the entrance to the Yu Oc gorge. There, as they expected, they found the route to Tuyên Quang blocked by a strong Chinese defensive position.
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personally led Colonel Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade to the relief of Tuyên Quang. The brigade left Lạng Sơn on 17 February, after replenishing its food and ammunition, and made a forced march back to Hanoi along the Mandarin Road, via Cut,
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During the night of 2 March the Chinese and Black Flags made a counterattack in an attempt to recover the trenches they had lost, but were met with the bayonet by Comoy's Turcos and driven off after vicious hand-to-hand fighting.
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large section of the enemy's forward trenches. To distract their attention, Liu Yongfu launched a counterattack against the French left flank, but it was driven off with heavy losses by the French reserves.
613:) carried Giovanninelli's men from Hanoi up the Red and Clear Rivers and put the brigade ashore near the French post of Phu Doan on the Clear River, 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Tuyên Quang.
620:. This mixed force of Turcos, marine infantry and legionnaires, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel de Maussion, had set out from Hưng Hóa on 21 February. The relief force now numbered 3,400 men.
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Beranger and Frauger. They included two companies of the 1st Battalion, 1st Foreign Legion Regiment (Captains Chmitelin and Broussier) and a marine infantry company (Captain Kuntz).
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Having established that the Hòa Mộc position was occupied, Giovanninelli attacked the left flank of the Chinese defensive line early in the afternoon. The first assault was made by
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The French wounded were evacuated back to Hanoi aboard the gunboats, but many of them later died of their wounds in the overcrowded military hospitals of Dap Cau and Thi Cau.
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widely quoted order of the day. 'Today, you enjoy the admiration of the men who have relieved you at such heavy cost. Tomorrow, all France will applaud you!'
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The enemy, reinforced by all Luu Vinh Phuc's bandits, had boasted that he would block your way to Tuyen Quang, which he was furiously besieging.
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found the enemy trenches deserted. The Chinese and Black Flags had evacuated their positions before dawn, leaving the way to Tuyên Quang clear.
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Brière de l'Isle and Giovanninelli had been shaken by the ferocity of the enemy's resistance and were contemplating the possibility of defeat:
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659:, and the French at least knew the lie of the land. Giovanninelli told his men that he was leading them 'into known dangers, by a known way'.
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the public's memory. They took what comfort they could from the order of day issued by Brière de l'Isle to the 1st Brigade on 5 March 1885:
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The brigade was reinforced at Phu Doan on 24 February by two ad hoc infantry battalions (1,000 men) drawn from the garrisons of Sơn Tây and
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sailed up the Clear River beyond the Black Flag positions and enfiladed them from the rear, as they had done in September 1883 in the
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to draw any enemy fire. The Tonkinese were met with a murderous volley at point-blank range that killed or wounded 20 out of 30 men.
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allowed substantial French forces to be diverted further west to relieve the small and isolated French garrison in
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794:(February 1885) had been relatively light, but after Hòa Mộc it could only muster 307 men and 6 officers.
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The Chinese and Black Flag forces blocking the way to Tuyên Quang were under the personal command of
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Brière de l'Isle and Giovanninelli therefore decided to advance directly on Tuyên Quang through the
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514:(August 1884 – April 1885). At heavy cost, Colonel Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade of the
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gorge, forcing the defences of Hòa Mộc. This was the route taken by Colonel
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Comoy's Turcos attack the Chinese positions at Hòa Mộc, 2 March 1885
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Armies blocking the way to the besieged French post of Tuyên Quang.
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Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
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2018:
568:. Following his capture of Lạng Sơn on 13 February 1885, General
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to pay homage to the French soldiers killed in June 1884 in the
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legionnaires and 200 Tonkinese auxiliaries under the command of
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De Maussion's two mixed battalions were under the command of
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Failed attack by the marine infantry of Mahias's battalion
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510:(2 March 1885) was the most fiercely fought action of the
538:, which had been placed under siege in November 1884 by
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A second French assault, in mid-afternoon, was made by
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The French capture of Lạng Sơn in February 1885 in the
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564:The Battle of Hòa Mộc was fought to relieve the
935:, 161–77, 195–206 and 207–13; Nicolas, 400–402
675:Colonel Ange-Laurent Giovanninelli (1839–1903)
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2339:
2136:
1894:
1849:
1413:
1064:
360:
1651:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
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1532:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
1015:Lang-Son: combats, retraite et négociations
781:, killed in action at Hòa Mộc, 2 March 1885
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1901:
1887:
1863:
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1036:Histoire militaire de l'Indochine français
627:Map of the Battle of Hòa Mộc, 2 March 1885
367:
353:
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1511:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
1636:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
885:Hubert, 109–16; Huguet, 89–93; Lecomte,
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742:
710:
706:
678:
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622:
244:
29:This article includes a list of general
1029:Livre d'or de l'infanterie de la marine
655:'s column in November 1884, before the
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1001:En colonne: souvenirs d'Extrême-Orient
518:defeated forces of the Black Flag and
104:Please improve this article by adding
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2571:
2327:
2124:
1882:
1837:
1631:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
1401:
1124:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
1052:
809:The French public did indeed applaud
581:and Bắc Lệ. After briefly pausing at
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1823:Governor-General of French Indochina
1427:
994:, Tonkin, Défense de Tuyen-Quan 1885
77:
15:
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2306:French colonization of the Americas
1078:
893:, 215–31; Nicolas, 402–9; Thomazi,
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13:
2986:1885 in the French colonial empire
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3017:
666:
1586:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
790:(4 January 1885) and during the
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272:
260:
246:
82:
20:
3001:History of Tuyên Quang province
2800:French domains of the Holy Land
1022:Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng
800:
560:Relief march of the 1st Brigade
2966:Battles of the Sino-French War
2795:French domains of Saint Helena
1912:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
1803:Paris Foreign Missions Society
1557:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
969:
956:
947:
938:
921:
904:
879:
858:
845:
1:
1542:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
990:Le colonel Dominé – Algérie,
982:
769:
525:
106:secondary or tertiary sources
2530:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
1757:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
1581:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1537:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
872:
542:(劉永福)'s Black Flag Army and
7:
2770: and Antarctic Lands
1682:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
1626:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
1569:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
1562:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
10:
3022:
1813:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1547:French conquest of Vietnam
1377:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1043:La conquête de l'Indochine
1008:La vie militaire au Tonkin
516:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
2991:Battles involving Vietnam
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2822:
2778:
2761:
2743:
2739:
2728:
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2687:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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2548:French East India Company
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2311:French West India Company
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2120:
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1945:
1917:
1878:
1871:
1795:
1737:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
1725:
1712:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
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1596:1916 Cochinchina uprising
1524:
1471:
1458:France–Thailand relations
1435:
1332:
1281:
1235:
1227:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
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1086:
546:(唐景崧)'s Yunnan Army. The
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315:
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197:
189:
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2996:Battles involving France
2826: the Indian Ocean
1777:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
1717:Geneva Conference (1954)
1453:France–Vietnam relations
1099:France–Vietnam relations
838:
2734:Uninhabited territories
2245:Saint Kitts & Nevis
1808:Tirailleurs indochinois
1742:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
1697:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
1687:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
1661:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1552:Siege of Tourane (1858)
927:Huguet, 83–9; Lecomte,
50:more precise citations.
2664: collectivities
2502:Sanjak of Alexandretta
2355:Former French colonies
2152:Former French colonies
1910:Former French colonies
1865:French overseas empire
1574:Pacification of Tonkin
1463:France–China relations
1448:French colonial empire
1273:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1133:Military and political
1104:China–France relations
1094:French colonial empire
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821:
782:
759:
748:
716:
688:Jourdy and Péricaud).
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683:Liu Yongfu (1837–1917)
676:
628:
570:Louis Brière de l'Isle
285:Commanders and leaders
93:relies excessively on
2611:Inhabited territories
2543:France–Asia relations
2098:Somaliland (Djibouti)
1747:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
1443:France–Asia relations
1340:Imperial Chinese Navy
1282:Chinese personalities
1212:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
1202:Battle of Phu Lam Tao
822:
816:
777:
754:
746:
714:
707:The battle of Hòa Mộc
682:
674:
626:
329:Casualties and losses
298:Laurent Giovanninelli
2940:21.8170°N 105.2170°E
2889:overseas departments
2824:Scattered Islands in
2705: collectivity
2163:French North America
1707:Treaty of Huế (1884)
1702:Treaty of Huế (1883)
1692:Treaty of Huế (1863)
1666:Partition of Vietnam
1606:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
1601:Thái Nguyên uprising
1324:Empress Dowager Cixi
1236:French personalities
1167:Siege of Tuyên Quang
914:, 237–41 and 246–8;
834:Honour to you all!)
566:Siege of Tuyên Quang
548:Siege of Tuyên Quang
2936: /
2858:Juan de Nova Island
2745:North Pacific Ocean
2357:in Asia and Oceania
1752:Charles de Montigny
1656:First Indochina War
1611:Bazin assassination
1263:François de Négrier
1222:Pescadores campaign
1187:Battle of Đồng Đăng
117:"Battle of Hòa Mộc"
2763:Overseas territory
2288:France Antarctique
2275:Equinoctial France
2238:Dominican Republic
1248:Marc-Edmond Dominé
916:Histoire militaire
899:Histoire militaire
853:chefs de bataillon
783:
749:
722:Tonkinese riflemen
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685:
677:
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3006:March 1885 events
2971:Conflicts in 1885
2945:21.8170; 105.2170
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2814:Amsterdam Islands
2805:Kerguelen Islands
2753:Clipperton Island
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2692:Wallis and Futuna
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2460:Mandate for Syria
2450:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
2412:Indochinese Union
2319:
2318:
2116:
2115:
2029:Equatorial Africa
1831:
1830:
1641:August Revolution
1395:
1394:
1372:Far East Squadron
1333:Armies and fleets
1207:Battle of Bang Bo
1197:Battle of Hòa Mộc
1192:Battle of Zhenhai
1182:Lạng Sơn campaign
1172:Battle of Núi Bop
992:Armée de la Loire
918:, 102–3 and 107–8
811:chef de bataillon
792:Lạng Sơn Campaign
788:Battle of Núi Bop
737:chef de bataillon
729:chef de bataillon
603:Berthe de Villers
553:chef de bataillon
532:Lạng Sơn Campaign
508:Battle of Hòa Mộc
501:
500:
343:
342:
234:
233:
185:Battle of Hòa Mộc
178:
177:
170:
152:
76:
75:
68:
3013:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2844:Glorioso Islands
2825:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2704:
2677:Saint Barthélemy
2672:French Polynesia
2663:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2377:Coromandel Coast
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2206:French Caribbean
2186:Terre Neuve
2145:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2121:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1818:Tonkinese Rifles
1516:State of Vietnam
1429:French Indochina
1422:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1387:Tonkinese Rifles
1258:Sébastien Lespès
1253:Jacques Duchesne
1157:Battle of Tamsui
1147:Keelung campaign
1142:Battle of Fuzhou
1109:French Indochina
1073:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1049:
976:
973:
967:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
925:
919:
908:
902:
883:
866:
862:
856:
849:
779:Captain Tailland
653:Jacques Duchesne
381:
379:
369:
362:
355:
346:
345:
308:
307:
306:
296:
295:
277:
276:
275:
266:
264:
263:
256:
252:
250:
249:
199:
198:
182:
181:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
151:
110:
86:
78:
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
46:this article by
37:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2976:1885 in Vietnam
2956:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2893:Claimed by the
2867:
2863:Tromelin Island
2834:Bassas da India
2818:
2768:French Southern
2757:
2735:
2716:
2696:
2656:
2624: regions
2612:
2601:
2599:Overseas France
2596:
2552:
2534:
2506:
2492:Greater Lebanon
2462:and the Lebanon
2461:
2454:
2406:
2358:
2352:
2315:
2297:
2269:
2200:
2157:
2155:in the Americas
2149:
2112:
2089:
2061:
2023:
1941:
1913:
1907:
1867:
1862:
1832:
1827:
1791:
1772:Francis Garnier
1730:
1728:
1721:
1670:
1520:
1473:
1467:
1431:
1426:
1396:
1391:
1382:Tonkin Flotilla
1367:Black Flag Army
1355:Guangdong Fleet
1328:
1277:
1231:
1177:Battle of Shipu
1162:Battle of Yu Oc
1134:
1128:
1119:Tientsin Accord
1114:Tonkin campaign
1082:
1080:Sino-French War
1077:
985:
980:
979:
974:
970:
961:
957:
952:
948:
943:
939:
926:
922:
909:
905:
884:
880:
875:
870:
869:
863:
859:
850:
846:
841:
803:
772:
709:
694:Battle of Palan
669:
657:Battle of Yu Oc
591:Tonkin Flotilla
562:
528:
512:Sino-French War
504:
503:
502:
497:
382:
378:Sino-French War
377:
375:
373:
335:
304:
302:
290:
279:Black Flag Army
273:
271:
270:
261:
259:
247:
245:
222:
192:Sino-French War
174:
163:
157:
154:
111:
109:
103:
99:primary sources
87:
72:
61:
55:
52:
42:Please help to
41:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2887:Also known as
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:Banc du Geyser
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Crozet Islands
2787:
2779:
2773:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
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2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:Jabal al-Druze
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2470:State of Syria
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
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2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2265:Virgin Islands
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2229:Saint-Domingue
2226:
2224:The Grenadines
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2191:French Florida
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2108:Isle de France
2105:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1787:Albert Sarraut
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:Amédée Courbet
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:Yên Bái mutiny
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:Amédée Courbet
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1024:(Taipei, 1993)
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
984:
981:
978:
977:
968:
955:
946:
937:
920:
903:
877:
876:
874:
871:
868:
867:
857:
843:
842:
840:
837:
802:
799:
771:
768:
708:
705:
668:
667:Forces engaged
665:
561:
558:
527:
524:
499:
498:
496:
495:
490:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
387:
384:
383:
372:
371:
364:
357:
349:
341:
340:
337:
331:
330:
326:
325:
322:
318:
317:
313:
312:
300:
287:
286:
282:
281:
257:
241:
240:
236:
235:
232:
231:
230:French victory
228:
224:
223:
213:
211:
207:
206:
203:
195:
194:
187:
186:
180:
179:
176:
175:
90:
88:
81:
74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3018:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:1885 in China
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Europa Island
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2713:
2712:New Caledonia
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:French Guiana
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Alawite State
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Saint Vincent
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Grande Comore
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:Four Communes
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:Arguin Island
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Côte d'Ivoire
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:Organisations
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:Auguste Pavie
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Henri Rivière
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1729:personalities
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:Nanyang Fleet
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Beiyang Fleet
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Tang Jingsong
1297:
1295:
1294:Liu Mingchuan
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Tonkin Affair
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
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1085:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:(Paris, 1934)
1044:
1041:Thomazi, A.,
1040:
1038:(Hanoi, 1931)
1037:
1034:Thomazi, A.,
1033:
1031:(Paris, 1891)
1030:
1027:Nicolas, V.,
1026:
1023:
1020:Lung Chang ,
1019:
1017:(Paris, 1895)
1016:
1013:Lecomte, J.,
1012:
1010:(Paris, 1893)
1009:
1006:Lecomte, J.,
1005:
1003:(Paris, 1888)
1002:
998:
996:(Paris, 1938)
995:
993:
987:
986:
972:
965:
959:
950:
941:
934:
933:Vie militaire
930:
924:
917:
913:
907:
900:
896:
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891:Vie militaire
888:
882:
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861:
854:
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828:
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625:
621:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Henri Rivière
596:
592:
588:
587:Bắc Lệ ambush
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
557:
554:
549:
545:
544:Tang Jingsong
541:
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389:Naval battles
385:
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119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
101:
100:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2953:
2921:
2848:
2782:
2682:Saint Martin
2518:New Hebrides
2372:Chandernagor
2364:French India
2196:French Texas
2052:Ubangi-Shari
2047:Middle Congo
2014:James Island
1919:North Africa
1621:World War II
1506:Guangzhouwan
1350:Fujian Fleet
1319:Zhang Peilun
1309:Li Hongzhang
1196:
1152:Kép campaign
1135:developments
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
989:
988:Hubert, C.,
971:
963:
958:
953:Nicolas, 409
949:
940:
932:
928:
923:
915:
911:
906:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
860:
852:
847:
833:
829:
826:
823:
817:
810:
808:
804:
801:Significance
796:
784:
764:
760:
755:
750:
736:
734:
728:
726:
718:
698:
690:
686:
661:
646:
630:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
563:
552:
529:
507:
505:
476:
475:
471:2nd Lạng Sơn
455:
446:1st Lạng Sơn
414:
413:
388:
239:Belligerents
205:2 March 1885
190:Part of the
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
92:
62:
53:
34:
2943: /
2931:105°13′01″E
2905:Claimed by
2899:Claimed by
2784:Adélie Land
2702:Sui generis
2433:Cochinchina
2250:Saint Lucia
2004:Upper Volta
1947:West Africa
1591:World War I
1481:Cochinchina
1474:territories
1472:Constituent
1268:Jules Ferry
999:Huguet, E,
642:Phu An Binh
634:Clear River
536:Tuyên Quang
461:Phu Lam Tao
436:Tuyên Quang
336:408 wounded
218:, northern
216:Tuyên Quang
48:introducing
2960:Categories
2928:21°49′01″N
2901:Madagascar
2810:Saint Paul
2642:Martinique
2637:Guadeloupe
2392:Pondichéry
2103:Madagascar
1975:Mauritania
1436:Background
1304:Feng Zicai
1289:Liu Yongfu
1087:Background
983:References
975:Huguet, 96
944:Huguet, 92
931:, 318–24;
770:Casualties
701:Liu Yongfu
540:Liu Yongfu
526:Background
493:Pescadores
310:Liu Yongfu
128:newspapers
95:references
56:March 2014
31:references
2907:Mauritius
2766: (
2176:Louisiana
2057:Cameroons
1314:Zeng Jize
962:Thomazi,
910:Thomazi,
897:, 247–8;
889:, 324–9;
873:Footnotes
575:Thanh Moy
451:Đồng Đăng
324:6,000 men
321:3,400 men
2662:Overseas
2622:Overseas
2480:Damascus
2429:Vietnam
2420:Cambodia
2397:Karaikal
2214:Dominica
2009:Togoland
1675:Treaties
1496:Cambodia
964:Conquête
929:Lang-Son
912:Conquête
895:Conquête
887:Lang-Son
618:Hưng Hóa
421:Hưng Hóa
316:Strength
210:Location
158:May 2023
2895:Comoros
2652:Réunion
2647:Mayotte
2565:Present
2523:Vanuatu
2511:Oceania
2283:Berbice
2219:Grenada
2075:Anjouan
2067:Comoros
2019:Albreda
1992:Senegal
1960:Dahomey
1937:Tunisia
1932:Morocco
1927:Algeria
901:, 107–8
638:Ca Lanh
579:Cau Son
483:Keelung
466:Bang Bo
456:Hòa Mộc
441:Núi Bop
415:Vietnam
409:Zhenhai
339:Unknown
334:76 dead
220:Vietnam
142:scholar
44:improve
2475:Aleppo
2443:Tonkin
2402:Yanaon
2382:Madras
2260:Tobago
2181:Canada
2171:Acadia
2085:Mohéli
1970:Guinea
1872:Former
1727:French
1525:Events
1486:Tonkin
611:Trombe
607:Moulun
595:Éclair
583:Bắc Lệ
520:Yunnan
487:Tamsui
477:Taiwan
399:Tamsui
394:Fuzhou
265:
254:France
251:
227:Result
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
33:, but
2438:Annam
2293:Inini
2234:Haïti
2042:Gabon
1987:Niger
1965:Sudan
1491:Annam
966:, 241
839:Notes
649:Yu Oc
431:Yu Oc
404:Shipu
268:China
214:near
149:JSTOR
135:books
2812:and
2425:Laos
2387:Mahé
2037:Chad
1501:Laos
609:and
506:The
202:Date
121:news
640:or
426:Kep
97:to
2962::
2236:,
696:.
605:,
601:,
597:,
577:,
108:.
2772:)
2591:e
2584:t
2577:v
2347:e
2340:t
2333:v
2144:e
2137:t
2130:v
1902:e
1895:t
1888:v
1857:e
1850:t
1843:v
1421:e
1414:t
1407:v
1072:e
1065:t
1058:v
593:(
489:)
485:(
368:e
361:t
354:v
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
146:·
139:·
132:·
125:·
102:.
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
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