148:
360:
124:
292:
372:
29:
156:
190:) and where the contents can be safely disposed into sanitary systems, taking measures to avoid contact with the contents. Different organizations give advice on how to build bucket toilets in case of emergency. The Twin Bucket Emergency Toilet system (a two bucket system), for example, has been developed in Christchurch, New Zealand following their infrastructure destroying
324:
covered with dry mulch. After every use, a handful of dry mulch should be used to cover the feces in order to keep it as dry as possible. After the bucket is full, it should be emptied into a hole in the ground or into a separate large storage bin. Since feces contain pathogens, they should be handled with caution.
563:
era. During that era, the poor, predominantly black townships generally did not get proper sanitation. The term "bucket toilet" or "bucket system" is nowadays very much stigmatized in South Africa and politically charged. Protests against bucket toilets are still occurring. As of 2012, 5.3 percent of
640:
which is a bucket toilet in a dedicated outbuilding. In larger towns and cities a bucket collection service was operated, while in rural areas a 'lat pit' or burial was common. Local
Authority bucket collection services were discontinued in the post war years as sewers were extended to nearly all
591:
A study in 2012 evaluated South Africa's bucket eradication programme and highlighted the following weaknesses: "One-size-fits-all" toilets were constructed that did not meet the special sanitation needs of vulnerable groups; health and hygiene education and user education had not been integrated;
323:
material that can consist of sawdust, dry leaves, soil, or shredded newspaper. The bottom of the "urine bucket" should be covered with water and emptied every day. The content is then poured onto a disused green space after diluting the urine with water. The bottom of the "feces bucket" should be
571:
and other sanitation systems. According to the
Department of Water Affairs & Forestry, in 2005 the bucket sanitation backlog in formal townships was estimated at 252,254 bucket toilets. In 2009, the majority of the pre-1994 buckets were eradicated. However, this change has not been completed
339:
and lid, possibly lined with a biodegradable bag, but many are simply a large bucket without a bag. Newspaper, cardboard, straw, sawdust, or other absorbent materials are often layered into the bucket toilet. Improved bucket toilets also have an associated composting chamber, with well-defined
138:
In those settings, bucket toilets are more likely to be used without a liner, or the liner is not removed each time the bucket is emptied. This is because the users cannot afford to regularly discard suitably sized, sturdy liners. Instead, the users may place some dry material in the base of the
262:
can access the contents unless it is kept securely covered (e.g., by a toilet lid and/or adequate carbon matter). There is also the risk that the bucket can tip over and spill its contents; an improved system encloses the bucket inside something which is securely bolted to the floor. Unhygienic
206:
The bucket is emptied when it becomes full or emits excessive foul odor; usually once a day for large families, and about once a week for smaller families. Some sources say that it averages once per week per person per five-gallon bucket. The quantity of excreta varies widely depending on the
207:
amount of fiber in the local diet. If the bucket has a liner, then emptying is more hygienic in areas with poor water access for cleaning the collection chamber (bucket) than without a liner, as the bag could be sealed with a knot and the bucket would remain fairly clean.
444:
since colonial times. They are still used in some households in the metropolis. Since the mid-1980s, the Kumasi
Metropolitan Assembly has actively discouraged bucket latrines and has stopped the emptying services that was provided by the assembly.
415:
claimed that "the typical
Australian back yard in the cities and country towns" had, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, "a dunny against the back fence, so that the pan could be collected from the dunny lane through a trap-door"
163:
Bucket toilets have been historically common in cold climates where installing running water can be difficult and expensive and subject to freezing-related pipe breakage, for example in Alaska and rural areas of Canada and Russia.
194:. The system has been endorsed by the Portland Bureau of Emergency Management. It is promoted by the volunteer advocacy group PHLUSH (Public Hygiene Lets Us Stay Human) for reasons of safety, affordability, and matching
461:
are impossible to use, and instead bucket toilets are common. By the time the waste collectors come, the bucket toilets are often already overflowing. These unhygienic circumstances can lead to frequent outbreaks of
402:
Twentieth-century books report that similar systems were in operation in parts of France and elsewhere in continental Europe. In
Germany, bucket toilets were used by workers in some mines up to the 20th century.
410:
cans" persisted well into the second half of the twentieth century. Because the population was so dispersed, it was difficult to install sewerage. Tar, creosote, and disinfectant kept the smell down. Academic
806:
1635:
379:
Although bucket toilet systems are now rare in developed countries, particularly where sewers are common, basic forms of sanitation were widely used until the mid 20th century. The
332:
Unimproved bucket toilets can be upgraded to become improved bucket toilets, where some composting starts in the bucket itself but most of it takes place in an external composter.
856:
87:. However, the unimproved bucket toilet may carry significant health risks compared to an improved sanitation system. The bucket toilet system, with collection organised by the
56:. Usually, feces and urine are collected together in the same bucket, leading to odor issues. The bucket may be situated inside a dwelling, or in a nearby small structure (an
319:. The Wellington Region Emergency Management Office recommends strong 15–20 litres (3.3–4.4 imp gal; 4.0–5.3 US gal) buckets or pails and the use of dry
351:
systems have superficial similarities with bucket toilets but use a rigorous approach regarding safety of the user and of the staff who is handling the collected excreta.
592:
community participation barely took place; and operation and maintenance of water treatment works were neglected, as were water conservation and water demand management.
263:
emptying and disposal practices add further opportunities for pathogens to be spread, for example, if the bucket is not cleaned after each use or if a liner is not used.
567:
The South
African government set up a bucket eradication programme in order to eradicate all pre-1994 sanitation buckets from the formal townships and replace them with
1475:
1578:
1600:
731:
178:
In natural disasters and other emergencies, the portability of bucket latrines can make them a useful part of an appropriate emergency response, especially where
1552:
1503:
238:
When the bucket is full, it can be covered with a lid and stored away until the collected waste can either be disposed of (e.g., by burial) or treated for safe
787:
147:
210:
To minimize offensive odors and prevent the spread of disease, the material in the bucket can be covered with some covering material after each use, such as
834:
131:
Bucket toilets are used in households and even in health care facilities in some low- and middle- income countries where people do not have access to
1675:
1627:
980:
761:
98:
Once the basic bucket toilet has been "improved", it evolves into a number of different systems, which are more correctly referred to as either
1030:
399:, to the extent that it was described as the "Rochdale System" of sanitation. It persisted in England in some rural schools into the 1960s.
1005:
559:, bucket toilets – frequently referred to as the "bucket system" – are still used in 2016 in some low-income communities as a relic of the
1297:
550:
852:
897:
1059:
1055:
The world can't wait for sewers; Advancing container-based sanitation businesses as a viable answer to the global sanitation crisis
395:, the euphemism for excreta), to empty and replace the buckets. This system was associated in particular with the English town of
359:
254:
An unimproved, open bucket in which excreta are not covered by carbon matter does not offer much protection to the user from the
21:
This article is about a bucket that is used as a toilet. For modern portable toilets or a portable fully-enclosed restroom, see
2502:
2447:
2333:
246:
the material. Some municipalities, accept double/triple bagged waste in the trash can, much like the disposing of cat litter.
1668:
1516:
1467:
1232:
1112:
891:
800:
1574:
1321:"Yup'ik Culture and Context in Southwest Alaska: Community Member Perspectives of Tradition, Social Change, and Prevention"
1408:"Municipal water quantities and health in Nunavut households: an exploratory case study in Coral Harbour, Nunavut, Canada"
928:
2452:
278:. At the time of these goals, IAPMO had not yet published new standards for acceptable improved bucket toilet procedure.
1604:
727:
706:, the manual emptying of human waste when prison cells are unlocked in the morning (associated with old British prisons)
2084:
1380:
1548:
954:
2298:
1522:
1145:
669:(a vehicle which collects human excreta for disposal elsewhere). The term "bucket latrine" is also in use. In the UK
2462:
1661:
621:
832:
Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities Status in low- and middle-income countries and way forward
2528:
2050:
513:
impractical. Bucket toilets are promoted for cases of emergency, especially in regions with risk of earthquakes.
831:
617:
266:
For these reasons, unimproved bucket toilets were not considered as improved sanitation systems according to
2318:
1248:
695:, a euphemism for a plastic bag that is used to collect human feces and then discarded into the environment
275:
191:
1262:
151:
Inside view of a bucket toilet in Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia. The bucket has a layer of sawdust at the bottom.
830:
WHO – World Health
Organization, UNICEF – United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (2015):
107:
2089:
1971:
1838:
348:
227:
99:
976:
753:
2353:
2303:
2035:
1775:
412:
2257:
2216:
2201:
2166:
1022:
1002:
2487:
2472:
1905:
139:
bucket (newspaper, sawdust, leaves, straw, or similar) in order to facilitate easier emptying.
1289:
123:
2442:
2343:
2293:
2055:
1225:
Sanitation Policy in Ghana: Key
Factors and the Potential for Ecological Sanitation Solutions
1137:
1130:
1102:
689:), for example, a composting toilet, pit latrine, urine-diverting dry toilet, freezing toilet
573:
526:
195:
187:
1505:
Evaluation of
Sanitation Upgrading Programmes – The Case of the Bucket Eradication Programme
1319:
Ayunerak, Paula; Alstrom, Deborah; Moses, Charles; Charlie, James; Rasmus, Stacy M. (2014).
2358:
2206:
2099:
2025:
879:
666:
625:
173:
80:
72:
1053:
8:
2457:
2308:
2252:
2015:
1880:
1104:
The River
Pollution Dilemma in Victorian England: Nuisance Law versus Economic Efficiency
420:
132:
92:
64:
2406:
2171:
2125:
1981:
1885:
1770:
1440:
1407:
1353:
1320:
1242:
487:
103:
1227:. Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute. p. 5.
2130:
2120:
2005:
1961:
1868:
1848:
1833:
1803:
1748:
1512:
1445:
1427:
1403:
1358:
1340:
1228:
1141:
1108:
887:
796:
601:
457:, few residents have access to improved sanitation. Because of the high water table,
537:
and sewage pump-out tanks. They are still found in summer cabins where the use of a
2523:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2348:
2030:
2020:
1895:
1782:
1733:
1435:
1419:
1348:
1332:
307:), it is possible to use two buckets (also known as "twin bucket toilet"): one for
239:
572:
throughout the country. In 2013 the use of bucket systems was still common in the
2267:
2226:
2221:
2140:
2094:
1925:
1900:
1874:
1863:
1828:
1787:
1009:
838:
698:
534:
495:
371:
296:
291:
76:
22:
789:
Microbial exposure and health assessments in sanitation technologies and systems
604:" can give some indication of the practice: Manual scavenging is a term used in
2071:
1760:
924:
605:
568:
1336:
1085:
600:
The number of bucket toilets still in use in India is unknown but figures on "
2517:
2467:
2338:
2262:
2161:
2065:
1935:
1431:
1344:
692:
585:
506:
384:
364:
335:
An upgraded system may consist of a bucket under a wooden frame supporting a
886:. Loughborough, UK: Water, Engineering, and Development Centre. p. 62.
624:, 180,657 households are engaged in manual scavenging for a livelihood. The
2421:
2242:
2135:
2104:
2079:
2010:
1976:
1956:
1951:
1858:
1813:
1765:
1718:
1713:
1449:
1423:
1376:
1362:
950:
703:
686:
642:
581:
577:
556:
454:
316:
179:
88:
564:
households in South Africa either had no toilets, or used bucket toilets.
2416:
2401:
2386:
2381:
2328:
1946:
1930:
1920:
1743:
1738:
670:
637:
613:
609:
538:
491:
458:
380:
336:
312:
183:
53:
37:
33:
1728:
1723:
853:"For one Western Alaska village, honey buckets are gradually going away"
2477:
2426:
2411:
2247:
2060:
2045:
1915:
1910:
1843:
785:
682:
502:
392:
304:
233:
211:
84:
49:
95:; in Australia it persisted into the second half of the 20th century.
2396:
2323:
2288:
2272:
2211:
2191:
2145:
1940:
560:
391:. The municipality employed workers, often known as "nightmen" (from
255:
155:
2376:
2313:
2181:
1808:
1698:
646:
510:
463:
396:
388:
274:
for monitoring access to basic sanitation as part of Goal 7 of the
259:
219:
215:
57:
1177:
Essays in the Political Economy of Australian Capitalism, Volume 2
2391:
2176:
2040:
1986:
1966:
1890:
1853:
1823:
1601:"Swachh Bharat Abhiyan should aim to stamp out manual scavenging"
661:
In some regions, the term "honey bucket" is used (for example in
530:
482:
Bucket toilets are common in many rural villages in the state of
406:
The system of municipal collection was widespread in Australia; "
243:
223:
1087:
The designing, Construction, and Maintenance of Sewerage Systems
953:. PHLUSH (Public Hygiene Lets Us Stay Human). 5 September 2011.
498:
Delta, and are found throughout the rural regions of the state.
474:
Due to high poverty, some inhabitants still use bucket toilets.
2196:
2186:
1755:
1703:
1684:
1619:
1205:
Craven, Ian; George Seddon (1994). "The Australian Back Yard".
979:. PHLUSH (Public Hygiene Lets Us Stay Human). 11 October 2011.
662:
636:
Prior to the introduction of mains sewerage, most houses had a
483:
437:
271:
28:
1468:"South Africans Bare Their Asses in Protest of Bucket Toilets"
1708:
522:
441:
407:
320:
308:
1401:
1179:. Australia and New Zealand Book Company. 1978. p. 115.
340:
specifications for how to manage the manure as it composts.
1318:
68:
1653:
1625:
1012:, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York. Retrieved 15 June 2015
641:
built up areas, and most rural locations installed either
533:
of Canada, but by now they have mostly been replaced with
258:
in the feces, which can lead to significant health risks.
299:
system: one bucket is for urine, the other one for feces.
267:
1204:
1003:
Improved and unimproved water and sanitation facilities
628:
found 794,000 cases of manual scavenging across India.
159:
Bucket toilet with spare buckets stored on either side.
786:
Stenström, T; Seidu, R; Ekane, N; Zurbrügg, C (2011).
1290:"Karas governor calls for infrastructure development"
1051:
754:"Sanitation Solutions in Emergency Response Settings"
685:, a toilet that does not have a water seal (unlike a
234:
Disposal or treatment and reuse of collected excreta
1511:. Gezina, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
1406:; Jamieson, Rob; Furgal, Chris; Ell, Lorna (2014).
1312:
1100:
1395:
1379:. PBEM (Portland Bureau of Emergency Management).
1129:
616:. The workers, called scavengers, rarely have any
1626:Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar, TNN (30 April 2013).
927:. Wellington Region Emergency Management Office.
75:– an unimproved bucket toilet may be better than
2515:
1083:
1132:Curtsy to the lady : a Horringer childhood
884:Excreta disposal in emergencies: A field manual
375:Baruch portable latrine, US Army, World War One
363:Bucket toilet historically used at a mine near
127:Access point for collection of buckets in Kenya
1052:Shepard, J.; Stevens, C.; Mikhael, G. (2017).
795:. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.
1669:
1546:
1094:
877:
436:Bucket latrines were used extensively in the
1628:"Census raises stink over manual scavenging"
1281:
919:
917:
915:
1575:"More households have bucket toilet system"
1461:
1459:
1412:International Journal of Circumpolar Health
1107:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 25–26.
1079:
1077:
722:
720:
551:Water supply and sanitation in South Africa
303:For application in emergencies (e.g. after
52:whereby a bucket (pail) is used to collect
1676:
1662:
1577:. South Africa: News24. 2 September 2014.
1567:
1027:PHLUSH (Public Hygiene Lets Us Stay Human)
781:
779:
758:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
343:
1439:
1352:
1218:
1216:
995:
912:
871:
501:Bucket toilets are used especially where
1549:"Bucket toilets here for next few years"
1456:
1325:American Journal of Community Psychology
1255:
1136:. Lavenham, Suffolk: T. Dalton. p.
1074:
1045:
717:
521:They were also relatively common in the
370:
358:
290:
201:
154:
146:
122:
27:
16:Basic form of a dry toilet with a bucket
776:
728:"Sanitation: Facts, Figures, Resources"
2516:
2448:History of water supply and sanitation
2334:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
1540:
1465:
1287:
1222:
1213:
1033:from the original on 26 September 2015
983:from the original on 26 September 2015
957:from the original on 26 September 2015
824:
746:
651:
182:cannot be isolated from floodwater or
1657:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1263:"Kenya: Replacing the bucket latrine"
1189:
1101:Dr Leslie Rosenthal (28 April 2014).
850:
764:from the original on 5 September 2015
327:
118:
1581:from the original on 18 January 2015
1383:from the original on 22 October 2015
1288:Cloete, Luqman (21 September 2015).
1194:. Boolarong Press. pp. 183–184.
1160:
1127:
931:from the original on 24 January 2016
844:
812:from the original on 25 October 2017
734:from the original on 29 October 2015
656:
286:
79:. They can play a temporary role in
2503:Workers' right to access the toilet
2453:Human right to water and sanitation
1638:from the original on 20 August 2016
1267:IRIN humanitarian news and analysis
1192:Shadows of War on the Brisbane Line
1062:from the original on 3 October 2017
859:from the original on 2 October 2015
281:
63:Where people do not have access to
13:
2085:Toilet-related injuries and deaths
1490:
14:
2540:
2299:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue
1300:from the original on 4 March 2016
900:from the original on 3 March 2016
730:. World Bank. 23 September 2014.
249:
226:(similarly to the operation of a
2463:Infection prevention and control
1555:from the original on 2 June 2013
1478:from the original on 30 May 2018
880:"4. 1st Phase Technical Options"
622:Socio Economic Caste Census 2011
477:
142:
2051:Privatization of public toilets
1593:
1466:Larson, Jordan (12 June 2014).
1369:
1198:
1183:
1169:
1154:
1121:
1015:
673:was also a common description.
544:
113:
32:A plastic bucket fitted with a
1603:. 12 July 2015. Archived from
969:
943:
167:
1:
851:Demer, Lisa (21 March 2015).
710:
618:personal protective equipment
608:for the removal of untreated
2319:Public toilets in Bratislava
1547:Babalo Ndenze (7 May 2013).
1084:Prescott Folwell, A (1901).
276:Millennium Development Goals
7:
1989:(combined toilet and bidet)
1683:
1023:"Make a twin bucket toilet"
676:
426:
108:urine-diverting dry toilets
91:, used to be widespread in
10:
2545:
2090:Toilet Revolution in China
1207:Australian Popular Culture
977:"Why disaster sanitation?"
951:"Emergency Toilet Systems"
548:
505:makes the installation of
469:
387:for a bucket (pail) in an
354:
349:Container-based sanitation
228:urine-diverting dry toilet
171:
100:container-based sanitation
36:for comfort and a lid and
20:
2435:
2369:
2281:
2235:
2154:
2113:
1996:
1796:
1691:
1337:10.1007/s10464-014-9652-4
516:
2354:Toilets in New York City
2304:Modern Toilet Restaurant
2036:Islamic toilet etiquette
1247:: CS1 maint: location (
1223:Thrift, Charles (2007).
1090:. John Wiley & Sons.
855:. Alaska Dispatch News.
595:
448:
431:
423:" or portable latrines.
186:(potentially leading to
2258:Fecal sludge management
2217:Urine collection device
2202:Urinal deodorizer block
2167:Female urination device
612:from bucket toilets or
486:, such as those in the
344:Container-based toilets
2529:Appropriate technology
2488:Sustainable sanitation
2473:Reuse of human excreta
1424:10.3402/ijch.v73.23843
1377:"Emergency Sanitation"
1190:Smith, Graham (2011).
1008:1 January 2011 at the
1001:WHO and UNICEF (2012)
925:"Simple bucket toilet"
878:Harvey, Peter (2007).
841:. Geneva, Switzerland.
376:
368:
300:
160:
152:
128:
69:low-income urban areas
41:
2443:Ecological sanitation
2344:Toilet History Museum
2294:Hundertwasser Toilets
2236:Feces-related aspects
2155:Urine-related aspects
2056:Swachh Bharat Mission
837:17 March 2015 at the
631:
527:Northwest Territories
374:
362:
294:
202:Usage and maintenance
196:ecological sanitation
188:groundwater pollution
158:
150:
126:
48:is a basic form of a
40:for waste containment
31:
2359:Bryant Park restroom
2207:Urinal (health care)
2026:Honeywagon (vehicle)
1502:Mjoli, N.P. (2012).
1161:Paul, Rhyll (2012).
626:2011 Census of India
419:Armies used to use "
311:, the other one for
174:Emergency sanitation
81:emergency sanitation
73:developing countries
2458:Improved sanitation
2309:National Poo Museum
2253:Defecation postures
2114:Jobs and activities
2016:Bathroom privileges
1972:Urine-diverting dry
1607:on 6 September 2015
1163:Pebbles in the Road
1029:. 11 October 2011.
652:Society and culture
133:improved sanitation
65:improved sanitation
2407:Groom of the Stool
2172:Interactive urinal
2126:Restroom attendant
1632:The Times of India
1404:Castleden, Heather
1128:Ward, Zoë (1985).
377:
369:
328:Composting toilets
301:
192:earthquake in 2011
161:
153:
129:
119:Unimproved toilets
104:composting toilets
67:– particularly in
42:
2511:
2510:
2131:Sanitation worker
2121:Manual scavenging
1749:Toilet seat riser
1518:978-1-4312-0326-0
1269:. 5 November 2009
1234:978-91-976022-0-4
1114:978-1-4724-0420-6
893:978-1-84380-113-9
802:978-91-86125-36-3
657:Alternative names
602:manual scavenging
453:In the region of
385:Victorian England
287:Two bucket system
218:, finely crushed
93:wealthy countries
2536:
2498:World Toilet Day
2493:Waste management
2483:Sewage treatment
2370:Historical terms
2349:Toilets in Japan
2031:Incontinence pad
2021:Bathroom reading
1783:Toilet rim block
1771:Holder/dispenser
1734:Electronic bidet
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:on 29 March 2018
1527:
1521:. Archived from
1510:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1098:
1092:
1091:
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541:is impractical.
383:was the term in
282:Upgraded options
2544:
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2514:
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2512:
2507:
2431:
2365:
2277:
2268:Open defecation
2231:
2227:Urine diversion
2222:Urine deflector
2150:
2141:Toilet training
2109:
2095:Toilet Twinning
1998:
1992:
1943:(self-cleaning)
1906:Passenger train
1839:Container-based
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699:Portable toilet
679:
659:
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634:
620:. According to
598:
569:sanitary sewers
553:
547:
535:indoor plumbing
519:
480:
472:
451:
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429:
357:
346:
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297:urine diversion
289:
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236:
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77:open defecation
26:
23:Portable toilet
17:
12:
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5:
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2110:
2108:
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2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:Skibidi Toilet
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1999:policy aspects
1994:
1993:
1991:
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1984:
1979:
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1969:
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1761:Toilet cleaner
1758:
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1455:
1402:Daley, Kiley;
1394:
1368:
1331:(1–2): 91–99.
1311:
1280:
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1197:
1182:
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606:Indian English
597:
594:
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507:septic systems
479:
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450:
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440:Metropolis of
433:
430:
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356:
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250:Health aspects
248:
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15:
9:
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2263:Flying toilet
2261:
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2163:
2162:Female urinal
2160:
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2147:
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2132:
2129:
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2100:Unisex public
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2066:Toilet humour
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1788:Trap (U-bend)
1786:
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1147:0-86138-041-X
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759:
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749:
733:
729:
723:
721:
716:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
693:Flying toilet
691:
688:
684:
681:
680:
674:
672:
668:
664:
649:
648:
644:
639:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:human excreta
607:
603:
593:
589:
587:
586:Northern Cape
583:
579:
575:
570:
565:
562:
558:
552:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
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499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:United States
475:
467:
465:
460:
456:
446:
443:
439:
424:
422:
417:
414:
413:George Seddon
409:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
373:
366:
365:Gelsenkirchen
361:
352:
350:
341:
338:
333:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
295:A two bucket
293:
279:
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269:
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225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
199:
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193:
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185:
181:
175:
165:
157:
149:
143:Cold climates
140:
136:
134:
125:
111:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
83:, e.g. after
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:bucket toilet
39:
35:
30:
24:
19:
2422:Privy midden
2243:Anal hygiene
2136:Slopping out
2105:Vacuum truck
2080:Toilet plume
2070:
2011:Adult diaper
1997:Cultural and
1881:Incinerating
1818:
1766:Toilet paper
1714:Bidet shower
1640:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1523:the original
1504:
1480:. Retrieved
1471:
1415:
1411:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1371:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1294:The Namibian
1293:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1224:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1131:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1086:
1064:. Retrieved
1058:. EY, WSUP.
1054:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
997:
985:. Retrieved
971:
959:. Retrieved
945:
933:. Retrieved
902:. Retrieved
883:
873:
861:. Retrieved
846:
826:
814:. Retrieved
788:
766:. Retrieved
757:
748:
736:. Retrieved
704:Slopping out
687:flush toilet
665:), see also
660:
643:septic tanks
635:
614:pit latrines
599:
590:
582:Western Cape
578:Eastern Cape
566:
557:South Africa
554:
545:South Africa
520:
500:
490:area of the
481:
473:
459:pit latrines
452:
435:
421:thunderboxes
418:
405:
401:
378:
347:
334:
331:
317:toilet paper
302:
265:
253:
242:, e.g., via
237:
209:
205:
198:principles.
180:pit latrines
177:
162:
137:
130:
114:Applications
97:
89:municipality
62:
45:
43:
18:
2417:Pail closet
2402:Gong farmer
2387:Close stool
2382:Chamber pot
2329:Shit Museum
1982:Vermifilter
1886:Intelligent
1776:Orientation
1739:Flushometer
1642:6 September
816:1 September
671:Pail closet
638:Pail closet
588:provinces.
539:sewage tank
381:pail closet
337:toilet seat
315:and soiled
305:earthquakes
184:groundwater
168:Emergencies
85:earthquakes
38:plastic bag
34:toilet seat
2518:Categories
2478:Sanitation
2427:Reredorter
2412:Night soil
2248:Defecation
2061:Toilet god
2046:Latrinalia
2006:Accessible
1962:Telescopic
1877:(Scouting)
1849:Dual flush
1834:Composting
1585:10 October
1559:13 October
1482:13 October
1387:18 October
1304:13 October
1273:13 October
1037:18 October
987:18 October
961:18 October
935:13 October
738:13 October
711:References
683:Dry toilet
667:honeywagon
574:Free State
549:See also:
503:permafrost
393:night soil
244:composting
212:quick lime
172:See also:
50:dry toilet
2397:Garderobe
2324:Rest area
2289:Haewoojae
2273:Scatology
2212:Urination
2192:Sanistand
2146:Toileting
1941:Sanisette
1896:Low-flush
1692:Equipment
1532:4 January
1472:Vice news
1432:2242-3982
1418:: 23843.
1345:0091-0562
1243:cite book
904:7 October
863:1 October
768:1 October
561:Apartheid
511:outhouses
496:Kuskokwim
367:, Germany
256:pathogens
102:systems,
2436:See also
2377:Aphedron
2314:Outhouse
2182:Pee curl
1926:Portable
1901:On-board
1864:Freezing
1829:Chemical
1809:Arborloo
1804:Aircraft
1699:Ballcock
1636:Archived
1579:Archived
1553:Archived
1476:Archived
1450:24765615
1381:Archived
1363:24771075
1298:Archived
1060:Archived
1031:Archived
1006:Archived
981:Archived
955:Archived
929:Archived
898:Archived
857:Archived
835:Archived
807:Archived
762:Archived
732:Archived
677:See also
647:cesspits
464:diarrhea
427:Examples
397:Rochdale
389:outhouse
222:or fine
220:charcoal
216:wood ash
58:outhouse
2524:Toilets
2392:Dansker
2177:Pissoir
2041:Istinja
1987:Washlet
1967:Treebog
1891:Latrine
1854:EToilet
1824:Cathole
1729:Commode
1724:Cistern
1685:Toilets
1441:3970036
1354:4119478
1066:1 March
531:Nunavut
470:Namibia
355:History
224:sawdust
54:excreta
2282:Places
2197:Urinal
2187:Pollee
1977:Vacuum
1936:Public
1871:(boat)
1819:Bucket
1756:Toilet
1704:Bedpan
1611:2 June
1515:
1448:
1438:
1430:
1361:
1351:
1343:
1231:
1144:
1111:
890:
799:
663:Alaska
584:, and
529:, and
517:Canada
488:Bethel
484:Alaska
438:Kumasi
272:UNICEF
1957:Squat
1952:Space
1931:Potty
1859:Flush
1814:Blair
1797:Types
1719:Brush
1709:Bidet
1526:(PDF)
1509:(PDF)
810:(PDF)
793:(PDF)
596:India
523:Yukon
492:Yukon
455:Wajir
449:Kenya
442:Ghana
432:Ghana
408:dunny
321:mulch
313:feces
309:urine
260:Flies
240:reuse
106:, or
1947:Sink
1875:Hudo
1869:Head
1744:Seat
1644:2015
1613:2016
1587:2015
1561:2015
1534:2016
1513:ISBN
1484:2015
1446:PMID
1428:ISSN
1389:2015
1359:PMID
1341:ISSN
1306:2015
1275:2015
1249:link
1229:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1068:2018
1039:2015
989:2015
963:2015
937:2015
906:2015
888:ISBN
865:2015
818:2018
797:ISBN
770:2015
740:2015
270:and
1921:Pit
1916:Pig
1911:Pay
1844:Dry
1436:PMC
1420:doi
1349:PMC
1333:doi
645:or
555:In
509:or
268:WHO
230:).
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