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academic subjects but mathematics (which was always difficult for her, and where she scored a D) during her first term in Grade 1A, from
September 1930 to January 1931. She improved during her second term in 1B, meriting an A in deportment, C in mathematics, and B in all other academic subjects; she was placed on the honor roll in April 1931. Promoted to 2A, she had trouble during the fall term of 1931, failing mathematics and spelling but receiving A in deportment, B in reading, and C in writing and English. She was "retained in 2A" for the next term – or "left back" as we used to say, and scarcely a sign of imbecility as I remember all my buddies who suffered a similar fate. In any case, she again did well in her final term, with B in deportment, reading, and spelling, and C in writing, English, and mathematics during her last month in school. This daughter of "lewd and immoral" women excelled in deportment and performed adequately, although not brilliantly, in her academic subjects.
2863: 2001) ("It is true that involuntary sterilization is not always unconstitutional if it is a narrowly tailored means to achieve a compelling government interest. See Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200, 207–08, 47 S.Ct. 584, 71 L.Ed. 1000 (rejecting due process and equal protection challenges to compelled sterilization of mentally handicapped woman). It is also true that the mentally handicapped, depending on their circumstances, may be subjected to various degrees of government intrusion that would be unjustified if directed at other segments of society. See Cleburne, 473 U.S. at 442–47, 105 S.Ct. 3249; Buck, 274 U.S. at 207–08, 47 S.Ct. 584. It does not follow, however, that the State can dispense with procedural protections, coerce an individual into sterilization, and then after the fact argue that it was justified. If it did, it would invite conduct, like that alleged in this case, that is ripe for abuse and error.").
936:, could fairly be described as a zealot of eugenics. Prior to 1924, Priddy had performed hundreds of forced sterilizations by creatively interpreting laws which allowed surgery to benefit the "physical, mental or moral" condition of the inmates at the Colony. He would operate to relieve "chronic pelvic disorder" and, in the process, sterilize the women. According to Priddy, the women he chose were "immoral" because of their "fondness for men," their reputations for "promiscuity," and their "over-sexed" and "man-crazy" tendencies. One sixteen-year-old girl was sterilized for her habit of "talking to the little boys."
1139:
documented evidence, that Carrie had been an average student, including one teacher who wrote that Carrie was “very good” at “deportment and lessons.” Instead, it seemed that
Whitehead was often testifying against his own client, taking it for granted that she was of “low caliber.” He did not challenge the claim that Carrie was illegitimate, which was false as a matter of Virginia state law because Carrie’s parents were married at the time of her birth. Nor did he argue that Carrie’s supposed “immorality” and Vivian’s illegitimacy were due to a rape by the Dobbs’ nephew, Clarence Garland.
34:
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1393:. Laughlin had, a few years previously, conducted studies on the enforcement of sterilization legislation throughout the country and had concluded that the reason for their lack of use was primarily that the physicians who would order the sterilizations were afraid of prosecution by patients upon whom they operated. Laughlin saw the need to create a "Model Law" that could withstand constitutional scrutiny, clearing the way for future sterilization operations. The Nazi jurists designing the German
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anecdotes surrounding her and her family. One of the few witnesses to testify with first-hand knowledge of Carrie, a nurse from
Charlottesville who had intermittent contact with Carrie over the years, recalled that in grammar school Carrie had been caught writing notes to boys. Priddy, of course, had once sterilized a girl for that transgression. For his testimony, Priddy felt the need to point out that Carrie had a “rather badly formed face.”
1096:
2812: (1973) ("The privacy right involved, therefore, cannot be said to be absolute. In fact, it is not clear to us that the claim asserted by some amici that one has an unlimited right to do with one's body as one pleases bears a close relationship to the right of privacy previously articulated in the Court's decisions. The Court has refused to recognize an unlimited right of this kind in the past.")
970:", feeling they were no longer capable of caring for her. It was later claimed that Buck's pregnancy was not caused by any "immorality" on her own part. In the summer of 1923, while her adoptive mother was away "on account of some illness," her adoptive mother's nephew allegedly raped Buck, and her later commitment has been described as an attempt by the family to save their reputation.
966:, and had three children without good knowledge of their paternity. Carrie Buck, one of those children, had been adopted and attended school for five years, reaching the level of sixth grade. However, according to Priddy, Buck eventually proved to be "incorrigible" and gave birth to an illegitimate child. Her adoptive family had her committed to the State Colony as "
1347:
1442:, it created enough of a legal quandary to discourage many sterilizations. By 1963, sterilization laws were almost wholly out of use, though some remained officially on the books for many years. Language referring to eugenics was removed from Virginia's sterilization law, and the current law, passed in 1988 and amended in 2013, authorizes only the voluntary
1244:, since it is not intended to be punitive. Citing the best interests of the state, Justice Holmes affirmed the value of a law like Virginia's in order to prevent the nation from being "swamped with incompetence." The Court accepted without evidence that Carrie and her mother were promiscuous, and that the three generations of Bucks shared the
1236:, since sterilization could not occur until a proper hearing had occurred, at which the patient and a guardian could be present, and the patient had the right to appeal the decision. They also found that, since the procedure was limited to people housed in state institutions, it did not deny the patient
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Some of the brethren are troubled about the case, especially Butler. May I suggest that you make a little full the care
Virginia has taken in guarding against undue or hasty action, proven absence of danger to the patient, and other circumstances tending to lessen the shock that many feel over the
1309:
According to famed eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin, whose written testimony was presented during the trial in his absence, Buck's legal defeat signaled the end of "eugenical sterilization's 'experimental period.'" Following the
Supreme Court ruling, over two dozen states enacted similar laws, including
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of
Virginia, where Whitehead offered a 5‑page compared to the state’s 40-page brief. Buck lost there too. Her only recourse was to the U.S. Supreme Court, but that was merely an illusion: even if Whitehead had put forth an effort, Carrie’s case was put before a Supreme Court with at least two avowed
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Whitehead failed to adequately defend Buck and counteract the prosecutors. Not only did he call no witnesses, but he did not challenge the prosecution’s witnesses’ lack of firsthand knowledge or their dodgy scientific claims. Whitehead did not even call Carrie’s teachers, who could have proven, with
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We have seen more than once that the public welfare may call upon the best citizens for their lives. It would be strange if it could not call upon those who already sap the strength of the State for these lesser sacrifices, often not felt to be such by those concerned, in order to prevent our being
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The legal challenge was consciously collusive, brought on behalf of the state to test the legality of the statute. The cross examination and witnesses produced by
Whitehead were ineffectual and allegedly a result of his alliance with Strode during the trial. There was no real litigation between the
1134:
Throughout Carrie's trial, a succession of witnesses offered testimony that was hearsay, contentious, speculative, and simply absurd. Because Priddy and Strode felt it crucial to establish that Carrie's entire family "stock" was defective, witnesses who had never met Carrie testified to rumors and
1103:
Carrie Buck found herself in the Colony in June 1924, shortly before her 18th birthday. Priddy quickly made the connection between Emma and Carrie, and he knew about the recently born Vivian: the board of directors issued an order for the sterilization of Buck and her guardian appealed the case to
1040:
She was a perfectly normal, quite average student, neither particularly outstanding nor much troubled. In those days before grade inflation, when C meant "good, 81–87" (as defined on her report card) rather than barely scraping by, Vivian Dobbs received A's and B's for deportment and C's for all
1111:
In order to fully validate the law to Priddy’s satisfaction, the Board’s determination had to be defended in court. Thus, Irving P. Whitehead was appointed to “defend” Carrie from the Board’s ruling. Whitehead was not only a close friend of Priddy, a former member of the Colony Board and,
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The court's majority opinion states that the court accepted the diagnoses of the
Virginia medical personnel, not looking into whether they were correct: "Carrie Buck is a feeble-minded white woman who was committed to the State Colony above mentioned in due form. She is the daughter of a
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1484:
quoted it to justify that the constitutional right to abortion is not unlimited. Blackmun claimed that the right to privacy was strong enough to prevent the state from protecting unborn life in the womb, but not strong enough to prevent a woman being sterilized against her will.
1087:
in 1924. According to
American historian Paul A. Lombardo, politicians wrote the law to benefit a malpracticing doctor avoiding lawsuits from patients who had been the victims of forced sterilization. Eugenicists used Buck to legitimize this law in the 1927 Supreme Court case
982:, the first of three children born to Emma Buck; she also had a half-sister, Doris Buck, and a half-brother, Roy Smith. Little is known about Emma Buck except that she was poor and married to Frederick Buck, who abandoned her early in their marriage. Emma was committed to the
1253:
swamped with incompetence. It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sustains
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was being violated since not all similarly situated people were being treated the same. The sterilization law was only for the "feeble-minded" at certain state institutions and made no mention of other state institutions or those who were not in an institution.
1203:
Taft assigned the opinion to Holmes, who went at his task with a zealotry that bordered on bloodlust. His first draft was apparently even more brutal and was criticized by colleagues for substituting rhetorical flourishes about eugenics for legal analysis.
1310:
Oregon and the
Carolinas, doubling American sterilizations from 6,000 to more than 12,000 by 1947. Buck was sterilized on October 19, 1927, roughly five months after the Supreme Court trial verdict. She became the first Virginian sterilized since the 1924
1171:, which contained a sizable portion devoted to eugenics. As for Holmes, in 1921, he told future justice Felix Frankfurter that he had no problem “restricting propagation by the undesirables and putting to death infants that didn’t pass the examination.”
958:. She was an 18-year-old patient at his institution who he claimed had a mental age of 9. Priddy maintained that Buck represented a genetic threat to society. According to him, Buck's 52-year-old mother possessed a mental age of 8, had a record of
1334:. According to his report, Vivian "showed backwardness", thus the "three generations" of the majority opinion. It is worth noting that the child did very well in school for the two years that she attended (she died of complications from
1195:
accepted that Buck, her mother and her daughter were "feeble-minded" and "promiscuous," and that it was in the state's interest to have her sterilized. The ruling found that the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 did not violate the
1035:
the baby and named her "Vivian Alice Elaine Dobbs". She attended Venable Public Elementary School of Charlottesville for four terms, from September 1930 until May 1932. By all accounts, Vivian was of average intelligence, far above
1520:
to protect the constitutional rights of a woman coerced into sterilization without procedural due process. The court stated that error and abuse will result if the state does not follow the procedural requirements, established by
1231:
made clear that the challenge was not upon the medical procedure involved, but on the process of the substantive law. The court was satisfied that the Virginia Sterilization Act complied with the requirements of
896:
and had found proponents in Europe by the start of the 20th century; 42 of the 58 research papers presented at the First International Congress of Eugenics, held in London in 1912, were from American scientists.
782:
1370:, dozens of states added new sterilization statutes, or updated their constitutionally non-functional ones already enacted, with statutes which more closely mirrored the Virginia statute upheld by the Court.
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passed. The Virginia sterilization law is said to have inspired Nazi Germany's 400,000 sterilizations, including those sanctioned under the 1933 Law for Protection Against Genetically Defective Offspring.
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Buck and her guardian contended that the due process clause guarantees all adults the right to procreate which was being violated. They also made the argument that the Equal Protection Clause in the
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laws in the United States as a whole. While many states already had sterilization laws on their books, their use was erratic and effects practically non-existent in every state except for
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of those 18 and older, after the patient has given written consent and the doctor has informed the patient of the consequences as well as alternative methods of contraception.
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that remains unrepudiated, a claim of a violation of the Equal Protection Clause based upon selective enforcement 'is the usual last resort of constitutional arguments.").
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864:, 316 U.S. 535 (1942), which involved compulsory sterilization of male habitual criminals (and came to a contrary result). Legal scholar and Holmes biographer
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1330:. She was an avid reader until her death in 1983. Her daughter Vivian had been pronounced "feeble minded" after a cursory examination by ERO field worker Dr.
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2834: 1996) ("This claim of selective prosecution really amounts to a weak equal protection claim. And, as Justice Holmes pointed out in the only part of
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Looking to determine if the new law would survive a legal challenge, on September 10, 1924, Priddy filed a petition with his board of directors to sterilize
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of feeblemindedness. Thus, it was in the state's best interest to have Carrie Buck sterilized. The decision was seen as a major victory for eugenicists.
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prosecution and the defense, and thus the Supreme Court did not receive sufficient evidence to make a fair decision on the "friendly suit."
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At 17, Buck became pregnant as a result of being raped by Alice Dobbs' nephew, Clarence Garland. On January 23, 1924, the Dobbses had her
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While the litigation was making its way through the court system, Priddy died and his successor, John Hendren Bell, took up the case.
1013:, where she was noted to be an average student. When she was in sixth grade, the Dobbses removed her to have her help with housework.
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2513:. Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U. S. 11, 25 S. Ct. 358, 49 L. Ed. 643, 3 Ann. Cas. 765. Three generations of imbeciles are enough.
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of the law. And finally, since the Virginia Sterilization Act was not a penal statute, the Court held that it did not violate the
854:. Despite the changing attitudes in the coming decades regarding sterilization, the Supreme Court has never expressly overturned
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868:, in fact, wrote, "the Supreme Court has distinguished the case out of existence". In addition, federal statutes, including the
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Although this opinion and eugenics remain widely condemned, the decision in the case has not been formally overturned.
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to the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded on the grounds of feeblemindedness, incorrigible behavior, and
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1024:. Her commitment is said to have been due to the family's embarrassment at Buck's pregnancy from the rape incident.
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passed the first eugenics sterilization statute in 1907, but it was legally flawed. To remedy that situation,
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Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity
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Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity
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Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity
1970:"Buck v. Bell: Inside the SCOTUS Case That Led to Forced Sterilization of 70,000 & Inspired the Nazis"
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1942:
Buck v. Bell: Inside the SCOTUS Case That Led to Forced Sterilization of 70,000 & Inspired the Nazis
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Chief Justice William Howard Taft, Liva Baker, The Justice from Beacon Hill (1991), ISBN 978-0060166298
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feeble-minded mother in the same institution, and the mother of an illegitimate feeble-minded child."
1969:
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1449:
The story of Carrie Buck's sterilization and the court case was made into a television drama in 1994,
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876:, provide protections for people with disabilities, defined as both physical and mental impairments.
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held Laughlin in such high regard that they arranged for him to receive an honorary doctorate from
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based it largely on Laughlin's "Model Law", although development of that law preceded Laughlin's.
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Dr. Albert Priddy, superintendent of the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and the Feebleminded
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1932:
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913:, designed a model eugenic law that was reviewed by legal experts. In 1924, the Commonwealth of
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John H. Bell was the superintendent at the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
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Reconsidering Judicial Finality: Why the Supreme Court Is Not the Last Word on the Constitution
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remedy? The strength of the facts in three generations of course is the strongest argument.
1112:
unsurprisingly, a staunch believer in forced sterilization, but also a childhood friend of
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8:
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The principle that sustains compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the
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based upon selective enforcement 'is the usual last resort of constitutional arguments
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Holmes, joined by Taft, Van Devanter, McReynolds, Brandeis, Sutherland, Sanford, Stone
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Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck
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Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck
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624:
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3193:"Buck v. Bell (1927)" by N. Antonios and C. Raup at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia
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Sterilization rates under eugenic laws in the United States climbed from 1927 until
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through which they sought to gain legal permission for Virginia to sterilize Buck.
1028:
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486:
1326:). She was later paroled from the institution as a domestic worker to a family in
272:
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Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
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Eugenics: Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Virginia, Eugenics & Buck v. Bell
2216:
Eugenics: Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Virginia, Eugenics & Buck v. Bell
1223:
Justice Holmes in the year of his appointment to the United States Supreme Court
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Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell.
3034:
The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt
2713:
Harrry Hamilton Laughlin (December 1922). "Model Eugenical Sterilization Law".
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and legitimized the sterilization procedures until they were repealed in 1974.
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1963:
1940:
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1027:
On March 28, 1924, she gave birth to a daughter. Since Buck had been declared
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Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
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2719:. Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago. Archived from
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2499:"BUCK v. BELL, Superintendent of State Colony Epileptics and Feeble Minded"
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for the purpose of eugenics, a statute closely based on Laughlin's model.
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Lombardo, Paul A. (1985), "Three Generations, No Imbeciles: New Light on
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1021:
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943:
57:
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Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
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2212:"Buck v. Bell: The Test Case for Virginia's Eugenical Sterilization Act"
1450:
4850:
2875:"Ex Tenebris Lux: Buck v. Bell and the Americans with Disabilities Act"
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2182:
2150:
1674:. Lutz Kaelber, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Vermont
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963:
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Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
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Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
1338:
in 1932), even being listed on her school's honor roll in April 1931.
1672:"Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States - Virginia"
1290:
1286:
1262:
1245:
2620:
2166:
1474:
was cited as a precedent by the opinion of the court (part VIII) in
3646:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
2860:
2831:
991:
914:
885:
846:, "for the protection and health of the state" did not violate the
2105:
Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, The Supreme Court, and
3215:
3032:(1995), "Mr. Justice Holmes and Three Generations of Imbeciles",
1335:
1066:
898:
892:, who also coined the name. The idea first became popular in the
1095:
3852:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
3252:
2946:
2926:
1500:
by writing, "as Justice Holmes pointed out in the only part of
1346:
1130:
Irving Whitehead, Carrie Buck's Lawyer in the Buck v. Bell case
88:
33:
3906:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
2773:"Sexual Sterilization, Virginia Code §§ 54.1-2974 - 54.1-2980"
1694:"Sexual Sterilization, Virginia Code §§ 54.1-2974 - 54.1-2980"
1142:
Buck lost in the trial court, where noted Virginia eugenicist
2557:"Silent Protest: A Catholic Justice Dissents in Buck v. Bell"
2466:
1159:
believers in eugenics: Chief Justice (and former president)
123:
of the unfit "for the protection and health of the state."
1480:, but not in support of abortion rights. To the contrary,
1060:, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985, pp. 316-317.
5540:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
3444:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
3163:
An account of the case from the Dolan DNA Learning Center
1504:
that remains unrepudiated, a claim of a violation of the
1395:
Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring
1167:. In 1915, Taft had written the introduction to the book
4337:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
2712:
3750:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
4432:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2243:"Re-examining Supreme Court support for sterilization"
2111:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
1895:
1893:
1791:"Chapter 46B of the Code of Virginia § 1095h–m (1924)"
1318:
Carrie Buck was operated upon, receiving a compulsory
1293:
are enough". The sole dissenter in the court, Justice
852:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4496:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
3638:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
2659:"Influence of Virginia's Eugenical Sterilization Act"
2391:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 124.
1837:
Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
1719:
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self
1583:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 274
1514:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
1455:. It was also referred to in 1934's sensational film
984:
Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
948:
Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
934:
Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
826:, 274 U.S. 200 (1927), is a landmark decision of the
5327:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
4392:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3718:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
2987:"Eugenics victim, son fighting together for justice"
1494:
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
1058:
The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Natural History
5668:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Taft Court
5215:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
3214:from the original on December 21, 2021 – via
1890:
4875:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
4744:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
3598:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
3055:
1931:
1823:. Central Virginia Training Center. Archived from
1749:Pandora's Lab: Seven stories of Science gone wrong
1069:. She died from a secondary intestinal infection,
858:. It is widely believed to have been weakened by
4512:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
4189:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
3210:. Mahindra Humanities Center. February 13, 2014.
2360:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory DNA Learning Center
2101:
5629:
5391:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
4600:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
2527:"Silent Protest: A Catholic Justice Dissents in
2524:
1737:Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development
1289:for the decision, stating "Three generations of
4472:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3997:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
1665:
1663:
1525:, for performing an involuntary sterilization.
366:Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital
5673:United States substantive due process case law
1377:upheld was designed in part by the eugenicist
5718:Compulsory sterilization in the United States
5548:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
4899:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
4656:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
4504:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
4297:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
3238:
1571:Poe v. Lynchburg Training School and Hospital
1005:After her birth, Carrie Buck was placed with
950:along with her birth mother Emma Buck in 1924
802:
62:State Colony for Epileptics and Feeble Minded
3766:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3670:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
3553:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3028:
2716:Eugenical Sterilization in the United States
1660:
1578:Sex-related court cases in the United States
1149:
1056:(1984), as reprinted in Gould, Stephen Jay,
439:Society for Biodemography and Social Biology
5648:Mental health case law in the United States
5351:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
5263:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
4252:
3890:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
2325:
2323:
1925:
1528:Derek Warden has shown how the decision in
380:Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia
5683:United States reproductive rights case law
4616:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
4149:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
3245:
3231:
3062:, Johns Hopkins University Press, p.
2979:Encyclopedia of Women's History in America
2356:"Irving Whitehead, still image with audio"
1939:; Shaikh, Nermeen, eds. (March 17, 2016).
809:
795:
5375:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
4907:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
3922:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
2846:
2844:
2240:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1669:
4608:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
3050:
3005:
2742:
2602:
2385:Fisher, Louis (2019). "Privacy Rights".
2329:
2320:
2300:. Claude Moore Health Sciences Library,
2148:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1987:
1985:
1899:
1345:
1279:Holmes concluded his argument by citing
1218:
1191:On May 2, 1927, in an 8–1 decision, the
1125:
1094:
996:
938:
60:v. John Hendren Bell, Superintendent of
16:1927 US Supreme Court sterilization case
5678:United States equal protection case law
5319:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
5188:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
4053:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
3654:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
3521:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
2479:
2447:
2445:
2070:
2068:
2066:
1588:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
1452:Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story
1083:Virginia's General Assembly passed the
874:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
119:The Court upheld a statute instituting
5630:
5462:
4560:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
3355:
3266:
3186:Claude Moore Health Sciences Library,
2872:
2841:
2669:from the original on November 27, 2020
2565:
2563:
2525:Phillip Thompson (February 23, 2005).
2384:
2366:from the original on November 27, 2020
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1752:
1734:
1657:, the Court has never overruled it.").
1461:, and was covered in the October 2018
748:Sterilization of Native American women
5590:
5461:
4251:
3914:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
3354:
3265:
3226:
2984:
2955:
2687:Quinn, Peter (February/March 2003). "
2598:
2596:
2222:from the original on November 8, 2020
2083:from the original on January 26, 2021
2029:
2014:
1991:
1982:
1640:
1421:explicitly cited Holmes's opinion in
1297:, a devout Catholic, did not write a
1009:, John and Alice Dobbs. She attended
986:after being accused of "immorality",
21:1927 United States Supreme Court case
4640:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
3781:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
2981:(Infobase Publishing, 2009) pp 37–38
2581:from the original on October 5, 2018
2467:Justia.com U.S. Supreme Court Center
2442:
2253:from the original on October 5, 2015
2063:
1467:documentary "The Eugenics Crusade".
5407:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
5223:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
4648:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
3758:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
3734:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
3545:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
3036:, New York: Oxford, pp. 3–25,
2985:Breed, Allen G. (August 13, 2011).
2560:
2197:
2137:
2051:from the original on April 21, 2015
1953:from the original on March 17, 2016
13:
5180:Arlington County Board v. Richards
5105:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
4883:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
4369:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
3254:United States Fourteenth Amendment
2900:
2651:
2593:
2378:
2348:
1552:Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924
917:adopted a statute authorizing the
834:, in which the Court ruled that a
504:Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924
482:Average Young American Male (1921)
39:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
5729:
5663:United States Supreme Court cases
5658:United States disability case law
5524:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
5065:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
3105:200 (1927) is available from:
3087:
5343:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
4752:Fisher v. University of Texas II
4213:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
3208:"Noah Feldman on 'Buck v. Bell'"
3081:The Sterilization of Carrie Buck
2933:
2913:
2298:"Eugenics: Eugenics in Virginia"
2074:
1739:, London: Macmillan, p. 199
1186:
1065:In June 1932, Vivian contracted
1031:to raise her child, the Dobbses
766:
497:Selective Reproduction of Slaves
271:
32:
5057:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
4736:Fisher v. University of Texas I
4093:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
3938:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
3452:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
3168:Buck v. Bell (Case File #31681)
2879:University of Toledo Law Review
2866:
2815:
2790:
2765:
2736:
2706:
2681:
2518:
2491:
2429:
2290:
2265:
2241:USA Today (November 16, 2008).
2234:
2095:
1865:
1840:
1813:
1534:Americans with Disabilities Act
1496:both recognized and criticized
1270:Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes,
105:Buck v. Bell, 143 Va. 310, 130
5693:1927 in United States case law
4923:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
2919:Presentation by Adam Cohen on
1907:New York University Law Review
1783:
1743:
1728:
1711:
1686:
1644:Disability Advocacy and Atkins
1634:
1611:
1438:did not specifically overturn
973:
1:
5638:Eugenics in the United States
4592:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
3797:McNeese v. Board of Education
3304:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1653:("In the eight decades since
1594:
1547:Eugenics in the United States
1434:, 316 U.S. 535 (1942). While
1078:
911:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
879:
559:The Passing of the Great Race
414:American Birth Control League
4321:Hirabayashi v. United States
4173:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
4125:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
3866:Owen v. City of Independence
3481:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
2777:General Assembly of Virginia
1698:General Assembly of Virginia
1604:
1557:Racial Integrity Act of 1924
1391:Cold Spring Harbor, New York
1304:
842:of the unfit, including the
7:
5207:United States v. Cruikshank
4377:Brown v. Board of Education
3678:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
3529:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
3155:Professor Thomas D. Russell
2504:Legal Information Institute
2334:. New York: Vintage Books.
2273:"Bell, John H. (1883–1934)"
1539:
1407:Subsequent Nuremberg trials
1312:Eugenical Sterilization Act
1259:cutting the Fallopian tubes
1154:The case then moved to the
1118:Eugenical Sterilization Act
1085:Eugenical Sterilization Act
828:United States Supreme Court
434:Human Betterment Foundation
10:
5734:
4329:Korematsu v. United States
2609:The Hastings Center Report
2603:Lombardo, Paul A. (2003).
2155:The Hastings Center Report
2149:Lombardo, Paul A. (2003).
2102:Lombardo, Paul A. (2008).
1873:"Buck, Carrie (1906–1983)"
1383:Charles Benedict Davenport
1373:The Virginia statute that
1341:
888:was propounded in 1883 by
870:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
716:Social degeneration theory
645:Charles Benedict Davenport
429:Race Betterment Foundation
5713:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
5597:
5591:
5586:
5532:United States v. Morrison
5470:
5457:
5198:
5163:
4984:
4949:
4939:United States v. Skrmetti
4931:United States v. Virginia
4770:
4544:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
4264:
4260:
4247:
3965:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
3956:
3898:Gonzaga University v. Doe
3776:
3563:
3462:
3367:
3363:
3350:
3274:
3261:
3083:(New Horizon Press, 1989)
2932:
2912:
2907:
2694:February 6, 2009, at the
2689:Race Cleansing in America
1532:has been affected by the
1282:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
1257:is broad enough to cover
1150:Legal appeals and rulings
980:Charlottesville, Virginia
832:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
650:Gertrude Crotty Davenport
419:American Eugenics Society
242:
235:
228:
223:
215:
207:
202:
136:
131:
125:Supreme Court of Virginia
118:
113:
101:
96:
68:
52:
45:
31:
26:
5703:Amherst County, Virginia
5698:Sterilization (medicine)
5653:Psychiatry controversies
5564:United States v. Georgia
5508:City of Boerne v. Flores
4672:United States v. Fordice
4229:Williams v. Pennsylvania
4197:Washington v. Glucksberg
3030:Leuchtenburg, William E.
3006:Bruinius, Harry (2007).
2977:Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn.
2939:Interview with Cohen on
2743:Bruinius, Harry (2007).
2330:Bruinius, Harry (2007).
2277:encyclopediavirginia.org
2035:"Carrie Buck's Daughter"
1877:encyclopediavirginia.org
1852:encyclopediavirginia.org
1795:encyclopediavirginia.org
1735:Galton, Francis (1883),
1642:
1599:
1261:. Three generations of
1165:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr
1156:Supreme Court of Appeals
1001:Blood kin of Carrie Buck
978:Carrie Buck was born in
932:, superintendent of the
919:compulsory sterilization
840:compulsory sterilization
773:United States portal
743:Sterilization of Latinas
566:The Rising Tide of Color
121:compulsory sterilization
5643:Intellectual disability
5572:Shelby County v. Holder
5137:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
4993:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
4254:Equal Protection Clause
4181:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
3574:United States v. Vuitch
3489:Griswold v. Connecticut
2991:Winfall, North Carolina
2075:Dorr, Gregory Michael.
1723:Oxford University Press
1506:Equal Protection Clause
1146:testified against her.
1116:, who drafted the 1924
923:intellectually disabled
844:intellectually disabled
635:Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen
449:Human Betterment League
5708:Healthcare in Virginia
5439:Armour v. Indianapolis
4803:Moritz v. Commissioner
3859:Procunier v. Navarette
3777:Civil rights liability
3565:Abortion jurisprudence
3188:University of Virginia
3182:April 5, 2013, at the
2873:Warden, Derek (2019).
2703:. Retrieved 7-27-2010.
2571:"The Eugenics Crusade"
2302:University of Virginia
1996:. New York, New York:
1387:Eugenics Record Office
1351:
1277:
1255:compulsory vaccination
1224:
1217:
1131:
1100:
1063:
1002:
951:
907:Eugenics Record Office
884:The modern concept of
721:Social purity movement
683:Wallace H. Kuralt. Sr.
424:Eugenics Record Office
230:U.S. Const. amend. XIV
5492:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
5335:Richardson v. Ramirez
5303:Boddie v. Connecticut
4891:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
4720:Johnson v. California
4440:McLaughlin v. Florida
3828:O'Connor v. Donaldson
3388:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
3280:Slaughter-House Cases
3202:Encyclopedia Virginia
2857:253 F.3d 1124
2538:St. John's University
2077:"Buck v. Bell (1927)"
1848:"Buck v. Bell (1927)"
1767:"Buck vs. Bell Trial"
1403:Heidelberg University
1360:eugenic sterilization
1349:
1274:, 274 U.S. 200 (1927)
1250:
1229:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1222:
1206:
1129:
1098:
1038:
1000:
942:
830:, written by Justice
359:Madrigal v. Quilligan
46:Argued April 22, 1927
5484:Katzenbach v. Morgan
5231:Breedlove v. Suttles
5081:Graham v. Richardson
4974:Obergefell v. Hodges
4779:Breedlove v. Suttles
4712:Grutter v. Bollinger
4552:Jefferson v. Hackney
4221:Obergefell v. Hodges
4157:Edwards v. Aguillard
4037:Epperson v. Arkansas
3874:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
3809:Jenkins v. McKeithen
3702:Mazurek v. Armstrong
3662:Hodgson v. Minnesota
3622:Bellotti v. Baird II
3614:Colautti v. Franklin
3369:Economic substantive
2605:"Facing Carrie Buck"
2151:"Facing Carrie Buck"
1992:Cohen, Adam (2016).
1651:653, 657 (2008).
1488:In the 1996 case of
1381:, superintendent of
1029:mentally incompetent
930:Albert Sidney Priddy
492:Oneida stirpiculture
151:Oliver W. Holmes Jr.
5415:Gregory v. Ashcroft
5383:Mills v. Habluetzel
5367:Zablocki v. Redhail
5311:Eisenstadt v. Baird
5247:Oyama v. California
5239:Skinner v. Oklahoma
5172:Shapiro v. Thompson
5089:Sugarman v. Dougall
5033:Porterfield v. Webb
5025:Terrace v. Thompson
4688:Missouri v. Jenkins
4632:Hunter v. Underwood
4576:Milliken v. Bradley
4568:Norwood v. Harrison
4520:McDaniel v. Barresi
4205:Troxel v. Granville
4085:Mathews v. Eldridge
4069:Taylor v. Louisiana
3946:Connick v. Thompson
3726:Gonzales v. Carhart
3710:Stenberg v. Carhart
3694:Lambert v. Wicklund
3606:Bellotti v. Baird I
3404:Lochner v. New York
3288:Minor v. Happersett
3146:Library of Congress
2828:74 F.3d 740
2575:American Experience
2547:on January 13, 2013
2397:10.2307/j.ctvqmp2sk
1801:on February 4, 2021
1464:American Experience
1458:Tomorrow's Children
1436:Skinner v. Oklahoma
1431:Skinner v. Oklahoma
1161:William Howard Taft
1108:of Amherst County.
1073:, at the age of 8.
861:Skinner v. Oklahoma
538:The Kallikak Family
454:Heredity Commission
352:Skinner v. Oklahoma
257:Part of a series on
245:Skinner v. Oklahoma
163:James C. McReynolds
159:Willis Van Devanter
48:Decided May 2, 1927
5476:Civil Rights Cases
5464:Enforcement Clause
5295:Oregon v. Mitchell
5287:Williams v. Rhodes
5113:Nyquist v. Mauclet
5073:Hernandez v. Texas
4958:Bowers v. Hardwick
4950:Sexual orientation
4827:Stanton v. Stanton
4819:Geduldig v. Aiello
4787:Goesaert v. Cleary
4704:Gratz v. Bollinger
4528:Palmer v. Thompson
4480:Hunter v. Erickson
4456:Loving v. Virginia
4424:Anderson v. Martin
4345:Shelley v. Kraemer
4289:Plessy v. Ferguson
4281:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
4133:Kolender v. Lawson
4029:Loving v. Virginia
3844:Imbler v. Pachtman
3821:Wood v. Strickland
3686:Leavitt v. Jane L.
3513:Bowers v. Hardwick
3428:Buchanan v. Warley
3357:Due Process Clause
3268:Citizenship Clause
2993:. Associated Press
2647:– via JSTOR.
2472:2021-05-06 at the
2461:2011-10-09 at the
2308:on August 10, 2011
2193:– via JSTOR.
2031:Gould, Stephen Jay
1717:White, G. Edward,
1358:was to legitimize
1352:
1299:dissenting opinion
1225:
1193:U.S. Supreme Court
1132:
1101:
1003:
952:
848:Due Process Clause
731:Racial nationalism
630:David Starr Jordan
586:Annals of Eugenics
545:Eugenics manifesto
147:Associate Justices
87:47 S. Ct. 584; 71
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5611:Trump v. Anderson
5603:Gold Clause Cases
5582:
5581:
5556:Tennessee v. Lane
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5359:Trimble v. Gordon
5279:Levy v. Louisiana
5271:Rinaldi v. Yeager
5153:Bernal v. Fainter
5129:Ambach v. Norwick
5121:Foley v. Connelie
5017:Crane v. New York
4915:Lehr v. Robertson
4867:Caban v. Mohammed
4624:Palmore v. Sidoti
4464:Lee v. Washington
4448:Reitman v. Mulkey
4399:Gebhart v. Belton
4385:Briggs v. Elliott
4361:Sweatt v. Painter
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4117:Parratt v. Taylor
4101:Duren v. Missouri
4061:Arnett v. Kennedy
3989:Powell v. Alabama
3930:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
3815:Scheuer v. Rhodes
3630:H. L. v. Matheson
3537:Lawrence v. Texas
3473:Meyer v. Nebraska
3420:Coppage v. Kansas
3346:
3345:
3312:Perez v. Brownell
3079:Smith, J. David.
3073:978-0-8018-9010-9
3043:978-0-19-511131-6
3021:978-0-375-71305-7
2970:978-1-59420-418-0
2952:
2951:
2758:978-0-375-71305-7
2700:American Heritage
2406:978-0-7006-2810-0
2341:978-0-375-71305-7
1976:. March 17, 2016.
1821:"Online Services"
1649:DePaul Law Review
1563:Stump v. Sparkman
1379:Harry H. Laughlin
1198:U.S. Constitution
1144:Joseph DeJarnette
1047:Stephen Jay Gould
1036:feeblemindedness.
819:
818:
756:
755:
711:Scientific racism
691:
690:
625:Joseph DeJarnette
620:Harry H. Laughlin
595:
594:
512:
511:
389:
388:
373:Stump v. Sparkman
319:
318:
265:the United States
252:
251:
248:(partially, 1942)
187:Edward T. Sanford
175:George Sutherland
5725:
5588:
5587:
5500:Dellmuth v. Muth
5459:
5458:
4859:Parham v. Hughes
4835:Edwards v. Healy
4664:Freeman v. Pitts
4419:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
4416:Browder v. Gayle
4262:
4261:
4249:
4248:
4165:Turner v. Safley
4141:Hudson v. Palmer
4005:NAACP v. Alabama
3464:Right to privacy
3412:Muller v. Oregon
3380:Mugler v. Kansas
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3328:Rogers v. Bellei
3263:
3262:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3076:
3061:
3046:
3025:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2973:
2937:
2936:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2870:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2825:
2823:Fieger v. Thomas
2819:
2813:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2710:
2704:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2540:. Archived from
2535:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2449:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2304:. Archived from
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2027:
2012:
2011:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1827:on June 18, 2009
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1797:. Archived from
1787:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1771:Eugenics Archive
1763:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1641:James W. Ellis,
1638:
1632:
1615:
1512:". In 2001, the
1511:
1490:Fieger v. Thomas
1482:Justice Blackmun
1425:in his defense.
1405:in 1936. At the
1332:Arthur Estabrook
1275:
1242:Eighth Amendment
1238:equal protection
1215:
1114:Aubrey E. Strode
1061:
811:
804:
797:
771:
770:
769:
704:
703:
655:Frederick Osborn
608:
607:
525:
524:
487:The Relf Sisters
402:
401:
332:
331:
286:
285:
275:
254:
253:
132:Court membership
36:
35:
24:
23:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5688:Science and law
5628:
5627:
5626:
5617:
5593:
5578:
5466:
5445:
5194:
5159:
5097:In re Griffiths
5041:Webb v. O'Brien
4980:
4945:
4766:
4696:Texas v. Lesage
4488:Hadnott v. Amos
4273:Pace v. Alabama
4256:
4235:
4013:Hoyt v. Florida
3952:
3882:Felder v. Casey
3778:
3772:
3559:
3458:
3436:Adams v. Tanner
3396:Holden v. Hardy
3370:
3359:
3342:
3320:Afroyim v. Rusk
3270:
3257:
3251:
3206:
3184:Wayback Machine
3157:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3090:
3074:
3044:
3022:
2996:
2994:
2971:
2943:, June 11, 2016
2934:
2923:, March 8, 2016
2914:
2908:External videos
2903:
2901:Further reading
2898:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2871:
2867:
2852:Vaughn v. Ruoff
2850:
2849:
2842:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:. p. 316.
2741:
2737:
2733:Harvard website
2726:
2724:
2723:on July 9, 2011
2711:
2707:
2696:Wayback Machine
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2621:10.2307/3528148
2601:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2533:
2523:
2519:
2511:Fallopian tubes
2497:
2496:
2492:
2486:274 U.S. at 207
2484:
2480:
2474:Wayback Machine
2463:Wayback Machine
2450:
2443:
2438:274 U.S. at 205
2434:
2430:
2407:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2167:10.2307/3528148
2147:
2138:
2123:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:Natural History
2037:
2028:
2015:
2008:
1990:
1983:
1968:
1956:
1954:
1930:
1926:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1733:
1729:
1725:, 1993, p. 407.
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1670:Kaelber, Lutz.
1668:
1661:
1639:
1635:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1542:
1509:
1344:
1328:Bland, Virginia
1307:
1276:
1269:
1216:
1213:
1189:
1152:
1081:
1071:enteric colitis
1062:
1052:Natural History
1045:
976:
882:
866:G. Edward White
815:
767:
765:
758:
757:
752:
701:
693:
692:
687:
664:
605:
597:
596:
591:
571:
522:
514:
513:
508:
463:
399:
391:
390:
385:
329:
321:
320:
283:
264:
238:
195:Harlan F. Stone
185:
173:
161:
143:William H. Taft
92:
47:
41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5731:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5607:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5544:
5536:
5528:
5520:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5488:
5480:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5423:Vacco v. Quill
5419:
5411:
5403:
5399:Clark v. Jeter
5395:
5387:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5255:Oyler v. Boles
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5009:Heim v. McCall
5005:
5001:Truax v. Raich
4997:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4970:
4966:Romer v. Evans
4962:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4843:Craig v. Boren
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4811:Kahn v. Shevin
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4353:Perez v. Sharp
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4313:Smith v. Texas
4309:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4258:
4257:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4109:Parham v. J.R.
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4021:Oyler v. Boles
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3803:Pierson v. Ray
3800:
3794:
3790:Monroe v. Pape
3785:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3361:
3360:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3296:Elk v. Wilkins
3292:
3284:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3204:
3195:
3190:
3174:
3165:
3160:
3128:Google Scholar
3089:
3088:External links
3086:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3052:Lombardo, Paul
3048:
3042:
3026:
3020:
3003:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2950:
2949:
2930:
2929:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2865:
2840:
2814:
2789:
2764:
2757:
2735:
2705:
2680:
2650:
2592:
2559:
2517:
2490:
2478:
2452:274 U.S. 200 (
2441:
2428:
2405:
2377:
2347:
2340:
2319:
2289:
2264:
2233:
2196:
2136:
2121:
2094:
2062:
2013:
2007:978-1594204180
2006:
2000:. p. 24.
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:Democracy Now!
1947:Democracy Now!
1924:
1889:
1864:
1839:
1812:
1782:
1751:
1742:
1727:
1710:
1685:
1659:
1633:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1413:, counsel for
1354:The effect of
1343:
1340:
1324:tubal ligation
1306:
1303:
1267:
1211:
1188:
1185:
1176:14th Amendment
1151:
1148:
1080:
1077:
1043:
1007:foster parents
975:
972:
946:(left) at the
903:Harry Laughlin
890:Francis Galton
881:
878:
817:
816:
814:
813:
806:
799:
791:
788:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
760:
759:
754:
753:
751:
750:
745:
740:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
689:
688:
686:
685:
680:
674:
671:
670:
666:
665:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
640:Charles Goethe
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
613:
612:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
593:
592:
590:
589:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
570:
569:
562:
555:
552:The Bell Curve
548:
541:
533:
530:
529:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
509:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
473:
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469:
465:
464:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
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410:
407:
406:
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397:
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387:
386:
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369:
362:
355:
348:
340:
337:
336:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
307:North Carolina
304:
299:
291:
290:
284:
281:
280:
277:
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268:
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259:
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226:
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171:Louis Brandeis
148:
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134:
133:
129:
128:
116:
115:
111:
110:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
86:
70:
66:
65:
54:
53:Full case name
50:
49:
43:
42:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5730:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
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5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
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5633:
5613:
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5608:
5605:
5604:
5600:
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5573:
5569:
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5561:
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5553:
5550:
5549:
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5542:
5541:
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5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5521:
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5513:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5497:
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5493:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5478:
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5472:
5469:
5465:
5460:
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5441:
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5428:
5425:
5424:
5420:
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5408:
5404:
5401:
5400:
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5393:
5392:
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5385:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5372:
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5364:
5361:
5360:
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5353:
5352:
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5340:
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5336:
5332:
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5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5281:
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5276:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5265:
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5260:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
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5233:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5220:
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5212:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:Plyler v. Doe
5142:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
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5083:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:Frick v. Webb
5046:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5002:
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4995:
4994:
4990:
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4983:
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4971:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4848:
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4824:
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4800:
4797:
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4776:
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4773:
4769:
4762:
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4757:
4754:
4753:
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4730:
4729:
4725:
4722:
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4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
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4669:
4666:
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4609:
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4577:
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4570:
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4562:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:Coit v. Green
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4498:
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4485:
4482:
4481:
4477:
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4469:
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4458:
4457:
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4450:
4449:
4445:
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4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:Lucy v. Adams
4405:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4371:
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4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
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4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
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4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
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4231:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4199:
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4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4178:
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4167:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
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4151:
4150:
4146:
4143:
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4138:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:Goss v. Lopez
4074:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:In re Winship
4042:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:Zucht v. King
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3935:
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3927:
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3916:
3915:
3911:
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3892:
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3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:Paul v. Davis
3833:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
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3787:
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3775:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:Azar v. Garza
3739:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
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3616:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:Doe v. Bolton
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3554:
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3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:Doe v. Bolton
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3470:
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3110:CourtListener
3104:
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3059:
3053:
3049:
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3035:
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3023:
3017:
3013:
3012:Vintage Books
3009:
3004:
2992:
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2976:
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2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
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2800:
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2749:Vintage Books
2746:
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2709:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2668:
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2599:
2597:
2580:
2577:. PBS. 2018.
2576:
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2122:9780801890109
2118:
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2110:
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2106:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:(July 1984).
2032:
2026:
2024:
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2020:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:Penguin Press
1995:
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1444:sterilization
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1365:
1361:
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1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:salpingectomy
1316:
1313:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:Pierce Butler
1292:
1288:
1284:
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1273:
1266:
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1256:
1249:
1247:
1246:genetic trait
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1199:
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1187:Supreme Court
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1106:Circuit Court
1097:
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1053:
1048:
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1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1011:public school
1008:
999:
995:
993:
990:, and having
989:
985:
981:
971:
969:
968:feeble-minded
965:
961:
957:
949:
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931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
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909:(ERO) at the
908:
904:
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895:
894:United States
891:
887:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
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836:state statute
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790:
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764:
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762:
761:
749:
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744:
741:
738:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:Feeble-minded
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
706:
705:
697:
696:
684:
681:
679:
678:Guy W. Bailey
676:
675:
673:
672:
668:
667:
661:
660:Madison Grant
658:
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256:
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247:
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241:
237:Superseded by
234:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:Case opinions
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:Pierce Butler
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
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139:Chief Justice
138:
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135:
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117:
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108:
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95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
30:
25:
19:
5609:
5601:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5530:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5482:
5474:
5437:
5431:Bush v. Gore
5429:
5421:
5413:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5381:
5373:
5365:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5333:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4795:Reed v. Reed
4793:
4785:
4777:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3981:Buck v. Bell
3980:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3336:Saenz v. Roe
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3198:Buck v. Bell
3172:archives.gov
3171:
3095:Buck v. Bell
3094:
3080:
3057:
3033:
3010:. New York:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2978:
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2882:
2878:
2868:
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2851:
2836:Buck v. Bell
2835:
2822:
2817:
2796:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2767:
2747:. New York:
2744:
2738:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:the original
2715:
2708:
2698:
2683:
2673:November 16,
2671:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2612:
2608:
2585:November 17,
2583:. Retrieved
2574:
2549:. Retrieved
2542:the original
2529:Buck V. Bell
2528:
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2508:
2502:
2493:
2481:
2454:Buck v. Bell
2453:
2431:
2387:
2380:
2370:November 17,
2368:. Retrieved
2359:
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2331:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:
2267:
2257:November 25,
2255:. Retrieved
2246:
2236:
2226:November 16,
2224:. Retrieved
2215:
2161:(2): 14–17.
2158:
2154:
2108:
2107:Buck v. Bell
2104:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2053:. Retrieved
2041:
1993:
1973:
1955:. Retrieved
1941:
1937:Goodman, Amy
1927:
1914:(1): 30–62,
1911:
1905:
1902:Buck v. Bell
1901:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1794:
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1774:, retrieved
1770:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1721:, New York:
1718:
1713:
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1654:
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1631: (1927).
1618:Buck v. Bell
1617:
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1569:
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1530:Buck v. Bell
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1518:Buck v. Bell
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1440:Buck v. Bell
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1429:
1427:
1423:Buck v. Bell
1422:
1419:Otto Hofmann
1417:functionary
1414:
1411:World War II
1399:Nazi Germany
1375:Buck v. Bell
1374:
1372:
1368:Buck v. Bell
1367:
1356:Buck v. Bell
1355:
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1308:
1280:
1278:
1272:Buck v. Bell
1271:
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1168:
1163:and Justice
1153:
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1117:
1110:
1102:
1090:Buck v. Bell
1089:
1084:
1082:
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1064:
1057:
1051:
1039:
1026:
1015:
1004:
988:prostitution
977:
960:prostitution
953:
927:
883:
859:
856:Buck v. Bell
855:
823:Buck v. Bell
822:
821:
820:
737:Race suicide
584:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
502:
501:
477:Jukes family
444:Pioneer Fund
405:Institutions
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
345:Buck v. Bell
344:
343:
243:
224:Laws applied
190:
178:
166:
154:
97:Case history
80:
56:
27:Buck v. Bell
18:
4356:(Cal. 1948)
4305:Lum v. Rice
3582:Roe v. Wade
3497:Roe v. Wade
3371:due process
3177:"Eugenics."
2963:, Penguin,
2957:Cohen, Adam
2830:, 750 (
2798:Roe v. Wade
2415:j.ctvqmp2sk
2282:November 4,
2087:October 23,
1933:Cohen, Adam
1882:November 4,
1857:November 4,
1805:November 4,
1776:October 16,
1477:Roe v. Wade
1322:(a form of
1265:are enough.
1234:due process
1169:How to Live
1022:promiscuity
974:Buck family
956:Carrie Buck
944:Carrie Buck
838:permitting
669:Politicians
335:Court cases
263:Eugenics in
58:Carrie Buck
5632:Categories
4851:Orr v. Orr
2997:August 13,
2888:January 4,
1595:References
1364:California
1079:Court case
964:immorality
880:Background
604:Proponents
521:Literature
297:California
109:516 (1925)
5164:Residency
2941:Imbeciles
2921:Imbeciles
2727:April 22,
2629:0093-0334
2615:(2): 16.
2423:241678748
2312:March 26,
2175:0093-0334
2131:195763255
1957:March 18,
1605:Citations
1305:Aftermath
1291:imbeciles
1287:precedent
1263:imbeciles
1018:committed
905:, of the
611:Academics
302:Minnesota
127:affirmed.
69:Citations
4985:Alienage
3256:case law
3212:Archived
3180:Archived
3093:Text of
3054:(2008),
2959:(2016),
2861:8th Cir.
2832:6th Cir.
2810:113, 154
2692:Archived
2667:Archived
2645:12760114
2579:Archived
2551:July 24,
2470:Archived
2459:Archived
2364:Archived
2251:Archived
2247:ABC News
2220:Archived
2191:12760114
2081:Archived
2055:June 10,
2046:Archived
1951:Archived
1920:11658945
1831:June 23,
1540:See also
1366:. After
1268:—
1227:Justice
1212:—
1054:magazine
1044:—
992:syphilis
915:Virginia
886:eugenics
872:and the
778:Category
576:Journals
208:Majority
4380:(1954)
3216:YouTube
3119:Findlaw
2782:May 30,
2637:3528148
2183:3528148
1964:Alt URL
1703:May 30,
1678:May 14,
1342:Effects
1336:measles
1067:measles
1033:adopted
921:of the
899:Indiana
850:of the
700:Related
468:General
398:History
216:Dissent
114:Holding
5614:(2024)
5606:(1935)
5575:(2013)
5567:(2006)
5559:(2004)
5551:(2003)
5543:(2001)
5535:(2000)
5527:(2000)
5519:(1999)
5511:(1997)
5503:(1989)
5495:(1976)
5487:(1966)
5479:(1883)
5442:(2012)
5434:(2000)
5426:(1997)
5418:(1991)
5410:(1988)
5402:(1988)
5394:(1985)
5386:(1982)
5378:(1979)
5370:(1978)
5362:(1977)
5354:(1976)
5346:(1974)
5338:(1974)
5330:(1973)
5322:(1973)
5314:(1972)
5306:(1971)
5298:(1970)
5290:(1968)
5282:(1968)
5274:(1966)
5266:(1966)
5258:(1962)
5250:(1948)
5242:(1942)
5234:(1937)
5226:(1928)
5218:(1886)
5210:(1876)
5191:(1985)
5183:(1977)
5175:(1969)
5156:(1984)
5148:(1982)
5140:(1982)
5132:(1979)
5124:(1978)
5116:(1977)
5108:(1976)
5100:(1973)
5092:(1973)
5084:(1971)
5076:(1954)
5068:(1948)
5060:(1927)
5052:(1923)
5044:(1923)
5036:(1923)
5028:(1923)
5020:(1915)
5012:(1915)
5004:(1915)
4996:(1914)
4977:(2015)
4969:(1996)
4961:(1986)
4942:(2024)
4934:(1996)
4926:(1994)
4918:(1983)
4910:(1982)
4902:(1981)
4894:(1981)
4886:(1980)
4878:(1979)
4870:(1979)
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4854:(1979)
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4782:(1937)
4763:(2023)
4755:(2016)
4747:(2014)
4739:(2013)
4731:(2007)
4723:(2005)
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4707:(2003)
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4691:(1995)
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4667:(1992)
4659:(1991)
4651:(1989)
4643:(1986)
4635:(1985)
4627:(1984)
4619:(1982)
4611:(1982)
4603:(1978)
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4579:(1974)
4571:(1973)
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4515:(1971)
4507:(1969)
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4491:(1969)
4483:(1969)
4475:(1968)
4467:(1968)
4459:(1967)
4451:(1967)
4443:(1964)
4435:(1964)
4427:(1964)
4411:(1955)
4372:(1950)
4364:(1950)
4348:(1948)
4340:(1948)
4332:(1944)
4324:(1943)
4316:(1940)
4308:(1927)
4300:(1899)
4292:(1896)
4284:(1886)
4276:(1883)
4232:(2016)
4224:(2015)
4216:(2009)
4208:(2000)
4200:(1997)
4192:(1990)
4184:(1989)
4176:(1989)
4168:(1987)
4160:(1987)
4152:(1985)
4144:(1984)
4136:(1983)
4128:(1982)
4120:(1981)
4112:(1979)
4104:(1979)
4096:(1977)
4088:(1976)
4080:(1975)
4072:(1975)
4064:(1974)
4056:(1974)
4048:(1971)
4040:(1968)
4032:(1967)
4024:(1962)
4016:(1961)
4008:(1958)
4000:(1950)
3992:(1932)
3984:(1927)
3976:(1922)
3968:(1905)
3949:(2011)
3941:(2010)
3933:(2009)
3925:(2009)
3917:(2005)
3909:(2003)
3901:(2002)
3893:(1989)
3885:(1988)
3877:(1982)
3869:(1980)
3861:(1978)
3855:(1978)
3847:(1976)
3839:(1976)
3831:(1975)
3823:(1975)
3817:(1974)
3811:(1969)
3805:(1967)
3799:(1963)
3793:(1961)
3779:under
3769:(2022)
3761:(2020)
3753:(2019)
3745:(2018)
3737:(2016)
3729:(2007)
3721:(2006)
3713:(2000)
3705:(1997)
3697:(1997)
3689:(1996)
3681:(1992)
3673:(1990)
3665:(1990)
3657:(1989)
3649:(1986)
3641:(1983)
3633:(1981)
3625:(1979)
3617:(1979)
3609:(1976)
3601:(1976)
3593:(1973)
3585:(1973)
3577:(1971)
3556:(2022)
3548:(2016)
3540:(2003)
3532:(1992)
3524:(1989)
3516:(1986)
3508:(1973)
3500:(1973)
3492:(1965)
3484:(1925)
3476:(1923)
3455:(1937)
3447:(1931)
3439:(1917)
3431:(1917)
3423:(1915)
3415:(1908)
3407:(1905)
3399:(1898)
3391:(1897)
3383:(1887)
3339:(1999)
3331:(1971)
3323:(1967)
3315:(1958)
3307:(1898)
3299:(1884)
3291:(1875)
3283:(1873)
3158:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3137:Justia
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3070:
3040:
3018:
2967:
2947:C-SPAN
2927:C-SPAN
2855:,
2826:,
2801:,
2755:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2421:
2413:
2403:
2338:
2189:
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2173:
2129:
2119:
2004:
1918:
1620:,
1574:(1981)
1566:(1978)
1516:cited
1492:, the
1409:after
459:AASPIM
312:Oregon
289:States
282:States
219:Butler
193:
191:·
189:
181:
179:·
177:
169:
167:·
165:
157:
155:·
153:
89:L. Ed.
5592:Other
5199:Other
3957:Other
3101:
2805:
2633:JSTOR
2545:(PDF)
2534:(PDF)
2419:S2CID
2411:JSTOR
2179:JSTOR
2049:(PDF)
2038:(PDF)
1647:, 57
1624:
1600:Notes
1285:as a
783:Index
528:Books
102:Prior
4265:Race
3103:U.S.
3068:ISBN
3038:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2999:2011
2965:ISBN
2890:2021
2807:U.S.
2784:2015
2753:ISBN
2729:2005
2675:2020
2641:PMID
2625:ISSN
2587:2020
2553:2012
2401:ISBN
2372:2020
2336:ISBN
2314:2013
2284:2015
2259:2020
2228:2020
2187:PMID
2171:ISSN
2127:OCLC
2117:ISBN
2089:2012
2057:2014
2002:ISBN
1959:2016
1916:PMID
1884:2015
1859:2015
1833:2009
1807:2015
1778:2009
1705:2015
1680:2013
1655:Buck
1626:U.S.
1104:the
962:and
928:Dr.
107:S.E.
91:1000
82:more
74:U.S.
72:274
4771:Sex
3200:at
3099:274
3064:365
2803:410
2617:doi
2393:doi
2163:doi
2113:190
1904:",
1629:200
1622:274
1389:in
1385:'s
328:Law
77:200
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