347:
muscle, and pulmonary circulation vasodilate in response to these hormones when they act on beta-adrenergic receptors. Generally, stretch and high oxygen tension increase tone, and carbon dioxide and low pH promote vasodilation. Pulmonary arterioles are a noteworthy exception as they vasodilate in response to high oxygen. Brain arterioles are particularly sensitive to pH with reduced pH promoting vasodilation. A number of hormones influence arteriole tone such as angiotensin II (vasoconstrictive), endothelin (vasoconstrictive), bradykinin (vasodilation), atrial natriuretic peptide (vasodilation), and prostacyclin (vasodilation).
439:
52:
225:. The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occurs at the transition of arterioles to capillaries. This function is extremely important because it prevents the thin, one-layer capillaries from exploding upon pressure. The arterioles achieve this decrease in pressure, as they are the site with the highest resistance (a large contributor to total peripheral resistance) which translates to a large decrease in the pressure.
368:
40:
346:
which include stretch, carbon dioxide, and oxygen among other factors. Generally, norepinephrine and epinephrine (hormones produced by sympathetic nerves and the adrenal gland medulla) are vasoconstrictive acting on alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. However, the arterioles of skeletal muscle, cardiac
237:
lines all blood-contacting surfaces, including arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries, and heart chambers. This healthy condition is promoted by the ample production of
397:
Arteriolosclerosis is the term specifically used for the hardening of arteriole walls. This can be due to decreased elastic production from fibrinogen, associated with
656:"Air Pollution and the microvasculature: a crosssectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population based multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)"
166:
342:
Arteriole diameter varies according to autoregulation of organs or tissues to maintain sufficient blood flow despite changes in pressure via metabolic or
641:
Johnson, P. C. (1986). Autoregulation of blood flow. In
Circulation Research (Vol. 59, Issue 5, pp. 483–495). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
766:
142:
805:
615:
Riva, CE; Grunwald, JE; Petrig, BL (1986). "Autoregulation of human retinal blood flow. An investigation with laser
Doppler velocimetry".
554:
Maton, Anthea; Jean
Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993).
525:
567:
798:
706:
161:
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791:
497:
This decreases the resistance to flow into peripheral vascular beds, lowering overall systemic pressure.
343:
285:
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outside the capillary. The opposite process occurs when the blood leaves the capillaries and enters the
17:
707:"Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short-Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults"
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327:
315:
125:
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in order to regulate their diameter. Retinal vessels lack a functional sympathetic innervation.
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173:
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by the endothelium, which requires a biochemical reaction regulated by a complex balance of
8:
281:
222:
218:
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The muscular contraction of arterioles is targeted by drugs that lower blood pressure (
318:. This induces gas and nutrients to move from the blood to the cells, due to the lower
314:
The decreased velocity of flow in the capillaries increases the blood pressure, due to
293:
736:
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563:
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326:, where the blood pressure drops due to an increase in flow rate. Arterioles receive
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Types of blood vessels, including an arteriole and artery, as well as capillaries.
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130:
584:
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589:(Updated ed.). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. pp. 2–5.
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in the arteries supplying the body is a result of the work needed to pump the
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Louwies, T; Int Panis, L; Kicinski, M; De Boever, P; Nawrot, Tim S (2013).
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487:
256:. In addition, there is direct electrical and chemical communication via
234:
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to luminal diameter ratio has been observed in hypertensive arterioles (
483:
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51:
179:
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1022:
929:
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Arteritis of the arterioles occurs when the arteriole walls become
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331:
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296:) as the vascular wall thickens and/or luminal diameter decreases.
253:
704:
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between the endothelial cells and the vascular smooth muscle.
84:
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1010:
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Adar, SD; Klein, R; Klein, BE; Szpiro, AA; Cotch, MF (2010).
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in the muscular layer of the arterioles, causing relaxation.
113:
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as a result of either an immune response to infection or an
367:
75:
1061:
1030:
911:
818:
355:
Arteriole diameters decrease with age and with exposure to
93:
87:
509:" is an arteriole which bypasses capillary circulation.
379:, will increase total peripheral resistance and lead to
311:
versus the volume and elasticity of the major arteries.
303:
blood pressure is due to the pulsatile nature of the
653:
583:
Rahman, Masum; Abu Bakar, Siddik (4 December 2021).
280:(the flow of blood pumped by the heart) through the
96:
81:
375:Any pathology which constricts blood flow, such as
78:
614:
555:
1160:
582:
562:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
330:innervation and respond to various circulating
799:
90:
806:
792:
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681:
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307:and determined by the interaction of the
217:walls (usually only one to two layers of
366:
350:
647:
643:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.59.5.483
14:
1161:
813:
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202:that extends and branches out from an
27:Small arteries in the microcirculation
787:
526:Surface chemistry of microvasculature
433:
608:
405:or pathological conditions such as
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299:The up and down fluctuation of the
24:
233:In a healthy vascular system, the
25:
1180:
764:
711:Environmental Health Perspectives
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268:
500:
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371:Decreased diameter of arteriole.
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50:
38:
771:Essentials of Human Physiology
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635:
576:
547:
221:) and are the primary site of
13:
1:
586:StatPearls [Internet]
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469:
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673:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000372
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7:
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286:total peripheral resistance
10:
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617:Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
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124:
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107:
66:
61:
49:
37:
32:
767:"Section 3/3ch9/s3ch9_2"
558:Human Biology and Health
328:autonomic nervous system
56:Rabbit arteriole at 100X
1148:Circulatory anastomosis
1111:Internal elastic lamina
902:Precapillary resistance
897:Precapillary sphincter
519:anatomical terminology
372:
174:Anatomical terminology
370:
351:Clinical significance
316:Bernoulli's principle
288:. An increase in the
247:nitric oxide synthase
194:is a small-diameter
723:10.1289/ehp.1205721
492:calcium conductance
490:), which block the
478:), for example the
284:, sometimes termed
282:vascular resistance
223:vascular resistance
219:smooth muscle cells
1058:Pulmonary arteries
992:Circulatory system
517:This article uses
449:. You can help by
373:
294:arteriolosclerosis
1156:
1155:
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986:
985:
765:Nosek, Thomas M.
623:(12): 1706–1712.
476:antihypertensives
467:
466:
188:
187:
183:
16:(Redirected from
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1096:Microcirculation
997:
996:
968:Lymphatic vessel
925:Superficial vein
830:
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801:
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773:. Archived from
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666:(11): e1000372.
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536:Microcirculation
480:dihydropyridines
462:
459:
441:
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393:Arteriosclerosis
387:Arteriosclerosis
344:myogenic factors
320:osmotic pressure
213:Arterioles have
200:microcirculation
180:edit on Wikidata
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1138:Vascular nerves
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978:Lymph capillary
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935:Perforator vein
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842:Nutrient artery
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447:needs expansion
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1172:
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1125:
1123:Tunica externa
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1108:
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1087:
1085:
1079:
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1075:
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1066:Pulmonary vein
1052:
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1005:
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940:Emissary veins
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859:Elastic artery
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777:on 2016-03-24.
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417:Main article:
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391:Main article:
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338:Autoregulation
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305:cardiac output
278:cardiac output
274:Blood pressure
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269:Blood pressure
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1143:Rete mirabile
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Vasa nervorum
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
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1101:Tunica intima
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945:Venous plexus
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
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921:
920:Vena comitans
918:
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913:
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747:on 2013-11-02
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717:(9): 1011–6.
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501:Metarterioles
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458:December 2013
452:
448:
445:This section
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420:
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357:air pollution
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309:stroke volume
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258:gap junctions
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206:and leads to
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67:Pronunciation
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31:
19:
1128:Vasa vasorum
1118:Tunica media
1083:Microanatomy
1018:
852:Metarteriole
846:
775:the original
770:
760:
749:. Retrieved
745:the original
714:
710:
700:
663:
659:
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637:
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598:. Retrieved
585:
578:
557:
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507:metarteriole
504:
496:
473:
455:
451:adding to it
446:
422:
403:hypertension
396:
381:hypertension
374:
354:
341:
313:
298:
290:tunica media
272:
239:nitric oxide
232:
212:
196:blood vessel
191:
189:
143:A12.0.00.005
118:
1106:Endothelium
1091:Microvessel
1054:Right heart
1039:Right heart
1023:Capillaries
885:Fenestrated
869:Capillaries
600:17 November
488:nicardipine
243:polyphenols
235:endothelium
208:capillaries
108:Identifiers
1070:Left heart
1019:Arterioles
1007:Left heart
890:Sinusoidal
880:Continuous
751:2013-06-26
542:References
484:nifedipine
470:Medication
429:autoimmune
264:Physiology
245:, various
18:Arterioles
1169:Angiology
1048:Pulmonary
1035:Vena cava
930:Deep vein
847:Arteriole
431:response.
419:Arteritis
413:Arteritis
229:Structure
192:arteriole
119:arteriola
33:Arteriole
1163:Category
1015:Arteries
1001:Systemic
834:Arteries
815:Arteries
741:23777785
692:21152417
660:PLOS Med
595:32310381
513:See also
425:inflamed
377:stenosis
332:hormones
301:arterial
254:arginine
215:muscular
1027:Venules
826:Vessels
732:3764070
683:2994677
629:2947873
363:Disease
324:venules
250:enzymes
198:in the
131:D001160
62:Details
950:Venule
876:Types
739:
729:
690:
680:
627:
593:
566:
531:Venule
399:ageing
252:and L-
204:artery
1062:Lungs
1031:Veins
1011:Aorta
973:Lymph
960:Lymph
912:Veins
819:veins
401:, or
178:[
167:63182
114:Latin
817:and
737:PMID
688:PMID
625:PMID
602:2022
591:PMID
564:ISBN
486:and
155:3900
138:TA98
126:MeSH
1068:→ (
1037:→ (
727:PMC
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678:PMC
668:doi
505:A "
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190:An
162:FMA
150:TA2
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