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arrived at Laurel Grove, she was pregnant. Laurel Grove was a prosperous plantation that grew oranges, sea island cotton, peas, and potatoes. Over a hundred slaves worked there, who were from several
African ethnic groups; they lived in two groups of houses. Anna, however, lived with Kingsley in his large house. At Laurel Grove, as at many other southeastern plantations, Kingsley used the task system to manage work. Slaves were given a quota to fill; when they were finished, they were allowed to pursue their own tasks. Some tended personal gardens, while others produced crafts, both of which they were able to sell. Whether due to cultivation techniques or the task system, Laurel Grove was quite successful. One year the plantation made $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 218,000 in 2023), which was an extraordinary income at the time, particularly for sparsely-populated Florida.
323:. Attached to the lake was a dock, the main entrance to Kingsley's plantation, which he had named Laurel Grove. Kingsley had become a citizen of Spanish Florida in 1803, likely because it allowed him to continue his international slave trading, at a time when Great Britain and the United States were moving to prohibit it (which they did in 1807). He had been granted the plantation three years before by the Spanish colonial government in exchange for his having brought 74 slaves to the territory. Spain was making generous land grants so as to attract settlers into Florida.
435:] made her outstanding, and I would not keep my eyes away for admiration. She was quiet and moved with regal dignity—I have never seen anything like her, before or since. Her daughter was there also, and she was very light in color, but not as good-looking as her mother. I was six or seven years old at the time. I was Kingsley's niece. The next morning my aunt, Mrs. Gibbs, sent two servants for us with a horse and buggy, and we were carried over to Newcastle. My mother was furious that we had spent the night at Ma'm Anna's, but it could not be helped.
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after being released, his whereabouts unknown. To evade the
Americans, Anna approached the Spanish and negotiated her escape, bringing along her children and a dozen slaves. She burned Kingsley's plantation to the ground while the Spanish watched. Anna asked the Spanish to return her to her own homestead, and she burned it, too, preventing its use by the Patriots. For her actions, after the war the Spanish government granted Anna 350 acres (1.4 km).
334:, which confirmed her high status at the plantation. Most visitors had assumed she was already a free woman. Emancipation was critical to her future. Three children had been born to the Kingsleys by this time: George, born June 1807; Martha, born July 1809; and Mary, born February 1811. Kingsley assured their emancipation as well. Had he died before they were freed, Anna and the children would have been sold as slaves.
473:"defective and invalid". Kingsley's sister cited Florida law that forbade Black people from owning property, and claimed that Anna and Kingsley's other wives moved to Haiti spontaneously, abandoning the property in Florida to become free people. Anna returned to Florida in 1846 to participate in the Kingsley estate defense, despite the increasingly tense racial climate in
349:, across the river from Laurel Grove. She purchased goods and livestock to get her farm started, as well as 12 enslaved workers. Slavery within African societies, generally as a result of capture during warfare, was a custom with which Anna would probably have been familiar, including the fact that female slaves often married their masters in order to obtain freedom.
234:. Slave raids were frequent occurrences during incessant violence that left many small villages deserted, as people were abducted to be sold into slavery or they fled in fear for their lives. Following an intensifying of the crisis in 1790, Anta was captured in 1806 when she was about 13 years old, probably by Tyeddo raiders from the
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semi-circular pattern that was an anomaly in the South. Some historians have suggested
Kingsley arranged them to keep better watch over his slaves. Author Daniel Schafer hypothesized that Anna may have been responsible for the layout of the slave quarters: many African villages were similarly arranged in circular patterns.
175:). Anna Jai managed a large and successful planting operation. After gaining freedom, she was given a Spanish land grant for 5 acres (20,000 m) and owned 12 slaves. After defending their property against invading Americans, she was awarded a land grant of 350 acres (1.4 km) by the Spanish government.
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The court upheld the treaty signed between the U.S. and Spain stipulating that all free Blacks born before 1822 in
Florida enjoyed the same legal privileges as they had when Spain controlled East Florida. Anna furthermore asked for and was granted the transfer of ownership of slaves who had been sent
465:. Because slavery was prohibited in Haiti, Kingsley converted his slaves to indentured servants, who could earn their freedom with another nine years of labor. Kingsley portrayed life in Haiti as idyllic. In 1843, when Anna was 50 years old, Kingsley died on his way to New York, where he was buried.
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At some point in the 1820s, they built a separate kitchen. It had a room above it where Anna lived with her children. Called the "Ma'am Anna House", this followed the common West
African custom of wives' living separately from their husbands, particularly in polygamous marriages. Kingsley took three
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broke out the following year. She and other free blacks were evacuated by Union forces when they captured
Jacksonville in 1862. She returned home the following year to be closer to her daughters, and died in 1870 at the age of 77. She was buried in Jacksonville but no one knows where; her tombstone
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Much later, Kingsley described his wife as "a fine, tall figure, black as jet, but very handsome. She was very capable, and could carry on all the affairs of the plantation in my absence as well as I could myself. She was affectionate and faithful, and I could trust her." In his will, he said "she
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in an interview that Anna was "very capable, and could carry on all the affairs of the plantation in my absence, as well as I could myself", but he either deliberately misrepresented other details in his life or Child's reporting was inaccurate, calling into question other statements
Kingsley was
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In 1814 Zephaniah
Kingsley purchased another plantation, located on Fort George Island, near the mouth of the St. Johns River. The owner's house had been looted and vandalized, and every other structure on the property was destroyed. While the slave quarters and various other buildings were being
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Indians raided towns and plantations in (north) Florida, sending any blacks they captured into slavery, regardless of their legal status. The
Patriots took Laurel Grove and 41 of its slaves, using the facilities as their headquarters while they carried out similar raids in the area. Kingsley fled
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In 1824, Anna bore her fourth son, John, who was baptized in a
Catholic ceremony with the daughter of another of Kingsley's wives. Anna befriended a white woman named Susan L'Engle, who was much impressed with Anna and called her "the African princess". (L'Engle's great-granddaughter, children's
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In contrast, according to Kathleen Wu, writing in 2009, Kingsley sought a wife in Africa, and his story of his having bought her in Cuba was false, intended to strengthen her credentials as free. According to her, Kingsley needed to establish that she had been enslaved, for his manumission to be
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suggest that Anna may have had the knowledge to instruct her slaves how to form the tabby because it was widely used in West Africa. The foundation of "Ma'am Anna House" was also constructed of tabby, which proved to be fireproof and more durable than wood. The slave quarters were arranged in a
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Many years later, Kingsley wrote that he and Anta, now called Anna, had been married in a traditional African ceremony "in a foreign land", which historians have taken to mean Cuba, though there is no evidence of it besides Kingsley's statement. It was not a Christian marriage. By the time she
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that so alarmed Kingsley was the provision that mixed-race children could not inherit property from their fathers. The territory also did not recognize "interracial" or polygamous marriages as legal. The year following Kingsley's death, his sister Martha and her children contested his will as
461:.) Their two oldest daughters had already married white planters in Florida and remained there. Anna and their youngest son followed Kingsley to Haiti in 1838. In all, 60 slaves, family members, and freed employees moved with Kingsley to Haiti to farm a plantation called
284:; the name of the ship she was aboard is unknown. When Africans arrived in the Western Hemisphere to be sold into slavery, slave traders generally did not record their given names, but only their age, sex, and sometimes ethnicity, which were most important to buyers.
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Mark Fleszar writes that how much Anna managed Laurel Grove "deserves caution" as Kingsley's letters indicate white overseers were responsible for the day-to-day issues of the plantation when he was away on business. Kingsley told abolitionist
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Anna Kingsley has descendants that identify as white, Black, and/or Latino (of any race) and live primarily in the United States and the Dominican Republic. Her black-identified descendants in Jacksonville, Florida, formed part of the
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As Kingsley was involved in shipping as well as the slave trade, he was frequently away from the plantation. Laurel Grove had a manager, also a former slave who had been freed. Kingsley trusted Anna to represent him at the plantation.
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Whether he purchased and married Anta in Africa or Havana, she shared Kingsley's cabin on the ship transporting slaves from Gorée to Havana. By the time Kingsley and Anta reached Florida, she was pregnant with their first son, George.
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of 1831. The mixed-race Kingsley family was directly and negatively affected by these "illiberal and inequitable laws", as Kingsley stated in his will. Kingsley transferred all their holdings to the three older children and moved to
182:. Kingsley died soon after, and Anna returned to Florida to dispute her husband's white relatives who were contesting Kingsley's will; they sought to exclude Anna and her children from their inheritance. The court honored
221:
Daniel L. Schafer, the biographer of Anna Kingsley, has based his account of her early life on conjecture based on his research into the history of the area. She was born Anta Majigueen Ndiaye in 1793 in present-day
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I remember her very distinctly. She was not black, and had the most beautiful features you ever saw. She was a most imposing and very handsome woman. Her smooth, light brown skin, her dark-eyes and wavy
295:, who was 43, while Anta was 13. While Kingsley said later that they were married in a traditional, non-Christian ceremony, no further information, much less documentation, on this marriage has emerged.
186:, and Anna was successful in the court case, despite a political climate hostile toward Blacks. She settled in the Arlington neighborhood of Jacksonville, where she died in 1870 at 77 years old. The
424:.) Susan L'Engle had the impression that Anna was quite lonely though her jobs at the plantation kept her constantly busy. Kingsley's young niece remembered much later her first impression of Anna:
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246:, or king of the Wolofs. Although lineages are disputed, there is a belief that Anta may have been the daughter of a still ruling (as opposed to formerly ruling) branch of the royal family.
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After Spain ceded control of Florida to the U.S. in 1822, the new state government progressively enacted stricter ordinances separating the "races," as was common among other states in the
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has always been respected as my wife and as such I acknowledge her, nor do I think that her truth, honor, integrity, moral conduct or good sense will lose in comparison with anyone."
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in 1793; her father was a leader, and she is sometimes referred to as a princess, though she never claimed such descent. When she was 13 years old, she was captured and sent to
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that existed between 1200 and 1550. Through her father, Anta was a Ndiaye descendant and carried that name. Her mother also had ancestors who had held the title of the
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other wives, all slaves, while at Fort George Island. Two of them brought children. He had a total of 9 children from his four African wives, and no white children.
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to the San Jose plantation when the family had moved to Haiti. Her request to rent slaves to other plantations to maximize her profits was rejected by the courts.
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and plantation owner. They had four children together. Kingsley freed Anna Jai in 1811, when she turned 18, and gave her responsibilities for his plantations in
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After the United States took control of Florida and American discriminatory laws threatened the multi-racial Kingsley family, most of them moved to
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Maam Anna's apartments, now restored by the National Park Service, were above the kitchens. The main house is in the background.
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In 1813 as a free woman, Anna Kingsley petitioned the Spanish government for land. She was awarded 5 acres (20,000 m) in
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She was described later as "a very unusual 'native'—tall, dignified, with well formed features, and a commanding presence."
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273:. He married her in "a foreign land", presumably Cuba, "celebrated and solemnized by her native African custom."
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Perez-Brennan, Tanya (April 8, 2005). "From one song to a full musical; TELLING THE STORY OF ANNA KINGSLEY".
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399:, made by pounding oyster shells into lime and adding water and sand. The shells came from the massive
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The traditional story of the next chapter of her life is that she was transported through the infamous
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for more than a century after her death: her great-granddaughter Mary Kingsley Sammis was the wife of
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Thirty-two slave cabins were constructed not far from Kingsley's house. They were constructed of
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rebuilt, Anna moved in, taking over managing the plantation while Kingsley was away on business.
280:, a slave embarcation point from the West African coast to the Americas. She was transported to
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The Atlantic Mind: Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World
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McClaran, Tamara (November 2, 2005). "Actors, musicians bring historical fiction to stage".
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238:. Wolof tradition holds that a mythological figure named Njaajaan Ndiaye established the
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1232:"UNF teams up with the Florida-Times Union to create documentaries about Jacksonville"
1032:, Timucuan Ecological and Historical Park, National Park Service, accessed 14 May 2020
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226:, in a portion of West Africa that was disrupted by a fierce war between the majority
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167:, then under Spanish colonial rule. For 25 years, Kingsley's unusual family lived on
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Kingsley, Zephaniah (2000). "Last Will and Testament". In Stowell, Daniel W. (ed.).
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by Americans to annex Florida to the United States. Americans and American-supplied
155:, where she was purchased by, impregnated by, and married, in a native ceremony, to
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Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley: African Princess, Florida Slave, Plantation Slaveowner
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Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley: African Princess, Florida Slave, Plantation Slaveowner
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and slave owner in her own right, as a free Black woman in early 19th-century
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1193:"Playwright chases a story of Anna Kingsley around Africa and brings it home"
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Balancing Evils Judiciously. The Pro-Slavery Writings of Zephaniah Kingsley
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132:. In Cuba she was purchased, as wife, by plantation owner and slave trader
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In September or October 1806, Anta was displayed for sale and bought by
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Anna's daughter Mary is the protagonist of the 2008 children's book
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Kingsley was kidnapped the same year and held until he endorsed the
265:. There, as he himself testified, she was purchased, newly arrived (
128:, who was enslaved and sold in Cuba, probably via the slave pens on
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Schafer, who supports this version, suggests that Anta was sent to
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Anna is the subject of a short documentary in the 2018 collection
448:. Southern states increased restrictions on free Blacks after the
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Her early history is not known in detail. She was born among the
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1298:"Shades of freedom: Anna Kingsley in Senegal, Florida and Haiti"
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Former slave who became a major slave owner in Florida and Haiti
1131:"Historic sites meet challenge of telling true stories of past"
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666:"Anna Kingsley, Former Slave, Abolitionist, Plantation Owner"
561:, by Rosalie Turner (2006), is a historical novel about Anna.
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Zephaniah Kingsley, nonconformist, slave trader, patriarch
694:. In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (eds.).
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Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography
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In 1811, when she turned 18, Kingsley granted Anna legal
1220:. Jacksonville, Florida – via Gale OneFile: News.
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Finding Florida. The True History of the Sunshine State
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539:, by Jennifer Chase, a musical first produced in 2005.
1264:"Old Red Eyes And The Ghosts Of Kingsley Plantation"
1201:. March 8, 2012 – via Gale Academic Onefile.
108:(18 June 1793 – April or May 1870), also known as
1110:"Kingsley showed ambivalence toward slaveholding"
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1214:"FSCJ professor infuses rock opera with history"
315:, Zephaniah Kingsley's ship made its way up the
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843:El Escribano. St. Augustine Journal of History
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854:
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839:"Manumission of Anna: Another Interpretation"
692:"Kingsley, Anna Madgigine Jai (c. 1793–1870)"
457:in 1835. (The area he moved to is now in the
1330:"Kingsley Plantation National Historic Site"
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291:, a slave trader, merchant, and resident of
184:a treaty between the United States and Spain
1625:Intercultural and interracial relationships
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646:reported to have made. (Fleszar, p. 72.)
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1118:. West Palm Beach, Florida. p. 53.
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1421:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
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1181:. Jacksonville, Florida. p. L-6.
1129:Dickinson, Joy Wallace (2019-03-03).
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407:who previously inhabited the island.
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1565:19th-century African-American people
1212:Patton, Charlie (October 14, 2014).
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1575:19th-century American women farmers
1570:19th-century African-American women
1256:Further reading (most recent first)
905:"Zephaniah Kingsley, Nonconformist"
902:
837:Wu, Kathleen Gibbs Johnson (2009).
422:The Summer of the Great-Grandmother
194:, where Anna and Kingsley lived on
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1262:Delaney, Bill (October 31, 2019).
1248:– via Gale Academic OneFile.
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836:
25:
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1640:People from Jacksonville, Florida
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1108:Browning, Michael (11 Feb 2006).
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319:, stopping in an inlet now named
269:), by planter and slave merchant
95:, plantation manager, slave owner
1635:People from Clay County, Florida
1090:St. Augustine Historical Society
938:The Florida Historical Quarterly
931:Williams, Edwin (October 1949).
910:The Florida Historical Quarterly
863:. Revised and expanded edition.
136:. After his death, she became a
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903:May, Philip S. (January 1945).
816:. pp. 116–121, at p. 120.
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214:Front of the owner's house, at
1590:19th-century American planters
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683:
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566:The Treasure of Amelia Island,
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470:Territorial Council of Florida
468:One of the laws passed by the
253:Marriage to Zephaniah Kingsley
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1:
1620:History of slavery in Florida
1605:African-American slave owners
1447:Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof
1068:Jackson and Burns, pp. 20–21.
1030:"Anna Kingsley: A Free Woman"
581:"Anna Kingsley: A Free Woman"
484:Anna and her children became
1580:19th-century American slaves
652:
7:
1645:People from Spanish Florida
1296:Schafer, Daniel L. (1996).
1078:Schafer, Daniel L. (1994),
869:University Press of Florida
859:Schafer, Daniel L. (2018).
814:University Press of Florida
760:University Press of Florida
752:Schafer, Daniel L. (2003).
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440:Haiti and return to Florida
102:Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley
34:Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley
10:
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1367:Joof, Juuf or Diouf family
933:"Negro Slavery in Florida"
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1488:Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr Diop
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1431:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof
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1316:10.1080/01440399608575179
1041:Schafer 2003, pp. 31, 37.
690:Girard, Philippe (2016).
670:African American Registry
526:Works about Anna Kingsley
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78:
64:
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32:
1495:(Anta Madjiguene Ndiaye)
1285:Georgia State University
1098:; accessed May 14, 2010.
1050:Schafer 2003, pp. 41–42.
973:Schafer 2003, pp. 32–33.
783:Glover, Faye L. (1970).
628:
552:
1332:, National Park Service
964:Schafer 2003 pp. 27–28.
700:Oxford University Press
586:OAH Magazine of History
579:Tilford, Kathy (1997).
1630:Kingsley-Ndiaye family
1585:American former slaves
1452:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
1436:Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
1381:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
1277:Fleszar, Mark (2009).
1007:Atlantic Monthly Press
1001:Allman, T. D. (2013).
518:and the jazz musician
514:, the conservationist
488:sympathizers when the
450:Nat Turner's Rebellion
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311:After a brief stop in
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106:Anta Madjiguène Ndiaye
44:Anta Madjiguène Ndiaye
1610:American slave owners
1600:American women slaves
1303:Slavery and Abolition
1162:Jacksonville, Florida
618:Suzanne Amomba Paillé
512:Johnnetta Betsch Cole
508:Abraham Lincoln Lewis
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188:National Park Service
72:Jacksonville, Florida
1441:Maad Patar Xole Joof
1059:Schafer 2003, p. 43.
991:Schafer 2003, p. 26.
982:Schafer 2003, p. 34.
955:Schafer 2003, p. 24.
865:Gainesville, Florida
810:Gainesville, Florida
171:(part of modern-day
1524:Pap Cheyassin Secka
1443:(or Maad Xole Juuf)
1218:Florida Times Union
1178:Florida Times Union
1157:Florida Times-Union
375:Kingsley Plantation
216:Kingsley Plantation
192:Kingsley Plantation
114:Anta Majigeen Njaay
1660:Zephaniah Kingsley
1595:Women slave owners
1240:. October 22, 2018
791:Atlanta University
490:American Civil War
459:Dominican Republic
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369:Fort George Island
356:, an unsuccessful
289:Zephaniah Kingsley
271:Zephaniah Kingsley
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196:Fort George Island
169:Fort George Island
157:Zephaniah Kingsley
134:Zephaniah Kingsley
118:Anna Madgigine Jai
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1499:Marie Samuel Njie
1411:Lamane Jegan Joof
1086:St. Augustine, FL
573:Teaching material
568:by M. C. Finotti.
504:Black Upper Class
463:Mayorasgo de Koka
418:Madeleine L'Engle
354:Patriot Rebellion
347:Mandarin, Florida
230:and the minority
198:, as part of the
124:from present-day
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68:April or May 1870
16:(Redirected from
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165:East Florida
161:slave trader
149:Wolof people
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130:Gorée Island
122:West African
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54:18 June 1793
1555:1870 deaths
1550:1793 births
1529:Laba Sosseh
1509:Dembo Konte
1244:25 December
1237:Uwire Uloop
643:Lydia Child
520:John Betsch
497:Descendants
332:manumission
206:Early years
79:Nationality
1544:Categories
1406:Hella Joof
1269:The Jaxson
1198:UWIRE Text
1140:2023-12-25
823:0813017335
613:Ana Gallum
429: [
358:insurgency
50:1793-06-18
1514:Musa Ngum
1504:Bai Konte
653:Citations
537:Madjigeen
236:Futa Toro
190:protects
1650:Polygyny
845:: 51–68.
607:See also
599:25163192
446:US South
120:, was a
531:Theater
416:author
405:Timucua
401:middens
299:valid.
224:Senegal
142:Florida
138:planter
126:Senegal
104:, born
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629:Notes
595:JSTOR
553:Books
486:Union
455:Haiti
397:tabby
362:Creek
267:bozal
180:Haiti
1482:née.
1246:2022
1011:ISBN
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764:ISBN
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677:2016
232:Fula
159:, a
153:Cuba
93:Wife
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432:sic
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