Knowledge

Andrew Macnish

Source 📝

322:
In 2014 he resigned after only six weeks as the General Manager of George Town Council, Tas after the Council voted against his permanent employment, following a television interview where Macnish spoke of the sense of shire amalgamations and criticism of the Local Government Act. The Mayor resigned
326:
In 2016 attempts to negotiate on a draft employment offer for the Chief Executive Officer position at Town of Mosman Park, WA led to the offer being withdrawn without reasons given. In 2017 Macnish took legal action in the Supreme Court against the Town of Mosman Park regarding the withdrawn offer.
330:
In October 2023 he was elected to the City of Busselton. At his first Council meeting he was elected to the Audit and Risk Committee and would go on to be voted its Chair by his peers. He created headlines after criticising the Council's actions in forcing Councillors onto a Committee they had not
312:
Macnish gained a Civil Engineering degree and graduated with his Master's degree in Business Administration in March 1991 making him the first player in the newly constituted AFL to a attain such a qualification. He became a Management Consultant with Deloitte. He furthered his tertiary
303:
He finished his AFL career in Victoria with Geelong in the second half of 1992, scoring seven goals in three games. He returned to WA and completed his career with Subiaco Football Club playing a total of 195 games attaining a Club Fairest and Best and securing Life Membership.
331:
voted to create nor had nominated for. After legal advice was sought the Council then chose to act as he had suggested. It is believed this was the first time the relevant section of the Local Government had been used in this way.
313:
qualifications in; Insurance (and became a Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand Institute of Insurance and Finance), Town Planning, Bushfire Protection and gained another Masters Degree in Sustainability Management.
1447: 1314: 1467: 627: 542: 300:
Macnish was then recruited by West Coast for their inaugural season in 1987. He played for West Coast in the 1987 and 1989 seasons, scoring a total of 29 goals in 20 games.
1876: 1307: 490: 725: 1300: 294: 681: 1866: 1583: 997: 1477: 1323: 1162: 297:
Carnival. He gained All-Australian team selection whilst still 20 years old making him one of the youngest in the carnival era (1953-88) from WA.
1406: 1217: 1018: 718: 613: 1426: 1376: 1267: 319:
Macnish was then CEO at Shire of Busselton, WA from 2003 to 2010 where he requested the Council mutually agree a contract termination.
1802: 1126: 711: 388: 1871: 1790: 1576: 1101: 362: 1861: 1856: 1640: 1329: 990: 560: 1146: 653: 1604: 786: 1851: 1569: 983: 865: 316:
Macnish chose to raise his young family in the country and was CEO at the Shire of Bridgetown from 1998 to 2003.
439: 586: 1281: 1271: 1241: 1048: 756: 516: 1292: 1513: 1421: 818: 1727: 1700: 413: 278: 1652: 1592: 1024: 266: 254: 1676: 1006: 912: 1221: 1211: 1846: 1251: 1171: 1140: 1130: 1088: 951: 250: 91: 1628: 1201: 1191: 1078: 1068: 1058: 1038: 1028: 465: 290: 274: 232: 226: 188: 151: 1841: 8: 1261: 220: 703: 1231: 945: 735: 270: 166: 87: 348: 1739: 1528: 1518: 1386: 1181: 1120: 1054: 834: 782: 1781: 1745: 1715: 1503: 1482: 1462: 1064: 957: 813: 238: 83: 1766: 1757: 1667: 1661: 1508: 1167: 1136: 886: 1835: 1688: 1682: 1550: 1538: 1457: 1442: 1416: 1366: 1341: 1277: 1247: 1207: 1044: 1034: 933: 917: 860: 1561: 1721: 1646: 1472: 1381: 1349: 1322: 1257: 1187: 1150: 1110: 1106: 1084: 975: 963: 896: 839: 792: 95: 1814: 1694: 1533: 1523: 1452: 1411: 1401: 1391: 1371: 1237: 1227: 1177: 1116: 891: 808: 777: 751: 289:
Macnish was a Western Australian and his early football was played with
1616: 1610: 1498: 1074: 844: 1340:
Western Australia 18.19 (127) defeated South Australia 12.16 (88), at
323:
in protest having helped recruit Macnish to lead significant reform.
761: 1348:
Western Australia 21.11 (137) defeated Victoria 20.14 (134), at
611: 543:"George Town Council turmoil as general manager and mayor quit" 628:"Who is in the running to be a City of Busselton councillor?" 63: 363:"The greatest State of Origin game ever, WA v Victoria '86" 733: 587:"Macnish says job backtrack makes him look 'greedy'" 1877:
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
1833: 466:"Geelong - News, Fixtures, Scores & Results" 682:"Andrew Macnish passes on behaviour committee" 654:"WALW - Local Government Act 1995 - Home Page" 206:Playing statistics correct to the end of 1992. 1591: 1577: 1308: 991: 719: 1005: 561:"Ex-Eagle in clash over Mosman council job" 389:"West Coast's five best home and away wins" 1867:Western Australian State of Origin players 1584: 1570: 1315: 1301: 998: 984: 726: 712: 386: 1834: 612:West Australian Electoral Commission. 351:. West Australian Football Commission. 307: 1565: 1296: 979: 956:20.13 (133) to 16.23 (119), Round 1, 707: 676: 674: 265:(born 11 September 1965) is a former 491:"Andrew Macnish Mosman Park Council" 241:representative for Western Australia 13: 671: 614:"2023 Ordinary Election Busselton" 387:Connolly, Rohan (7 January 2016). 284: 105:180 cm (5 ft 11 in) 14: 1888: 349:"Premiership Players 1931 - 2009" 440:"Round 21 reflections: part one" 293:. He represented WA in the 1986 646: 620: 605: 579: 553: 1436:State game vs. South Australia 535: 509: 483: 458: 432: 406: 380: 355: 341: 1: 1862:Subiaco Football Club players 1857:Geelong Football Club players 1331:1986 Interstate Championships 334: 1492:State of Origin vs. Victoria 7: 1872:All-Australians (1953–1988) 686:Busselton-Dunsborough Times 632:Busselton-Dunsborough Times 517:"Busselton Shire CEO quits" 267:Australian rules footballer 18:Australian rules footballer 10: 1893: 1771:36. Daniel Tramontana 737:West Coast Eagles VFL team 1852:West Coast Eagles players 1624:5. Dwaine Kretschmer 1599: 1593:1992 AFL mid-season draft 1547: 1491: 1435: 1359: 1338: 1159: 1098: 1015: 942: 926: 905: 879: 853: 827: 801: 770: 744: 658:www.legislation.wa.gov.au 248: 216: 211: 204: 182: 160: 145: 130: 125: 120: 117: 112: 109: 104: 101: 81: 78: 73: 70: 62: 59: 44: 41: 36: 33: 28: 23: 1810:46. Travis St Clair 1807:45. Mark Garthwaite 1762:34. Kevin O'Donnell 1008:1986 All-Australian team 113:73 kg (161 lb) 1798:43. Brett Sherriff 1325:Western Australian team 263:Andrew Geoffrey Macnish 37:Andrew Geoffrey Macnish 1819:48. Stephen Pears 1795:42. Darren Fraser 1786:40. Daniel Winkel 1753:32. Alan Schwartz 1750:31. Paul McMaster 1735:28. Brian McInnes 1711:23. Michael Blood 1708:22. John McNamara 1705:21. Andrew Geddes 1672:15. Julian Shanks 1657:12. Garry Merritt 444:westcoasteagles.com.au 418:westcoasteagles.com.au 255:AustralianFootball.com 1822:49. Nick Probert 1636:8. Greg Lochhead 1633:7. Kane Batzloff 229:premiership side 1986 1777:38. Adam Aherne 1774:37. Darren King 1732:27. Mark Ballan 269:who played with the 29:Personal information 1621:4. Tim Perkins 591:The West Australian 565:The West Australian 523:. 11 September 2009 308:Professional career 221:All-Australian team 66:, Western Australia 549:. 18 October 2014. 470:geelongcats.com.au 235:club champion 1991 1829: 1828: 1559: 1558: 1290: 1289: 1163:Western Australia 973: 972: 968: 688:. 26 October 2023 593:. 11 January 2017 271:West Coast Eagles 260: 259: 212:Career highlights 52:11 September 1965 1884: 1791:Anthony McDonald 1740:Brian Stanislaus 1586: 1579: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1553: 1352: 1344: 1332: 1326: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1294: 1293: 1218:Michael Mitchell 1055:Stephen Kernahan 1009: 1000: 993: 986: 977: 976: 966: 960: 954: 948: 944: 783:Ross Glendinning 738: 728: 721: 714: 705: 704: 698: 697: 695: 693: 678: 669: 668: 666: 664: 650: 644: 643: 641: 639: 634:. 5 October 2023 624: 618: 617: 609: 603: 602: 600: 598: 583: 577: 576: 574: 572: 557: 551: 550: 539: 533: 532: 530: 528: 513: 507: 506: 504: 502: 487: 481: 480: 478: 476: 462: 456: 455: 453: 451: 436: 430: 429: 427: 425: 410: 404: 403: 401: 399: 384: 378: 377: 375: 373: 359: 353: 352: 345: 199: 195: 185: 177: 173: 163: 148: 71:Original team(s) 55: 51: 49: 21: 20: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1782:Daryn Cresswell 1746:Tim Livingstone 1716:Justin Clarkson 1595: 1590: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1487: 1431: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1291: 1286: 1155: 1094: 1065:Chris McDermott 1019:South Australia 1011: 1007: 1004: 974: 969: 964: 958: 952: 946: 938: 922: 901: 875: 849: 823: 814:Murray Wrensted 797: 766: 757:Michael Brennan 740: 736: 732: 702: 701: 691: 689: 680: 679: 672: 662: 660: 652: 651: 647: 637: 635: 626: 625: 621: 610: 606: 596: 594: 585: 584: 580: 570: 568: 567:. 2 August 2016 559: 558: 554: 541: 540: 536: 526: 524: 515: 514: 510: 500: 498: 489: 488: 484: 474: 472: 464: 463: 459: 449: 447: 446:. 8 August 2020 438: 437: 433: 423: 421: 412: 411: 407: 397: 395: 385: 381: 371: 369: 361: 360: 356: 347: 346: 342: 337: 310: 295:State of Origin 287: 285:Football career 244: 239:State of Origin 207: 197: 193: 183: 175: 171: 161: 146: 53: 47: 45: 19: 12: 11: 5: 1890: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767:David Glascott 1763: 1760: 1758:Eric Lissenden 1754: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1668:Andrew MacNish 1664: 1662:Damian Hampson 1658: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1641:David Johnston 1637: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1320: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1297: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1282:East Fremantle 1275: 1272:East Fremantle 1265: 1255: 1245: 1242:East Fremantle 1235: 1225: 1215: 1205: 1198:Andrew Macnish 1195: 1185: 1175: 1168:Gary Buckenara 1160: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1144: 1137:Dale Weightman 1134: 1124: 1114: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1072: 1062: 1052: 1049:North Adelaide 1042: 1032: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1003: 1002: 995: 988: 980: 971: 970: 943: 940: 939: 937: 936: 930: 928: 924: 923: 921: 920: 915: 909: 907: 903: 902: 900: 899: 894: 889: 887:Alex Ishchenko 883: 881: 877: 876: 874: 873: 871:Andrew Macnish 868: 866:Darren Bennett 863: 857: 855: 851: 850: 848: 847: 842: 837: 831: 829: 825: 824: 822: 821: 819:Peter Davidson 816: 811: 805: 803: 799: 798: 796: 795: 790: 780: 774: 772: 768: 767: 765: 764: 759: 754: 748: 746: 742: 741: 731: 730: 723: 716: 708: 700: 699: 670: 645: 619: 604: 578: 552: 534: 508: 497:. 8 April 2016 495:Community News 482: 457: 431: 414:"Every Player" 405: 379: 354: 339: 338: 336: 333: 309: 306: 286: 283: 258: 257: 246: 245: 243: 242: 236: 230: 224: 217: 214: 213: 209: 208: 205: 202: 201: 191: 186: 180: 179: 169: 164: 158: 157: 154: 149: 143: 142: 137: 132: 128: 127: 126:Playing career 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 80: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 61: 60:Place of birth 57: 56: 43: 39: 38: 35: 34:Full name 31: 30: 26: 25: 24:Andrew Macnish 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1889: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1847:Living people 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1728:Stephen Edgar 1725: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1701:Peter Baldwin 1698: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1689:Andrew Tarpey 1686: 1684: 1683:Matthew Febey 1680: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1554: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354:, 8 July 1986 1353: 1346:, 27 May 1986 1345: 1343:Football Park 1337: 1333: 1327: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1283: 1279: 1278:Ron Alexander 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248:Maurice Rioli 1246: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1208:Steve Malaxos 1206: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1147:Greg Williams 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1045:Andrew Jarman 1043: 1040: 1036: 1035:Craig Bradley 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1010: 1001: 996: 994: 989: 987: 982: 981: 978: 967: 961: 955: 949: 941: 935: 934:Ron Alexander 932: 931: 929: 925: 919: 918:Adrian Barich 916: 914: 911: 910: 908: 904: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 882: 878: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 861:Steve Malaxos 859: 858: 856: 852: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 830: 826: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 804: 800: 794: 791: 788: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 773: 769: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 747: 743: 739: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 710: 709: 706: 687: 683: 677: 675: 659: 655: 649: 633: 629: 623: 615: 608: 592: 588: 582: 566: 562: 556: 548: 544: 538: 522: 518: 512: 496: 492: 486: 471: 467: 461: 445: 441: 435: 419: 415: 409: 394: 390: 383: 368: 364: 358: 350: 344: 340: 332: 328: 324: 320: 317: 314: 305: 301: 298: 296: 292: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 256: 252: 247: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 210: 203: 192: 190: 187: 181: 170: 168: 165: 159: 155: 153: 150: 144: 141: 140:Games (Goals) 138: 136: 133: 129: 124: 121:forward flank 116: 108: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 77: 74:Wembley Downs 69: 65: 58: 54:(age 59) 42:Date of birth 40: 32: 27: 22: 16: 1722:Ian McMullin 1653:James McLure 1647:Brent Heaver 1529:Lester-Smith 1396: 1351:Subiaco Oval 1268:Peter Wilson 1258:Robert Wiley 1197: 1188:Laurie Keene 1161: 1107:Gerard Healy 1100: 1085:John Platten 1025:Michael Aish 1017: 965:Subiaco Oval 897:Wally Matera 870: 854:Full-forward 840:Laurie Keene 835:Dean Laidley 828:Half-forward 793:Mark Zanotti 690:. Retrieved 685: 661:. Retrieved 657: 648: 636:. Retrieved 631: 622: 607: 597:27 September 595:. Retrieved 590: 581: 571:27 September 569:. Retrieved 564: 555: 546: 537: 527:27 September 525:. Retrieved 520: 511: 501:27 September 499:. Retrieved 494: 485: 473:. Retrieved 469: 460: 448:. Retrieved 443: 434: 422:. Retrieved 420:. 2 May 2023 417: 408: 396:. Retrieved 392: 382: 370:. Retrieved 366: 357: 343: 329: 325: 321: 318: 315: 311: 302: 299: 288: 262: 261: 139: 134: 96:Subiaco Oval 15: 1842:1965 births 1815:Jon Hassall 1803:Paul Atkins 1695:Mark Attard 1677:Brad Pearce 1605:John Parker 1519:Glendinning 1244:) (Captain) 1238:Brian Peake 1228:Phil Narkle 1178:Brad Hardie 1127:Kevin Walsh 1117:Brian Royal 913:Chris Lewis 906:Interchange 892:John Annear 809:Phil Narkle 778:Geoff Miles 752:Dwayne Lamb 118:Position(s) 1836:Categories 1617:Ian Herman 1611:Greg Doyle 1360:Both games 1232:West Coast 1075:Mark Naley 947:West Coast 845:Don Holmes 734:Inaugural 692:26 October 663:26 October 638:26 October 547:The Mecury 335:References 251:AFL Tables 167:West Coast 90: vs. 88:West Coast 48:1965-09-11 1813:47.  1801:44.  1789:41.  1780:39.  1765:35.  1756:33.  1744:30.  1738:29.  1726:26.  1720:25.  1714:24.  1699:20.  1693:19.  1687:18.  1681:17.  1675:16.  1666:14.  1660:13.  1651:11.  1645:10.  1552:Alexander 1509:Buckenara 1504:Blackwell 1478:Wilkinson 1284:) (Coach) 1222:Claremont 1212:Claremont 1182:Footscray 1121:Footscray 950:defeated 771:Half-back 762:Paul Peos 745:Full-back 475:1 October 450:1 October 424:1 October 398:1 October 372:1 October 249:Sources: 162:1987–1989 156:195 (345) 147:1985–1996 82:Round 1, 1639:9.  1629:Jim West 1627:6.  1615:3.  1609:2.  1603:1.  1514:Davidson 1483:Wrensted 1448:Christie 1422:Waterson 1407:Mitchell 1367:Bairstow 1252:Richmond 1172:Hawthorn 1141:Richmond 1131:Essendon 1102:Victoria 1089:Hawthorn 953:Richmond 521:ABC News 367:The Roar 92:Richmond 1549:Coach: 1463:Panizza 1458:Malaxos 1417:Sartori 1397:Macnish 1387:Laidley 1377:Harding 1202:Subiaco 1192:Subiaco 1079:Carlton 1069:Glenelg 1059:Carlton 1039:Carlton 1029:Norwood 393:The Age 291:Subiaco 279:VFL/AFL 277:in the 275:Geelong 233:Subiaco 227:Subiaco 189:Geelong 152:Subiaco 1534:Narkle 1524:Hardie 1468:Taylor 1443:Bewick 1427:Wilson 1151:Sydney 1111:Sydney 802:Centre 110:Weight 102:Height 1539:Rioli 1499:Baker 1473:Wiley 1412:Peake 1402:Miles 1382:Keene 1372:Ellis 1262:Perth 962:, at 927:Coach 131:Years 94:, at 79:Debut 64:Perth 1453:Dean 1392:Lamb 959:1987 880:Ruck 694:2023 665:2023 640:2023 599:2023 573:2023 529:2023 503:2023 477:2023 452:2023 426:2023 400:2023 374:2023 273:and 223:1986 184:1992 178:(29) 135:Club 84:1987 200:(7) 174:20 1838:: 1328:– 684:. 673:^ 656:. 630:. 589:. 563:. 545:. 519:. 493:. 468:. 442:. 416:. 391:. 365:. 281:. 253:, 198:00 196:3 194:00 86:, 50:) 1585:e 1578:t 1571:v 1316:e 1309:t 1302:v 1280:( 1274:) 1270:( 1264:) 1260:( 1254:) 1250:( 1240:( 1234:) 1230:( 1224:) 1220:( 1214:) 1210:( 1204:) 1200:( 1194:) 1190:( 1184:) 1180:( 1174:) 1170:( 1153:) 1149:( 1143:) 1139:( 1133:) 1129:( 1123:) 1119:( 1113:) 1109:( 1091:) 1087:( 1081:) 1077:( 1071:) 1067:( 1061:) 1057:( 1051:) 1047:( 1041:) 1037:( 1031:) 1027:( 999:e 992:t 985:v 789:) 787:c 785:( 727:e 720:t 713:v 696:. 667:. 642:. 616:. 601:. 575:. 531:. 505:. 479:. 454:. 428:. 402:. 376:. 176:0 172:0 46:(

Index

Perth
1987
West Coast
Richmond
Subiaco Oval
Subiaco
West Coast
Geelong
All-Australian team
Subiaco
Subiaco
State of Origin
AFL Tables
AustralianFootball.com
Australian rules footballer
West Coast Eagles
Geelong
VFL/AFL
Subiaco
State of Origin
"Premiership Players 1931 - 2009"
"The greatest State of Origin game ever, WA v Victoria '86"
"West Coast's five best home and away wins"
"Every Player"
"Round 21 reflections: part one"
"Geelong - News, Fixtures, Scores & Results"
"Andrew Macnish Mosman Park Council"
"Busselton Shire CEO quits"
"George Town Council turmoil as general manager and mayor quit"
"Ex-Eagle in clash over Mosman council job"

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.