304:", the "noble Moor", the "physiognomic Moor" and the "mummified Moor". The first two designations refer to the years prior to his death. The term "royal Moor" designates Soliman in the context of enslaved Moors at European courts, where their skin color marked their inferiority and they figured as status symbols betokening the power and wealth of their owners. Bereft of his ancestry and original culture, Soliman was degraded to an "exotic-oriental sign of his lord's standing" who was not allowed to live a self-determined existence. The designation "noble Moor" describes Soliman as a former court Moor whose ascent up the social ladder due to his marriage with an aristocratic woman made his emancipation possible. During this time Soliman became a member of the Freemasons and as lodge Grand Master was certainly considered equal to his fellow Masons even though he continued to face a thicket of race and class prejudices.
317:
245:
31:
190:, the imperial governor of Sicily. He became the Prince's valet and traveling companion, accompanying him on military campaigns throughout Europe and reportedly saving his life on one occasion, a pivotal event responsible for his social ascension. After the death of Prince Lobkowitz, Soliman was taken into the
324:
Beneath the surface appearance of integration lurked
Soliman's remarkable destiny. Though he moved smoothly in high society, the exotic quality ascribed to him was never lost and over the course of his lifetime was transformed into a racial characteristic. The qualities used to categorize Soliman
280:
of that lodge, Soliman helped change its ritual to include scholarly elements. This new
Masonic direction rapidly influenced Freemasonic practice throughout Europe. Soliman is still celebrated in Masonic rites as "Father of Pure Masonic Thought", with his name usually transliterated as "Angelus
307:
At the end of his life, after the death of his
European wife, the old man led an austere life that resembled very closely that of a practicing Muslim: âHe no longer invited friends to dine with him. He never drank anything except water.â Angelo Solimann, his youth notwithstanding, had rebelled
337:. Decked out in ostrich feathers and glass beads, this mummy was on display until 1806 alongside stuffed animals, transformed from a reputable member of intellectual Viennese society into an exotic specimen. By stripping Soliman of the insignia of his lifetime achievements, ethnologists
185:
marchioness, who oversaw his education. Out of affection for another servant in the household, Angelina, he adopted the name 'Angelo', and he chose to recognize
September 11, his baptismal day, as his birthday. After repeated requests, he was given as a gift in 1734 to Prince
329:
during his lifetime, framed by theories and assumptions concerning the "African race". He could not escape the taxonomic view that focused on typical racial characteristics, i.e., skin color, hair texture, lip size and nose shape.
308:
against conversion but then likely found it easier to accept with seeming sincerity, out of commodity or gratitude. Nevertheless, he seems to have gone back to his original faith in his old age.
341:
him as what they imagined to be an exemplary
African "savage". Soliman's daughter Josefine sought to have his remains returned to the family, but her petitions were in vain. During the
333:
Instead of receiving a
Christian burial, Soliman was â at the request of the director of the Imperial Natural History Collection â skinned, stuffed and made into an exhibit within their
423:
284:
During his lifetime
Soliman was regarded as a model to the "potential for assimilation" of Africans in Europe, but after his death his image was subject to
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264:"True Concord" (Zur Wahren Eintracht), whose membership included many of Vienna's influential artists and scholars of the time, among them the musicians
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364:
226:
345:, the mummy burned. A plaster cast of Soliman's head made shortly after his death of a stroke in 1796 is still on display in the Rollett Museum in
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646:"Bruder Mohr". Angelo Soliman und der Rassismus der AufklÀrung. In: Entfremdete Körper. Rassismus als LeichenschÀndung. Ed. Wulf D. Hund
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These circumstances are omitted in the early biographical notes by the AbbĂ© Henri GrĂ©goire â for an
English translation see:
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A cultured man, Soliman was highly respected in the intellectual circles of Vienna and counted as a valued friend by
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Freemasonry, Greek
Philosophy, the Prince Hall Fraternity and the Egyptian (African) World Connection
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includes three (presumably) fictional letters by
Soliman's daughter Josefine to the Austrian Emperor
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855:
276:. Lodge records indicate that Soliman and Mozart met on several occasions. Eventually becoming the
438:, Soliman's friend, and his and his widow's quest to see the mummified body of Soliman in person.
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830:
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198:, eventually rising to chief servant. Later, he became royal tutor of the heir to the Prince,
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Knowledge Is Power! The Rise and Fall of European Popular Educational Movements, 1848â1939
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241:, he spoke six languages fluently: Latin, English, French, German, Italian and Czech.
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Angelo Soliman und seine Freunde im Adel und in der geistigen Elite (in German)
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Geschichte der Afrikanistik in Ăsterreich: Angelo Soliman (English Translation)
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Mummies and Ethics in the Museum. In: Human Mummies. Ed. Konrad Spindler et al
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Wilhelm. A. Bauer, A. Soliman, HochfĂŒrstlische Der Mohr, W. Sauer (Hg), 1922
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Angelo Soliman, der hochfĂŒrstliche Mohr. Ein exotisches Kapital Alt-Wien
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Magdalena Christiani, a young widow and sister of the French general
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300:. Wigger and Klein distinguish four aspects of Soliman â the "royal
211:
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76:
30:
675:(15 ed.). New York: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS. p. 84.
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rendered into a specimen, as if an animal or for experimentation
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as a "physiognomic Moor" were set forth by pioneering Viennese
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96:
145:, (c. 1721 â 1796) was an African-born Austrian Freemason and
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673:
Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas
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253:
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The Monthly Repository of Theology and General Literature
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Grand Master of True Concord (Given name of Massinissa)
518:
Morrison, Heather (2011). "Dressing Angelo Soliman".
740:"Biographical Account of the Negro Angelo Soliman"
237:as a guest of the Emperor. Aside from his native
177:). He was taken captive as a child and arrived in
181:as a slave. He was sold into the household of a
149:. He achieved prominence in Viennese society and
817:
434:("The stuffed barbarian"), based on the life of
399:, a movie biopic based on his life directed by
806:Tokarczuk, Olga (2017) trans. Jennifer Croft,
161:His original name, Mmadi Make, is linked to a
775:"Diedre Murray: Stringology, by David Grundy"
311:
643:
577:"An exceptional life, an ignominious death"
456:"Geschichte der Afrikanistik in Ăsterreich"
256:, by an unknown contemporary German painter
648:. Bielefeld: Transcript. pp. 81â115.
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349:. His grandson was the Austrian writer
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196:Joseph Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein
16:Afro-Austrian intellectual and freemason
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764:. Vienna: Gerlach & Wiedling, 1922
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202:. On February 6, 1768, he married the
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670:
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368:, an opera with book and libretto by
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188:Georg Christian, Prince von Lobkowitz
644:Wigger, Iris; Klein, Katrin (2009).
430:, translated into German in 2016 as
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725:. Vienna: Springer. pp. 3â7.
229:. Soliman attended the wedding of
14:
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208:François Christophe de Kellermann
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767:
754:
714:
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426:published the historical novel
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422:In 2014, the Hungarian writer
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227:Prince Gian Gastone de' Medici
210:, Duke of Valmy, a marshal of
1:
810:, Text Publishing, Melbourne.
861:People from the Bornu Empire
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598:. Peter Lang. p. 315.
272:as well the Hungarian poet
223:Count Franz Moritz von Lacy
10:
877:
671:Diouf, Sylviane A (2013).
520:Eighteenth-Century Studies
442:
385:Joseph Papp Public Theater
343:October revolution of 1848
235:Princess Isabella of Parma
219:Austrian Emperor Joseph II
851:Von Feuchtersleben family
351:Eduard von Feuchtersleben
312:Mummification after death
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789:"Film Review: âAngeloâ"
432:Der ausgestopfte Barbar
411:by the Polish novelist
387:under the direction of
376:performed, in part, at
266:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
260:In 1783, he joined the
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335:cabinet of curiosities
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257:
106:Magdalena Christiani (
35:Angelo Soliman in 1750
797:, September 29, 2018.
750:(127): 373â376. 1816.
619:Moore, Keith (2008).
532:10.1353/ecs.2011.0001
485:July 6, 2011, at the
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594:Steele, Tom (2007).
841:Austrian Freemasons
721:Seipel, W. (1996).
836:Austrian courtiers
760:Wilhelm A. Bauer,
357:In popular culture
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320:painting on canvas
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212:Napoleon Bonaparte
682:978-1-4798-4711-2
655:978-3-8376-1151-9
605:978-3-03910-563-2
552:Project MUSE
401:Markus Schleinzer
294:Scientific racism
231:Emperor Joseph II
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94:(aged 74â75)
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370:Carl Hancock Rux
365:Blackamoor Angel
339:instrumentalized
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90:21 November 1796
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54:Personal details
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703:on 2011-05-14
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705:. Retrieved
701:the original
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464:. Retrieved
460:the original
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327:ethnologists
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281:Solimanus".
278:Grand Master
270:Joseph Haydn
259:
249:
248:Portrait of
216:
169:(centred in
167:Bornu Empire
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142:
138:
137:
107:
92:(1796-11-21)
75:present day
826:1796 deaths
787:Guy Lodge,
381:Spiegeltent
252:holding an
225:as well as
171:Borno State
151:Freemasonry
820:Categories
707:2011-06-08
466:2009-09-26
417:Francis II
286:defamation
204:noblewoman
179:Marseilles
143:Mmadi Make
128:Massinissa
115:Occupation
63:Mmadi Make
563:864037095
548:154935902
393:In 2018,
362:In 2010,
119:Freemason
559:ProQuest
540:41057347
483:Archived
383:and the
292:through
183:Messinan
147:courtier
125:Nickname
81:Cameroon
808:Flights
794:Variety
443:Sources
408:Flights
200:Aloys I
175:Nigeria
165:of the
141:, born
77:Nigeria
68: (
66:c. 1721
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556:423078
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396:Angelo
239:Kanuri
192:Vienna
103:Spouse
97:Vienna
544:S2CID
536:JSTOR
347:Baden
233:and
727:ISBN
677:ISBN
650:ISBN
625:ISBN
600:ISBN
378:Bard
302:Moor
288:and
268:and
254:oboe
221:and
157:Life
87:Died
70:1721
59:Born
528:doi
108:née
79:or
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