Anarchism in China

6222: 4958: 3359:, and the Pure Socialists. The letters directed at Sun Yet-Sen and the Nationalists were aimed at exposing the ambiguities of their use of the word "socialism" to describe their goals, which were clearly not socialist according to any contemporary definition. The criticisms of Jiang and the Socialist Party portrayed their vision of revolution and socialism as too narrow because it was focused on a single country, and opposed their retention of market relations as part of their platform. Meanwhile, the main criticisms of the Pure Socialists were that if they were anarchists then they should call themselves anarchists and not socialists. The Guangzhou anarchists' inclinations towards communism further differentiated them from the socialist movements of Jiang and Sun and Shifu went to great lengths to clarify the differences between anarchist and socialist currents, drawing their history back to the split in the 3173:, particularly in his insistence that socialism could more be easily achieved in China than in Western societies, due to the relative lack of exploitation and social divisions, and belief that socialism represented the actualization of republicanism in China, rather than presenting a threat to the existing government. He thus argued for the strengthening of republican institutions with socialism, defending that his party existed to serve the state and economic development. His aims of "absolute equality, absolute freedom, absolute love" shared a lot in common with the anarchist ideas he had picked up in the Paris group, but he believed this ideal society lay in the future, and proposed a transitional stage until Chinese workers were ready for its institution. The Socialist Party program particularly advanced policies such as the institution of 5021: 3794: 3247:, who had joined the Socialist Party along with many other radical monks, led the libertarian socialist faction of the party known as the "Pure Socialists". The "pure socialists" stood in opposition to Jiang's state socialism, culminating in late 1912, when the group broke entirely with the party. The program of the pure socialists sought to abolish class distinctions and eliminate all social divisions among people, seeing anarchism not just as opposition to government but as the abolition of all forms of power. The Pure Socialists revised platform included the complete abolition of property and an anarchist-communist economic system. Shifu criticized the Pure Socialists' tendencies towards 4046: 2479:, which employed worker-students from China who wanted an education abroad. The students worked part-time and studied part-time, thus gaining a European education for a fraction of what it would cost otherwise. Many also gained first-hand experience on what it might mean to live, work, and study in an anarchist society. This study-abroad program played a critical role in infusing anarchist language and ideas into the broader nationalist and revolutionary movements as hundreds of students participated in the program. The approach demonstrated that anarchist organizational models based on mutual aid and cooperation were viable alternatives to profit-driven capitalist ventures. 2147:. Contrary to the nationalists' intentions, by probing the relationship between society and the state, they had raised the question of opposition between society and the state, as well as the question of opposition between individual autonomy and the political collective, laying the foundations for the emergence of Chinese anarchist thought. These growing anarchic tendencies were even seen in Liang's own words, when he posed that his conception of nationalism "does not allow other people to infringe my freedom, nor does it let me impose on other people" and advocated for the cultivation of autonomous individuals by removing all political and social restrictions from them. 2306: 4598: 3568: 13272: 6048: 3343:

and organized before a revolution could occur. The Guangzhou group was thus chiefly tasked with distributing anarchist propaganda, in order to educate common people on the subject. In order to accelerate agitation, they also advocated for resistance to taxation and military service, labor strikes, assassinations and other forms of political violence. Eventually, they believed, propaganda would reach a saturation point and the social revolution would take place, with the common people overthrowing the state and capitalism in order to build a new anarcho-communist society.

6541: 4659: 2662:, with its stated objective being "to destroy national and racial boundaries to institute internationalism; resist all authority; overthrow all existing forms of government; institute communism; institute absolute equality of men and women." The journal became instrumental in publicizing reports on the oppressive conditions endured by women and the peasantry in Chinese society, presenting these conditions as a consequence of the rise of patriarchal family structures and urban civilization. From this position, He Zhen established the 4852: 2285: 4355:. In an attempt to balance the need for communist assistance with his concerns about growing communist influence, After Zhang Renjie counseled Chiang against identifying himself too closely with the right, Chiang negotiated the removal of hardline members of the KMT's right-wing faction from their posts in compensation for the purged leftists. Soviet aid to the KMT government continued, as did co-operation with the CCP, holding together the United Front long enough to lay the groundwork for the Northern Expedition. 2795: 3845: 6128: 6060: 4530:, with students recruited from working-class backgrounds, in order to end the monopolization of education by the rich. Initially an institution of higher education, elementary and middle schools were eventually added to the university, transforming it into a truly comprehensive educational institution. The university comprised an Industrial Labor College, an Agricultural Labor College and a Social Sciences College, along with a library that held an inventory of over forty thousand books. 3929:. A large number of publications were banned or prohibited from circulation by the Beiyang government, and No. 1165 Document of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Beiyang government stated that "Anarchism is not tolerated in all countries of the world, and since there are such secret societies in Shanghai, they are bound to secretly collude with each other and spread more and more. The printed materials should be banned from circulation to avoid the harm." 4143:, who fiercely criticized the KMT's alliance with the CCP. Wu argued that the anarchist involvement in the KMT was necessary to counter the warlords and justified his support for the party due to its commitment to revolution, pointing to Peter Kropotkin's support for the Entente in World War I as an example of anarchists supporting progressive causes that were not their own. But few anarchists looked favorably on this collaboration with the KMT, with some even calling the party 4328: 4581:. Chiang Kai-shek subsequently centralized authority under the Kuomintang, quickly transforming the country into a one-party state and resolving to terminate mass movements, which he concluded were no longer necessary now that a revolutionary party held state power. In particular, the continuing existence of the anarchist movement presented a clear and present threat to the authoritarian rule of the KMT, which resolved to undertake the suppression of anarchism in China. 39: 3019: 6084: 13224: 3435: 1892: 2215:, in order to attempt to keep the dynasty in power. At the time, because of the activities of European anarchists in the late 19th century, they were frequently reported in the newspapers, but the translation used at the time was inaccurate, either phonetically as "Ya-Na-Ji-Si-De Party" (鴨那雞撕德黨) or as "Monarchless Party" (無君黨). In 1901, influenced by the Japanese translation, Liang Qichao, who was exiled in Japan, first called the American anarchist 13234: 13260: 4168:. In their critiques of Bolshevism, anarchists even went as far as to reject class conflict as a means of resolving class oppression, regarding it as a selfish way of perpetuating the same social relations under a different guise, holding instead that the abolition of authority was the means of achieving a classless society. Expressions of anarchism also beginning to take on a more radical and violent character, influenced by the theory of 3901:(CCP). The CCP was itself founded on the basis of student associations that had been inspired by anarchism during the May Fourth Movement, particularly by the principles of mutual aid and the practice of labor that had been foundational to the organization of collective living in rural areas. Some of the student activists that had arrived at Communism through their association with anarchism included the agrarian movement pioneer 1882: 4445: 3451: 6072: 3950: 5155: 3185: 2647: 4441:, the Wuhan government began challenging Chiang's authority, nominally stripping him of much of his military authority, though refrained from deposing him as commander-in-chief. The CCP also became an equal partner in the Wuhan government, sharing power with the KMT leftists. In response to these developments, Chiang started to rally anti-communist elements in the KMT and NRA around him. 2097: 2562: 2394:

bring new and more extreme inequalities, with more freedom and equality for the wealthy, while the conditions of the poor would remain the same. They observed that, in Europe, the institution of democratic and republican ideals through political revolutions had been utilized to further capitalist interests and impoverish the working classes, instead taking on a fundamentally

2878: 6518:, argued that alienation continued to exist even after the socialist revolution, stating that "when the government turns into an overlord, refusing to accept the people's control and turning into an alien force, this is alienation." He even went as far as to propose that "to overcome alienation, one should take anarchism into account" and called for the institution of 4551: 6443:. The anti-authoritarian character of the Democracy Movement rejected the communist party's political monopoly and revived the anti-bureaucratic ideals of the early Cultural Revolution. In early 1979, Deng denounced the movement as anarchists and set about repressing them, arresting and imprisoning many of the movement's members, including the pro-democracy leader 6209:

meetings, bureaucratic authority was reasserted over the rural cadres and centralized state control of the communes was established, reintroducing private ownership and resolving to distribute resources based on work output rather than individual needs. The subsequent bureaucratic mismanagement, combined with other factors, led to tens of millions dying in the

4491: 4465:, during which thousands of communists were arrested and killed, effectively ending the First United Front. Despite this causing a split between Chiang's right-wing government in Nanjing and Wang Jingwei's left-wing government in Wuhan, further unrest between the two parties and Soviet interference in the Wuhan government caused Wang to himself initiate a 4675: 4237: 4594:

revolution had been a solely political revolution and that the KMT had abandoned its previously held promises of social revolution, holding instead that the revolution's success rested in the proliferation of the KMT in power and labeling any people that called for freedom or the improvement of their own lives as "counterrevolutionaries".

2956:. Although they opposed political participation and claimed to intend the overthrow of the state, the Paris anarchists were often willing to function within the state system in order to pursue their goals. Their tendency toward peace lead to increased friction between them and those comrades supportive of government coercion in Guangzhou. 3878:

quickly failed, with the groups involved falling victim to financial difficulties, as the situation had made economic enterprise and employment more difficult. But these short-lived communal experiments still provided inspiration for China's left-leaning intellectuals, who saw them as the beginning of a new era in human society.

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and cauliflower, while Social Sciences students conducted surveys on social problems and labor strikes in nearby villages. Students were also encouraged to engage in a variety of extracurricular activities, with each college having its own theater group, such that classwork and manual labor did not preclude their leisure time.

2932:, in order to prepare them for study in France. When the students arrived in France, Li Shizeng arranged their admission to college and opened a workers' school near his factory, where worker-students were taught languages and science. More than 120 students were brought to France by the program, before it was closed down by 2609:, where they joined a group of revolutionaries that introduced them to the ideas of anarchism. The pair went on to establish the Society for the Study of Socialism, began to promote an anti-modernist and agrarianist take on anarchism. The Tokyo anarchists drew greatly from ancient Chinese philosophers such as 3169:, were often contradictory, which generated a great deal of confusion over the means and ends of socialism. While Jiang advocated for a social revolution, he also emphasized the moderate nature of his socialist ideology and rejected political violence. His socialism shared a lot in common with that of the 6735:

called "Our Home", containing an infoshop, conference center, concert space and a guest house, emblazoned with a red and black star on the outer wall. One of the actions organized from the center was a "garbage concert" held to raise money in order to clean up trash in the village where the center is

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In recent years, critics of the Cultural Revolution have argued that it was inspired by anarchist ideas. These ideas entered the Chinese Communist Party in the early 1920s and survived many years of revolution. There are some similarities between the themes of the Cultural Revolution and those of the

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By the end of 1968, the last vestiges of the radical popular uprising had been suppressed by the PLA, with revolutionary committees finally coming to dominate the country, restoring managerial rule over the workers who "in the name of rebellion and opposing slavishness in reality stir up anarchism."

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Students generally attended classes in the morning, while doing manual labor in the fields and factories during the afternoon. Industrial Labor students worked on machines or setting type in print shops, Agricultural Labor students worked the fields or on irrigation, successfully cultivating tomatoes

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broke out in the city, with the ensuing chaos bringing the expedition's advance to a halt as Chiang blamed the Communists for instigating the incident. In April 1927, the Four Elders determined that the actions of the CCP were counter-revolutionary and urged Chiang Kai-shek to initiate a purge of the

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In the self-criticism that the anarchist movement undertook in the ensuing years, anarchists identified their failings in their inability to organize a national revolutionary movement, instead having largely focused on local struggles, as well as their refusal to engage in non-anarchist revolutionary

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magazine, which became a leading forum for debate on the weaknesses present in the Republic of China. The anarchist arguments for a Social Revolution that had originated a decade earlier with the original Paris group found broader acceptance in the New Culture Movement, to which anarchists introduced

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to overthrow Yuan Shikai, organizing revolutionary forces of the southern provinces against the Beiyang government in an armed conflict, but the revolt was unsuccessful. Yuan subsequently dissolved parliament, abolished the constitution and reorganized provincial governments, effectively transforming

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and advocated for the abolition of politics, drawing from the arguments of the Paris Group a decade before. Despite once remarking on the immediacy of the social revolution, Shifu noted that only a small number of people were educated on anarchism and that it would take time for people to be educated

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which saw the benefitting of the self as tied together with the benefitting of others, arguing that the way to maximize the security and happiness of individuals lay in the abolition of "obstacles" such as religion, the state and the family. He blamed traditional family structures, in particular, for

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government had curtailed wider imperial intervention in society, which made China more able to achieve anarchism in the short-term than countries which had undergone the establishment of a centralized nation-state. Therefore, Liu held that the retention of the old regime was preferable to instituting

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The Four Elders were among the targets of criticism by anarchists, identifying Wu Zhihui in particular as an enabler of Chiang Kai-shek and calling for the KMT anarchists to resign their posts and cease their activities within the party and the government. The left-wing faction of the KMT was blamed

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In the aftermath of the Shanghai Massacre, the Four Elders convinced several prominent anarcho-syndicalists in the Shanghai labor movement to join them in the KMT, bringing together a significant anarchist presence within the party. One of the projects these anarchists proposed was the establishment

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was reinstated as President of China, with Chen Jiongming declaring the success of the constitutional protection movement and calling for Sun Yat-sen to step down. When Sun refused, Chen organized a military revolt against the Guangzhou government, forcing Sun Yat-sen to flee once again to Shanghai.

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that was far more radical than that of the Paris and Tokyo groups. The Guangzhou anarchists consolidated the anarchist identity by clearly distinguishing it from and formulating a number of critiques of the other forms of socialism present in China at the time. Unlike Jiang Kanghu's Socialist Party,

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Chinese students in Japan and France eagerly sought out anarchist doctrines to first understand their home country and then to change it. These groups relied on education to create a culture in which strong government would not be needed because men and women were humane in their relations with each

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in the communes. Mao himself commented on the state of the communes that: "there is now semi-anarchism We should now emphasize unified leadership and centralization of powers. Powers granted should be properly retracted. There should be proper control over the lower level." After a series of party

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was established in Shanghai, with the goal of realizing the anarchist ideal of combining labor with education, by turning "schools into fields and factories, fields and factories into schools." The anarchists believed that this would be a means to peacefully abolish class distinctions and achieve a

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were opposed to direct collaboration with the revolutionary parties, but instead obliged anarchists to participate in the popular revolution itself and guide people toward anarchism. Others were willing to collaborate with the KMT, on the condition that they retain their anarchist identity and push

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With the exception of in Guangzhou, the Chinese anarchist movement largely lost ground to the Communist Party. When it was suggested that the Communist Party headquarters be moved from Shanghai to Sun's base in Guangzhou, Chen Duxiu responded by saying "Anarchists are all over this place, spreading

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closely with anarchism, counterintuitively giving more publicity to the anarchist movement. Anarchist societies began to spring up across China and anarchist ideas became central to Chinese radicalism, with the New Life Movement bringing anarchist principles into everyday life, through the creation

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The New Culture Movement saw a surge in anarchist activity, with anarchist groups such as the Truth Society playing an important role in the movement at Peking University. Other pillars of the Chinese anarchist movement at the time included the Conscience Society in Guangzhou and the Masses Society

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became a model anarchist city, where anarchists could operate and publish their literature freely. The large anarchist presence in the province led Fujian to become known as the "Soviet Russia of Southern China", with the city's anarchist publications serving as a major source of information on the

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Li Shizeng responded to their nationalist critics, stating the revolution that the anarchists advocated would be global, simultaneous, decentralized, and spontaneous. Thus, foreign imperialists would be too occupied with the revolutions in their home countries to bother invading or harassing China.

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for the reorganization of political society. During a meeting with Zhang and Yao, after hearing that many Shanghai Communards were now demanding the abolition of political authority in the commune, Mao himself expressed his opinion on the communards' demands: "This is extreme anarchism, it is most

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established a base, uniting five villages into a self-governing territory and implementing a policy of confiscating lands from rich landowners. It was here that Mao began to advocate for a peasant-based revolution, contrary to the Communist Party's favor towards urban cadres, in order to overthrow

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as the backbone of the labor movement. Anarchism became a genuine popular movement in China as increasing numbers of people from peasants and factory workers to intellectuals and students became disillusioned with the national government and its inability to realize the peace and prosperity it had

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in China, which was spread by the Guangzhou anarchists to other parts of the country, driven by the internationalist program of the constructed language. The Society also initiated the labor movement in South China, with the Guangzhou anarchists becoming the first organizers of trade unions in the

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Anarchist ideas had already been introduced to China through the literature of the Paris and Tokyo groups, enough so that Chinese radicals were able to easily distinguish between anarchism and other political philosophies. But following the Revolution and the victory of the Revolutionary Alliance,

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The desire to retain market relations but supplement them with a broad social safety net escalated into the main source of conflict within the party. Other sources of friction had to do with the party's focus on building the revolution in China first, and using elected office as a tool to do so –

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was proscribed throughout China and shut down in September 1929. In its final issue, an editorial stated that anarchists "had survived the Communists and the Northern Expedition" but "finally succumbed to the Kuomintang, which had promised free speech to all." Anarchists themselves started to be

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in Guangdong and proved a fertile recruiting ground for the CCP. The aftermath of the May Thirtieth Movement brought on a massive surge in the influence of the Communist Party, growing from having about one thousand members to over fifty thousand and establishing their supremacy over the Chinese

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among the KMT anarchists, ultimately causing a division within the anarchist movement which led to the beginning of its downfall. The actual result of such collaboration was that the anarchists, not the Nationalists, compromised their positions since doing so allowed them to gain access to power

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By this time the Paris group had rendered their anarchism into a genuine philosophy that was more concerned with the place of the peaceful individual within society than with the day-to-day grind of government coercion against working people. The revolution allowed the Paris anarchists to return

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from below to totally reorganize society. While the Paris anarchists tacitly supported the republican project, as they believed it would move China closer to socialism, they remained critical of republicanism and constitutionalism. According to the Paris group, political revolution was liable to

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began to question the party's revolutionary credentials, citing its murder of striking workers in Shanghai and the prevalence of warlords in the KMT's ranks, leading it to conclude that there had been a continuation of collusion between capitalists and the new regime. Anarchists argued that the

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However, the number of students that enrolled did not meet the planned numbers, due in part to the university's de-emphasis of strictly academic work, the stigma still attached to manual labor and the effort to recruit students from working-class backgrounds. The Nationalist government was also

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of the Kuomintang, holding strong influence over the party and supporting Chiang Kai-shek's candidacy for the leadership. The Four Elders took a hardline stance against the communists as well as the left-wing of the KMT, who perceived their activities as threatening an anarchist takeover of the

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were also fundamental aspects in these experiments to reorganize social life. Anarchists of the May Fourth Movement refused to distinguish between means and ends, holding that the process of revolution lay in the creation of the future society in the present. However, these communal experiments

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began to increasingly gravitate towards anarchism and socialism, having read the materials published by the Paris and Tokyo groups, as well as the publication of the Revolutionary Alliance. As part of his activities in the Assassination Corps, he took a trip to Shanghai, in which he intended to

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against the Qing dynasty began to sweep throughout China, all of which failed. Chinese anarchists were generally supportive of the uprisings, believing that violence was justified if it was for moral purposes, necessary under despotic conditions, and effective if it aroused mass support for the

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to modern anarchism and communism, but were still influenced by their classical education. For the Paris group, as the historian Peter Zarrow puts it, "science was truth and truth was science." The Paris anarchists favored science and rationality, advocating for a revolutionary anarchist future

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as fundamental to constructing an anarchist society, believing that education was not only a means but an end of revolution. They declared that education was the most important activity revolutionaries could be involved in, and that only through educating the people could anarchism be achieved.

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The movement itself was not specifically anarchist, but in its glorification of science and extreme disdain for Confucianism and traditional culture, the proliferation of anarchist thought during this period can be seen as a confirmation of the influence anarchists had on the movement from its

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who accompanied Zhang Renjie back from China and would be his assistant in the years to come. But after three years and over one hundred issues, the journal ceased publication, as Zhang did not have enough money to finance both its publication and the activities of the Revolutionary Alliance.

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during a banquet at the home of a government official. The pair bonded over their mutual dissatisfaction with Chinese politics and society and discovered that they shared ideas for its reform. In 1902, the pair were appointed as attaches to the Chinese embassy in Paris, although they promptly

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extensively criticized the humanism of Wang, claiming that the recognition of alienation could lead to people "abolish all social political powers, social economic organizations, ideological authority, and centralism and discipline". When the intensifying campaign threatened to undermine the

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While these statements accelerated the Chinese anarchist effort to appropriate the Three Principles, it also opened the door for the appropriation of anarchism by the Kuomintang. Anarchists saw their loyalties divided and their anarchist goals subordinated to that of the party. The Central

6253:, a number of anarchistic tendencies began to spread throughout China, advocating for a popular "revolution from below" in opposition to the bureaucratic tendencies of the Communist Party and inspired by the Maoist slogan "Dare to rebel". In the early months of the revolution, the city of 2736:

and began to engage in assassination activities, with one failed attempt against the naval commander Li Zhun costing Liu a hand and landing him in prison for about three years. After his release, Liu began to read the anarchist literature coming from abroad and also became interested in

2135:, whose conservative desire to preserve the inherited institutions of the empire led them to oust many nationalists from office during the 1880s. This caused much of the nationalist movement to reconstitute itself around revolutionary republican ideals, calling for an end to Qing rule. 3088: 6287:

After the suppression of the Shanghai People's Commune and the institution of a revolutionary committee in the city, Mao turned his attention towards eliminating the anarchistic tendencies that had been unleashed by the Cultural Revolution. He declared that the revolutionary slogan

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from the local elites, mobilizing workers' militia against the state for the first time since the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. The Maoist Wang Hongwen attempted to repeat his earlier taming of the revolution in Shanghai, but was unsuccessful, with the "capitalist roader"

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Although the emergence of anarchism as a distinct, formal political current did not occur until 1906, there were many people interested in anarchism as early as 1903. Paris was the home of the early Chinese anarchist movement, with a similar movement in Tokyo. After the failed

4164:, who circulated first-hand reports of the failures of Bolshevism. By this time, more than seventy Chinese anarchist publications were in active distribution, both inside and outside of mainland China, which became increasingly focused on the criticism of Bolshevism and the 3374:

The Guangzhou group eventually went on to establish the Society of Anarcho-Communist Comrades, which advocated "absolute freedom in economic and political life" through the abolition of capitalism and establishment of a communist society, without using the state. In the

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According to the Paris group, anarchist education was geared towards teaching morality, truth and public-mindedness, rather than government-sponsored education which taught obedience to authority. Accordingly, they geared their activities towards education instead of

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and continuing with a string of revolts and rebellions, which severely weakened the empire's centralized rule. Chinese dissidents started to flee abroad where, outside of the authority of the Qing dynasty, they were able to freely spread the revolutionary ideas of

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took power as the leaders of the commune, various workers' organizations began to challenge the newly appointed city government and organized around the slogan of "All power to the Commune". However, Maoist leaders in Beijing had begun to favor the model of the

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increasingly replacing the decentralized socialist education system of Cai Yuanpei with a centralized education system. Access to resources were curtailed and the Labor University eventually ceased operations altogether, due to the conditions created by the

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The Beiyang government also sent government agents to monitor the actions of the anarchists. From February to April 1921, the Beijing government sent secret agents disguised as students seven times to infiltrate and sabotage the anarchist groups. Anarchism,

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social revolution, bringing China further towards anarchism. Faculty at the university criticized contemporary Chinese education for its emphasis on reading "dead books", advocating instead for a "living education" which came through the practice of labor.

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Chinese anarchists insisted that a true revolution could not be political, replacing one government with another, but had to overthrow traditional culture and create new social practices, especially in the family. "Anarchism" was translated into Chinese as

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He also argued that having a strong centralized coercive government had not prevented China's enemies from attacking her in the past anyway, and that a decentralized "people's militia" would be more effective than a standing army in defending the country.

5908: 3076:, where he advanced anarchism as the most extreme form of socialism. Inspired by the Tokyo group's abolition of distinctions between mental and manual labor, as well as the advocacy for gender equality, Jing established a worker-run women's factory in 4637:, where he oversaw a number of public infrastructure projects, before they were eventually sold to private firms, after which he broke with Chiang and resigned, later retiring from politics altogether. Despite initially denying any government office, 4469:

of communists from his own ranks. The Wuhan government subsequently re-unified with the Nationalist government in Nanjing, on the condition that Chiang resigned from his post. However, following the suppression of a number of communist uprisings in

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Inspired by early Qing thinkers that condemned rulers who prioritized private interests over the public good, the goal of the first generation of Chinese nationalists was to organically integrate Chinese society and the state, with reformers like

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labor movement, displacing the existing anarcho-syndicalist leadership. As well as the loss of their influence in the labor movement, anarchists were also losing influence among the youth, who were becoming increasingly attracted to nationalism.

3122:. The party grew quickly, eventually coming to claim 200 branches with 400,000 members across the country, made up of a largely heterogeneous membership which included both anarchists and social democrats. In a lecture given at a party meeting, 2997:

However, the implementation of Nationalist rule was by no means a guarantee of freedom to organize for anti-authoritarians, and government persecution was ongoing. Meanwhile, the main ideological opposition to anarchism came from self-described

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the People's Liberation Army to violently put down the demonstrations, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of protestors. In the aftermath of the protests, many of its leaders were imprisoned or went into exile, reforms were halted, a renewed

6699:, born from youth frustration with mainstream society in mainland China, particularly with patriarchal family structures and the strict schooling system. Anarchist tendencies developed within the punk scene, opening the window to concepts of 6447:. By early 1981, many pro-democracy activists were forced underground and the movement ceased to exist in the public sphere. Deng continued this authoritarian turn by abolishing the "four great freedoms" of the Cultural Revolution (including 3224:

both significant deviations from classical anarchism. Jiang did not call himself an anarchist, so his party was generally perceived as being outside the movement, despite the similarities. In 1912 Jiang's party split into two factions, the

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When the revolution arrived in Guangzhou on 25 October, the Qing general Feng-shan was assassinated within minutes of arriving in the city by members of the Assassination Corps. Local militias were subsequently organized by the anarchist

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had great influence among intellectuals at the time, this translation soon became the most common one, however, it is generally believed that the first systematic introduction to anarchism was published much later, in a 1902 book called

4425:'s leftist faction of the KMT, aided by the CCP, as well as widespread grassroots support, transformed Wuhan into "a seedbed for revolution", while portraying themselves as the sole legitimate leadership of the KMT. Controlling much of 3722:, which arose out of disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture after the restored Republican government had failed to address many of the country's problems. Many of China's prominent scholars began to openly revolt against 4418:. Independent peasant rebels also began to take control of large swaths of land and started to govern themselves, which in response alienated much of the KMT's military leadership, who were generally opposed to peasant self-rule. 3346:

By this time there was an extreme diffusion of anarchist ideas to the point where it was becoming difficult to define exactly who was and who was not an anarchist. Shifu set out to remedy that situation in a series of articles in

3106:. He advocated for women's education alongside socialism, which attracted the attention of Imperial authorities, although he managed to escape punishment. Shortly after the uprising against the Qing began, Jiang established the 4649:

which openly criticized Chiang's government for abuse of power and political repression, though he soon retired from public view after the league's co-founder was murdered in front of the organization's offices in Shanghai.

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Sun Yat-sen proposed to forcibly unify China under centralized one-party rule, whereas Chen Jiongming opposed this idea, instead advocating for the establishment of a multi-party federal China through the implementation of

3869:, a leading figure in the movement, the main goal of these new villages was conceived as being the promotion of labor, which anarchists of the time held to be the foundation of future society. The anarchist conceptions of 6261:

from local communist party officials. On 5 January 1967, the "Worker's Headquarters" issued a call for the unity of Shanghai's workers, students, intellectuals and cadres, deposed the city's officials and established the

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declared its goal was a mass revolution to "smash the old state machinery" and establish in its place the "People's Commune of China", a new society without bureaucrats where the masses would be in control. Despite the

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and were forced underground as hostilities between the KMT and CCP – both of whom were hostile towards anti-authoritarians – escalated. Previously sympathetic to the KMT, articles in the anarchist periodical

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The formation of the university was overseen by Cai Yuanpei, who had experience as head of Peking University and was busy supervising the broader restructuring of the education system in the Republic of China, with

3158:. Shifu also pointed out how their socialist positions were unclear about what differentiated them from capitalism, sometimes blending the two, and often confused many different conflicting concepts for each other. 6193:". This promise of an end to statism was particularly appealing to many Chinese peasants, who were attracted to the communes by their aspirations of freedom from state officials and party bureaucrats. According to 13189: 11695: 4622:

hunted down by the authorities, charged with conspiring to take over the party or even being labelled as communists. By the end of the 1920s, the anarchists, betrayed by the Kuomintang in their struggle against

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slanderous rumors about us. How can we move to Guangzhou?" The tension with communists was increased by anarchist criticisms of the Soviet Union. Reports from disillusioned anarchists had a big impact, such as

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resigned their positions so that Li should pursue an education in chemistry and biology, while Zhang founded a company to import Chinese goods. After making an acquaintance with the French anarchist geographer

6556:

In spite of the repression against the democracy movement, pro-democratic ideas continued to spread throughout the 1980s, becoming increasingly popular among China's student movement. Towards the end of 1986,

4281:

activity. This led many anarchists, who had previously been critical of anarchist collaboration with the Kuomintang, to raise questions on whether or not to participate in the party. Some anarchists such as

3829:. After student leaders of the demonstrations were arrested and imprisoned, Cai Yuanpei briefly resigned from his post as Dean of Peking University in protest, leading to a mass mobilization. News from the 3294:

When Shifu returned to Guangzhou, he founded the Cock-Crow Society, which initially consisted largely of Shifu's family members and close friends, living together in a common household which operated as a

2936:. Perceiving anarchism as primarily a way to transform behavior, the Paris anarchists also established the Promote Virtue Society, which advocated for self-improvement, forbidding members from engaging in 2276:, the socialist movement in Europe and anarchism. These connections, especially with the nihilist movement, were also the general impression that anarchism left on the Chinese people at the beginning. 4815:

The KMT was eventually forced to retreat in order to deal with Japanese incursions into China, which allowed the Soviet Republic to expand its influence, with Mao initiating a wide-ranging program of

3885:. It was at this time that the first Bolsheviks started organizing in China and began contacting anarchist groups for aid and support. The anarchists, unaware that Bolsheviks had taken control in the 13199: 904: 894: 3781:

between liberalism and state socialism. The participants saw it as a conscious attempt to create a Chinese renaissance, and consciously sought to create and live the new culture that they espoused.

3493:, where Shifu established the Society of Anarcho-Communist Comrades. A number of members of the Paris Group, including Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui and Wang Jingwei, returned to France and relaunched the 11840: 6189:

were established with the intention of "performing the functions of state power" and taking on a vital role in the transition from socialism to communism, being treated as the first step in the "

4502:

of a workers' university, which would train and educate a new kind of "worker-intellectual" in order to transform the nation as a whole. The KMT anarchists also published a new periodical called

5126:. After 1949, there were few visible signs of anarchist activity in neighboring countries or among overseas Chinese, and the post-revolutionary revival of interest in anarchism was short-lived. 13113: 3371:

to the field. He also claimed that anarchism had a broader scope than socialism, as anarchism concerned itself with society as a whole, whereas socialism was concerned chiefly with economics.

3478:

the Republic of China into a dictatorship. The failure of the revolution forced Sun to flee to Japan, where he continued to receive support from Zhang Renjie, who was now making money on the

13158: 2553:

through the abolition of Confucian family structures and private property, the liberation of women, the promotion of individual morality and the creation of equitable social organizations.

2605:

oversaw He Zhen's education at the Patriotic Women's School. The Society's activities in Shanghai quickly attracted government suppression and the couple were forced to flee into exile in

6614: 3041:

having achieved its goals of overthrowing the Manchu Qing dynasty, the continued perpetuation of oppressive structures under the new Republican government generated a rise of interest in

2782:

The Assassination corps was particularly active in Guangzhou, participating in the various uprisings that the city experienced at the turn of the 20th century. In the aftermath of the

3291:, Shifu established the Conscience Society, an anarchist self-improvement group which took up many of the same practices as the Promote Virtue Society established by the Paris Group. 3213: 6609: 3742: 3255:, as well as for retaining the name "Socialist". As their platform was clearly of an anarchist orientation, Shifu stated that they should as such have called themselves anarchists. 2123:

began to develop, advocating the transformation of China from an empire into a nation-state, in order to secure its future existence in the face of foreign aggression. This rise in

6299:, which had been blamed for much of the chaos by Maoist leaders, were outlawed on charges of "anarchism" and a nationwide campaign was carried out to liquidate the organization. 13194: 6645: 5692: 4646: 3264: 13153: 6292:

was "reactionary", banned radical workers' organizations for being "counter-revolutionary" and instituted strict punishments for attacks against the party and the state. The

2670:

organization dedicated to the forceful implementation of gender equality and an end to the economic exploitation of women, proposals which were elaborated on in the article

2018:

whose philosophy was rather based on an "anti-polity" stance and rejection of any kind of involvement in political movements or organisations and developed a philosophy of "

6355:

campaign consolidated the power of the Communist Party over China. During the early 1970s, many of the radical changes brought by the Cultural Revolution were rolled back.

6197:, "ad the people's communes actually developed in the manner Maoists originally envisioned, centralized political power in China would have been fundamentally undermined." 13163: 6629: 6618: 6408: 5687: 5682: 5677: 3601:

among the city's barbers and tea-house clerks. The Guangzhou anarchists went on to lead China's first May Day celebrations, published the country's first workers' journal

2445:

Anarchist opposition to organization drew criticism from nationalists, who argued that only with an organized, strong military could China protect itself from aggressors.

4911:. From Hong Kong, Chen Jiongming responded to the invasion by attacking Chiang Kai-shek's regime for its appeasement policy and organizing boycotts of Japanese products. 4819:, education and increased gender equality. However, the KMT eventually returned to Jiangxi, viewing the Communists as a greater threat than the Japanese, and initiated a 3509:

recruited hundreds of thousands of Chinese workers to their factories, to which the Paris Group responded by providing these migrant workers with education and training.

13108: 13073: 13028: 5537: 4514: 4013: 2908:

which counted several prominent anarchists as movement elders, anarchists in China took advantage of the new political openness to begin applying anarchism in practice.

12888: 5587: 5075:, who had met Wang when they were both members of the Paris anarchist group. In a massive reversal of his previously held views, Wang blamed communism, anarchism and 13118: 13093: 13008: 12988: 4034: 3107: 1962:

other in the family and in society. Groups in Paris and Tokyo published journals and translations that were eagerly read in China and the Paris group organized the

13083: 3988:, seeing the ultimate dissolution of the Guangxi clique. Chen subsequently invited Sun Yat-sen to return to Guangzhou, where a parliament was reconvened and a new 3537: 2297:, local and central Chinese government groups sent students abroad for study, including some several hundred students to Europe and about 10,000 to Japan by 1906. 3607:

and during the time of the Third Revolution came to have organized over forty trade unions in Guangzhou alone. Anarcho-syndicalist activity even spread as far as

3208:

the oppression of women, and advocated providing women with education and work in order for them to gain independence from and equality with men. He also opposed

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Following the suppression of the anarchist movement and the capitulation of the left-wing nationalists in the Kuomintang, the Chinese Communist Party became the

4000:

to join the movement, to the chagrin of Sun. Chen also became instrumental in organizing the labour movement of South China, securing workers with the right to

13038: 13018: 12903: 4820: 4802: 3225: 3196: 2913: 2786:, one of the Qing commanders Li Chun became a target of the Chinese Assassination Corps, and was wounded in an explosive attack by the assassin Lin Kuan-tz'u. 2621:

philosophy deeply inspired the group's agrarian utopianism. While from the works of western anarchists, the Tokyo group found inspiration in the literature of

6715:

magazine, the first anarchist publication to be published in mainland China since the establishment of the People's Republic, which issued articles about the

3426:. But after the death of the young Liu Shifu, the Chinese anarchist movement went through a difficult period, as reactionary forces began to gain more power. 13003: 12983: 12918: 12913: 10035: 6795: 6561:

began to take place in a number of Chinese cities calling for political reforms, including the ability for citizens to nominate their own candidates for the

2994:. Shifu opposed political participation, believing that politics was a force imposed on society from above and seeing the social realm as separate from it. 13209: 13128: 13063: 13043: 11514: 6359:

were normalized, party officials that had been attacked during the revolution were rehabilitated and managerial authority was strengthened, with calls for

4777:). However, after a number of KMT attacks against their base, Mao's forces were eventually forced to evacuate south. Despite coming into conflict with the 4268:

against foreign intervention in China. Supported by the KMT, they called for a boycott of foreign goods and an end to the Settlement. The British-operated

2863: 4294:

The rising power of the left-wing brought increased tensions within the United Front as Chiang Kai-shek began to consolidate power in preparation for the

2115:, Chinese intellectuals making direct contact with Europeans started to take an interest in the political and economic institutions of European powers. A 13048: 13013: 12968: 11614:

Anarchismus in China an der Schwelle des 20. Jahrhunderts: eine vergleichende Studie zu Staatstheorie und anarchistischem Gedankengut in China und Europa

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with the intention of providing them economic independence and fair compensation for their work, in addition to an education provided by leading Chinese

11852: 10936: 6537:

continuing economic reforms, Deng Xiaoping ordered it to be wound down, although Wang would later be purged from the Communist Party ranks altogether.

5314: 4957: 10543: 6592:, during which people called for democratic reforms, an end to corruption, and the reinstitution of the "four freedoms". The protests were led by the 6540: 3889:

and would suppress anarchism, helped them set up communist study groups – many of which were originally majority anarchist – and introduced

3785:

in Nanjing, which later merged with the Beijing-based Truth Society to establish the Evolution Society, a nationwide anarchist umbrella organization.

9911: 6658:

political scientist Chris Man-kong Li criticized the "statist apologism" displayed by sections of the New Left, particularly focusing on the work of

3628: 3587: 3572: 6740:, collectively managed by residents of the village. By 2016, "Our Home" was shut down, due in part to the rental requirements and personal reasons. 2721:

While neither the Paris nor the Tokyo groups actively engaged in assassinations, they looked favorably on those that did. Inspired by the theory of

2643:

a new one as, in his view, modern capitalism and parliamentarism would only contribute to a rise in economic and political inequality respectively.

6582: 5629: 3989: 3485:

In the political oppression that followed, many anarchist groups were forced into exile. The Guangzhou group evacuated the city, fleeing first to

5858: 2488:(The New Century), to introduce Chinese readers to the anarchist cause. The journal, funded by Zhang and edited by Wu, translated the works of 12298: 4315: 2972: 2881: 2725:, Chinese anarchists of the time believed that assassinations that were undertaken through self-sacrifice furthered the revolutionary cause. 2330:, Li introduced Zhang to the ideas of anarchism and they quickly began to analyze the situation in China through an anarchist lens. In 1903, 919: 4641:

was eventually elected to the National Assembly, where he helped to draft a new constitution and administered the oath of office to Chiang.

4092:

and that of the anarchists and communists, going as far as to state that the ultimate goal of the Three Principles was the establishment of

1937:

was a strong intellectual force in the reform and revolutionary movements in the early 20th century. In the years before and just after the

12830: 5841: 5672: 4935: 2475:(the other two forms of activism which they condoned in theory). To these ends the Paris group set up a variety of businesses, including a 2197: 822: 4097: 3216:" that would take advantage of the communist system and that absolute equality would cause the stagnation of society. Instead he promoted 6600:(BSAF), a self-governing student organization, which together called for the advancement of democracy and the end of dictatorship. After 5699: 4888: 4856: 2862:

and proclaiming the independence of the province from the Qing Empire. Many other provinces followed suit, eventually culminating in the

1921: 1016: 4272:

opened fire on the crowd of demonstrators, killing at least nine. This incident sparked outrage throughout China, which culminated in a

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Nevertheless, some anarchists continued to collaborate with the Kuomintang, although they were now being sidelined by Chiang Kai-shek.

1817: 6654:, cultivating a rise in democratic socialism, neo-Maoism and anarchism, which attacked Communist Party policy from the far-left. The 6593: 4943: 3993: 3360: 4899:

lines around the principles of individual freedom and mutual aid. However, the Korean anarchists soon fell victim to attacks by the

6114: 5883: 5863: 4208:

against the KMT's acting executive, claiming Tang Jiyao to be the rightful leader of the KMT. But Tang's forces were routed by the

3376: 2672: 13138: 11395: 5915: 5903: 5898: 4682: 4196:

for supporting the continuation of the United Front, Hu Hanmin was arrested and exiled by Wang and Chiang, which resulted in the

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conception for a social revolution in China. To the Paris anarchists, the goals of an anarchist revolution were the abolition of

3773:

and the most thorough criticism of empires and nation-states. At the same time, it was part of the process of modernization and

2928:, in order to make education more accessible for working class students." They opened a school in Beijing to teach students the 10169:"Cultural Productions in a New Global Space: Li Shizeng and the New Chinese Francophile Project in The Early Twentieth Century" 8709: 8572: 6472: 6258: 3627:

subsequently seized control of the military government in Guangzhou. Some of the Guangzhou anarchists subsequently fled to the

2896: 2663: 869: 5063:. After an assassination attempt by the KMT, Wang fled to Japanese-held territory, where he negotiated the establishment of a 4584:

When the KMT initiated a second wave of repression against the few remaining mass movements, anarchists left the organization

12307: 12186: 12053: 11985: 11821: 11709: 11681: 11629: 11532: 11100: 10842: 10782: 10561: 10457: 10384: 6754: 6404: 5788: 5605: 5266: 5009:, losing both to the Empire of Japan, but the two operated largely independently of each other, with the communists favoring 4605: 1272: 951: 70: 10000: 4506:, to propagate anarchist ideas that were appropriate for continued collaboration between anarchists and the KMT, taking the 2032:, and many Taoists in response lived an anarchic lifestyle. There is an ongoing debate whether exhorting rulers not to rule 12863: 10059: 6789: 6027: 5020: 4089: 3170: 3030: 2699:

and other Tokyo leaders and returned to Shanghai. When it became public that the couple had been informers working for the

1735: 1090: 6363:, further rules and regulations, as well as an industrial struggle against the forces of "anarchism" and "ultra-leftism". 13297: 12683: 12512: 6558: 6348: 5970: 3680: 3494: 2925: 2268: 1963: 1405: 1345: 6573:. With none of the students' demands being met by the government, the party responded by initiating a campaign against " 12088: 11350: 10755: 10730: 10601: 10353: 10292: 10090:[(Turn) Twelfth Topic: "In "Public Ruins" / Mai Dian / July 27 (Sunday) at 3:00 pm] (in Chinese). 24 July 2014 9926: 6545: 6383: 6340: 5846: 4927: 4828: 3591: 941: 3833:, which Chinese radicals initially viewed as an anarcho-communist revolution, brought with it a new-found interest in 2170:, but their plans were leaked and dozens of members were captured and executed by the Qing government. Meanwhile, the 2048:

were pacifist schools of thought, in contrast with many of their Western anarchist counterparts some centuries later.

12825: 12291: 12026: 11919: 11886: 11786: 11567: 11449: 11368: 11148: 11048: 11019: 10985: 10882: 10517: 10494: 10430: 10405: 10261: 10184: 9895: 6503: 6356: 5868: 4578: 4261: 3793: 2871: 2340:, in which he criticized the Qing government and insulted the Empress Dowager. Having previously met Zhang and Li in 2220: 8719: 6316:", which had retained control of the state through the newly established revolutionary committees. In its manifesto 3578:

Following the death of Yuan Shikai, a number of dissident political figures returned to China. Sun Yat-sen moved to

6684: 6399:

stepping in to provide a line against those elements that had "stirred up anarchism", leading to the imposition of

5985: 5744: 4923: 4131:

Supervisory Committee of the KMT even came under the influence of veteran anarchists, such as the Paris anarchists

3423: 3419: 2036:

to the sphere of anarchism. A new generation of Taoist thinkers with anarchic leanings appeared during the chaotic

409: 10039: 8582: 6711:, which were written about and distributed in DIY zines. The Wuhan punk scene brought about the production of the 6487:, leading many workers to consider themselves "losers in the decade of economic reform" and began to respond with 3299:. The Society spearheaded the propagation of anarchist ideas in China through the distribution of its journal the 2305: 12652: 12527: 11727:

So, Wai Chor (January 2011). "Race, Culture, and the Anglo-American Powers: The Views of Chinese Collaborators".

6280: 5424: 5304: 5052: 4172:. The Manifesto of Hunan anarchists even included a declaration that "one bomb is better than a thousand books." 3981: 3597:

During this period, anarchists in Guangzhou initiated the Chinese syndicalist movement, organizing China's first

3583: 3517: 3363:. Although he acknowledged Marxist contributions to socialism, he held anarchism to be more scientific than the " 1914: 1680: 1395: 5098:

began to support the Republic of China against the Empire of Japan, turning the tide of the war. Eventually the

4180:

With the death of Sun Yat-sen in March 1925, a power struggle emerged within the Kuomintang, with the left-wing

3860:

The Beiyang government became increasingly concerned with the surge in anarchist activity and began to identify

12948: 12713: 11602: 11140: 11134: 11123: 11077: 10809: 10593: 10328: 10223: 10168: 6589: 6549: 5773: 5761: 5597: 4904: 4782: 4507: 4085: 4057: 3897:, a vocal opponent of anarchism, became more interested in Marxism during this period and went on to found the 3323: 3287:, he renounced assassination and converted fully to anarchism, changing his name to Liu Shifu. At a meeting in 2921: 2625:, whose idealization of agrarianism and opposition to commercialism aligned closely with their own philosophy. 2378: 2245: 2033: 1685: 6159:, although others also chose to remain in mainland China. One of those that remained was the anarchist writer 4871:

did not hold complete control over China, as a number of regional warlords still remained. In the wake of the

4045: 13302: 11387: 10506:

Chen Jiongming and the Federalist Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican China

6562: 6302:

Out of these struggles between the grassroots and the leadership of the revolution, the radical Maoist group

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under his control. Among the figures in the collaborationist government were the Chief of the Education Yuan

5044: 4947: 4286:

the party towards anarchist revolutionary goals, which was a perspective encouraged by the Paris anarchists.

3408: 2356: 2237: 1750: 1725: 1208: 1127: 38: 4922:

in 1933, while also setting up zones of influence throughout North China, establishing puppet states in the

4526:

being appointed as the university's president. It was decided that the university would follow the model of

3146:

for their claims to the leadership of the Chinese socialist movement, as well as their inclinations towards

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Hui, Wang; Karl, Rebecca E. (7 March 2002), "Contemporary Chinese Thought and the Question of Modernity",

3623:

However, the First Constitutional Protection Movement was soon defeated by the Beiyang government and the

3524:, with many of the Southern Provinces once again rebelling against the imperial government, beginning the 2272:. Ma Junwu, Zhang Ji and the intellectuals of the time had already discussed the relationship between the 13292: 12178: 11769: 6749: 6476: 6336: 6190: 5783: 5489: 5076: 4415: 4273: 3996:. But as the government was unrecognized and lacking in numbers, Chen invited anarchists, communists and 3870: 3528:. By March 1916, the situation forced Yuan to abdicate and he died not long after. This implosion of the 2823: 2768: 2716: 2462:

While the Paris group advocated the destruction of hierarchical society through violence, they also held

2112: 1975: 1787: 1745: 1258: 807: 136: 10538:(2010). "Anarchism and the Question of Place: thoughts from the Chinese experience". In Hirsch, Steven; 3240: 3192: 1203: 13250: 12787: 12121: 12045: 11929:

Wu, Tien-wei (November 1969). "A Review of the Wuhan Debacle: The Kuomintang-Communist Split of 1927".

11911: 11878: 11040: 10834: 10774: 6204:

by the peasantry, party officials implemented a "rectification campaign" in order to combat the rising

5174: 4570: 4005: 3110:, the country's first socialist organization. The party had a program which advocated the abolition of 1907: 1857: 1720: 1445: 1161: 1050: 976: 9955:"Anarchy in the PRC: Meng Jinghui and his Adaptation of Dario Fo's "Accidental Death of an Anarchist"" 4008:, Chen helped to settle the strike, with the employers capitulating to the demands of wage increases. 3326:. The city of Guangzhou quickly developed into the main base of anarchist activity in mainland China. 735: 12343: 12080: 11778: 11691: 10449: 10320: 10307: 10284: 9931: 6352: 6332: 6318: 6312:

during late 1967. The group took on a staunchly anti-bureaucratic line against what they saw as the "

6164: 5888: 5803: 5429: 5294: 5251: 4939: 4827:. After a year on the run and having survived numerous attacks, Mao's army eventually arrived at the 4794: 4269: 3849: 3474: 3003: 2783: 2273: 2159: 1983: 1974:

in Russia were a major influence. The use of assassination as a tool was promoted by groups like the

1740: 1635: 1031: 1026: 827: 494: 469: 419: 354: 282: 237: 97: 12270: 6167:, saw his works censored to remove any mentions of anarchism and largely ceased writing. During the 2434:

in their respective places. The revolutionary methods they proposed to achieve these goals included

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presented an opportunity for the numerous Korean anarchists that were organized in the region. The

4626:, exhausted their utility and slowly disappeared as a force in the Chinese revolutionary movement. 4457: 3559:

under his wing, providing Chiang with financial assistance, personal advice and political backing.

2355:

In 1906 Zhang, Li, Wu and Cai founded the first Chinese anarchist organization, the World Society (

2007: 1650: 1610: 1560: 1425: 1156: 1105: 1021: 946: 935: 812: 590: 334: 6617:

was undertaken and basic freedoms were further restricted. But it also resulted in the end of the

3057:. Initially defined by anarchism, socialist tendencies quickly began to diversify, taking on both 2986:

being elected. The decision of these anarchists to enter parliamentary politics was criticized by

2838:, deposing the local viceroy and taking control of the city. This successful uprising ignited the 625: 12938: 12908: 12898: 12817: 12673: 12391: 12374: 12369: 12018: 11559: 11467:

Rachline, Marianne (1965). "A Propos de l'anarchisme chinois" [About Chinese Anarchism].

11441: 10376: 6784: 6659: 6650: 6464: 6100: 6032: 5965: 5831: 5650: 5579: 5256: 4990: 4978: 4798: 4790: 4745: 4709:. The Communists themselves had been driven underground and forced to flee to the countryside by 4690: 4686: 4663: 4597: 4475: 4123: 4077: 4069: 3898: 3874: 3777:

that swept the world before 1914. However, anarchism at this time was externally positioned as a

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When a number of attempts to form a series of anti-Chiang Kai-shek governments were suppressed,

4192:

all vying for control of the party apparatus. Suspected of having assassinated the KMT chairman

3567: 3102:

also began to promote socialism, which he had learnt of during his time as a contributor to the

2010:

and has been embraced by some anarchists as a source of anarchistic attitudes. The Taoist sages

670: 13204: 13078: 12958: 12807: 12757: 12736: 12703: 12693: 12451: 12411: 12384: 12206:"Wholeness and individuality: Revisiting the New Culture Movement, as symbolized by May Fourth" 11360: 10249: 10173:

Print, Profit, and Perception: Ideas, Information and Knowledge in Chinese Societies, 1895-1949

6779: 6764: 6759: 6456: 6296: 6168: 5751: 5095: 5091: 4986: 4868: 4809: 4702: 4574: 4265: 4253: 4169: 4101: 4064:

By 1923, Sun Yat-sen was beginning to put into practice his plans for the military conquest of

3917:

After the Xinhai Revolution, the main target of anarchist opposition shifted from the original

3707:

as part of Li's study group. The Paris Group also began to establish feeder schools throughout

2722: 2497: 2439: 2116: 2064: 1695: 1630: 1565: 1490: 1470: 1465: 1310: 1300: 1075: 837: 832: 720: 434: 424: 414: 359: 185: 163: 141: 12036:

Young, Ernest (1983). "Politics in the Aftermath of Revolution". In John King Fairbank (ed.).

10418:

Return to the Middle Kingdom: One Family, Three Revolutionaries, and the Birth of Modern China

10416: 10395: 6648:, as the advent of the internet brought together a number of new leftists on websites such as 3881:

The newfound interest in socialism brought on by the movement also brought with it a surge in

3813:

broke out throughout the country in response to the Beiyang government's weak response to the

3615:, with anarchists spearheading the education of the working classes and insisting on workers' 13033: 13023: 12792: 12777: 12607: 12517: 12441: 12436: 11524: 10830: 10253: 9879: 7287: 6769: 6700: 6663: 6366:

A power struggle broke out thereafter, with the Maoist elements of the leadership around the

6360: 5261: 5103: 4225: 4144: 4001: 3731: 3506: 3296: 3111: 3062: 3007: 2745: 2614: 2593: 1847: 1605: 1585: 1545: 1530: 1375: 1355: 1011: 986: 929: 879: 710: 504: 449: 314: 304: 299: 48: 12252: 12107: 11647:: Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of International Studies, University of California. 11252:"Politics and Education in Nationalist China: The Case of the University Council, 1927-1928" 5434: 2912:

home, where they started to take a particular focus on the provision of education. When the

1990:

offered organizational strength and political change which drained support from anarchists.

13123: 12893: 12802: 12782: 12762: 12647: 12612: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12552: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12522: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12471: 12401: 12364: 12348: 12338: 12333: 12323: 11644: 10622:(December 2012). "Anarchism in Early Twentieth Century China: A Contemporary Perspective". 10589: 10445: 6566: 6515: 6452: 6210: 5938: 5851: 5719: 5563: 5236: 5216: 4217: 3814: 3719: 3660: 3502: 3439: 3364: 3335: 3038: 2815: 2756: 2544:. The well-educated, anti-traditionists of the Paris group did not relate the teachings of 2472: 2386: 2185: 2155: 1999: 1764: 1700: 1690: 1675: 1665: 1615: 1570: 1550: 1500: 1480: 1475: 1455: 1450: 1435: 1430: 1415: 1400: 1385: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1315: 1305: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1151: 851: 610: 580: 570: 252: 58: 53: 6386:

to criticise these right-wing elements, numerous dissident trade unionists in the city of

2688:. Articles in the journal called for a peasants' revolution and, inspired by the works of 8: 13178: 13168: 13103: 13068: 12973: 12933: 12849: 12767: 12708: 12698: 12668: 12642: 12632: 12622: 12617: 12602: 12597: 12587: 12582: 12557: 12547: 12466: 12461: 12421: 12315: 11813: 11673: 11469: 11299:

Kwong, Julia (1988). "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China: A Democratic Movement?".

11092: 10864: 10747: 10663: 10539: 6250: 6242: 6186: 6172: 6132: 6022: 5893: 5778: 5756: 5729: 5724: 5276: 5204: 5064: 5056: 5013:

over conventional battles. In January 1941, a clash between the two parties known as the

4998: 4962: 4872: 4816: 4558: 4539: 4352: 4295: 4221: 4197: 4053: 3997: 3965: 3853: 3810: 3802: 3778: 3404: 3248: 3054: 2776: 2752: 2580: 2569: 2128: 2124: 2104: 2077: 2059:, collapse of centralized rule and then the eventual rise of a new dynasty. In 1839, the 1971: 1837: 1670: 1660: 1645: 1625: 1620: 1600: 1580: 1575: 1540: 1535: 1525: 1505: 1460: 1440: 1360: 1350: 1280: 1166: 1133: 1122: 961: 924: 899: 864: 750: 640: 522: 509: 262: 257: 168: 92: 10802:

Chinese intellectuals and the revolution of 1911: the birth of modern Chinese radicalism

5102:

saw China recover all the territories that it had lost to the Empire of Japan since the

5001:

was established to resist the Japanese invasion. The CCP and KMT fought together in the

2842:, during which revolutionary republicans took up arms all around China to overthrow the 13088: 12978: 12953: 12943: 12772: 12627: 12577: 12456: 12431: 12426: 12406: 12396: 12328: 12258: 12233: 12157: 12141: 11956: 11948: 11752: 11744: 11490: 11326: 11287: 11279: 11238: 11230: 11187: 11004: 10703: 10655: 10422: 10155: 10005: 9974: 6708: 6519: 6182: 5980: 5808: 5766: 5714: 5484: 5399: 5374: 5271: 5169: 5099: 4823:, bringing about the dissolution of the Jiangxi Soviet and forcing the Red Army into a 4753: 4566: 4479: 4209: 4205: 4100:

was the realization of communism, clarifying that he advocated the methods proposed by

4081: 3977: 3926: 3830: 3727: 3712: 3641: 3624: 3529: 3470: 2977: 2886: 2541: 2501: 2476: 2327: 2144: 1655: 1640: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1485: 1420: 1365: 1145: 1111: 1065: 991: 981: 884: 725: 650: 22: 6411:

of Chinese leadership, it was Deng Xiaoping that established himself as the country's

4236: 595: 13233: 12963: 12872: 12797: 12678: 12416: 12237: 12225: 12192: 12182: 12171:

The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement

12161: 12149: 12133: 12094: 12084: 12059: 12049: 12022: 11991: 11981: 11960: 11915: 11892: 11882: 11827: 11817: 11792: 11782: 11756: 11715: 11705: 11677: 11648: 11625: 11598: 11573: 11563: 11538: 11528: 11498: 11482: 11455: 11445: 11420: 11412: 11374: 11364: 11334: 11318: 11291: 11271: 11242: 11222: 11217: 11200: 11191: 11179: 11144: 11119: 11096: 11073: 11054: 11044: 11015: 10981: 10923: 10888: 10878: 10848: 10838: 10813: 10788: 10778: 10751: 10726: 10707: 10695: 10659: 10647: 10639: 10607: 10597: 10567: 10557: 10523: 10513: 10490: 10463: 10453: 10426: 10401: 10380: 10359: 10349: 10345: 10324: 10288: 10267: 10257: 10229: 10219: 10190: 10180: 10159: 9966: 9891: 6737: 6637: 6528: 6499: 6448: 6424: 6371: 6010: 5709: 5571: 5189: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4993:, rather than focusing on the threat posed by the Empire of Japan. But following the 4896: 4835:

as their revolutionary base area. It was here that Mao developed the concept of the "

4770: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4710: 4658: 4471: 4462: 4449: 4093: 3934: 3918: 3841:, as anarchism was the most popular and widespread variant of socialism at the time. 3696: 3676: 3616: 3339: 3330: 3217: 3073: 3046: 2799: 2685: 2684:, which published some of the earliest discussions on the role of the peasantry in a 2549: 2390: 2212: 2163: 2150:

The collapse of the Self-Strengthening Movement because of the Chinese defeat in the

1967: 1938: 1867: 1797: 1590: 1495: 1390: 1139: 859: 680: 550: 484: 344: 227: 197: 146: 6308:(Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee) was formed in 5414: 2180: 13264: 12217: 12205: 12125: 11940: 11736: 11701: 11661: 11474: 11404: 11310: 11263: 11212: 11171: 10948: 10913: 10687: 10631: 10553: 10176: 10147: 9883: 6704: 6667: 6641: 6577:", stopping student protests and restricting political activity, with the reformer 6507: 6480: 6412: 6076: 6064: 6005: 5547: 5499: 5184: 5179: 4914:

The Empire of Japan continued to conquer more and more regions of China, including

4851: 4840: 4721: 4527: 4327: 3886: 3715:

to transport students to France, which attracted many new students to the program.

3603: 3513: 3486: 3400: 3174: 3151: 3081: 3050: 2831: 2667: 2537: 2505: 2415: 1885: 1777: 1248: 1233: 1117: 1059: 996: 971: 914: 889: 740: 685: 600: 499: 459: 369: 364: 242: 180: 173: 124: 119: 114: 102: 82: 12221: 10827:

Cries for Democracy: Writing and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement

10397:

The Zhangs from Nanxun: A One Hundred and Fifty Year Chronicle of a Chinese Family

6415:

and began to repress the leftist elements of the Cultural Revolution, such as the

4740:

by a nationalist counter-offensive, withdrawing to the mountains of south-western

4617:

for the attacks on the Four Elders and, as the criticisms of the party continued,

4565:

The Second phase of the Northern Expedition finally forced the dissolution of the

2284: 12004: 11905: 11868: 11764: 11666: 11346: 11067: 11030: 10967: 10874: 10741: 10716: 10635: 10583: 10476: 10339: 10244:(1971). "The Triumph of Anarchism over Marxism". In Wright, Mary Clabaugh (ed.). 10138: 6724: 6720: 6523: 6492: 6194: 6088: 5813: 5344: 5309: 5246: 5241: 5138: 5017:

brought the Second United Front to an end, after which they resumed hostilities.

5006: 4966: 4900: 4876: 4786: 4717: 4706: 4609: 4554: 4482:, Chiang Kai-shek retook power from Wang Jingwei, who went into exile in Europe. 4358:

The first phase of the expedition began in July 1926, capturing the provinces of

4340: 4185: 4105: 4088:, Sun even began to downplay the differences between the differences between the 3818: 3700: 3635:, who oversaw the propagation of anarchism in the city. Under Chen's leadership, 3556: 3552: 3548: 3368: 3162: 3155: 3131: 3058: 2949: 2929: 2839: 2772: 2689: 2618: 2493: 2427: 2419: 2399: 2294: 2208: 2189: 2171: 2154:

gave rise to a number of new revolutionary nationalist organizations such as the

2120: 1895: 1827: 1085: 1036: 909: 760: 660: 655: 635: 605: 560: 555: 545: 439: 319: 158: 151: 87: 11697:

Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism

10675: 10204: 10070: 4025:

eventually retook Guangzhou for the KMT, forcing Chen to flee himself, first to

3094:, a former member of the Paris group and founder of the Chinese Socialist Party. 2794: 715: 535: 10691: 6440: 6309: 6271: 6205: 5943: 5655: 5519: 5469: 5459: 5409: 5115: 4839:", which attempted to overcome the centralizing and bureaucratic tendencies of 4762: 3984:

in Guangzhou. Chen recaptured Guangdong for the KMT and even went on to occupy

3973: 3953: 3844: 3738:, democratic and egalitarian values, as well as a forward-looking orientation. 3632: 3415: 3411: 3384: 3166: 2851: 2764: 2529: 2489: 2314: 2204: 2052: 2037: 1842: 1832: 1228: 1223: 1213: 966: 615: 530: 464: 394: 349: 329: 324: 12153: 11896: 11617: 11542: 11502: 11424: 11338: 10817: 10792: 10611: 10527: 10271: 10151: 10112:["Our home" no longer exists] (in Chinese). Our Home. 3 September 2016 9887: 9405: 8110: 6127: 4843:

by consulting the masses and carrying out the perceived will of the majority.

4245: 3912: 2055:

of rise and decline marked by the continued centralization of power by ruling

13286: 13227: 12229: 12196: 12137: 12098: 12076: 12063: 11995: 11831: 11774: 11740: 11719: 11577: 11520: 11486: 11459: 11416: 11356: 11322: 11275: 11226: 11183: 11115: 11058: 10927: 10892: 10852: 10699: 10651: 10643: 10571: 10467: 10363: 10241: 10211: 10194: 9970: 6716: 6633: 6632:, various strands of thought started to emerge that criticized the policy of 6444: 6396: 6201: 6156: 5798: 5739: 5464: 5419: 5369: 5231: 4919: 4864: 4778: 4395: 4213: 4201: 4193: 3826: 3774: 3204: 2963:

and five other small revolutionary parties were merged and reformed into the

2700: 2696: 2638: 2468: 2309:

Wu Zhihui, Zhang Jingzhang, and Li Shizeng, Leaders of the Xin Shijie Society

2216: 2073: 2003: 1243: 1188: 1006: 956: 874: 775: 730: 695: 675: 630: 585: 404: 399: 379: 11796: 11408: 11378: 10952: 10233: 4997:, during which Chiang Kai-shek was detained by two of his subordinates, the 2676:. The following year, the Society also began publication of another journal 2334:

fled China after having published an article in the revolutionary newspaper

13276: 11652: 11550:

Reischauer, Edwin O. (1965). "The Dynastic Cycle". In Meskill, John (ed.).

11301: 11159: 10545:

Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940

10215: 9912:"The underrated influence of modern neo-Maoists on China's Communist Party" 6692: 6565:

rather than choosing from a government-approved list, as well as an end to

6511: 6416: 6403:

on the city and the PLA being sent in to put down the rebellion. After the

6367: 6275: 6175: 6052: 5836: 5504: 5494: 5364: 5359: 5084: 5068: 5040: 5036: 5028: 4880: 4630: 4466: 4422: 4399: 4336: 4299: 4181: 4165: 4157: 4140: 4073: 3769:

foundation on. Anarchism, as a mass movement, was another manifestation of

3723: 3718:

From his position at Peking University, Cai Yuanpei became a leader of the

3598: 3521: 3466: 3454: 3380: 3352: 3135: 3099: 3091: 2937: 2843: 2748: 2629: 2509: 2411: 2373:), sometimes translated as New World Society. Shortly afterwards Zhang met 2352:, which predicted the great changes in the world with the passage of time. 2322: 2193: 2140: 2132: 2100: 2060: 2028: 1942: 1792: 1782: 1253: 1218: 1070: 780: 705: 645: 620: 565: 374: 309: 11175: 11112:

Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Twentieth Century, 1912–2000

6335:, the group was denounced as "anarchists" and violently suppressed by the 2143:

advocating for greater political participation through the institution of

2091: 13237: 10671: 10619: 10579: 10535: 10109: 10087: 9321: 9305: 9201: 6728: 6679: 6655: 6622: 6605: 6596:(BWAF), a labour union independent from Communist Party control, and the 6400: 6304: 6267: 5995: 5555: 5509: 5404: 5354: 5299: 5060: 5024: 4766: 4642: 4348: 4311: 4152:

positions in the Nationalist government that they theoretically opposed.

4148: 4065: 4049: 4033:. Sun Yat-sen himself returned to Guangzhou, where he re-established the 4017: 3922: 3866: 3708: 3672: 3668: 3656: 3533: 3498: 3407:, formation of democratic public associations to coordinate the economy, 3356: 3319: 3280: 3252: 3178: 3123: 3115: 3022: 3018: 2990:

for compromising anarchists principles, although it was also defended by

2960: 2933: 2917: 2811: 2733: 2622: 2613:, who the group held to be the founding father of Chinese anarchism, and 2602: 2385:. But unlike their comrades in the Revolutionary Alliance, who desired a 2382: 2374: 2345: 2044:, trying to delegitimate the state and question its morality. Taoism and 2023: 2015: 1238: 1193: 785: 755: 745: 700: 575: 479: 389: 247: 11748: 9978: 9954: 7647: 6083: 1891: 12145: 11952: 11494: 11330: 11283: 11251: 8917: 8358: 6578: 6375: 6293: 6234: 6226: 6017: 5734: 5704: 5662: 5514: 5474: 5444: 5439: 5349: 5339: 5334: 4985:

The Nationalist government had previously been engaging in a number of

4974: 4970: 4892: 4824: 4774: 4757: 4678: 4667: 4545: 4523: 4494: 4411: 4332: 4303: 4241: 4132: 4119: 4022: 3957: 3906: 3894: 3890: 3735: 3692: 3684: 3544: 3458: 3434: 3026: 2964: 2900: 2658: 2588: 2576: 2565: 2452: 2435: 2395: 2318: 2068: 2045: 1822: 1807: 1802: 1095: 770: 474: 444: 339: 232: 12276: 11136:

The Found Generation: Chinese Communists in Europe During the Twenties

9265: 9249: 9217: 9157: 6435:

The end of the Cultural Revolution had also brought the advent of the

4289: 3181:, which Jiang viewed as instrumental to the achievement of socialism. 3126:

declared his commitment to a socialist program, which would utilize a

2344:, Wu joined the pair in Paris, where he introduced them to his friend 12041: 11874: 11809: 11510: 10918: 10901: 10770: 10722: 10509: 9173: 6533: 6484: 6313: 6216: 6144: 5953: 5394: 5389: 5221: 5209: 5194: 5080: 5072: 5048: 4931: 4908: 4884: 4836: 4832: 4638: 4601: 4434: 4307: 4189: 4161: 4136: 4030: 3961: 3938: 3861: 3838: 3834: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3746: 3688: 3636: 3579: 3536:, during which the Beiyang Army fragmented into a number of regional 3314: 3301: 3284: 3275: 3267: 3209: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3069: 3042: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2855: 2729: 2533: 2517: 2484: 2463: 2431: 2403: 2331: 2167: 2085: 2081: 1862: 1812: 1080: 665: 489: 384: 30: 12841: 12129: 11944: 11478: 11314: 11267: 9591: 8693: 7341: 6439:, which spearheaded a political liberalization process known as the 3691:

to teach at the university. One of Li Dazhao's students was a young

3161:

The broad socialist positions promoted by Jiang, vaguely defined by

2389:

from above first-and-foremost, the Paris anarchists advocated for a

11036: 9109: 6570: 6526:

elected officials, which led him to be purged from his post at the

6488: 6387: 6379: 6254: 6230: 6000: 5990: 5948: 5479: 5454: 5449: 5384: 4915: 4907:, which dissolved the KPAM and established a puppet state known as 4749: 4729: 4713:, leading them to begin building a base among the rural peasantry. 4634: 4383: 4371: 3902: 3822: 3683:

and recruited famous thinkers such as the early Chinese communists

3612: 3490: 3443: 3392: 3388: 3288: 3127: 3119: 2941: 2827: 2803: 2738: 2704: 2584: 2521: 2341: 2263: 1100: 690: 454: 202: 11110:

Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue, eds. (1970).

10939:[The early Chinese's initial understanding of anarchism]. 10478:

The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927-1937

10136:

Bailey, Paul (1988). "The Chinese Work-Study Movement in France".

9233: 6644:. Sections of the New Left began to radicalize further during the 5051:

for the once left-wing KMT leader. As Chiang began to argue for a

4444: 3741: 3520:. This was opposed by almost all the generals and officers in the 3450: 3184: 2763:

in March 1910. In response to the failure of Wang's plan, Liu and

2646: 1966:

to bring students to France. The late 19th and early 20th century

1881: 12174: 11032:

The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926-1928

10977: 10870: 10805: 9843: 9795: 7480: 6983: 6238: 5039:

went into exile in Europe, where he began to form relations with

4741: 4623: 4438: 4391: 4379: 4249: 4109: 4076:, and subsequently formed an alliance with the newly established 4026: 3985: 3949: 3882: 3798: 3704: 3429: 3322:

tendency, having particular success in organizing workers in the

3229: 3077: 3068:

The Tokyo anarchist Jing Meijiu was among the first to introduce

2953: 2859: 2835: 2830:, under the influence of the Revolutionary Alliance, launched an 2760: 2545: 2423: 2096: 2011: 1852: 294: 190: 11970:

Strangers on the Western Front: Chinese Workers in the Great War

8461: 6621:

of Chinese leadership, with Deng Xiaoping handing power over to

4891:(KPAM) subsequently established an autonomous anarchist zone in 2051:

Throughout its history, Chinese civilization has gone through a

11587:

China's Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895-1913

11437: 10549: 9925:

Man-kong Li, Chris (9 September 2020). Pearson, Eleanor (ed.).

8761: 7540: 7447: 6160: 6152: 6148: 5975: 5379: 5154: 5146: 5107: 5071:, the founder of the Socialist Party, and the Foreign Minister 4375: 4282: 3396: 3233: 3212:, as he believed there would be those that did not contribute " 3087: 2771:, which was itself influenced by foreign movements such as the 2633: 2528:

Li wrote that three fields influenced the Paris group: radical

2364: 2336: 2253: 2211:, the Qing government was finally forced to begin implementing 2019: 1001: 540: 9121: 7528: 6071: 5055:

with the Soviet Union, Wang argued for bringing China into an

3652: 3220:, defending private property and different levels of payment. 2877: 2692:, advocated for the integration of agriculture with industry. 2158:, as well as organized political reform movements such as the 12014: 8100: 8098: 8019: 8017: 7050: 6696: 6673: 6636:

and its consequences, concerned particularly with the rising

5959: 4653: 4550: 4456:

When the Northern Expedition arrived in Nanjing, a series of

4430: 4426: 4407: 4387: 4367: 4363: 4359: 3608: 3263: 3244: 3188: 2695:

Liu Shipei and He Zhen eventually split from the programs of

2610: 2606: 2448: 765: 11845:

Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica

7734: 7732: 7038: 6736:

located. They also participated in a restoration project of

3944: 2438:, mass associations, mass uprisings, popular resistance and 2166:, the Revive China Society planned to launch an uprising in 11201:""New Year's Dream": A Chinese Anarcho-cosmopolitan Utopia" 9730: 9679: 9643: 9631: 9607: 9504: 9492: 9468: 9456: 8639: 8186: 7028: 7026: 4752:, but this was defeated and the survivors retreated to the 4490: 3941:

were all suppressed as "extreme" ideas during this period.

3913:

Suppression of the anarchist movement by Beiyang government

2945: 2924:. In April 1912, the Paris anarchists together founded the 2867: 1979: 11907:

General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China

10088:"(转）【东湖艺术计划 – 讲座与讨论】第十二次话题：《在"公共废墟"中》／麦巅／7月27日（周日）下午三点" 9720: 9718: 9667: 9581: 9579: 9293: 8933: 8905: 8842: 8737: 8681: 8560: 8485: 8198: 8162: 8150: 8138: 8095: 8014: 7516: 7492: 7267: 7265: 6845: 6588:

Yaobang's death in April 1989 became the catalyst for the

6430: 4674: 2561: 2219:

a member of "Anarchist Party" (無政府黨) when he reported the

11621: 11352:

Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic

9039: 9037: 9035: 8974: 8972: 8859: 8857: 8806: 8671: 8669: 8656: 8654: 8627: 8593: 8591: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8519: 8517: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8379: 8377: 8336: 8334: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8083: 8041: 7810: 7729: 7620: 7618: 7591: 7504: 7423: 7411: 7305: 7199: 4720:

against the Nationalists, the Communists established the

3754:

Many of these discussions were published in Chen Duxiu's

3457:, a former Paris anarchist and leading figure within the 2407: 2067:, beginning with its defeat by foreign powers during the 1978:, similar to the suicidal terror attacks by Russian anti- 11388:"Esperanto and Chinese Anarchism in the 1920s and 1930s" 10906:

International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity

9783: 9337: 9189: 8725: 8473: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8263: 8261: 8126: 8073: 8071: 8058: 8056: 7944: 7942: 7917: 7915: 7902: 7900: 7875: 7873: 7764: 7762: 7749: 7747: 7683: 7681: 7668: 7666: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7557: 7555: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7389: 7387: 7374: 7372: 7293: 7250: 7023: 7011: 5083:

of Modern China, arguing for the necessity of promoting

3837:. Anarchists greatly benefited from the new interest in 3631:, under the protection of the anarchist military leader 3562: 2822:

In reaction to the Qing government's suppression of the

11639:

Scalapino, Robert Anthony; Yu, George Tzuchiao (1961).

9761: 9759: 9757: 9715: 9703: 9576: 9552: 9540: 9528: 9516: 9480: 9432: 9420: 9133: 8818: 8174: 7317: 7262: 7216: 7214: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7160: 7158: 7133: 7131: 7116: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7067: 7065: 6999: 6971: 6925: 6923: 6284:

reactionary... In reality there will always be heads."

4351:, purging hardline communists who opposed the proposed 4115: 4040: 2092:

Beginnings of the reformist and revolutionary movements

10512:: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. 9691: 9655: 9619: 9564: 9385: 9373: 9097: 9085: 9073: 9061: 9049: 9032: 9020: 9008: 8996: 8984: 8969: 8957: 8945: 8893: 8869: 8854: 8830: 8749: 8666: 8651: 8603: 8588: 8541: 8529: 8514: 8497: 8449: 8437: 8401: 8389: 8374: 8346: 8331: 8314: 8302: 8273: 8246: 8210: 7615: 6910: 6908: 6857: 6463:". Throughout the 1980s, Deng implemented a series of 4781:

of the CCP for his agrarianist position, initiating a

4410:, while Communist-led trade unions began establishing 3675:

had also returned and took a position as President of

3283:. However, upon arriving at a Buddhist monastery near 3142:. Sun and Jiang were both criticised by the anarchist 3098:

Upon his return to China in 1910, the Paris anarchist

2656:

In 1907, the Society began publication of the journal

13248: 10304:

Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume II

9831: 9819: 9807: 9444: 9281: 9145: 8794: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8615: 8285: 8258: 8068: 8053: 8029: 8002: 7978: 7966: 7954: 7939: 7927: 7912: 7897: 7885: 7870: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7798: 7786: 7774: 7759: 7744: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7678: 7663: 7630: 7579: 7567: 7552: 7463: 7384: 7369: 7357: 7238: 6796:

Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas

6498:

In response to increasing debates on the question of

5129: 4216:, where Tang joined with Chen Jiongming to found the 3532:'s centralized authority led to the beginning of the 2789: 2321:

returned to Beijing the following year, where he met

10743:

Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost

10281:

Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume I

9855: 9771: 9754: 9361: 9349: 8881: 7990: 7603: 7435: 7399: 7329: 7226: 7211: 7182: 7170: 7155: 7143: 7128: 7077: 7062: 6947: 6935: 6920: 6833: 4546:

Suppression of the anarchist movement by KMT and CCP

3270:, a leading member of the Guangzhou anarchist group. 2810:

Starting in Guangzhou in 1895, uprisings led by the

12255:

by Nohara Shirõ (translated by Philip Billingsley).

11109: 10317:

Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Vol III

10060:"Desiree Social Center: A liberated space in Wuhan" 9742: 7486: 7104: 6959: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6869: 4736:. Initially successful, the Red Army was forced to 4290:

Rise of the Kuomintang and the decline of anarchism

3964:, later an opponent of Sun Yat-sen and advocate of 11665: 11385: 11003: 10203: 8777: 8425: 8413: 8234: 8222: 6809: 6602:dialogue between the protestors and the government 6217:Anarchic tendencies within the Cultural Revolution 4298:. The former leaders of the Paris anarchist group 3377:Goals and Methods of the Anarchist-Communist Party 11432:Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2015). 11087:Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2012). 10548:. Studies in global social history. Vol. 6. 10302:Boorman, Howard L., ed. (1968). "Li Shih-tseng". 6821: 6370:coming into conflict with those who they called " 4812:against it through the use of guerrilla tactics. 4260:On 30 May 1925, Chinese students gathered at the 4160:, who had many friends in China, and the wife of 4068:. In order to speed up the process, he signed an 3629:Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian 3573:Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian 13284: 12040:. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 12. 6640:, converging to become what is now known as the 6475:". Although this period initially saw a rise in 6171:, Ba Jin denounced writers that were accused of 5630:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat 5114:commenced, during which the CCP took control of 4485: 2587:. Here the newlywed couple joined the anti-Qing 2482:In 1907, the group started a weekly periodical, 11386:Müller-Saini, Gotelind; Benton, Gregor (2006). 10001:"Theater: Applause for a tough vision in China" 4448:KMT troops rounding up communist prisoners for 4347:On 20 March 1926, Chiang Kai-shek launched the 4322: 3512:In December 1915, Yuan Shikai declared himself 11870:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928 11841:"Zhang Renjie and the Hangzhou Electric Plant" 10715:Esherick, Joseph W.; Wei, C.X. George (2013). 10442:The Government and Politics of China 1912–1949 10338:Brown, Rebecca M.; Hutton, Deborah S. (2011). 9927:"The Chinese 'New Left' as Statist Apologists" 4421:The Wuhan government, which was controlled by 4252:torturing a protestor in the aftermath of the 3893:into the Chinese labor and student movements. 3852:after being detained by government during the 3555:, leading Zhang Renjie to take Chen's protégé 3540:that began to vie for control of the country. 3430:Counterrevolution and the rise of the Warlords 3367:" of the Marxists, given the contributions of 1958:) literally, "the doctrine of no government." 12857: 12292: 11431: 11086: 10036:"The Alternative Education of a Chinese Punk" 9849: 9801: 8116: 6731:A group of anarcho-punks even established an 6502:in the PRC, the Communist Party launched the 6108: 4946:, by 1937 the Empire of Japan had launched a 4645:took a more combative approach, founding the 4510:as a means to achieve the goal of anarchism. 4497:, President of the National Labor University. 3543:In the aftermath, the leading KMT politician 3236:, and the remains of the party led by Jiang. 3013: 2759:, but his plan failed and he was arrested in 2348:, who had just published his short story the 2107:and leader of the democratic reform movement. 1953: 1947: 1915: 10503: 8467: 5909:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist 5842:National Democratic Front of the Philippines 2381:, leading Zhang, Li, Wu and Cai to join the 2279: 11638: 10714: 10337: 10033: 9924: 8144: 8104: 7534: 7522: 7510: 7299: 7256: 7205: 7044: 7032: 6532:newspaper. The conservative party official 6351:grew to a more totalizing position and the 6290:"doubt everything and overthrow everything" 5700:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 4989:, in an attempt to isolate and destroy the 4789:against him, Mao was able to establish the 4414:in the areas that had been captured by the 3711:, obtaining financial support from the new 3473:. In retaliation, Sun Yat-sen called for a 2221:assassination of President William McKinley 12864: 12850: 12299: 12285: 12253:Anarchists and the May 4 Movement in China 12124:, Association for Asian Studies: 796–813. 11806:The political institutions of modern China 11549: 10508:. Michigan monographs in Chinese studies. 10439: 10393: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10023: 9127: 9115: 7653: 7056: 6851: 6723:, as well as translations of the works of 6695:subculture began to emerge underground in 6682:director has introduced the adaptation of 6674:Cultural movements with anarchist elements 6115: 6101: 5859:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 4701:leader of the left-wing opposition to the 4662:Map of the various Soviets comprising the 4654:Insurgent communism and the rise of Maoism 1922: 1908: 1818:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 11216: 11072:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. 10917: 10767:Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics 10341:A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture 6143:, many Chinese anarchists fled abroad to 5588:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions 5538:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant 4231: 3994:Second Constitutional Protection Movement 3945:Second Constitutional Protection Movement 3659:, one of the intellectual leaders of the 3049:to transform society and bring about the 2591:, in which Liu developed the doctrine of 11903: 11466: 10171:. In Lin, Pei-yin; Tsai, Weipin (eds.). 10053: 10051: 10049: 8927: 6539: 6220: 6126: 5864:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) 5019: 4956: 4889:Korean People's Association in Manchuria 4850: 4673: 4657: 4596: 4549: 4489: 4443: 4402:in the process. The headquarters of the 4326: 4235: 4200:of the KMT losing power. Meanwhile, the 4114: 4044: 3948: 3843: 3792: 3740: 3651: 3566: 3449: 3433: 3262: 3183: 3086: 3017: 2876: 2793: 2645: 2560: 2447: 2304: 2283: 2266:based on a chapter from Thomas Kirkup's 2262:), which was translated and expanded by 2196:and ordered the public execution of the 2095: 12306: 12203: 12108:"He Zhen and Anarcho-Feminism in China" 12073:Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture 11396:Language Problems and Language Planning 11345: 10799: 10394:Chang, Nelson; Chang, Laurence (2010). 10314: 10301: 10278: 10020: 9952: 9909: 9873: 9736: 9724: 9709: 9685: 9649: 9637: 9613: 9601: 9585: 9558: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9474: 9462: 9438: 9426: 9139: 8863: 8192: 8023: 7624: 6598:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 6431:The Democracy Movement and the New Left 5904:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan 5899:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement 5122:, forcing the leadership of the KMT to 4220:, a political party that advocated for 3972:In 1920, the anarchist military leader 3925:, and thus was again suppressed by the 3726:, instead promoting a society based on 3679:, where he resumed his support for the 3647: 2131:, was poorly received by the governing 13285: 12105: 12070: 11866: 11763: 11690: 11660: 11611: 11584: 11249: 11132: 11028: 11001: 10859: 10670: 10618: 10578: 10534: 10370: 10240: 10166: 10135: 9998: 9697: 9673: 9661: 9625: 9597: 9570: 9450: 9391: 9379: 9331: 9327: 9315: 9311: 9299: 9287: 9275: 9271: 9259: 9255: 9243: 9239: 9227: 9223: 9211: 9207: 9183: 9179: 9167: 9163: 9151: 9091: 9079: 9067: 9055: 9043: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8963: 8951: 8939: 8923: 8911: 8899: 8875: 8848: 8743: 8731: 8703: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8660: 8645: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8578: 8566: 8554: 8535: 8523: 8508: 8491: 8407: 8395: 8383: 8368: 8364: 8352: 8340: 8325: 8308: 8296: 8279: 8267: 8252: 8216: 8204: 8168: 8156: 8132: 8120: 8089: 8077: 8062: 8047: 8008: 7972: 7960: 7948: 7933: 7921: 7906: 7891: 7879: 7864: 7852: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7753: 7738: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7672: 7641: 7609: 7597: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7546: 7498: 7474: 7453: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7393: 7378: 7363: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7283: 7271: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7193: 7176: 7164: 7149: 7137: 7122: 7098: 7086: 7071: 7017: 7005: 6953: 6941: 6929: 6914: 6899: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6815: 6594:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation 6473:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 6131:A collective meal in the canteen of a 5837:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path 3956:, an anarchist military leader of the 3788: 3446:while supervised by a British officer. 3379:, the Society called for abolition of 3361:International Workingmen's Association 3072:to China, lecturing on the subject at 2854:, who launched an uprising throughout 2710: 2040:. Taoist principles were more akin to 870:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 12871: 12845: 12280: 12035: 12003:Xu, Shanguang; Liu, Jianping (1989). 12002: 11298: 11065: 10980:: National Defense University Press. 10974:History of Anarchist Thought in China 10739: 10474: 10046: 9959:Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 9837: 9825: 9813: 9403: 8887: 8812: 8800: 8771: 8767: 7996: 7457: 6993: 6755:List of anarchist movements by region 6691:At the turn of the 21st century, the 5606:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung 4938:to resist the Japanese incursions in 4606:Constitution of the Republic of China 4406:subsequently moved from Guangzhou to 3563:Anarchism during the Third Revolution 2826:, on 10 October 1911 elements of the 2755:, himself planned to assassinate the 2673:On the Question of Women's Liberation 1998:Chinese anarchism has its origins in 12168: 11838: 11803: 11509: 11157: 10934: 10414: 10201: 9861: 9789: 9777: 9765: 9355: 9343: 9195: 9103: 8715: 8479: 8240: 8228: 7351: 6977: 6965: 6839: 6827: 6790:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 6604:broke down, the government declared 6028:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 5884:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun 4863:Despite centralizing power over the 4175: 4090:socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 4041:Anarchists in the First United Front 3547:was assassinated in Shanghai by the 3214:from each according to their ability 3045:, as people began to advocate for a 11434:Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life 11164:Journal for the Study of Radicalism 10902:"The Chinese Path to Modernisation" 10899: 10824: 10585:Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution 9748: 8180: 6331:pledging its fealty to Mao and the 5889:Serve the People – Communist League 5087:in a return to traditional values. 3865:of agrarian communes. According to 3703:, began to rapidly develop towards 3681:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement 3590:and reuniting China, beginning the 3495:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement 3442:load sacks of oats onto a lorry at 3274:Following his release from prison, 3203:Jiang's socialism was shaped by an 3029:and chief proponent of the party's 2926:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement 2664:Women's Rights Recovery Association 2184:by the conservative faction led by 1982:groups. By the 1920s, however, the 13: 12038:Republican China 1912–1949, Part 1 11967: 11928: 11726: 11198: 10965: 10764: 10057: 9367: 8836: 8824: 8788: 8755: 8455: 8443: 8431: 8419: 8035: 7984: 7657: 7110: 6989: 6662:, whom he accused of whitewashing 6427:first proposed by the anarchists. 5847:Communist Party of the Philippines 5130:Anarchism in the People's Republic 3501:had seen the establishment of the 3279:assassinate the new head of state 3258: 2790:Anarchism in the Xinhai Revolution 14: 13314: 12246: 12013:] (in Chinese) (1 ed.). 10976:] (in Chinese) (1 ed.). 10624:Journal of Modern Chinese History 10038:. Shao Foundation. Archived from 7487:Lee, Stefanowska & Wiles 1970 6504:Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign 6479:, it also brought an increase in 6151:, with some even going as far as 5869:Communist Party of India (Maoist) 4761:the "four systems of authority" ( 4262:Shanghai International Settlement 4147:and criticizing what they saw as 3695:who, initially influenced by the 3586:with the intention of protecting 3469:was assassinated by order of the 3338:, the Guangzhou group emphasized 2178:, but this too was defeated in a 13270: 13258: 13232: 13223: 13222: 11867:Wilbur, Clarence Martin (1983). 11235:10.5325/utopianstudies.24.1.0089 11218:10.5325/utopianstudies.24.1.0089 11069:Shifu, Soul of Chinese Anarchism 10504:Dingyan Chen, Leslie H. (1999). 10315:Boorman, Howard L., ed. (1970). 10279:Boorman, Howard L., ed. (1967). 10102: 10080: 9999:Melvin, Sheila (12 April 2005). 9992: 9946: 9918: 9903: 9867: 9404:Heath, Nick (16 November 2006). 9397: 6688:to China and gained popularity. 6685:Accidental Death of an Anarchist 6349:Mao Zedong's cult of personality 6257:was targeted by Maoists for the 6082: 6070: 6058: 6046: 5745:Down to the Countryside Movement 5153: 4883:, a power vacuum left behind in 4801:and was able to defeat both the 3399:, as well as the institution of 3318:country and developing a strong 2969:first National Assembly election 2127:, which advocated for a form of 1890: 1880: 905:International Conference of Rome 895:International Conference of Rome 37: 12204:Zhitian, Luo (2 October 2019). 11160:"Social Histories of Anarchism" 10400:. Palo Alto; Denver: CF Press. 10128: 6581:being removed from his post as 6546:Monument to the People's Heroes 6514:, a prominent proponent of the 5065:Reorganized National Government 4846: 4785:of dissenters and repressing a 4633:took a position as governor of 4573:marking the achievement of the 4016:. This split hit its apex when 3992:was established, beginning the 3982:Constitutional Protection Junta 3305:, as well as the Paris Group's 2967:(KMT) and saw a victory in the 2288:Doufu Factory Night School 1916 2188:, who placed the reform-minded 13190:British Indian Ocean Territory 11641:The Chinese Anarchist Movement 11552:The Pattern of Chinese History 11141:University of Washington Press 11006:Borodin: Stalin's Man in China 10810:University of Washington Press 10594:University of California Press 9910:Magnier, Mark (25 June 2019). 6590:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 6550:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 6382:. When the Maoists launched a 6163:, who was obliged to join the 5916:International Communist League 5598:A Critique of Soviet Economics 5580:On the Ten Major Relationships 4905:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 4508:Three Principles of the People 4086:Three Principles of the People 4058:Three Principles of the People 3825:that it had captured from the 3465:In March 1913, the KMT leader 2601:, while the Society's founder 2556: 2508:. Other contributors included 2369: 2360: 2300: 2258: 2249: 2241: 1017:Australian Anarchist Centenary 942:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1: 12222:10.1080/00094633.2019.1654802 12011:History of Anarchism in China 11585:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (1975). 11133:Levine, Marilyn Avra (1993). 11029:Jordan, Donald Allan (1976). 10935:Hung, Te-hsien (1985-02-15). 10900:Hon, Tze-ki (28 March 2014). 6802: 6357:China–United States relations 5874:Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party 4647:China League for Civil Rights 4486:The National Labor University 4461:leftists, culminating in the 3821:to retain the territories in 3120:all taxes except the land tax 2870:and the establishment of the 1204:Decentralized planned economy 11932:The Journal of Asian Studies 11256:The Journal of Asian Studies 11010:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 10636:10.1080/17535654.2012.708183 6775:Anarchism in the Philippines 6510:of the "alienation school". 6459:), replacing them with the " 6141:Chinese Communist Revolution 5668:Chinese Communist Revolution 5200:Continuous revolution theory 5112:Chinese Communist Revolution 4323:Division of the United Front 2971:, with the Tokyo anarchists 2891:, a Tokyo anarchist who was 430:Proletarian internationalism 7: 12179:University of Chicago Press 11770:The Search for Modern China 11473:(in French) (50): 139–143. 10440:Ch'ien, Tuan-sheng (1950). 9914:. South China Morning Post. 6750:Category:Chinese anarchists 6743: 6544:People protesting near the 6191:withering away of the state 5986:National Democracy Movement 5784:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 5774:New People's Army rebellion 4857:Korean Anarchist Federation 4821:fifth encirclement campaign 4416:National Revolutionary Army 4096:. To Sun, the principle of 3980:, which had taken over the 3329:Shifu propagated a form of 3313:. It began the teaching of 2824:Railway Protection Movement 2769:Chinese Assassination Corps 2717:Chinese Assassination Corps 2628:Liu Shipei argued that the 2418:, for the establishment of 2113:Self-Strengthening Movement 2002:, which first developed in 1976:Chinese Assassination Corps 1954: 952:1919 United States bombings 10: 13319: 13298:Political history of China 12271:Chinese Revolution section 12210:Chinese Studies in History 12122:Cambridge University Press 12106:Zarrow, Peter Gue (1988). 12071:Zarrow, Peter Gue (1990). 12046:Cambridge University Press 11912:Cambridge University Press 11879:Cambridge University Press 11779:W. W. Norton & Company 11041:University Press of Hawaii 10943:(in Traditional Chinese). 10835:Princeton University Press 10775:Cambridge University Press 10718:China: How the Empire Fell 10692:10.1177/009770048601200201 9953:Ferrari, Rossella (2005). 6563:National People's Congress 6341:Ministry of State Security 6181:With the beginning of the 5762:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 5673:People's Republic of China 5175:Antagonistic contradiction 5120:People's Republic of China 4728:against the government in 4571:Northeast Flag Replacement 4122:, the first leader of the 4112:was not "real communism". 3976:launched an attack on the 3905:and the future CCP leader 3014:The emergence of Socialism 2714: 1993: 1858:Situationist International 1162:Self-managed social center 977:Spanish Revolution of 1936 13218: 13177: 13137: 12879: 12816: 12750: 12729: 12661: 12480: 12357: 12314: 12265:Chinese Anarchism section 12081:Columbia University Press 11851:(3): 1–56. Archived from 11804:Tung, William L. (1968). 11700:. Vol. 1. Montréal: 11250:Linden, Allen B. (1968). 11066:Krebs, Edward S. (1998). 10800:Gasster, Michael (1969). 10450:Stanford University Press 10415:Chen, Yuan–tsung (2008). 10321:Columbia University Press 10308:Columbia University Press 10285:Columbia University Press 10152:10.1017/S030574100002751X 9932:E-International Relations 9888:10.1215/9780822381150-006 9850:Pantsov & Levine 2015 9802:Pantsov & Levine 2015 8117:Pantsov & Levine 2012 7549:, pp. 196, 211, 218. 6353:Cleansing the Class Ranks 6333:Cultural Revolution Group 6264:Shanghai People's Commune 6165:China Writers Association 5971:Mao's cult of personality 5911:Parties and Organizations 5804:Internal conflict in Peru 5047:, marking a shift to the 4515:National Labor University 4331:The rival leaders of the 4270:Shanghai Municipal Police 4108:, while considering that 4084:. In his lectures on the 4056:leader who developed the 4014:inter-provincial autonomy 4006:Guangzhou seamen's strike 3850:Beijing Normal University 3027:Chinese Nationalist Party 3004:Chinese Socialist Society 2965:Chinese Nationalist Party 2784:Second Guangzhou Uprising 2680:, under the direction of 2377:and was impressed by his 2280:Early growth of anarchism 2274:Russian nihilist movement 2160:Gongche Shangshu movement 1984:Chinese Nationalist Party 1948: 1032:Really Really Free Market 1027:1999 Seattle WTO protests 495:Temporary autonomous zone 420:Permanent autonomous zone 355:Consensus decision-making 12939:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 12113:Journal of Asian Studies 11978:Harvard University Press 11904:Worthing, Peter (2016). 11741:10.1177/0097700410382542 11612:Rošker, Jana S. (2016). 11595:Harvard University Press 11012:Harvard University Press 10740:Fenby, Jonathan (2004). 10487:Harvard University Press 10483:Cambridge, Massachusetts 10475:Coble, Parks M. (1986). 6733:autonomous social center 6575:bourgeois liberalization 6461:Four Cardinal Principles 6337:People's Liberation Army 5879:Communist Party of Burma 5794:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 5789:Death and funeral of Mao 5622:Bombard the Headquarters 5614:Historic Eight Documents 5227:Newborn socialist things 5015:New Fourth Army incident 4952:Second Sino-Japanese War 4950:of China, beginning the 4724:, launching their first 4314:had become known as the 4080:(CCP), establishing the 3817:, which had allowed the 3811:wave of student protests 3588:provisional constitution 3195:monk and founder of the 2744:The Paris anarchist and 2234:The Great Tide in Russia 2198:reform's chief advocates 2008:Spring and Autumn period 1259:Workers' self-management 1157:Radical environmentalism 1106:Independent Media Center 1022:Carnival Against Capital 947:Bavarian Soviet Republic 936:Manifesto of the Sixteen 335:Autonomous social center 13200:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12818:Individualist anarchism 12273:- The Anarchist Library 12267:- The Anarchist Library 12261:- The Anarchist Library 11560:D. C. Heath and Company 11442:Oxford University Press 11409:10.1075/lplp.30.2.06mul 11091:. New York and London: 11002:Jacobs, Dan N. (1981). 10953:10.6435/SHM.198502.0415 10676:"Vision and Revolution" 10377:Oxford University Press 9118:, p. 238-242, 263. 8145:Scalapino & Yu 1961 8105:Brown & Hutton 2011 7535:Esherick & Wei 2013 7523:Esherick & Wei 2013 7511:Esherick & Wei 2013 7300:Scalapino & Yu 1961 7257:Scalapino & Yu 1961 7206:Scalapino & Yu 1961 7045:Scalapino & Yu 1961 7033:Scalapino & Yu 1961 6785:Left communism in China 6392:struggle to seize power 6281:revolutionary committee 6225:A public appearance of 6033:Thought reform in China 5966:Left communism in China 5832:Chinese Communist Party 5651:Chinese Soviet Republic 5305:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 5257:Revolutionary base area 4991:Chinese Soviet Republic 4799:revolutionary base area 4791:Chinese Soviet Republic 4711:nationalist persecution 4691:Chinese Soviet Republic 4687:Chinese Communist Party 4664:Chinese Soviet Republic 4374:, and the provinces of 4124:Chinese Communist Party 4078:Chinese Communist Party 3899:Chinese Communist Party 3526:National Protection War 3480:Shanghai Stock Exchange 3134:, holding the ideas of 3108:Chinese Socialist Party 2597:and edited the journal 2152:First Sino-Japanese War 2042:philosophical anarchism 1988:Chinese Communist Party 1199:Cost the limit of price 12513:Bosnia and Herzegovina 12169:Zhao, Dingxin (2001). 11910:. Cambridge, England: 11839:Wang, Shuhuai (2004). 10765:Fu, Zhengyuan (1993). 10371:Carter, Peter (1976). 10034:Shui'en, Tang (2009). 9128:Chang & Chang 2010 9116:Chang & Chang 2010 7057:Chang & Chang 2010 6780:Anarchism in Singapore 6765:Anarchism in Indonesia 6760:Anarchism in Hong Kong 6559:student demonstrations 6553: 6457:freedom of association 6297:May Sixteenth elements 6246: 6200:Following a series of 6169:Anti-Rightist Campaign 6136: 5752:New Communist movement 5092:attack on Pearl Harbor 5032: 4987:encirclement campaigns 4982: 4934:. Despite attempts by 4869:Nationalist government 4860: 4810:encirclement campaigns 4703:Nationalist government 4694: 4671: 4613: 4577:'s supremacy over the 4575:Nationalist government 4562: 4498: 4453: 4404:nationalist government 4344: 4257: 4254:May Thirtieth Movement 4232:May Thirtieth Movement 4170:propaganda of the deed 4127: 4072:to cooperate with the 4061: 3969: 3857: 3806: 3751: 3664: 3582:, where he convened a 3575: 3462: 3447: 3424:international language 3309:and the Tokyo Group's 3271: 3200: 3132:controls on monopolies 3095: 3034: 2961:Revolutionary Alliance 2920:was even appointed as 2914:Provisional Government 2904: 2812:Revolutionary Alliance 2807: 2734:Revolutionary Alliance 2723:propaganda of the deed 2653: 2572: 2498:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 2473:grass roots organizing 2455: 2383:Revolutionary Alliance 2310: 2289: 2269:A History of Socialism 2117:national consciousness 2108: 1346:Bosnia and Herzegovina 435:Propaganda of the deed 425:Prefigurative politics 415:Participatory politics 360:Conscientious objector 11176:10.1353/jsr.2010.0003 10947:(9&10): 415–424. 10866:The Mandate of Heaven 10254:Yale University Press 10202:Behr, Edward (1987). 10167:Bailey, Paul (2014). 10067:Black Rim Nigra Rando 9880:Duke University Press 6770:Anarchism in Malaysia 6701:anti-authoritarianism 6543: 6506:, which targeted the 6471:under the theory of " 6224: 6139:At the advent of the 6130: 5485:Muppala Lakshmana Rao 5295:Maoism–Third Worldism 5262:Seek truth from facts 5110:. After the war, the 5104:Treaty of Shimonoseki 5023: 4960: 4903:, culminating in the 4854: 4795:Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet 4677: 4666:and the route of the 4661: 4600: 4553: 4493: 4447: 4330: 4239: 4226:multi-party democracy 4218:Public Interest Party 4145:counter-revolutionary 4118: 4048: 4002:collective bargaining 3952: 3847: 3796: 3761:the first visions of 3744: 3655: 3570: 3453: 3437: 3418:, the cultivation of 3266: 3187: 3177:and the abolition of 3090: 3021: 3008:left-wing nationalist 2922:Minister of Education 2880: 2819:revolutionary cause. 2797: 2746:left-wing nationalist 2707:, they were shunned. 2649: 2583:married and moved to 2564: 2451: 2379:revolutionary program 2308: 2287: 2099: 1848:Libertarian socialism 1012:Kate Sharpley Library 987:Red inverted triangle 930:High Treason Incident 920:Congress of Amsterdam 505:Voluntary association 315:Anti-authoritarianism 305:Anarchist criminology 300:Anarchist Black Cross 13303:Anarchism by country 13114:United Arab Emirates 12019:Hubei People's Press 11674:Simon & Schuster 11516:Daoism and Anarchism 11444:. pp. 400–403. 11199:Li, Guangyi (2013). 11093:Simon & Schuster 10966:Hu, Qingyun (1994). 10825:Han, Minzhu (1990). 10812:. pp. 155–189. 10748:Simon & Schuster 10664:Taylor & Francis 10540:van der Walt, Lucien 10323:. pp. 416–419. 10042:on 7 September 2015. 9882:, pp. 161–198, 8827:, pp. 126, 132. 8367:, pp. 199–206; 7501:, pp. 125, 170. 6567:political corruption 6516:theory of alienation 6453:freedom of the press 6314:Red capitalist class 6211:Great Chinese Famine 6077:Socialism portal 6065:Communism portal 5939:Big-character poster 5720:Black Power movement 5564:On Guerrilla Warfare 5237:One Divides into Two 5118:and established the 4458:anti-foreigner riots 3815:Treaty of Versailles 3720:New Culture Movement 3661:New Culture Movement 3648:New Culture Movement 3503:Chinese Labour Corps 3440:Chinese Labour Corps 3365:scientific socialism 3336:political revolution 3197:Pure Socialist Party 3039:political revolution 3025:, the leader of the 2959:In August 1912, the 2834:against the Qing in 2816:Revive China Society 2542:Chinese philosophers 2540:; and the classical 2477:soy products factory 2387:political revolution 2186:Empress Dowager Cixi 2176:Hundred Days' Reform 2156:Revive China Society 2000:philosophical Taoism 1731:Fictional characters 1152:Radical cheerleading 13141:limited recognition 12308:Anarchism by region 11814:Springer Publishing 11765:Spence, Jonathan D. 11470:Le Mouvement social 11158:Levy, Carl (2010). 11089:Mao: The Real Story 10310:. pp. 319–321. 10256:. pp. 97–142. 10246:China in Revolution 10069:(1). Archived from 9852:, pp. 401–403. 9804:, pp. 400–401. 9792:, pp. 233–234. 9739:, pp. 449–477. 9688:, pp. 430–436. 9676:, pp. 141–142. 9652:, pp. 388–389. 9640:, pp. 346–347. 9616:, pp. 344–345. 9513:, pp. 329–330. 9501:, pp. 327–329. 9477:, pp. 236–238. 9465:, pp. 228–229. 9406:"Ba Jin, 1904-2005" 9346:, pp. 174–180. 9334:, pp. 180–188. 9318:, pp. 175–177. 9302:, pp. 166–168. 9278:, pp. 161–165. 9262:, pp. 155–161. 9230:, pp. 149–151. 9214:, pp. 131–138. 9198:, pp. 153–154. 9170:, pp. 122–125. 8942:, pp. 148–150. 8914:, pp. 157–159. 8851:, pp. 117–120. 8839:, pp. 126–127. 8815:, pp. 124–125. 8758:, pp. 128–133. 8746:, pp. 118–120. 8648:, p. 230, 257. 8569:, pp. 252–254. 8494:, pp. 124–125. 8482:, pp. 92, 106. 8470:, pp. 142–148. 8458:, pp. 124–126. 8446:, pp. 123–124. 8207:, pp. 156–167. 8195:, pp. 190–191. 8183:, pp. 211–212. 8171:, pp. 290–313. 8159:, pp. 448–450. 8092:, pp. 765–767. 8050:, pp. 15, 128. 8038:, pp. 200–203. 8026:, pp. 418–419. 7987:, pp. 153–154. 7819:, pp. 139–140. 7741:, pp. 141–143. 7660:, pp. 153–154. 7537:, pp. 140–141. 7432:, pp. 103–104. 7420:, pp. 800–801. 7354:, pp. 135–136. 7314:, pp. 156–157. 7059:, pp. 160–161. 6980:, pp. 417–418. 6407:and the end of the 6405:death of Mao Zedong 6251:Cultural Revolution 6243:Cultural Revolution 6213:from 1959 to 1961. 6089:Politics portal 6023:Red Star Over China 5894:Black Panther Party 5779:Sino-Albanian split 5757:Cambodian Civil War 5730:16 May Notification 5725:Cultural Revolution 5277:Three Worlds Theory 5205:Cultural Revolution 4999:Second United Front 4963:Second United Front 4961:The leaders of the 4948:full-scale invasion 4559:Northern Expedition 4540:January 28 incident 4412:parallel structures 4394:from the forces of 4370:from the forces of 4353:Northern Expedition 4339:and the right-wing 4296:Northern Expedition 4244:poster depicting a 4188:and the right-wing 4098:People's Livelihood 4094:anarchist communism 4035:military government 3854:May Fourth Movement 3803:May Fourth Movement 3801:rallied during the 3789:May Fourth Movement 3584:military government 3405:means of production 3351:, which criticized 3334:which called for a 3150:, the retention of 3055:means of production 2899:as a member of the 2711:Assassination corps 2589:Restoration Society 2246:traditional Chinese 2207:of the Qing-backed 2174:had undertaken the 2129:popular sovereignty 2125:Chinese nationalism 2105:Chinese nationalist 1972:anarchist communism 1964:Work-Study Programs 1838:Left-libertarianism 1134:No gods, no masters 962:Kronstadt rebellion 900:Trial of the Thirty 865:Revolutions of 1848 13293:Anarchism in China 12873:Anarchism in Asia 12684:Dominican Republic 11968:Xu, Guoqi (2011). 10941:Foodstuffs Monthly 10423:Union Square Press 10287:. pp. 73–77. 10179:. pp. 17–38. 10006:The New York Times 9330:, pp. 81–93; 9314:, pp. 80–81; 9210:, pp. 68–72; 9182:, pp. 67–68; 9130:, p. 259-263. 8702:, pp. 39–40; 8690:, p. 258-259. 8636:, pp. 11, 29. 8119:, pp. 62–64; 7656:, pp. 83–91; 7600:, p. 445-447. 7020:, pp. 10, 78. 6992:, pp. 41–42; 6709:anti-globalization 6554: 6522:with the right to 6520:universal suffrage 6437:Democracy Movement 6425:Chinese revolution 6372:capitalist roaders 6247: 6183:Great Leap Forward 6137: 5981:National communism 5934:Anarchism in China 5809:Nepalese Civil War 5767:Naxalbari uprising 5715:Great Leap Forward 5435:İbrahim Kaypakkaya 5400:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 5375:Charles Bettelheim 5272:Social imperialism 5252:Proletarian nation 5170:Agrarian socialism 5100:surrender of Japan 5033: 4983: 4895:, organized along 4861: 4754:Jinggang Mountains 4732:and beginning the 4695: 4672: 4614: 4567:Beiyang government 4563: 4513:In late 1927, the 4499: 4454: 4398:, eliminating the 4345: 4258: 4210:New Guangxi clique 4198:right-wing faction 4128: 4082:First United Front 4062: 3970: 3927:Beiyang government 3858: 3831:Russian Revolution 3807: 3752: 3732:women's liberation 3728:individual freedom 3713:Beiyang government 3665: 3642:Russian Revolution 3576: 3530:Beiyang government 3497:. The outbreak of 3471:Beiyang government 3463: 3448: 3381:class distinctions 3272: 3241:Buddhist anarchist 3201: 3193:Buddhist anarchist 3138:alongside that of 3096: 3035: 3031:socialist ideology 2905: 2814:and its precursor 2808: 2654: 2573: 2456: 2412:class distinctions 2311: 2290: 2238:simplified Chinese 2109: 1935:Anarchism in China 1788:Anti-globalization 1721:Anarcho-punk bands 1406:Dominican Republic 1146:Property is theft! 1112:The Internationale 1066:Anarchist bookfair 992:Labadie Collection 982:Barcelona May Days 885:Cantonal rebellion 212:Without adjectives 71:Schools of thought 13246: 13245: 13183:other territories 12839: 12838: 12188:978-0-226-98260-1 12055:978-0-521-23541-9 11987:978-0-674-04999-4 11823:978-94-010-3443-2 11711:978-1-55164-250-5 11683:978-0-14-020840-5 11631:978-3-8381-5155-7 11534:978-1-4411-2745-7 11102:978-1-4516-5447-9 10937:"早期國人對無政府主義的初步認識" 10844:978-0-691-00857-8 10784:978-0-521-44228-2 10563:978-90-04-18849-5 10459:978-0-8047-0551-6 10386:978-0-19-273140-1 10058:DC (March 2009). 9370:, pp. 89–92. 8930:, pp. 92–93. 8734:, pp. 42–49. 8468:Dingyan Chen 1999 8135:, pp. 25–29. 8123:, pp. 48–49. 7326:, pp. 32–33. 7274:, pp. 76–80. 7125:, pp. 60–72. 7113:, pp. 89–90. 7101:, pp. 73–74. 7047:, pp. 28–29. 7008:, pp. 71–73. 6996:, pp. 23–28. 6994:Xu & Liu 1989 6866:, pp. 51–52. 6854:, pp. 31–33. 6842:, pp. 45–46. 6678:Meng Jinghui, an 6646:fourth generation 6638:social inequality 6619:second generation 6583:General Secretary 6508:Marxist humanists 6500:social alienation 6449:freedom of speech 6187:people's communes 6125: 6124: 5852:New People's Army 5710:Sino-Soviet split 5572:On Protracted War 5540:Movement in Hunan 5532:Theoretical works 5190:Capitalist roader 5124:retreat to Taiwan 5011:guerrilla warfare 5003:Battle of Taiyuan 4897:anarcho-communist 4734:Chinese Civil War 4619:Revolution Weekly 4591:Revolution Weekly 4579:Republic of China 4504:Revolution Weekly 4463:Shanghai massacre 4176:Succession crisis 3935:anarcho-communism 3919:autocratic empire 3697:anarcho-communism 3677:Peking University 3617:self-organization 3475:Second Revolution 3340:social revolution 3331:anarcho-communism 3218:equal opportunity 3128:single-tax policy 3112:racial boundaries 3082:anarcha-feminists 3074:Shanxi University 3047:social revolution 3037:With Nationalist 2916:was established, 2897:National Assembly 2872:Republic of China 2840:Xinhai Revolution 2800:Xinhai Revolution 2753:Russian anarchism 2686:social revolution 2550:well-field system 2520:, a student from 2391:social revolution 2259:Eluosi Dafengchao 2065:period of decline 1968:Nihilist movement 1932: 1931: 1868:Spontaneous order 1798:Anti-war movement 1741:Jewish anarchists 1140:Popular education 860:French Revolution 485:Spontaneous order 345:Classless society 270: 269: 228:Counter-economics 13310: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13254: 13236: 13226: 13225: 13195:Christmas Island 12881:Sovereign states 12866: 12859: 12852: 12843: 12842: 12301: 12294: 12287: 12278: 12277: 12241: 12216:(3–4): 188–208. 12200: 12165: 12102: 12067: 12032: 11999: 11964: 11925: 11900: 11863: 11861: 11860: 11835: 11800: 11760: 11723: 11702:Black Rose Books 11687: 11671: 11656: 11635: 11608: 11581: 11546: 11506: 11463: 11428: 11392: 11382: 11355:(3rd ed.). 11347:Meisner, Maurice 11342: 11295: 11246: 11220: 11195: 11154: 11129: 11106: 11083: 11062: 11025: 11009: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10931: 10921: 10919:10.18352/hcm.470 10896: 10856: 10821: 10796: 10761: 10736: 10711: 10667: 10615: 10575: 10531: 10500: 10471: 10436: 10421:. New York, NY: 10411: 10390: 10367: 10334: 10311: 10298: 10275: 10237: 10209: 10206:The Last Emperor 10198: 10177:Brill Publishers 10163: 10146:(115): 441–461. 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10076:on 8 April 2020. 10075: 10064: 10055: 10044: 10043: 10031: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10013: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9907: 9901: 9900: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9595: 9589: 9583: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9502: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9325: 9319: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9269: 9263: 9253: 9247: 9237: 9231: 9221: 9215: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9177: 9171: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9106:, p. 55-56. 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9047: 9041: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8816: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8775: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8713: 8707: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8664: 8658: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8586: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8512: 8506: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8372: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8329: 8323: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8066: 8060: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7910: 7904: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7757: 7751: 7742: 7736: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7676: 7670: 7661: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7628: 7622: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7461: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7382: 7376: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7075: 7069: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6918: 6912: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6705:direct democracy 6668:authoritarianism 6664:state oppression 6642:Chinese New Left 6630:third generation 6477:living standards 6467:, introducing a 6465:economic reforms 6413:paramount leader 6409:first generation 6361:labor discipline 6259:seizure of power 6133:people's commune 6117: 6110: 6103: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6074: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6053:China portal 6051: 6050: 6049: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5590:Among the People 5584: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5548:On Contradiction 5544: 5500:Jose Maria Sison 5217:Marxism–Leninism 5185:Anti-revisionism 5180:Anti-imperialism 5157: 5134: 5133: 5077:internationalism 4841:Marxism-Leninism 4722:Chinese Red Army 4528:public education 4335:, the left-wing 3923:warlord politics 3730:, complete with 3640:progress of the 3592:Third Revolution 3538:military cliques 3401:common ownership 3324:service industry 3175:public education 3152:private property 3051:social ownership 3002:, including the 2981: 2950:drinking alcohol 2890: 2868:Xuantong Emperor 2767:established the 2751:, influenced by 2668:anarcha-feminist 2599:National Essence 2538:Social Darwinism 2506:Chinese language 2416:private property 2371: 2362: 2350:New Year's Dream 2313:Having fled the 2260: 2251: 2243: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1894: 1886:Anarchism portal 1884: 1778:Anti-consumerism 1773:Anti-corporatism 1249:Social ownership 1234:Market socialism 1209:Free association 1118:Jewish anarchism 1060:A las Barricadas 972:Amakasu Incident 915:Strandza Commune 890:Haymarket affair 510:Workers' council 500:Union of egoists 460:Security culture 370:Decentralization 365:Critique of work 103:Total liberation 77: 76: 41: 18: 17: 13318: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13283: 13282: 13281: 13271: 13269: 13259: 13257: 13249: 13247: 13242: 13214: 13182: 13173: 13154:Northern Cyprus 13140: 13133: 12875: 12870: 12840: 12835: 12812: 12746: 12725: 12657: 12476: 12353: 12310: 12305: 12249: 12244: 12189: 12130:10.2307/2057853 12091: 12056: 12029: 11988: 11945:10.2307/2942527 11922: 11889: 11858: 11856: 11824: 11789: 11712: 11684: 11632: 11605: 11570: 11535: 11479:10.2307/3777347 11452: 11390: 11371: 11315:10.2307/2644802 11268:10.2307/2051578 11205:Utopian Studies 11151: 11126: 11118:: M.E. Sharpe. 11103: 11080: 11051: 11022: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10957: 10955: 10885: 10875:Haymarket Books 10845: 10785: 10758: 10733: 10604: 10564: 10520: 10497: 10460: 10433: 10408: 10387: 10356: 10331: 10295: 10264: 10226: 10187: 10139:China Quarterly 10131: 10126: 10125: 10115: 10113: 10108: 10107: 10103: 10093: 10091: 10086: 10085: 10081: 10073: 10062: 10056: 10047: 10032: 10021: 10011: 10009: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9981: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9935: 9923: 9919: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9872: 9868: 9860: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9824: 9820: 9812: 9808: 9800: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9776: 9772: 9764: 9755: 9747: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9672: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9612: 9608: 9600:, p. 292; 9596: 9592: 9584: 9577: 9569: 9565: 9557: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9402: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9378: 9374: 9366: 9362: 9354: 9350: 9342: 9338: 9326: 9322: 9310: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9270: 9266: 9254: 9250: 9238: 9234: 9222: 9218: 9206: 9202: 9194: 9190: 9178: 9174: 9162: 9158: 9150: 9146: 9138: 9134: 9126: 9122: 9114: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9066: 9062: 9054: 9050: 9042: 9033: 9025: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8926:, p. 137; 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8855: 8847: 8843: 8835: 8831: 8823: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8799: 8795: 8787: 8778: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8714: 8710: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8682: 8674: 8667: 8659: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8608: 8604: 8596: 8589: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8553: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8522: 8515: 8507: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8406: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8382: 8375: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8339: 8332: 8324: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8295: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8069: 8061: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7760: 7752: 7745: 7737: 7730: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7664: 7652: 7648: 7640: 7631: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7473: 7464: 7456:, p. 125; 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7350:, p. 102; 7346: 7342: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6921: 6913: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6852:Reischauer 1965 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6746: 6725:Peter Kropotkin 6721:green anarchism 6676: 6666:and justifying 6615:political purge 6493:wildcat strikes 6433: 6219: 6195:Maurice Meisner 6121: 6081: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6038: 6037: 5929: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5814:Chongqing model 5646: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5566: 5558: 5550: 5542: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5345:Louis Althusser 5330: 5322: 5321: 5310:Gonzalo Thought 5290: 5282: 5281: 5247:Probable defeat 5165: 5132: 5007:Battle of Wuhan 4967:Chiang Kai-shek 4901:Empire of Japan 4849: 4831:, establishing 4707:Chiang Kai-shek 4656: 4610:Chiang Kai-shek 4604:delivering the 4555:Chiang Kai-shek 4548: 4488: 4341:Chiang Kai-shek 4325: 4292: 4234: 4212:and he fled to 4186:Chiang Kai-shek 4184:, the centrist 4178: 4043: 3947: 3915: 3819:Empire of Japan 3791: 3701:Peter Kropotkin 3650: 3565: 3557:Chiang Kai-shek 3553:Zhang Zongchang 3518:Empire of China 3505:, in which the 3489:and then on to 3432: 3369:Peter Kropotkin 3311:Natural Justice 3261: 3259:Guangzhou group 3226:Pure Socialists 3163:humanitarianism 3156:state socialism 3016: 2975: 2930:French language 2884: 2832:armed rebellion 2792: 2719: 2713: 2690:Peter Kropotkin 2659:Natural Justice 2619:agriculturalist 2559: 2548:or the ancient 2532:and anarchism; 2494:Peter Kropotkin 2420:humanitarianism 2400:anti-capitalist 2303: 2295:Boxer Rebellion 2282: 2209:Boxer Rebellion 2190:Guangxu Emperor 2172:Guangxu Emperor 2121:cosmopolitanism 2119:and a sense of 2094: 1996: 1955:wúzhèngfǔ zhǔyì 1928: 1896:Politics portal 1873: 1872: 1828:Labour movement 1768: 1767: 1756: 1755: 1716: 1715: 1706: 1705: 1276: 1275: 1264: 1263: 1184: 1183: 1172: 1171: 1086:Escuela Moderna 1054: 1053: 1042: 1041: 1037:Occupy movement 910:Ferrer movement 855: 854: 843: 842: 803: 802: 791: 790: 526: 525: 514: 513: 440:Refusal of work 325:Anti-militarism 320:Anti-capitalism 291: 290: 272: 271: 238:Insurrectionary 74: 73: 12: 11: 5: 13316: 13306: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13280: 13279: 13267: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13230: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13186: 13184: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13145: 13143: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12877: 12876: 12869: 12868: 12861: 12854: 12846: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12833: 12828: 12822: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12665: 12663: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12653:United Kingdom 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12528:Czech Republic 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12320: 12318: 12312: 12311: 12304: 12303: 12296: 12289: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12256: 12248: 12247:External links 12245: 12243: 12242: 12201: 12187: 12166: 12103: 12090:978-0231071383 12089: 12068: 12054: 12033: 12027: 12000: 11986: 11965: 11939:(1): 125–143. 11926: 11920: 11901: 11887: 11864: 11847:(in Chinese). 11836: 11822: 11801: 11787: 11761: 11724: 11710: 11692:Graham, Robert 11688: 11682: 11662:Schram, Stuart 11658: 11636: 11630: 11609: 11603: 11582: 11568: 11547: 11533: 11507: 11464: 11450: 11429: 11403:(2): 173–192. 11383: 11369: 11343: 11309:(9): 970–979. 11296: 11262:(4): 763–776. 11247: 11196: 11155: 11149: 11130: 11124: 11107: 11101: 11084: 11078: 11063: 11049: 11026: 11020: 10999: 10986: 10963: 10932: 10912:(3): 211–228. 10897: 10883: 10857: 10843: 10822: 10797: 10783: 10762: 10757:978-0743231442 10756: 10737: 10732:978-1134612222 10731: 10712: 10686:(2): 123–165. 10674:(April 1986). 10668: 10630:(2): 131–146. 10616: 10603:978-0520072978 10602: 10576: 10562: 10532: 10518: 10501: 10495: 10472: 10458: 10437: 10431: 10412: 10406: 10391: 10385: 10368: 10355:978-1444396324 10354: 10335: 10329: 10312: 10299: 10294:978-0231089586 10293: 10276: 10262: 10242:Bernal, Martin 10238: 10224: 10199: 10185: 10164: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10101: 10079: 10045: 10019: 9991: 9945: 9917: 9902: 9896: 9876:Whither China? 9866: 9864:, p. 147. 9854: 9842: 9840:, p. 978. 9830: 9828:, p. 979. 9818: 9816:, p. 970. 9806: 9794: 9782: 9780:, p. 232. 9770: 9768:, p. 233. 9753: 9751:, p. 271. 9741: 9729: 9727:, p. 437. 9714: 9712:, p. 436. 9702: 9700:, p. 125. 9690: 9678: 9666: 9664:, p. 141. 9654: 9642: 9630: 9628:, p. 139. 9618: 9606: 9604:, p. 344. 9590: 9588:, p. 344. 9575: 9573:, p. 292. 9563: 9561:, p. 341. 9551: 9549:, p. 335. 9539: 9537:, p. 332. 9527: 9525:, p. 331. 9515: 9503: 9491: 9489:, p. 354. 9479: 9467: 9455: 9443: 9441:, p. 228. 9431: 9429:, p. 227. 9419: 9396: 9394:, p. 291. 9384: 9382:, p. 131. 9372: 9360: 9358:, p. 168. 9348: 9336: 9320: 9304: 9292: 9280: 9274:, p. 77; 9264: 9258:, p. 78; 9248: 9246:, p. 152. 9242:, p. 76; 9232: 9226:, p. 75; 9216: 9200: 9188: 9186:, p. 130. 9172: 9166:, p. 64; 9156: 9144: 9142:, p. 298. 9132: 9120: 9108: 9096: 9094:, p. 282. 9084: 9082:, p. 281. 9072: 9070:, p. 280. 9060: 9058:, p. 268. 9048: 9046:, p. 267. 9031: 9029:, p. 266. 9019: 9017:, p. 263. 9007: 9005:, p. 264. 8995: 8993:, p. 265. 8983: 8981:, p. 262. 8968: 8966:, p. 261. 8956: 8954:, p. 255. 8944: 8932: 8916: 8904: 8902:, p. 284. 8892: 8880: 8878:, p. 110. 8868: 8853: 8841: 8829: 8817: 8805: 8803:, p. 124. 8793: 8791:, p. 126. 8776: 8774:, p. 124. 8760: 8748: 8736: 8724: 8708: 8692: 8680: 8678:, p. 258. 8665: 8663:, p. 257. 8650: 8638: 8626: 8614: 8612:, p. 187. 8602: 8600:, p. 154. 8587: 8571: 8559: 8557:, p. 250. 8540: 8538:, p. 252. 8528: 8526:, p. 249. 8513: 8511:, p. 270. 8496: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8448: 8436: 8434:, p. 120. 8424: 8422:, p. 119. 8412: 8410:, p. 195. 8400: 8398:, p. 304. 8388: 8386:, p. 153. 8373: 8371:, p. 139. 8357: 8355:, p. 182. 8345: 8343:, p. 181. 8330: 8328:, p. 193. 8313: 8311:, p. 152. 8301: 8284: 8282:, p. 176. 8272: 8257: 8255:, p. 159. 8245: 8233: 8221: 8219:, p. 180. 8209: 8197: 8185: 8173: 8161: 8149: 8137: 8125: 8109: 8107:, p. 553. 8094: 8082: 8080:, p. 170. 8067: 8065:, p. 188. 8052: 8040: 8028: 8013: 8011:, p. 279. 8001: 7999:, p. 228. 7989: 7977: 7975:, p. 131. 7965: 7963:, p. 142. 7953: 7951:, p. 130. 7938: 7936:, p. 117. 7926: 7924:, p. 128. 7911: 7909:, p. 127. 7896: 7894:, p. 125. 7884: 7882:, p. 141. 7869: 7867:, p. 124. 7857: 7855:, p. 121. 7845: 7843:, p. 123. 7833: 7831:, p. 139. 7821: 7809: 7807:, p. 138. 7797: 7795:, p. 137. 7785: 7783:, p. 136. 7773: 7771:, p. 133. 7758: 7756:, p. 135. 7743: 7728: 7726:, p. 140. 7716: 7714:, p. 122. 7704: 7702:, p. 119. 7692: 7690:, p. 134. 7677: 7675:, p. 129. 7662: 7646: 7644:, p. 120. 7629: 7627:, p. 320. 7614: 7602: 7590: 7588:, p. 188. 7578: 7576:, p. 118. 7566: 7564:, p. 116. 7551: 7539: 7527: 7525:, p. 122. 7515: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7477:, p. 126. 7462: 7446: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7398: 7396:, p. 103. 7383: 7381:, p. 101. 7368: 7366:, p. 102. 7356: 7340: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7276: 7261: 7249: 7247:, p. 347. 7237: 7225: 7210: 7198: 7181: 7169: 7154: 7142: 7127: 7115: 7103: 7091: 7076: 7061: 7049: 7037: 7022: 7010: 6998: 6982: 6970: 6968:, p. 417. 6958: 6946: 6934: 6919: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6745: 6742: 6675: 6672: 6529:People's Daily 6469:market economy 6441:Beijing Spring 6432: 6429: 6390:resumed their 6339:(PLA) and the 6319:Whither China? 6310:Hunan province 6272:Zhang Chunqiao 6218: 6215: 6206:egalitarianism 6202:strike actions 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6008: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5944:Feudal fascism 5941: 5936: 5930: 5928:Related topics 5927: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5656:Jiangxi Soviet 5647: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5627: 5619: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5585: 5577: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520:Zhang Chunqiao 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5490:Narayan Sanyal 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Huey P. Newton 5467: 5462: 5460:Charu Majumdar 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:George Jackson 5427: 5422: 5417: 5415:Abimael Guzmán 5412: 5410:Norm Gallagher 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5315:Prachanda Path 5312: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5267:Self-criticism 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5131: 5128: 5116:mainland China 5090:Following the 4995:Xi'an Incident 4944:Inner Mongolia 4848: 4845: 4829:Shaanxi Soviet 4779:new leadership 4655: 4652: 4547: 4544: 4487: 4484: 4324: 4321: 4291: 4288: 4248:and a Chinese 4233: 4230: 4177: 4174: 4042: 4039: 3978:Guangxi clique 3974:Chen Jiongming 3954:Chen Jiongming 3946: 3943: 3914: 3911: 3790: 3787: 3750:magazine cover 3667:Meanwhile, in 3649: 3646: 3633:Chen Jiongming 3625:Guangxi clique 3564: 3561: 3507:Entente Powers 3431: 3428: 3416:eight-hour day 3412:free education 3302:People's Voice 3260: 3257: 3167:utilitarianism 3015: 3012: 3006:(CSS) and the 2852:Chen Jiongming 2791: 2788: 2765:Chen Jiongming 2715:Main article: 2712: 2709: 2558: 2555: 2530:libertarianism 2490:William Godwin 2315:Boxer Uprising 2302: 2299: 2281: 2278: 2227:; because the 2093: 2090: 2038:Wei-Jin period 1995: 1992: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1843:Libertarianism 1840: 1835: 1833:Left communism 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1765:Related topics 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1681:United Kingdom 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1396:Czech Republic 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1229:Labour voucher 1226: 1224:Give-away shop 1221: 1216: 1214:General strike 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 967:Makhnovshchina 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 880:Hague Congress 877: 872: 867: 862: 856: 850: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 804: 798: 797: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 626:González Prada 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 527: 521: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 470:Social ecology 467: 465:Self-ownership 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 395:Horizontalidad 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 350:Class struggle 347: 342: 337: 332: 330:Affinity group 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 289: 288: 285: 279: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 267: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 222: 221: 217: 216: 215: 214: 209: 208: 207: 206: 205: 195: 194: 193: 178: 177: 176: 171: 161: 156: 155: 154: 149: 139: 134: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 107: 106: 105: 100: 98:Social ecology 95: 85: 75: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 62: 61: 56: 51: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13315: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13278: 13268: 13266: 13256: 13255: 13252: 13239: 13235: 13231: 13229: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13180: 13176: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13164:South Ossetia 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13136: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12867: 12862: 12860: 12855: 12853: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12832: 12831:United States 12829: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12788:French Guiana 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12751:South America 12749: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12728: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12714:United States 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12662:North America 12660: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12386: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12356: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12302: 12297: 12295: 12290: 12288: 12283: 12282: 12279: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12260: 12259:China section 12257: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12034: 12030: 12028:7-216-00337-3 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12007: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11933: 11927: 11923: 11921:9781107144637 11917: 11913: 11909: 11908: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11888:9780521318648 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11871: 11865: 11855:on 2016-03-03 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11788:0-393-97351-4 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11735:(1): 69–103. 11734: 11730: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11679: 11675: 11670: 11669: 11663: 11659: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11637: 11633: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11610: 11606: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11569:9780313237393 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11511:Rapp, John A. 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11451:9780199392032 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11370:9780029208700 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11353: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11211:(1): 89–104. 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11152: 11150:0-295-97240-8 11146: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11117: 11116:New York City 11113: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11050:9780824803520 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11027: 11023: 11021:0-674-07910-8 11017: 11013: 11008: 11007: 11000: 10989: 10987:7-5626-0498-3 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10964: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10884:9781608464654 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10861:Harris, Nigel 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10763: 10759: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10719: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10519:9781938937071 10515: 10511: 10507: 10502: 10498: 10496:9780674805361 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10438: 10434: 10432:9781402756979 10428: 10424: 10420: 10419: 10413: 10409: 10407:9780692008454 10403: 10399: 10398: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10351: 10347: 10344:. Chicester: 10343: 10342: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10263:9780300014600 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10207: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10186:9789004259102 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10111: 10105: 10089: 10083: 10072: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9995: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9949: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9921: 9913: 9906: 9899: 9897:9780822381150 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9858: 9851: 9846: 9839: 9834: 9827: 9822: 9815: 9810: 9803: 9798: 9791: 9786: 9779: 9774: 9767: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9750: 9745: 9738: 9733: 9726: 9721: 9719: 9711: 9706: 9699: 9694: 9687: 9682: 9675: 9670: 9663: 9658: 9651: 9646: 9639: 9634: 9627: 9622: 9615: 9610: 9603: 9599: 9594: 9587: 9582: 9580: 9572: 9567: 9560: 9555: 9548: 9543: 9536: 9531: 9524: 9519: 9512: 9507: 9500: 9495: 9488: 9483: 9476: 9471: 9464: 9459: 9453:, p. 59. 9452: 9447: 9440: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9407: 9400: 9393: 9388: 9381: 9376: 9369: 9364: 9357: 9352: 9345: 9340: 9333: 9329: 9324: 9317: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9296: 9290:, p. 78. 9289: 9284: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9213: 9209: 9204: 9197: 9192: 9185: 9181: 9176: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9154:, p. 63. 9153: 9148: 9141: 9136: 9129: 9124: 9117: 9112: 9105: 9100: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9076: 9069: 9064: 9057: 9052: 9045: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9028: 9023: 9016: 9011: 9004: 8999: 8992: 8987: 8980: 8975: 8973: 8965: 8960: 8953: 8948: 8941: 8936: 8929: 8928:Worthing 2016 8925: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8890:, p. 32. 8889: 8884: 8877: 8872: 8866:, p. 76. 8865: 8860: 8858: 8850: 8845: 8838: 8833: 8826: 8821: 8814: 8809: 8802: 8797: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8773: 8770:, p. 5; 8769: 8764: 8757: 8752: 8745: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8706:, p. 47. 8705: 8701: 8696: 8689: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8670: 8662: 8657: 8655: 8647: 8642: 8635: 8630: 8624:, p. 22. 8623: 8618: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8563: 8556: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8520: 8518: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8469: 8464: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8421: 8416: 8409: 8404: 8397: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8354: 8349: 8342: 8337: 8335: 8327: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8310: 8305: 8299:, p. 16. 8298: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8281: 8276: 8270:, p. 15. 8269: 8264: 8262: 8254: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8158: 8153: 8147:, p. 49. 8146: 8141: 8134: 8129: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8091: 8086: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8064: 8059: 8057: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8018: 8010: 8005: 7998: 7993: 7986: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7962: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7943: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7916: 7908: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7874: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7849: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7825: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7782: 7777: 7770: 7765: 7763: 7755: 7750: 7748: 7740: 7735: 7733: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7626: 7621: 7619: 7612:, p. 24. 7611: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7556: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7513:, p. 89. 7512: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7489:, p. 50. 7488: 7483: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7444:, p. 35. 7443: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7414: 7408:, p. 82. 7407: 7402: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7365: 7360: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7338:, p. 13. 7337: 7332: 7325: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7266: 7258: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7235:, p. 90. 7234: 7229: 7223:, p. 95. 7222: 7217: 7215: 7208:, p. 12. 7207: 7202: 7196:, p. 89. 7195: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7179:, p. 92. 7178: 7173: 7167:, p. 91. 7166: 7161: 7159: 7152:, p. 94. 7151: 7146: 7140:, p. 88. 7139: 7134: 7132: 7124: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7089:, p. 75. 7088: 7083: 7081: 7074:, p. 81. 7073: 7068: 7066: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7029: 7027: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6956:, p. 72. 6955: 6950: 6944:, p. 51. 6943: 6938: 6932:, p. 60. 6931: 6926: 6924: 6917:, p. 58. 6916: 6911: 6909: 6902:, p. 59. 6901: 6896: 6890:, p. 53. 6889: 6884: 6878:, p. 52. 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6830:, p. 20. 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6717:Situationists 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6634:marketization 6631: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6551: 6548:, during the 6547: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6445:Wei Jingsheng 6442: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6397:Deng Xiaoping 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6347:In its wake, 6344: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6241:, during the 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6157:United States 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6129: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5826:Organizations 5823: 5822: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Two Whatevers 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5740:January Storm 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5631: 5628: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465:Pierre Mulele 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:Harry Haywood 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Afzal Bangash 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5232:New Democracy 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053:rapprochement 5050: 5046: 5045:Fascist Italy 5042: 5038: 5031:meet in 1942. 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4873:assassination 4870: 4866: 4865:Yangtze Delta 4858: 4853: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4396:Sun Chuanfang 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266:demonstration 4263: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214:San Francisco 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202:Yunnan clique 4199: 4195: 4194:Liao Zhongkai 4191: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4004:. During the 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827:German Empire 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3775:globalization 3772: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349:Peoples Voice 3344: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3205:individualism 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2773:People's Will 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:Prince-Regent 2754: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:Zhang Binglin 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639:laissez-faire 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:Élisée Reclus 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469:assassination 2465: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2440:assassination 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2328:Élisée Reclus 2324: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Leon Czolgosz 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2133:Confucianists 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074:republicanism 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004:ancient China 2001: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686:United States 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1446:French Guiana 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1244:Mutual credit 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1189:Communization 1187: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 957:Biennio Rosso 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 937: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 875:Paris Commune 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 853: 847: 846: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 808:Animal rights 806: 805: 801: 795: 794: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 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Retrieved 11853:the original 11848: 11844: 11805: 11768: 11732: 11729:Modern China 11728: 11696: 11668:Mao Tse-Tung 11667: 11640: 11613: 11586: 11551: 11515: 11468: 11433: 11400: 11394: 11351: 11306: 11302:Asian Survey 11300: 11259: 11255: 11208: 11204: 11167: 11163: 11135: 11111: 11088: 11068: 11031: 11005: 10991:. Retrieved 10973: 10968: 10956:. Retrieved 10944: 10940: 10909: 10905: 10865: 10826: 10801: 10766: 10742: 10721:. New York: 10717: 10683: 10680:Modern China 10679: 10672:Dirlik, Arif 10662:– via 10627: 10623: 10620:Dirlik, Arif 10584: 10580:Dirlik, Arif 10544: 10536:Dirlik, Arif 10505: 10477: 10441: 10417: 10396: 10372: 10340: 10319:. New York: 10316: 10306:. New York: 10303: 10283:. New York: 10280: 10245: 10216:Bantam Books 10205: 10172: 10143: 10137: 10129:Bibliography 10114:. Retrieved 10104: 10092:. Retrieved 10082: 10071:the original 10066: 10040:the original 10010:. Retrieved 10004: 9994: 9982:. Retrieved 9962: 9958: 9948: 9936:. Retrieved 9930: 9920: 9905: 9875: 9869: 9857: 9845: 9833: 9821: 9809: 9797: 9785: 9773: 9744: 9737:Meisner 1986 9732: 9725:Meisner 1986 9710:Meisner 1986 9705: 9693: 9686:Meisner 1986 9681: 9669: 9657: 9650:Meisner 1986 9645: 9638:Meisner 1986 9633: 9621: 9614:Meisner 1986 9609: 9602:Meisner 1986 9593: 9586:Meisner 1986 9566: 9559:Meisner 1986 9554: 9547:Meisner 1986 9542: 9535:Meisner 1986 9530: 9523:Meisner 1986 9518: 9511:Meisner 1986 9506: 9499:Meisner 1986 9494: 9487:Meisner 1986 9482: 9475:Meisner 1986 9470: 9463:Meisner 1986 9458: 9446: 9439:Meisner 1986 9434: 9427:Meisner 1986 9422: 9410:. Retrieved 9408:. Libcom.org 9399: 9387: 9375: 9363: 9351: 9339: 9323: 9307: 9295: 9283: 9267: 9251: 9235: 9219: 9203: 9191: 9175: 9159: 9147: 9140:Boorman 1970 9135: 9123: 9111: 9099: 9087: 9075: 9063: 9051: 9022: 9010: 8998: 8986: 8959: 8947: 8935: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8871: 8864:Boorman 1967 8844: 8832: 8820: 8808: 8796: 8763: 8751: 8739: 8727: 8711: 8695: 8683: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8574: 8562: 8531: 8487: 8475: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8403: 8391: 8360: 8348: 8304: 8275: 8248: 8243:, p. 4. 8236: 8231:, p. 3. 8224: 8212: 8200: 8193:Zhitian 2019 8188: 8176: 8164: 8152: 8140: 8128: 8112: 8085: 8043: 8031: 8024:Boorman 1970 8004: 7992: 7980: 7968: 7956: 7929: 7887: 7860: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7800: 7788: 7776: 7719: 7707: 7695: 7649: 7625:Boorman 1968 7605: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7542: 7530: 7518: 7506: 7494: 7482: 7460:, p. 6. 7449: 7437: 7425: 7413: 7401: 7359: 7343: 7331: 7319: 7307: 7302:, p. 5. 7295: 7279: 7259:, p. 4. 7252: 7240: 7228: 7201: 7172: 7145: 7118: 7106: 7094: 7052: 7040: 7035:, p. 2. 7013: 7001: 6985: 6973: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6818:, p. 1. 6811: 6794: 6712: 6693:Chinese punk 6690: 6683: 6677: 6649: 6627: 6587: 6555: 6527: 6512:Wang Ruoshui 6497: 6434: 6421: 6417:Gang of Four 6368:Gang of Four 6365: 6345: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6303: 6301: 6289: 6286: 6276:Wang Hongwen 6248: 6199: 6180: 6176:deviationism 6138: 5958: 5933: 5693:2002–present 5505:Wang Hongwen 5495:Siraj Sikder 5365:Mohan Baidya 5360:Alain Badiou 5242:People's war 5106:, including 5089: 5085:Confucianism 5069:Jiang Kanghu 5041:Nazi Germany 5037:Wang Jingwei 5034: 5029:Wang Jingwei 4984: 4918:in 1932 and 4913: 4881:Zhang Zuolin 4867:region, the 4862: 4847:China at war 4814: 4715: 4698: 4696: 4631:Zhang Renjie 4628: 4618: 4615: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4564: 4557:leading the 4536: 4532: 4520: 4512: 4503: 4500: 4455: 4423:Wang Jingwei 4420: 4400:Zhili clique 4357: 4346: 4337:Wang Jingwei 4300:Zhang Renjie 4293: 4279: 4259: 4182:Wang Jingwei 4179: 4166:Soviet Union 4158:Emma Goldman 4154: 4141:Zhang Renjie 4129: 4074:Soviet Union 4063: 4010: 3971: 3931: 3916: 3880: 3859: 3848:Students of 3808: 3797:Students in 3783: 3767: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3724:Confucianism 3717: 3666: 3622: 3602: 3599:trade unions 3596: 3577: 3542: 3522:Beiyang Army 3511: 3484: 3467:Song Jiaoren 3464: 3455:Zhang Renjie 3373: 3353:Jiang Kanghu 3348: 3345: 3328: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3273: 3238: 3222: 3202: 3160: 3136:Henry George 3103: 3100:Jiang Kanghu 3097: 3092:Jiang Kanghu 3067: 3036: 2996: 2958: 2938:prostitution 2910: 2906: 2858:, capturing 2848: 2844:Qing dynasty 2821: 2809: 2781: 2749:Wang Jingwei 2743: 2727: 2720: 2694: 2677: 2671: 2657: 2655: 2637: 2636:advocacy of 2630:Confucianist 2627: 2598: 2592: 2574: 2527: 2510:Wang Jingwei 2483: 2481: 2461: 2457: 2444: 2368: 2354: 2349: 2335: 2323:Zhang Renjie 2312: 2291: 2267: 2257: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2202: 2194:house arrest 2179: 2149: 2141:Liang Qichao 2137: 2110: 2101:Liang Qichao 2061:Qing dynasty 2050: 2029:Tao Te Ching 2027: 1997: 1960: 1943:Qing dynasty 1934: 1933: 1793:Anti-statism 1783:Anti-fascism 1636:South Africa 1370: 1254:Wage slavery 1219:Gift economy 1110: 1071:Anarcho-punk 1058: 934: 823:Love and sex 711:Pi i Margall 375:Deep ecology 310:Anationalism 253:Relationship 186:Collectivist 142:Postcolonial 15: 13238:Asia portal 13139:States with 13059:Philippines 12999:South Korea 12994:North Korea 12889:Afghanistan 12742:New Zealand 12719:Puerto Rico 12689:El Salvador 12638:Switzerland 12593:Netherlands 12447:Philippines 11618:Saarbrücken 11170:(2): 1–44. 11139:. Seattle: 10110:""我们家"不再存在" 9698:Dirlik 1986 9674:Harris 2015 9662:Harris 2015 9626:Harris 2015 9598:Dirlik 1991 9571:Dirlik 1991 9451:Harris 2015 9392:Dirlik 1991 9380:Dirlik 2012 9356:Behr (1987) 9332:Schram 1966 9328:Carter 1976 9316:Schram 1966 9312:Carter 1976 9300:Schram 1966 9288:Carter 1976 9276:Schram 1966 9272:Carter 1976 9260:Schram 1966 9256:Carter 1976 9244:Schram 1966 9240:Carter 1976 9228:Schram 1966 9224:Carter 1976 9212:Schram 1966 9208:Carter 1976 9184:Schram 1966 9180:Carter 1976 9168:Schram 1966 9164:Carter 1976 9152:Carter 1976 9092:Dirlik 1991 9080:Dirlik 1991 9068:Dirlik 1991 9056:Dirlik 1991 9044:Dirlik 1991 9027:Dirlik 1991 9015:Dirlik 1991 9003:Dirlik 1991 8991:Dirlik 1991 8979:Dirlik 1991 8964:Dirlik 1991 8952:Dirlik 1991 8940:Jordan 1976 8924:Jordan 1976 8912:Wilbur 1983 8900:Jacobs 1981 8876:Wilbur 1983 8849:Jordan 1976 8744:Jordan 1976 8732:Jordan 1976 8718:, pp. 8704:Wilbur 1983 8700:Jordan 1976 8688:Dirlik 1991 8676:Dirlik 1991 8661:Dirlik 1991 8646:Dirlik 1991 8634:Jordan 1976 8622:Wilbur 1983 8610:Dirlik 1991 8598:Dirlik 1991 8579:Dirlik 1991 8567:Dirlik 1991 8555:Dirlik 1991 8536:Dirlik 1991 8524:Dirlik 1991 8509:Dirlik 1991 8492:Dirlik 1986 8408:Dirlik 1991 8396:Spence 1999 8384:Dirlik 1991 8369:Dirlik 2010 8365:Dirlik 1991 8353:Dirlik 1991 8341:Dirlik 1991 8326:Dirlik 1991 8309:Dirlik 1991 8297:Dirlik 1991 8280:Dirlik 1991 8268:Dirlik 1991 8253:Dirlik 1991 8217:Dirlik 1991 8205:Dirlik 1991 8169:Spence 1999 8157:Bailey 1988 8133:Levine 1993 8121:Schram 1966 8090:Linden 1968 8078:Dirlik 1991 8063:Dirlik 1991 8048:Dirlik 1991 8009:Spence 1999 7973:Dirlik 1991 7961:Dirlik 1991 7949:Dirlik 1991 7934:Dirlik 1991 7922:Dirlik 1991 7907:Dirlik 1991 7892:Dirlik 1991 7880:Dirlik 1991 7865:Dirlik 1991 7853:Dirlik 1991 7841:Dirlik 1991 7829:Dirlik 1991 7817:Dirlik 1991 7805:Dirlik 1991 7793:Dirlik 1991 7781:Dirlik 1991 7769:Dirlik 1991 7754:Dirlik 1991 7739:Dirlik 1991 7724:Dirlik 1991 7712:Dirlik 1991 7700:Dirlik 1991 7688:Dirlik 1991 7673:Dirlik 1991 7654:Ch'ien 1950 7642:Dirlik 1991 7610:Levine 1993 7598:Bailey 1988 7586:Zarrow 1990 7574:Dirlik 1991 7562:Dirlik 1991 7547:Rhoads 1975 7499:Dirlik 1991 7475:Dirlik 1991 7454:Dirlik 1991 7442:Zarrow 1990 7430:Dirlik 1991 7418:Zarrow 1988 7406:Dirlik 1991 7394:Dirlik 1991 7379:Dirlik 1991 7364:Dirlik 1991 7348:Dirlik 1991 7336:Dirlik 1991 7324:Zarrow 1990 7312:Zarrow 1990 7284:Bailey 2014 7272:Zarrow 1990 7245:Graham 2005 7233:Dirlik 1991 7221:Dirlik 1991 7194:Dirlik 1991 7177:Dirlik 1991 7165:Dirlik 1991 7150:Dirlik 1991 7138:Dirlik 1991 7123:Zarrow 1990 7099:Zarrow 1990 7087:Zarrow 1990 7072:Dirlik 1991 7018:Dirlik 1991 7006:Dirlik 1991 6954:Dirlik 1991 6942:Dirlik 1991 6930:Dirlik 1991 6915:Dirlik 1991 6900:Dirlik 1991 6888:Dirlik 1991 6876:Dirlik 1991 6864:Dirlik 1991 6816:Graham 2005 6729:CrimethInc. 6680:avant-garde 6656:Hongkongese 6628:During the 6623:Jiang Zemin 6606:martial law 6401:martial law 6374:", such as 6329:Shengwulian 6324:Shengwulian 6305:Shengwulian 6268:Yao Wenyuan 6249:During the 5996:Nazi-Maoism 5617:(1965—1966) 5556:On Practice 5510:Yao Wenyuan 5405:Saroj Dutta 5355:Bob Avakian 5300:Mao-spontex 5061:Axis Powers 5025:Hideki Tojo 4855:Members of 4817:land reform 4643:Cai Yuanpei 4569:, with the 4349:Canton Coup 4316:Four Elders 4312:Cai Yuanpei 4264:and held a 4149:opportunism 4066:North China 4054:nationalist 4050:Sun Yat-sen 4018:Li Yuanhong 3998:federalists 3867:Zhou Zuoren 3809:In 1919, a 3709:North China 3673:Cai Yuanpei 3669:North China 3657:Cai Yuanpei 3571:Map of the 3534:Warlord Era 3499:World War I 3438:Men of the 3357:Sun Yat-Sen 3320:syndicalist 3281:Yuan Shikai 3276:Liu Shaobin 3253:nationalism 3179:inheritance 3124:Sun Yat-sen 3116:inheritance 3063:libertarian 3023:Sun Yat-sen 2976: [ 2973:Jing Meijiu 2946:eating meat 2934:Yuan Shikai 2918:Cai Yuanpei 2885: [ 2882:Jing Meijiu 2732:joined the 2730:Liu Shaobin 2623:Leo Tolstoy 2603:Cai Yuanpei 2557:Tokyo group 2375:Sun Yat-sen 2346:Cai Yuanpei 2301:Paris group 2229:Qing Yi Bao 2225:Qing Yi Bao 2181:coup d'état 2111:During the 2103:, an early 2078:nationalism 2024:Zhuang Zhou 2016:Zhuang Zhou 2006:during the 1751:Periodicals 1651:Switzerland 1611:Puerto Rico 1596:Philippines 1561:New Zealand 1556:Netherlands 1426:El Salvador 1239:Mutual bank 1194:Cooperative 1123:Lifestylism 925:Tragic Week 828:Nationalism 480:Somatherapy 390:Freethought 258:Syndicalist 248:Platformism 220:Methodology 93:Primitivist 13287:Categories 13119:Uzbekistan 13094:Tajikistan 13009:Kyrgyzstan 12989:Kazakhstan 12909:Bangladesh 12899:Azerbaijan 12674:Costa Rica 12392:East Timor 12375:Bangladesh 12370:Azerbaijan 12154:5545373666 11897:1052138293 11859:2021-06-14 11672:. London: 11604:0674119800 11543:1052261304 11525:Bloomsbury 11503:7377049991 11425:6895540091 11361:Free Press 11339:6015212703 11125:0765607980 11079:0847690148 10969:中国无政府主义思想史 10958:2022-09-07 10818:1038625219 10793:1158841192 10746:. London: 10612:1159798786 10528:1007291359 10375:. London: 10330:0231045581 10272:1051447108 10225:0553344749 10175:. Leiden: 9965:(2): 1–3. 9838:Kwong 1988 9826:Kwong 1988 9814:Kwong 1988 8888:Coble 1986 8813:Fenby 2004 8801:Fenby 2004 8772:Fenby 2004 8768:Coble 1986 8581:, p. 7997:Young 1983 7458:Krebs 1998 7286:, p. 6803:References 6579:Hu Yaobang 6376:Liu Shaoqi 6294:ultra-left 6235:Red Guards 6227:Mao Zedong 6173:right-wing 6018:Red Guards 5735:Red August 5705:Korean War 5663:Long March 5515:Akram Yari 5475:Nie Yuanzi 5445:Kang Sheng 5440:Jiang Qing 5350:Samir Amin 5340:Faiz Ahmad 5335:Mao Zedong 4975:Mao Zedong 4936:volunteers 4893:Mudanjiang 4775:patriarchy 4758:Mao Zedong 4744:. Another 4718:fight back 4679:Mao Zedong 4668:Long March 4524:Yi Pei Chi 4495:Yi Pei Chi 4333:Kuomintang 4304:Li Shizeng 4242:propaganda 4222:federalism 4133:Li Shizeng 4120:Chen Duxiu 4023:Tang Jiyao 3990:government 3966:federalism 3958:Kuomintang 3907:Mao Zedong 3895:Chen Duxiu 3891:Bolshevism 3765:in China. 3736:patriarchy 3693:Mao Zedong 3685:Chen Duxiu 3620:promised. 3545:Chen Qimei 3459:Kuomintang 3420:mutual aid 3171:Kuomintang 3010:movement. 3000:Socialists 2901:Kuomintang 2864:abdication 2777:Black Hand 2577:Liu Shipei 2566:Liu Shipei 2453:Li Shizeng 2436:propaganda 2396:anti-state 2370:Shijie she 2319:Li Shizeng 2203:After the 2069:Opium Wars 2063:entered a 2046:neo-Taoism 1823:Dual Power 1808:Autonomism 1803:Autarchism 1411:East Timor 1381:Costa Rica 1326:Bangladesh 1321:Azerbaijan 1096:Freeganism 813:Capitalism 606:Feyerabend 475:Sociocracy 445:Revolution 410:Mutual aid 340:Black bloc 233:Illegalism 13265:Anarchism 13205:Hong Kong 13159:Palestine 13084:Sri Lanka 13079:Singapore 12959:Indonesia 12808:Venezuela 12758:Argentina 12737:Australia 12704:Nicaragua 12694:Guatemala 12452:Singapore 12412:Indonesia 12385:Hong Kong 12238:211429408 12230:0009-4633 12197:963478668 12162:155072159 12138:0021-9118 12099:466391736 12064:886500210 12042:Cambridge 11996:938933317 11974:Cambridge 11961:163744191 11875:Cambridge 11832:851375642 11810:Dordrecht 11757:220605241 11720:255636843 11591:Cambridge 11578:878667213 11556:Lexington 11487:0027-2671 11460:920743961 11417:0272-2690 11323:0004-4687 11292:154280190 11276:0021-9118 11243:142749024 11227:1045-991X 11192:144317650 11184:1930-1197 11059:657972971 10928:2666-6529 10893:915662854 10863:(2015) . 10853:750779242 10831:Princeton 10771:Cambridge 10723:Routledge 10708:144785666 10700:0097-7004 10660:144753702 10652:826769309 10644:1753-5654 10572:642198823 10510:Ann Arbor 10468:869087489 10364:841033727 10250:New Haven 10195:870529870 10160:154375449 9971:1520-9857 9862:Zhao 2001 9790:Rapp 2012 9778:Rapp 2012 9766:Rapp 2012 9344:Rapp 2012 9196:Rapp 2012 9104:Wang 2004 8716:Chen 2008 8480:Tung 1968 8241:Levy 2010 8229:Levy 2010 7352:Rapp 2012 6978:Hung 1985 6966:Hung 1985 6840:Rapp 2012 6828:Rapp 2012 6738:East Lake 6610:mobilized 6534:Hu Qiaomu 6489:slowdowns 6485:inflation 6145:Hong Kong 5954:Guevarism 5688:1989–2002 5683:1976–1989 5678:1949–1976 5395:Chin Peng 5390:Chen Boda 5222:Mass line 5210:Four Olds 5195:Comprador 5081:decadence 5073:Chu Minyi 5059:with the 5049:far-right 4940:Manchuria 4932:Mengjiang 4909:Manchukuo 4885:Manchuria 4837:mass line 4793:with the 4787:rebellion 4639:Wu Zhihui 4602:Wu Zhihui 4480:Guangzhou 4450:execution 4435:Guangdong 4308:Wu Zhihui 4256:in China. 4246:westerner 4190:Hu Hanmin 4162:Kropotkin 4137:Wu Zhihui 4070:agreement 4031:Hong Kong 3962:Guangdong 3939:communism 3875:education 3871:mutualism 3862:extremism 3839:socialism 3835:socialism 3779:continuum 3771:modernity 3763:socialism 3757:New Youth 3747:New Youth 3734:from the 3689:Li Dazhao 3637:Zhangzhou 3580:Guangzhou 3516:of a new 3409:universal 3315:Esperanto 3285:West Lake 3268:Liu Shifu 3228:, led by 3210:communism 3148:reformism 3144:Liu Shifu 3140:Karl Marx 3070:socialism 3043:socialism 2992:Wu Zhihui 2988:Liu Shifu 2856:Guangdong 2728:In 1905, 2703:official 2575:In 1903, 2534:Darwinism 2518:Chu Minyi 2504:into the 2485:Xin Shiji 2464:education 2432:communism 2404:authority 2332:Wu Zhihui 2317:in 1900, 2168:Guangzhou 2164:Hong Kong 2145:democracy 2086:anarchism 2082:socialism 2057:dynasties 2022:" in the 1939:overthrow 1863:Socialism 1813:Communism 1746:Musicians 1696:Venezuela 1631:Singapore 1566:Nicaragua 1491:Indonesia 1471:Hong Kong 1466:Guatemala 1311:Australia 1301:Argentina 1273:By region 1181:Economics 1167:Symbolism 1081:DIY ethic 818:Education 736:Santillán 686:Malatesta 656:Kropotkin 636:Guillaume 490:Squatting 450:Rewilding 385:Free love 263:Synthesis 198:Communist 169:Christian 164:Religious 137:Mutualism 31:Anarchism 13228:Category 13149:Abkhazia 13099:Thailand 13054:Pakistan 13034:Mongolia 13029:Maldives 13024:Malaysia 12924:Cambodia 12793:Paraguay 12778:Colombia 12608:Portugal 12518:Bulgaria 12442:Mongolia 12437:Malaysia 12077:New York 12006:中国无政府主义史 11797:59383489 11775:New York 11767:(1999). 11749:25759539 11694:(2005). 11664:(1966). 11645:Berkeley 11521:New York 11513:(2012). 11379:13270932 11357:New York 11349:(1986). 11037:Honolulu 10993:4 August 10590:Berkeley 10582:(1991). 10542:(eds.). 10446:Stanford 10234:16717096 10212:New York 10116:15 April 10094:15 April 9979:41490942 9749:Han 1990 9412:14 April 8181:Hon 2014 6744:See also 6660:Wang Hui 6571:cronyism 6481:cronyism 6388:Hangzhou 6384:campaign 6380:Lin Biao 6266:. After 6255:Shanghai 6231:Lin Biao 6011:Japanese 6001:New Left 5991:Naxalite 5949:Hoxhaism 5480:Qi Benyu 5455:Lin Biao 5450:Li Minqi 5425:Ted Hill 5385:Bo Xilai 5289:Variants 5164:Concepts 5139:a series 5137:Part of 5079:for the 5057:alliance 5005:and the 4916:Shanghai 4879:warlord 4877:Fengtian 4859:in 1928. 4771:religion 4756:, where 4750:Changsha 4746:uprising 4730:Nanchang 4726:uprising 4699:de facto 4689:and the 4683:chairman 4635:Zhejiang 4586:en masse 4472:Nanchang 4384:Zhejiang 4372:Wu Peifu 4343:in 1926. 4206:revolted 4102:Proudhon 4029:then to 3903:Peng Pai 3823:Shandong 3613:Shanghai 3551:warlord 3549:Fengtian 3491:Shanghai 3444:Boulogne 3393:religion 3389:marriage 3289:Hangzhou 3249:nativism 3065:trends. 2984:Zhang Ji 2942:gambling 2828:New Army 2804:Shanghai 2775:and the 2739:Buddhism 2705:Duanfang 2682:Zhang Ji 2651:Zhang Ji 2617:, whose 2585:Shanghai 2522:Zhejiang 2514:Zhang Ji 2428:equality 2342:Shanghai 2264:Ma Junwu 2020:non-rule 1986:and the 1606:Portugal 1586:Paraguay 1546:Mongolia 1531:Malaysia 1376:Colombia 1356:Bulgaria 1101:Infoshop 1002:May 1968 838:Violence 833:Religion 721:Proudhon 681:Maksimov 661:Landauer 611:Giovanni 561:Bookchin 455:Sabotage 287:Practice 243:Pacifist 203:Magonism 125:Naturist 83:Feminist 49:Glossary 23:a series 21:Part of 13251:Portals 13124:Vietnam 13039:Myanmar 13019:Lebanon 12949:Georgia 12904:Bahrain 12894:Armenia 12803:Uruguay 12783:Ecuador 12763:Bolivia 12730:Oceania 12648:Ukraine 12613:Romania 12573:Ireland 12568:Iceland 12563:Hungary 12553:Germany 12543:Finland 12538:Estonia 12533:Denmark 12523:Croatia 12508:Belgium 12503:Belarus 12498:Austria 12493:Andorra 12488:Albania 12472:Vietnam 12402:Georgia 12365:Armenia 12349:Tunisia 12339:Nigeria 12334:Morocco 12324:Algeria 12175:Chicago 12146:2057853 11953:2942527 11653:3803036 11495:3777347 11331:2644802 11284:2051578 10978:Beijing 10871:Chicago 10806:Seattle 9368:So 2011 8837:Wu 1969 8825:Wu 1969 8789:Wu 1969 8756:Wu 1969 8720:177-180 8583:218-222 8456:Hu 1994 8444:Hu 1994 8432:Hu 1994 8420:Hu 1994 8036:Xu 2011 7985:Fu 1993 7658:Fu 1993 7111:Li 2013 6990:Hu 1994 6343:(MSS). 6239:Beijing 6155:or the 6006:Chinese 5645:History 4875:of the 4825:retreat 4797:as his 4742:Jiangxi 4738:retreat 4685:of the 4624:Marxism 4439:Jiangxi 4392:Jiangsu 4380:Jiangxi 4319:party. 4250:warlord 4110:Marxism 4106:Bakunin 4027:Huizhou 3986:Guangxi 3887:Soviets 3883:Marxism 3799:Beijing 3705:Marxism 3514:Emperor 3422:and an 3403:of the 3397:borders 3307:New Era 3297:commune 3230:Sha Gan 3104:New Era 3078:Taiyuan 3059:statist 2954:smoking 2895:to the 2893:elected 2866:of the 2860:Huizhou 2836:Wuchang 2761:Beijing 2678:Balance 2615:Xu Xing 2581:He Zhen 2570:He Zhen 2546:Lao Tzu 2424:freedom 2357:Chinese 2223:in the 2213:reforms 2162:. From 2034:belongs 2012:Lao Tzu 1994:Origins 1980:czarist 1941:of the 1853:Marxism 1701:Vietnam 1691:Uruguay 1676:Ukraine 1666:Tunisia 1616:Romania 1571:Nigeria 1551:Morocco 1501:Ireland 1481:Iceland 1476:Hungary 1456:Germany 1451:Georgia 1436:Finland 1431:Estonia 1416:Ecuador 1401:Denmark 1386:Croatia 1341:Bolivia 1336:Belgium 1331:Belarus 1316:Austria 1306:Armenia 1296:Andorra 1291:Algeria 1286:Albania 1128:May Day 1051:Culture 852:History 781:Yarchuk 756:Tolstoy 751:Thoreau 746:Stirner 741:Spooner 706:Parsons 631:Graeber 621:Goldman 581:Durruti 566:Chomsky 556:Bonanno 551:Berkman 546:Bakunin 295:Anarchy 191:Parecon 147:African 59:Outline 54:History 13169:Taiwan 13104:Turkey 13069:Russia 13004:Kuwait 12984:Jordan 12974:Israel 12934:Cyprus 12919:Brunei 12914:Bhutan 12826:Europe 12768:Brazil 12709:Panama 12699:Mexico 12669:Canada 12643:Turkey 12633:Sweden 12623:Serbia 12618:Russia 12603:Poland 12598:Norway 12588:Monaco 12583:Latvia 12558:Greece 12548:France 12481:Europe 12467:Turkey 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5583:(1956) 5575:(1938) 5567:(1937) 5559:(1937) 5551:(1937) 5543:(1927) 5380:Biplav 5329:People 5147:Maoism 5108:Taiwan 5096:Allies 5094:, the 4973:) and 4928:Chahar 4833:Yan'an 4807:second 4376:Fujian 4283:Ba Jin 4274:strike 4126:(CCP). 4052:, the 3937:, and 3414:, the 3383:, the 3234:Tai Xu 2903:(KMT). 2701:Manchu 2634:Taoist 2594:guocui 2516:, and 2367:: 2365:pinyin 2359:: 2337:Su Bao 2256:: 2254:pinyin 2250:俄羅斯大風潮 2248:: 2242:俄罗斯大风潮 2240:: 2205:defeat 2192:under 1671:Turkey 1661:Taiwan 1646:Sweden 1626:Serbia 1621:Russia 1601:Poland 1581:Panama 1576:Norway 1541:Monaco 1536:Mexico 1526:Latvia 1506:Israel 1461:Greece 1441:France 1361:Canada 1351:Brazil 1281:Africa 800:Issues 786:Zerzan 776:Warren 761:Tucker 731:Rocker 726:Reclus 716:Pouget 696:Michel 676:Makhno 651:Kōtoku 641:He-Yin 616:Godwin 601:Ferrer 571:Cleyre 536:Armand 531:Alston 523:People 283:Theory 181:Social 174:Jewish 120:Market 115:Egoist 13277:China 13210:Macau 13129:Yemen 13089:Syria 13064:Qatar 13044:Nepal 12979:Japan 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