Ammonoidea - Knowledge

1281: 476: 557: 134: 540: 1297:, instead forming a conch with detached whorls (open coiling) or non-planispiral coiling. These types of shells evolved four times in ammonoids, with the first forms appearing already in the Devonian period. In late Norian age in Triassic the first heteromorph ammonoid fossils belongs to the genus Rhabdoceras. The three other heteromorphic genera were Hannaoceras, Cochloceras and Choristoceras. All of them went extinct at the end of Triassic. In the Jurassic an uncoiled shell was found in the Spiroceratoidea, but by the end of Cretaceous the only heteromorph ammonites remaining belonged to the suborder Ancyloceratina. One example is 574: 1776: 3966: 872: 456: 1480: 1089: 1007: 158: 697: 494:

umbilical lobes, which increase in number through ammonoid evolution as well as an individual ammonoid's development. In many cases the distinction between the lateral and umbilical regions are unclear; new umbilical features can develop from subdivisions of other umbilical features, or from subdivisions of lateral features. Lobes and saddles which are so far towards the center of the whorl that they are covered up by succeeding whorls are labelled internal (or dorsal) lobes and saddles.

464: 1260: 978: 1629: 991: 917: 894: 1534: 641: 689: 1503:. Adult specimens reached only 10 mm (0.39 in) in shell diameter. Few of the ammonites occurring in the lower and middle part of the Jurassic period reached a size exceeding 23 cm (9.1 in) in diameter. Much larger forms are found in the later rocks of the upper part of the Jurassic and the lower part of the Cretaceous, such as 1194:(free-floating drifters), a nektonic lifestyle is also plausible for many species. Thanks to their flattened shape, these ammonoids accelerate effectively, though their large umbilicus introduces more drag in successive thrusts. Relative to oxycones, serpenticones take less effort to rotate around the transverse axis ( 490:

diagrams the median saddle is supplied with an arrow which points towards the aperture. The median saddle is edged by fairly small external (or ventral) lobes. The earliest ammonoids lacked a median saddle and instead had a single midline ventral lobe, which in later forms is split into two or more components.

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The majority of ammonite species feature planispiral shells, tightly coiled in a flat plane. The most fundamental difference in spiral form is how strongly successive whorls expand and overlap their predecessors. This can be inferred by the size of the umbilicus, the sunken-in inner part of the coil,

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While nearly all nautiloids show gently curving sutures, the ammonoid suture line (the intersection of the septum with the outer shell) is variably folded, forming saddles ("peaks" that point towards the aperture) and lobes ("valleys" which point away from the aperture). The suture line has four main

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habits, ammonites often happened to live directly above seafloor waters so poor in oxygen as to prevent the establishment of animal life on the seafloor. When upon death the ammonites fell to this seafloor and were gradually buried in accumulating sediment, bacterial decomposition of these corpses

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There are many forms of aptychus, varying in shape and the sculpture of the inner and outer surfaces, but because they are so rarely found in position within the shell of the ammonite it is often unclear to which species of ammonite one kind of aptychus belongs. A number of aptychi have been given

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Many ammonite shells have been found with round holes once interpreted as a result of limpets attaching themselves to the shells. However, the triangular formation of the holes, their size and shape, and their presence on both sides of the shells, corresponding to the upper and lower jaws, is more

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At least 57 species of ammonites, which were widespread and belonged to six superfamilies, were extant during the last 500,000 years of the Cretaceous, indicating that ammonites remained highly diverse until the very end of their existence. All ammonites were wiped out during or shortly after the

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The soft body of the creature occupied the largest segments of the shell at the end of the coil. The smaller earlier segments were walled off and the animal could maintain its buoyancy by filling them with gas. Thus, the smaller sections of the coil would have floated above the larger sections.

619:, in which the siphuncle runs through the center of each chamber. However the very earliest nautiloids from the Late Cambrian and Ordovician typically had ventral siphuncles like ammonites, although often proportionally larger and more internally structured. The word "siphuncle" comes from the 489:

The external or ventral region refers to sutures along the lower (outer) edge of the shell, where the left and right suture lines meet. The external (or ventral) saddle, when present, lies directly on the lower midline of the shell. As a result, it is often called the median saddle. On suture

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characteristically have bulges and indentations and are to varying degrees convex when seen from the front, distinguishing them from nautiloid septa, which are typically simple concave, dish-shaped structures. The topology of the septa, especially around the rim, results in the various suture

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was used on a fossil found in 1998, part of the musculature became visible and showed they were able to retract themselves into the shell for protection, and that the retractor muscles and hyponome that work together to enable jet propulsion in nautilus worked independently in ammonites. The

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Only recently has sexual variation in the shells of ammonites been recognized. The macroconch and microconch of one species were often previously mistaken for two closely related but different species occurring in the same rocks. However, because the dimorphic sizes are so consistently found

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The lateral region involves the first saddle and lobe pair past the external region as the suture line extends up the side of the shell. The lateral saddle and lobe are usually larger than the ventral saddle and lobe. Additional lobes developing towards the inner edge of a whorl are labelled

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reproductive organs show possible traces of spermatophores, which would support the hypothesis that the microconchs were males. They likely bore a radula and beak, a marginal siphuncle and ten arms. They operated by direct development with sexual reproduction, were carnivorous, and had a

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surviving and becoming ancestral to all later Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonites. Ammonites explosively diversified during the Early Jurassic, with the orders Psiloceratina, Ammonitina, Lytoceratina, Haploceratina, Perisphinctina and Ancyloceratina all appearing during the Jurassic.

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Because ammonites and their close relatives are extinct, little is known about their way of life. Their soft body parts are very rarely preserved in any detail. Nonetheless, much has been worked out by examining ammonoid shells and by using models of these shells in water tanks.

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strike, and thus survived. Many ammonite species were filter feeders, so they might have been particularly susceptible to marine faunal turnovers and climatic change. Some reports suggest that a few ammonite species may have persisted into the very early Danian stage of the

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era. They are almost always found detached from the shell, and are only very rarely preserved in place. Still, sufficient numbers have been found closing the apertures of fossil ammonite shells as to leave no doubt as to their identity as part of the anatomy of an ammonite.

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Whorl width in the body chamber of many groups of ammonites, as expressed by the width:diameter ratio, is another sign of dimorphism. This character has been used to separate "male" (Largiventer conch "L") from "female" (Leviventer conch "l").

1669:, as well as many uncoiled forms. Many of these also have much or all of the original shell, as well as the complete body chamber, still intact. Many Pierre Shale ammonites, and indeed many ammonites throughout earth history, are found inside 1464:

A 2021 study found ammonite specimens with preserved hook-like suckers, providing a general shape to ammonite tentacles. A contemporary study found an ammonite isolated body, offering for the first time a glimpse into these animals' organs.

781:(Part L, 1957) divides the Ammonoidea, regarded simply as an order, into eight suborders, the Anarcestina, Clymeniina, Goniatitina and Prolecanitina from the Paleozoic; the Ceratitina from the Triassic; and the Ammonitina, Lytoceratina and 524:– lobes and saddles are much subdivided (fluted); subdivisions are usually rounded instead of saw-toothed. Ammonoids of this type are the most important species from a biostratigraphical point of view. This suture type is characteristic of 434:

Ammonites (subclass Ammonoidea) can be distinguished by their septa, the dividing walls that separate the chambers in the phragmocone, by the nature of their sutures where the septa join the outer shell wall, and in general by their

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Klug, Christian; Kröger, Björn; Vinther, Jakob; Fuchs, Dirk (August 2015). "Ancestry, Origin and Early Evolution of Ammonoids". In Christian Klug; Dieter Korn; Kenneth De Baets; Isabelle Kruta; Royal H. Mapes (eds.).

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through the water column. Though less hydrodynamically stable than other forms, this may be advantageous in certain situations, as spherocones can easily rotate around both the transverse axis and the vertical axis

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Some ammonites have been found in association with a single horny plate or a pair of calcitic plates. In the past, these plates were assumed to serve in closing the opening of the shell in much the same way as an

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powers. Traders would occasionally carve the head of a snake onto the empty, wide end of the ammonite fossil, and then sell them as petrified snakes. In other cases, the snake's head would be simply painted on.

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Hoffmann, René; Slattery, Joshua S.; Kruta, Isabelle; Linzmeier, Benjamin J.; Lemanis, Robert E.; Mironenko, Aleksandr; Goolaerts, Stijn; De Baets, Kenneth; Peterman, David J.; Klug, Christian (April 2021).

820:) are thought to have been good swimmers, with flattened, discus-shaped, streamlined shells, although some ammonoids were less effective swimmers and were likely to have been slow-swimming bottom-dwellers. 2649:

1811:, are conversely thought to have had a reproductive strategy in which eggs were laid in smaller batches many times during the lifespan, and on the sea floor well away from any direct effects of such a 1338:, which appears to be a tangle of irregular whorls lacking any obvious symmetric coiling. Upon closer inspection, though, the shell proves to be a three-dimensional network of connected "U" shapes. 1251:. In others, various patterns of spiral ridges, ribs, nodes, or spines are presented. This type of complex ornamentation of the shell is especially evident in the later ammonites of the Cretaceous. 1710:, although often only a few species survived. Each time, however, this handful of species diversified into a multitude of forms. Ammonite fossils became less abundant during the latter part of the 1162:

shells have strong overlap, a small umbilicus, and only the largest and most recent whorls are exposed. Shell structure can be broken down further by the width of the shell, with implications for

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Kruta, Isabelle; Landman, Neil; Rouget, Isabelle; Cecca, Fabrizio; Tafforeau, Paul (Jan 2011). "The Role of Ammonites in the Mesozoic Marine Food Web Revealed by Jaw Preservation".

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Ammonites vary greatly in the ornamentation (surface relief) of their shells. Some may be smooth and relatively featureless, except for growth lines, resembling that of the modern

510:– lobes have subdivided tips, giving them a saw-toothed appearance. The saddles are rounded and undivided. This suture pattern is characteristic of Triassic ammonoids in the order 1198:). Serpenticone ammonites resemble coiled snakes and are abundant in the Jurassic rocks of Europe. Carved serpenticones fulfill the role of the "snakestones" in medieval folklore. 810:

Many ammonoids probably lived in the open water of ancient seas, rather than at the sea bottom, because their fossils are often found in rocks laid down under conditions where no

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Landman, Neil H.; Goolaerts, Stijn; Jagt, John W.M.; Jagt-Yazykova, Elena A.; Machalski, Marcin (2015), Klug, Christian; Korn, Dieter; De Baets, Kenneth; Kruta, Isabelle (eds.),

1239:– Intermediate between serpenticones and spherocones: Moderately broad, evolute to involute. Wider and more involute ammonoids on the serpenticone-spherocone spectrum are termed 2360:

Rowe, Alison J.; Landman, Neil H.; Cochran, J. Kirk; Witts, James D.; Garb, Matthew P. (26 March 2020). "Late Cretaceous Methane Seeps as Habitats for Newly Hatched Ammonites".

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Goniatites, which were a dominant component of Early and Middle Permian faunas, became rare in the Late Permian, and no goniatite is thought to have crossed into the Triassic.

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patterns found. The septal curvature in nautiloids and ammonoids also differ in that the septa curves towards the opening in nautiloids, and away from the opening in ammоnoids.

3221: 1204:– Moderately involute and quite broad, globular (nearly spherical) in overall shape. Their semi-spherical shape is the most efficient for moving in laminar water (with a low 1398:

or aptychi in the case of a pair of plates, and anaptychus in the case of a single plate. The paired aptychi were symmetric to one another and equal in size and appearance.

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their own genus and even species names independent of their unknown owners' genus and species, pending future discovery of verified occurrences within ammonite shells.

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Doguzhaeva, Larisa A.; Royal H. Mapes; Herbert Summesberger; Harry Mutvei (2007). "The Preservation of Body Tissues, Shell, and Mandibles in the Ceratitid Ammonoid

504:– numerous undivided lobes and saddles. This pattern is characteristic of the Paleozoic ammonoids (orders Agoniatitida, Clymeniida, Goniatitida, and Prolecanitida). 384:

The name "ammonite", from which the scientific term is derived, was inspired by the spiral shape of their fossilized shells, which somewhat resemble tightly coiled

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of the Cretaceous period of Germany, which is one of the largest-known ammonites, sometimes reaching 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. The largest-documented

1836:, and were called "snakestones" or, more commonly in medieval England, "serpentstones". They were considered to be evidence for the actions of saints, such as 539: 1184:(well-adapted to rapid active swimming), as their shell form incurs very little drag and allows for efficient, stable coasting even in turbulent flow regimes. 4548: 1123:) being male. This is thought to be because the female required a larger body size for egg production. A good example of this sexual variation is found in 3837: 3045: 475: 4059: 2443:"Resurrecting extinct cephalopods with biomimetic robots to explore hydrodynamic stability, maneuverability, and physical constraints on life habits" 1448:, their soft-part record is surprisingly sparse. Beyond a tentative ink sac and possible digestive organs, no soft parts were known until 2021. When 1030:, was occupied by the living animal at any given moment. As it grew, it added newer and larger chambers to the open end of the coil. Where the outer 3891: 1401:

Anaptychi are relatively rare as fossils. They are found representing ammonites from the Devonian period through those of the Cretaceous period.

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An ammonitic ammonoid with the body chamber missing, showing the septal surface (especially at right) with its undulating lobes and saddles.

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in most ammonoids is a narrow tubular structure that runs along the shell's outer rim, known as the venter, connecting the chambers of the

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The Cretaceous Pierre Shale formation of the United States and Canada is well known for the abundant ammonite fauna it yields, including

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from the Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of the Lebanon and its bearing on the palaeobiological interpretation of heteromorphic ammonites"

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from the Jurassic and Cretaceous. In subsequent taxonomies, these are sometimes regarded as orders within the subclass Ammonoidea.

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is thought to be an explanation for the variation in size of certain ammonite shells of the same species, the larger shell (the

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Morton, N.; Nixon, M. (1987). "Size and function of ammonite aptychi in comparison with buccal masses of modem cephalopods".

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The Ammonoidea can be divided into six orders, listed here starting with the most primitive and going to the more derived:

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life is found. In general, they appear to have inhabited the upper 250 meters of the water column. Many of them (such as

3154:"New evidence from exceptionally "well-preserved" specimens sheds light on the structure of the ammonite brachial crown" 2032: 4538: 3825: 704: 3831: 3245:

Buchardt, B.; Weiner, S. (1981). "Diagenesis of aragonite from Upper Cretaceous ammonites: a geochemical case-study".

3672: 964: 886: 1323:). Some species' shells are even initially uncoiled, then partially coiled, and finally straight at maturity (as in 946: 4495: 3916: 1509:

from the Portland Stone of Jurassic of southern England, which is often 53 cm (1.74 ft) in diameter, and

3527:"Evidence for ammonite survival into the Danian (Paleogene) from the Cerithium Limestone at Stevns Klint, Denmark" 3332:"Evidence for ammonite survival into the Danian (Paleogene) from the Cerithium Limestone at Stevns Klint, Denmark" 1428:

does, however, have a leathery head shield (the hood) which it uses to cover the opening when it retreats inside.

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active transport process, the ammonite emptied water out of these shell chambers. This enabled it to control the

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generated by the impact played a key role in their extinction, as the larvae of ammonites were likely small and

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nautiloids. Still other species' shells are coiled helically (in two dimensions), similar in appearance to some

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Lehmann, U.; Kulicki, C. (1990). "Double function of aptychi (Ammonoidea) as jaw elements and opercula".

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for food storage. They are unlikely to have dwelt in fresh or brackish water. Many ammonites were likely

938: 2550:"Pelagic palaeoecology: the importance of recent constraints on ammonoid palaeobiology and life history" 1412:

Large numbers of detached aptychi occur in certain beds of rock (such as those from the Mesozoic in the

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Starting from the mid-Devonian, ammonoids were extremely abundant, especially as ammonites during the

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passed through the septa, extending from the ammonite's body into the empty shell chambers. Through a

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conditions sufficiently to lower the local solubility of minerals dissolved in the seawater, notably

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of the animal, the shell of the male being slightly smaller and wider than that of the female. This

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Westermann, Gerd E. G. (1996), Landman, Neil H.; Tanabe, Kazushige; Davis, Richard Arnold (eds.),

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evolved and ran their course quickly, becoming extinct in a few million years. Due to their rapid

4553: 3633: 1989: 1209: 931: 635: 3965: 3031:"Neutron imaging reveals never-before-seen 3D muscle structure in rare Jurassic ammonite fossil" 1190:– Strongly evolute and fairly narrow (discoidal) in width. Historically assumed to be primarily 4487: 4386: 2299: 1286: 1076:

A primary difference between ammonites and nautiloids is the siphuncle of ammonites (excepting

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of the outer conch and inner septa has dissolved away, leaving this articulated internal mold.

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Landman, Neil H.; Garb, Matthew P.; Rovelli, Remy; Ebel, Denton S.; Edwards, Lucy E. (2012).

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Sarti, Carlo (1999). "Whorl Width in the Body Chamber of Ammonites as a Sign of Dimorphism".

1788: 1388: 1176:– Strongly involute and very narrow, with sharp ventral keels and a streamlined, lenticular ( 3731: 2971:

Klug, Christian; Schweigert, Günter; Tischlinger, Helmut; Pochmann, Helmut (December 2021).

2291: 2183:"The ammonite septum is not an adaptation to deep water: Re-evaluating a centuries-old idea" 410:) was typically depicted wearing rams' horns. Often, the name of an ammonite genus ends in - 4443: 4424: 3416: 3379: 3254: 3165: 3076: 2984: 2940: 2897: 2862: 2827: 2792: 2755: 2454: 2369: 2244: 2057: 2044:

Lemanis, Robert; Korn, Dieter; Zachow, Stefan; Rybacki, Erik; Hoffmann, René (2016-03-10).

1229:– Intermediate between oxycones and spherocones: involute and moderately broad. The modern 1965: 8: 3291:, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 44, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 497–553, 1912: 1796: 1719: 1617: 1573: 1500: 1445: 1195: 1019: 677: 673: 645: 366: 365:, and linking the rock layer in which a particular species or genus is found to specific 3420: 3383: 3284: 3258: 3169: 3080: 3030: 2988: 2944: 2901: 2866: 2831: 2796: 2759: 2458: 2373: 2248: 2061: 1141:

together, they are more likely an example of sexual dimorphism within the same species.

4523: 4126: 3884: 3579:"Short-Term Survival of Ammonites in New Jersey After the End-Cretaceous Bolide Impact" 3474: 3266: 3186: 3153: 3099: 3064: 3007: 2972: 2874: 2839: 2804: 2626: 2593: 2483: 2442: 2385: 2268: 2207: 2182: 2088: 2045: 1521: 455: 152: 143: 3880:

The ammonites of Peacehaven - photos of giant cretaceous ammonites in Southern England

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Ammonoids with a shell shape diverging from the typical planispiral form are known as

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By Dr. Neale Monks, from The Cephalopod Page. Essay about the life span of Ammonites.

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from the Cretaceous, with specimens measuring 137 cm (4.5 ft) in diameter.

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of an ammonite shell largely covers the preceding whorls, the specimen is said to be

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In some classifications, these are left as suborders, included in only three orders:

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Page, Kevin N. (January 2008). "The evolution and geography of Jurassic ammonoids".

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Seilacher, A (1993). "Ammonite aptychi; how to transform a jaw into an operculum?".

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coating is often preserved. This type of preservation is found in ammonites such as

1600:. The resulting spontaneous concentric precipitation of minerals around a fossil, a 4025: 3645: 3590: 3538: 3497: 3456: 3424: 3387: 3343: 3292: 3262: 3181: 3173: 3094: 3084: 3063:

Klug, Christian; Schweigert, Günter; Tischlinger, Helmut; Pochmann, Helmut (2021).

3002: 2992: 2948: 2905: 2870: 2835: 2800: 2763: 2662: 2621: 2605: 2561: 2515: 2478: 2462: 2408: 2377: 2303: 2252: 2202: 2194: 2158: 2124: 2083: 2065: 1937: 1792: 1707: 844:, much like modern cephalopods; ink is occasionally preserved in fossil specimens. 648:. Large polished examples are prized for both their aesthetic and scientific value. 580: 3649: 1866:

Others believed ammonites, which they referred to as "salagrana" were composed of

1223:– Intermediate between serpenticones and oxycones: narrow and moderately involute. 4267: 4250: 4173: 3726: 3501: 3296: 2519: 2514:, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 13, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 607–707, 2412: 2307: 2070: 1837: 1612: 1565: 1474: 1449: 1379: 1205: 1031: 1023: 389: 1941: 605:

to the body or living chamber. This distinguishes them from living nautiloides (

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Heteromorph ammonites (ammonites with open or non-spiral coiling) of the order

1757: 1753: 1659: 1561: 1479: 1461:, so adaptations associated with this lifestyle like sieves probably occurred. 1454: 1319: 1214: 1093: 1088: 1006: 898: 841: 782: 563: 403: 212: 3757:

Ammonites and the Other Cephalopods of the Pierre Seaway: Identification Guide

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larvae in its buccal cavity, indicating at least this kind of ammonite fed on

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shells have very little overlap, a large umbilicus, and many exposed whorls.

1054: 995: 733: 696: 479: 362: 287: 76: 2256: 1604:, is responsible for the outstanding preservation of many ammonite fossils. 1036: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4297: 4281: 4245: 4188: 4066: 4052: 3931: 3470: 3195: 3108: 3016: 2715:

Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (2020).

2674: 2635: 2492: 2264: 2216: 2198: 2097: 1841: 1738: 1441: 1163: 1066: 1027: 816: 811: 715: 611: 247: 4435: 3595: 2609: 2381: 1048: 463: 4456: 4418: 4277: 4241: 4133: 4119: 4101: 4001: 3368:"Ammonoids Across the Permian/Triassic Boundary: A Cladistic Perspective" 2909: 2150: 1902: 1685: 1665: 1332:

Perhaps the most extreme and bizarre-looking example of a heteromorph is

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An ammonite shell viewed in section, revealing the internal chambers and

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era, are preserved only as internal molds; the outer shell (composed of

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Mosasaur Bite Marks on an Ammonite. Preservation of an Aborted Attack?

2128: 1859: 1769: 1677: 1670: 1633: 1622: 1601: 1347: 1334: 1313: 1269: 1259: 1077: 1046:). Where it does not cover those preceding, the specimen is said to be 977: 793: 761: 757: 745: 739: 721: 669: 653: 546: 515: 511: 351: 321: 301: 271: 263: 255: 199: 96: 61: 4461: 3461: 3444: 3152:

Smith, C. P. A.; Landman, N. H.; Bardin, J.; Kruta, I. (4 June 2021).

2768: 2743: 2666: 2566: 2549: 2046:"The Evolution and Development of Cephalopod Chambers and Their Shape" 1391:, but more recently they are postulated to have been a jaw apparatus. 1364: 4368: 4222: 4200: 4087: 3994: 2548:

Ritterbush, K. A.; Hoffmann, R.; Lukeneder, A.; De Baets, K. (2014).

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lacks any calcitic plate for closing its shell, and only one extinct

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is the variation in the shape and size of the shell according to the

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Landman, Neil H.; Machalski, Marcin; Whalen, Christopher D. (2021).

916: 4403: 4204: 3981: 3944: 2547: 1808: 1800: 1711: 1689: 1584: 1545: 1416:). These rocks are usually accumulated at great depths. The modern 1405: 1395: 1359: 1191: 1130: 1103: 1070: 893: 882: 853: 837: 825: 657: 525: 377:, although some helically spiraled and nonspiraled forms (known as 355: 335: 330: 189: 112: 91: 86: 71: 66: 56: 3496:. Topics in Geobiology. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 815–823. 3125:

Landman, Neil H; Tanabe, Kazushige; Davis, Richard Arnold (1996).

1936:. Topics in Geobiology 44. Vol. 44. Springer. pp. 3–24. 1533: 672:(66 Mya). The classification of ammonoids is based in part on the 497:

Three major types of suture patterns are found in the Ammonoidea:

4217: 4045: 3282: 3062: 2970: 2783:

Morton, N (1981). "Aptychi: the myth of the ammonite operculum".

2294:

Cephalopods Present and Past: New Insights and Fresh Perspectives

2290:(Late Triassic), Austria". In N. H. Landman; et al. (eds.). 1745:, Ceratitids represent the dominant group of Triassic ammonites. 1737:

Ceratitida originated during the Middle Permian, likely from the

1681: 1369: 1097:, Owl Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Ripley, Mississippi, US 833: 665: 529: 339: 313: 309: 106: 81: 24: 4448: 1018:. It contains a series of progressively larger chambers, called 1890: 1833: 1812: 1580: 1181: 1134: 829: 640: 448: 370: 179: 116: 3441: 2648: 1303:, which has a nearly straight shell convergent with the older 1073:

of the shell and thereby rise or descend in the water column.

528:

and Cretaceous ammonoids, but extends back all the way to the

1886: 1878: 1589: 1549: 1368:

A drawing of an aptychus which was mistakenly described as a

415: 385: 317: 3843:

Deeply Buried Sediments Tell Story of Sudden Mass Extinction

3289:

Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography

1934:

Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography

1828:

In medieval Europe, fossilised ammonites were thought to be

1741:, and radiated in the Late Permian. In the aftermath of the 1695:

The majority of ammonoid specimens, especially those of the

1180:-shaped) cross-section. These ammonoids are estimated to be 1608: 1538: 1413: 1177: 688: 656:

nautiloids, the ammonoid cephalopods first appeared in the

407: 2441:

Peterman, David J.; Ritterbush, Kathleen A. (2022-07-04).

459:

Regions of the suture line and variants in suture patterns

3859: 1706:

The ammonoids as a group continued through several major

1108: 350:, which is most frequently used for members of the order 3838:

Cretaceous Fossils Taxonomic Index for Order Ammonoitida

3208: 2592:

Peterman, David J; Ritterbush, Kathleen A (2022-12-12).

2043: 1752:, with only a handful of genera belonging to the family 3445:"Recent advances in heteromorph ammonoid palaeobiology" 3151: 2651:"Recent advances in heteromorph ammonoid palaeobiology" 2359: 2234: 2187:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1688:. These iridescent ammonites are often of gem quality ( 1026:(sing. septum). Only the last and largest chamber, the 3576: 2741: 2714: 2691:

The Late Triassic World: Earth in a Time of Transition

1930: 1022:(sing. camera) that are divided by thin walls called 1014:

The chambered part of the ammonite shell is called a

396:

79 AD near Pompeii) called fossils of these animals

284: 276: 268: 260: 252: 3366:McGowan, Alistair J.; Smith, Andrew B. (May 2007). 2405:

Advancing Research on Living and Fossil Cephalopods

2157:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02, 2113:"The size of the siphuncle in cephalopod evolution" 1556:and widespread distribution, ammonoids are used by 1404:Calcified aptychi only occur in ammonites from the 3124: 2966: 2964: 2591: 2440: 3525:Machalski, Marcin; Heinberg, Claus (2005-12-31). 3524: 3330:Machalski, Marcin; Heinberg, Claus (2005-12-01). 3329: 4515: 2961: 1424:genus is known to have borne anything similar. 840:. They may have avoided predation by squirting 16:"Ammonite" redirects here. For other uses, see 3865:paleozoic.org: gallery of ammonite photographs 3628: 3244: 3120: 3118: 2922: 2852: 866: 852:likely evidence of the bite of a medium-sized 354:, the only living group of ammonoids from the 334:). The earliest ammonoids appeared during the 147:, from the Lower Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany 3917: 3855:Descriptions and pictures of ammonite fossils 3828:by Dr. Neale Monks, from The Cephalopod Page. 3531:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 3336:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 986:, a Cretaceous ammonite from South Dakota, US 3822:. Dorling, Kindersley Limited, London, 2002. 3365: 3033:. Science and Technology Facilities Council. 2230: 2228: 2226: 442: 4549:Taxa named by Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel 3885:tonmo.com: The octopus news magazine online 3875:TaxonConcept's data on cretaceous ammonites 3792: 3707:Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition 3492:Ward, Peter (1996). "Ammonoid Extinction". 3115: 2916: 2817: 1714:, and although they seemingly survived the 1588:often tipped the delicate balance of local 1440:Although ammonites do occur in exceptional 1340: 1119:) being female, and the smaller shell (the 945:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 397: 3924: 3910: 3409:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2505: 1101:One feature found in shells of the modern 881:showing punctures caused by the bite of a 707:, New York City, around 2 feet in diameter 703:ancient ammonite fossil on display at the 308:. They are more closely related to living 132: 4197:First appearance of long-lasting lineages 3860:goniat.org, a palaezoic ammonoid database 3776:The Ammonites: Their life and their world 3594: 3542: 3460: 3391: 3347: 3185: 3098: 3088: 3006: 2996: 2952: 2887: 2767: 2625: 2565: 2482: 2223: 2206: 2087: 2069: 1870:, and could be used to ward off witches. 1779:Ammonites in the permanent collection of 1346:occurs in rocks of the upper part of the 965:Learn how and when to remove this message 3832:Ammonite maturity, pathology and old age 3826:A Broad Brush History of the Cephalopoda 2744:"The concept of 'heteromorph ammonoids'" 2688:Tanner, Lawrence H. (16 November 2017). 1823: 1803:, and would have been heavily affected. 1774: 1627: 1532: 1478: 1363: 1279: 1258: 1233:is an example of a discocone cephalopod. 1087: 1005: 989: 976: 892: 870: 792: 695: 687: 664:409 million years ago (Mya)) and became 639: 474: 462: 454: 429: 3773: 3662: 2923:Wippich, M. G. E.; Lehmann, J. (2004). 2180: 1729: 1394:The plates are collectively termed the 859:Some ammonites appear to have lived in 683: 680:comprising their shells' gas chambers. 30:Extinct subclass of cephalopod molluscs 4516: 3754: 3703: 3622: 2782: 2687: 2110: 1148: 906: 4385: 4384: 3905: 3870:photos of ammonites at Lyme Regis, UK 3793:Monks, Neale; Palmer, Philip (2002). 3361: 3359: 3278: 3276: 3043: 2587: 2585: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2402: 1781:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis 1716:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 1676:Other fossils, such as many found in 778:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology 770:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology 344:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 3722:"Fossils: myths, mystery, and magic" 3491: 3406: 1435: 1083: 943:adding citations to reliable sources 910: 3209:Nishiguchi, M.K.; R. Mapes (2008). 2014:from the original on March 24, 2022 1154:exposing older and smaller whorls. 902:, a Jurassic ammonite from Portugal 406:") because the Egyptian god Ammon ( 342:vanishing during or soon after the 13: 3964: 3748: 3693:. Vol. 16. 1905. p. 333. 3356: 3323: 3273: 3267:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1981.tb01691.x 3044:Begum, Tammana (7 December 2021). 2875:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1990.tb01365.x 2840:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1987.tb02043.x 2805:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1981.tb01074.x 2582: 2429: 1889:to be a concrete manifestation of 994:A variety of ammonite forms, from 802:, a Jurassic ammonite from England 748:, Lower Jurassic – Lower Paleocene 718:, Lower Devonian – Middle Devonian 705:American Museum of Natural History 14: 4565: 3848: 3797:. Smithsonian Institution Press. 2033:Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda 1748:Ammonites were devastated by the 1743:Permian–Triassic extinction event 887:Peabody Museum of Natural History 736:, Upper Devonian – Upper Triassic 730:, Middle Devonian – Upper Permian 629: 4170:Earliest unambiguous cephalopods 3704:Leland, Charles Godfrey (1892). 3634:"The Whitby Snake-Ammonite Myth" 3393:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x 2954:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00408.x 2298:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1625:of Folkestone in Kent, England. 1350:in Japan and the United States. 915: 742:, Upper Permian – Upper Triassic 572: 555: 538: 373:shells usually take the form of 156: 49: 3714: 3697: 3681: 3656: 3611:from the original on 2023-01-07 3570: 3559:from the original on 2021-11-27 3518: 3485: 3435: 3400: 3313:from the original on 2023-03-16 3238: 3227:from the original on 2022-09-23 3202: 3145: 3056: 3037: 3023: 2881: 2846: 2811: 2776: 2735: 2708: 2681: 2642: 2541: 2499: 2396: 2353: 2324: 2279: 1722:lineages are restricted to the 1528: 1254: 564:Protrachyceras pseudoarchelonus 4266:the earliest cephalopod group 3952:The belemnite-cuttlefish-like 3778:. Cambridge University Press. 3218:University of California Press 3069:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 2977:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 2598:Integrative Organismal Biology 2174: 2143: 2104: 2037: 2026: 1996: 1982: 1958: 1924: 1: 4544:Cephalopods described in 1884 4325:Probable misidentified genera 4296:Earliest coiled cephalopods: 3887:, Cephalopod fossil articles. 3650:10.1080/0015587x.1905.9719966 3583:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3429:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80257-X 2336:The Geology of Portsdown Hill 1918: 1795:. It has been suggested that 1272:of Wyoming, US: The original 828:ammonite revealed remains of 3937:(listed by first occurrence) 3730:. 2007-02-12. Archived from 3667:. Fourth Estate. p. 7. 3502:10.1007/978-1-4757-9153-2_20 3297:10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19 2520:10.1007/978-1-4757-9153-2_16 2413:10.1007/978-1-4615-4837-9_23 2332:"Introduction to Ammonoidea" 2308:10.1007/978-1-4020-6806-5_11 2071:10.1371/journal.pone.0151404 1632:An iridescent ammonite from 1607:When ammonites are found in 1061:A thin living tube called a 652:Originating from within the 592: 422: 393: 358:up until their extinction. 7: 2890:American Journal of Science 2508:"Ammonoid Life and Habitat" 1942:10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_1 1896: 1840:, a myth referenced in Sir 1353: 1169:Major shell forms include: 1129:from the early part of the 867:Shell anatomy and diversity 863:and even reproduced there. 626:, meaning "little siphon". 324:) than they are to shelled 300:are extinct spiral shelled 10: 4570: 4534:Devonian first appearances 4210:Probable coleoid ancestor 3178:10.1038/s41598-021-89998-4 3090:10.1186/s13358-020-00215-7 2998:10.1186/s13358-020-00215-7 2467:10.1038/s41598-022-13006-6 1512:Parapuzosia seppenradensis 1493:The smallest ammonoid was 1486:Parapuzosia seppenradensis 1472: 1357: 633: 514:. It appears again in the 416: 22: 15: 4539:Maastrichtian extinctions 4393: 4318: 4259: 4165: 4156: 4096: 4076: 4016: 3989: 3980: 3962: 3943: 2155:Oxford English Dictionary 1768:became common during the 875:Fossil shell of ammonite 550:showing Goniatitic suture 443:Septa and suture patterns 369:is often possible. Their 243: 238: 153:Scientific classification 151: 140: 131: 37: 18:Ammonite (disambiguation) 3774:Lehmann, Ulrich (1981). 3755:Larson, Neal L. (1997). 3544:10.37570/bgsd-2005-52-08 3349:10.37570/bgsd-2005-52-08 2718:Geologic Time Scale 2020 1854:, and were held to have 1820:, before going extinct. 1807:, exemplified by modern 1010:Polished fossil ammonite 878:Placenticeras whitfieldi 856:preying upon ammonites. 584:showing Ammonitic suture 567:showing Ceratitic suture 361:Ammonites are excellent 346:. They are often called 304:comprising the subclass 23:Not to be confused with 2257:10.1126/science.1198793 2117:Senckenbergiana Lethaea 1750:end-Triassic extinction 1468: 1268:ammonite from the Late 788: 636:List of ammonite genera 547:Goniatites plebeiformis 3969: 3050:Natural History Museum 2199:10.1098/rspb.2020.1919 2163:10.1093/oed/6104320866 2111:Kröger, Björn (2003). 1966:"What is an ammonite?" 1885:, and are believed by 1783: 1636: 1541: 1490: 1483:2-metre (6.6 ft) 1383: 1341: 1290: 1287:Didymoceras stevensoni 1277: 1098: 1011: 1003: 987: 903: 890: 803: 708: 693: 649: 486: 468: 460: 398: 4483:Paleobiology Database 3968: 3596:10.4202/app.2011.0068 3494:Ammonoid Paleobiology 3128:Ammonoid paleobiology 2512:Ammonoid Paleobiology 2382:10.2110/palo.2019.105 1824:Cultural significance 1789:K-Pg extinction event 1778: 1631: 1574:geologic time periods 1568:. They are excellent 1536: 1482: 1473:Further information: 1367: 1284:Heteromorph ammonite 1283: 1262: 1091: 1009: 1002:(Art Forms of Nature) 1000:Kunstformen der Natur 993: 980: 896: 874: 796: 699: 691: 676:and structure of the 643: 478: 466: 458: 430:Diagnostic characters 367:geologic time periods 121:(controversial early 3759:. Geoscience Press. 3665:The Dinosaur Hunters 3663:Cadbury, D. (2000). 3220:. pp. 163–199. 2910:10.2475/ajs.293.A.20 2407:. pp. 315–332. 2181:Lemanis, R. (2020). 1868:fossilized worm dung 1730:Evolutionary history 1621:from the Cretaceous 1382:Formation in England 1372:and given the name " 1210:migrating vertically 939:improve this section 684:Orders and suborders 328:(such as the living 3421:2008PrGA..119...35P 3384:2007Palgy..50..573M 3259:1981Sedim..28..423B 3170:2021NatSR..1111862S 3081:2021SwJP..140....3K 2989:2021SwJP..140....3K 2945:2004Palgy..47.1093W 2902:1993AmJS..293...20S 2867:1990Letha..23..325L 2832:1987Letha..20..231M 2797:1981Letha..14...57M 2760:2021Letha..54..595L 2610:10.1093/iob/obac048 2459:2022NatSR..1211287P 2374:2020Palai..35..151R 2249:2011Sci...331...70K 2062:2016PLoSO..1151404L 1913:Geologic time scale 1873:Ammonites from the 1797:ocean acidification 1501:Upper Carboniferous 1446:Solnhofen Limestone 1375:Trigonellites latus 1149:Variations in shape 1094:Discoscaphites iris 907:Basic shell anatomy 467:Ammonite clean cut 381:) have been found. 4529:Mollusc subclasses 3970: 3890:William R. Wahl * 3632:(September 1905). 3449:Biological Reviews 3158:Scientific Reports 2655:Biological Reviews 2554:Journal of Zoology 2447:Scientific Reports 2129:10.1007/BF03043304 1784: 1726:epoch (65–61 Ma). 1720:Paleocene ammonite 1637: 1542: 1522:Parapuzosia bradyi 1491: 1384: 1291: 1278: 1099: 1012: 1004: 988: 904: 891: 804: 709: 694: 650: 518:"pseudoceratites". 487: 469: 461: 426:) meaning "horn". 144:Pleuroceras solare 4511: 4510: 4470:Open Tree of Life 4387:Taxon identifiers 4378: 4377: 4314: 4313: 4152: 4151: 4060:Paleocirroteuthis 3804:978-1-58834-024-5 3785:978-0-521-23627-0 3766:978-0-945005-25-4 3511:978-1-4757-9155-6 3462:10.1111/brv.12669 3306:978-94-017-9632-3 3138:978-0-306-45222-2 2769:10.1111/let.12443 2728:978-0-12-824361-9 2701:978-3-319-68009-5 2667:10.1111/brv.12669 2567:10.1111/jzo.12118 2529:978-1-4757-9153-2 2422:978-1-4613-7193-9 2317:978-1-4020-6806-5 2288:Austrotrachyceras 2008:ucmp.berkeley.edu 2004:"The Cephalopoda" 1951:978-94-017-9632-3 1708:extinction events 1684:, Canada display 1611:, their original 1537:An ammonoid from 1436:Soft-part anatomy 1113:sexual dimorphism 1084:Sexual dimorphism 975: 974: 967: 485:showing sutures. 295: 294: 234: 126: 4561: 4504: 4503: 4491: 4490: 4478: 4477: 4465: 4464: 4452: 4451: 4439: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4382: 4381: 4163: 4162: 4026:Muensterelloidea 3987: 3986: 3938: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3808: 3789: 3770: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3598: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3464: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3215: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3102: 3092: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3010: 3000: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2939:(5): 1093–1107. 2920: 2914: 2913: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2569: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2438: 2427: 2426: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2338:. Archived from 2328: 2322: 2321: 2297: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2232: 2221: 2220: 2210: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2073: 2041: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2000: 1994: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1928: 1793:Chicxulub impact 1791:, caused by the 1756:of the suborder 1344: 970: 963: 959: 956: 950: 919: 911: 768:Taxonomy of the 724:, Upper Devonian 581:Lytoceras sutile 576: 559: 542: 425: 419: 418: 414:, which is from 401: 395: 338:, with the last 286: 278: 270: 262: 254: 229: 224: 161: 160: 136: 120: 111: 48: 41:Temporal range: 35: 34: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4499: 4494: 4486: 4481: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4447: 4442: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4389: 4379: 4374: 4310: 4268:Ellesmerocerida 4255: 4251:Phragmoteuthids 4174:Plectronocerida 4148: 4092: 4072: 4012: 3976: 3973: 3960: 3939: 3936: 3932:Notable fossil 3930: 3851: 3805: 3786: 3767: 3751: 3749:Further reading 3746: 3737: 3735: 3727:The Independent 3720: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3661: 3657: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3575: 3571: 3562: 3560: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3490: 3486: 3440: 3436: 3405: 3401: 3364: 3357: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3314: 3307: 3281: 3274: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3123: 3116: 3061: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3024: 2969: 2962: 2921: 2917: 2886: 2882: 2851: 2847: 2816: 2812: 2781: 2777: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2686: 2682: 2647: 2643: 2590: 2583: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2504: 2500: 2439: 2430: 2423: 2401: 2397: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2284: 2280: 2243:(6013): 70–72. 2233: 2224: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2165: 2151:"siphuncle, n." 2149: 2148: 2144: 2109: 2105: 2056:(3): e0151404. 2042: 2038: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1972: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1899: 1838:Hilda of Whitby 1826: 1732: 1613:mother-of-pearl 1566:biostratigraphy 1562:paleontologists 1531: 1489:cast in Germany 1477: 1475:Cephalopod size 1471: 1450:neutron imaging 1438: 1380:Kimmeridge Clay 1362: 1356: 1257: 1206:Reynolds number 1151: 1086: 971: 960: 954: 951: 936: 920: 909: 869: 824:analysis of an 812:bottom-dwelling 791: 773: 686: 638: 632: 595: 589: 585: 577: 568: 560: 551: 543: 445: 432: 390:Pliny the Elder 228: 222: 155: 127: 119: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 43: 42: 39: 31: 28: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4567: 4557: 4556: 4554:Neocephalopoda 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4492: 4479: 4466: 4453: 4440: 4430: 4415: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4331:Nectocarididae 4328: 4326: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4284: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4238: 4235:Syllipsimopodi 4214: 4208: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4184:Monoplacophora 4179:Plectronoceras 4166: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141:Belemnotheutis 4137: 4130: 4117: 4106: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4020:Early coleoids 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3849:External links 3847: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3809: 3803: 3790: 3784: 3771: 3765: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3713: 3710:. T. F. Unwin. 3696: 3680: 3673: 3655: 3630:Lovett, Edward 3621: 3589:(4): 703–715. 3569: 3517: 3510: 3484: 3455:(2): 576–610. 3434: 3399: 3378:(3): 573–590. 3355: 3322: 3305: 3272: 3253:(3): 423–438. 3237: 3201: 3144: 3137: 3114: 3055: 3036: 3022: 2960: 2915: 2880: 2861:(4): 325–331. 2845: 2826:(3): 231–238. 2810: 2775: 2754:(5): 595–602. 2734: 2727: 2707: 2700: 2680: 2661:(2): 576–610. 2641: 2604:(1): obac048. 2581: 2560:(4): 229–241. 2540: 2528: 2498: 2428: 2421: 2395: 2368:(3): 151–163. 2352: 2323: 2316: 2278: 2222: 2173: 2142: 2123:(1–2): 39–52. 2103: 2036: 2025: 1995: 1981: 1957: 1950: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1895: 1825: 1822: 1766:Ancyloceratina 1758:Phylloceratina 1754:Psiloceratidae 1731: 1728: 1660:Hoploscaphites 1530: 1527: 1517:North American 1470: 1467: 1459:filter feeders 1437: 1434: 1358:Main article: 1355: 1352: 1320:Bostrychoceras 1256: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1234: 1224: 1218: 1199: 1185: 1150: 1147: 1085: 1082: 973: 972: 923: 921: 914: 908: 905: 899:Orthosphynctes 868: 865: 790: 787: 783:Phylloceratina 772: 766: 750: 749: 743: 737: 731: 725: 719: 685: 682: 668:shortly after 631: 630:Classification 628: 615:) and typical 594: 591: 587: 586: 578: 571: 569: 561: 554: 552: 544: 537: 534: 533: 519: 505: 444: 441: 431: 428: 404:horns of Ammon 399:ammonis cornua 293: 292: 291: 290: 282: 274: 266: 258: 250: 241: 240: 236: 235: 220: 216: 215: 213:Neocephalopoda 210: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 149: 148: 138: 137: 129: 128: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 40: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4566: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319:Misidentified 4317: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4039:Styletoctopus 4036: 4034: 4033: 4032:Proteroctopus 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3897:Mosasaur diet 3895: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812:Walker, Cyril 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3734:on 2007-11-11 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3674:1-85702-963-1 3670: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372:Palaeontology 3369: 3362: 3360: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247:Sedimentology 3241: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3211:"Cephalopoda" 3205: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933:Palaeontology 2930: 2928: 2927:Allocrioceras 2919: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2342:on 2 May 2007 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2034: 2029: 2018:September 24, 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1971: 1970:www.nhm.ac.uk 1967: 1961: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881:are known as 1880: 1876: 1875:Gandaki River 1871: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:Saint Patrick 1849: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1648:Placenticeras 1644: 1643: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1585:free-floating 1582: 1581:free-swimming 1579:Due to their 1577: 1575: 1571: 1570:index fossils 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1526: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1326:Australiceras 1322: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1055:Dactylioceras 1051: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1008: 1001: 997: 996:Ernst Haeckel 992: 985: 984: 979: 969: 966: 958: 948: 944: 940: 934: 933: 929: 924:This section 922: 918: 913: 912: 901: 900: 895: 888: 884: 880: 879: 873: 864: 862: 857: 855: 849: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826:aptychophoran 823: 819: 818: 813: 808: 801: 800: 795: 786: 784: 780: 779: 771: 765: 763: 759: 755: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 734:Prolecanitida 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 713: 712: 706: 702: 698: 690: 681: 679: 675: 674:ornamentation 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 647: 642: 637: 627: 625: 622: 618: 614: 613: 608: 604: 600: 590: 583: 582: 575: 570: 566: 565: 558: 553: 549: 548: 541: 536: 535: 531: 527: 523: 520: 517: 513: 509: 506: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 491: 484: 482: 481:Placenticeras 477: 473: 465: 457: 453: 450: 440: 438: 427: 424: 413: 409: 405: 400: 391: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363:index fossils 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 289: 288:Prolecanitida 283: 281: 275: 273: 267: 265: 259: 257: 251: 249: 245: 244: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 159: 154: 150: 146: 145: 139: 135: 130: 124: 118: 114: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 47: 36: 33: 26: 19: 4394: 4367: 4362:Shelbyoceras 4360: 4355:Volborthella 4353: 4349:Kirengellida 4340: 4334: 4303: 4298:Tarphycerida 4286:Brevicones: 4282:Actinocerida 4272:Orthocones: 4246:Aulacocerids 4233: 4229:Gordoniconus 4227: 4221: 4189:Knightoconus 4187: 4186:-like form: 4177: 4169: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4112: 4067:Vampyronassa 4065: 4058: 4053:Palaeoctopus 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 3972:Evolution of 3953: 3819: 3794: 3775: 3756: 3736:. Retrieved 3732:the original 3725: 3716: 3706: 3699: 3689: 3683: 3664: 3658: 3644:(3): 333–4. 3641: 3637: 3624: 3613:. Retrieved 3586: 3582: 3572: 3561:. Retrieved 3534: 3530: 3520: 3493: 3487: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3415:(1): 35–57. 3412: 3408: 3402: 3375: 3371: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3315:, retrieved 3288: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3229:. Retrieved 3217: 3204: 3164:(1): 11862. 3161: 3157: 3147: 3131:. Springer. 3127: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3039: 3025: 2980: 2976: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2918: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2791:(1): 57–61. 2788: 2784: 2778: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2721:. Elsevier. 2717: 2710: 2694:. Springer. 2690: 2683: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2601: 2597: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2533:, retrieved 2511: 2501: 2453:(1): 11287. 2450: 2446: 2404: 2398: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2344:. Retrieved 2340:the original 2335: 2326: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2240: 2236: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2166:, retrieved 2154: 2145: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2028: 2016:. Retrieved 2007: 1998: 1988: 1984: 1973:. Retrieved 1969: 1960: 1933: 1926: 1872: 1865: 1845: 1842:Walter Scott 1827: 1785: 1763: 1747: 1739:Daraelitidae 1736: 1733: 1718:, all known 1705: 1694: 1675: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1616: 1606: 1578: 1543: 1529:Distribution 1520: 1519:ammonite is 1510: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1484: 1463: 1444:such as the 1442:lagerstatten 1439: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1411: 1403: 1400: 1393: 1385: 1378:", from the 1373: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1298: 1295:heteromorphs 1292: 1285: 1263: 1255:Heteromorphs 1248: 1246: 1240: 1237:Planorbicone 1236: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1201: 1188:Serpenticone 1187: 1173: 1168: 1166:efficiency. 1164:hydrodynamic 1159: 1155: 1152: 1143: 1139: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1102: 1100: 1092: 1075: 1067:hyperosmotic 1060: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1028:body chamber 1013: 999: 981: 961: 952: 937:Please help 925: 897: 876: 858: 850: 846: 817:Oxynoticeras 815: 809: 805: 797: 776: 774: 769: 751: 716:Agoniatitida 710: 661: 651: 623: 612:Allonautilus 610: 606: 596: 588: 579: 562: 545: 521: 507: 501: 496: 492: 488: 480: 470: 446: 433: 411: 383: 379:heteromorphs 375:planispirals 360: 347: 329: 305: 297: 296: 248:Agoniatitida 225: 206: 142: 141:Specimen of 44:409–65 32: 4457:iNaturalist 4419:Wikispecies 4302:Spirulid?: 4278:Orthocerida 4263:Early forms 4134:Belemnopsis 4109:Diplobelids 4002:Nautilaceae 3974:cephalopods 3934:cephalopods 3816:Ward, David 3342:: 2005–12. 1903:Belemnoidea 1686:iridescence 1671:concretions 1666:Jeletzkytes 1126:Bifericeras 1043:Anahoplites 1016:phragmocone 983:Jeletzkytes 822:Synchrotron 799:Asteroceras 754:Goniatitida 728:Goniatitida 624:siphunculus 603:phragmocone 302:cephalopods 280:Goniatitida 200:Cephalopoda 4518:Categories 4425:Ammonoidea 4395:Ammonoidea 4342:Nectocotis 4336:Nectocaris 4305:Shimanskya 4292:Oncocerida 4288:Ascocerida 4274:Endocerida 4242:belemnoids 4212:Bactritida 4158:Palaeozoic 4127:Belemnites 4120:Belemnites 4114:Diplobelus 4102:belemnoids 3995:nautiloids 3955:Belosaepia 3738:2010-04-23 3615:2023-01-08 3563:2023-01-08 3537:: 97–111. 3317:2021-10-26 3231:2022-09-23 2535:2023-05-15 2346:2007-04-26 2168:2024-06-07 1975:2023-12-21 1919:References 1883:Shaligrams 1809:nautiluses 1805:Nautiloids 1801:planktonic 1770:Cretaceous 1678:Madagascar 1634:Madagascar 1623:Gault clay 1602:concretion 1598:carbonates 1594:phosphates 1558:geologists 1548:era. Many 1348:Cretaceous 1342:Nipponites 1335:Nipponites 1314:Turrilites 1309:gastropods 1270:Cretaceous 1202:Spherocone 1192:planktonic 1133:period of 1121:microconch 1117:macroconch 1078:Clymeniina 861:cold seeps 762:Ammonitida 758:Ceratitida 746:Ammonitida 740:Ceratitida 722:Clymeniida 701:Iridescent 670:Cretaceous 654:bactritoid 634:See also: 516:Cretaceous 512:Ceratitida 502:Goniatitic 437:siphuncles 352:Ammonitida 326:nautiloids 322:cuttlefish 306:Ammonoidea 272:Clymeniida 264:Ceratitida 256:Ammonitida 226:Ammonoidea 219:Subclass: 4524:Ammonites 4369:Pohlsepia 4240:Earliest 4223:Jeletzkya 4207:ammonoids 4201:Goniatite 4100:Advanced 4088:Nautilida 4083:ammonoids 4081:Ceratitid 4008:ammonites 3993:Advanced 3795:Ammonites 3638:Folk-Lore 3605:0567-7920 3553:2245-7070 3479:231593832 2896:: 20–32. 2618:2517-4843 2576:0952-8369 2475:2045-2322 2390:214718487 2273:206530342 2137:0037-2110 2080:1932-6203 1993:37.40.167 1908:Coleoidea 1830:petrified 1818:Paleocene 1724:Paleocene 1701:aragonite 1697:Paleozoic 1654:Scaphites 1642:Baculites 1554:evolution 1506:Titanites 1499:from the 1496:Maximites 1422:nautiloid 1389:operculum 1305:orthocone 1300:Baculites 1274:aragonite 1265:Baculites 1241:Cadicones 1227:Discocone 1221:Platycone 1063:siphuncle 926:does not 621:Neo-Latin 617:Nautilida 599:siphuncle 593:Siphuncle 522:Ammonitic 508:Ceratitic 472:regions. 447:Ammonoid 388:' horns. 348:ammonites 314:octopuses 298:Ammonoids 176:Kingdom: 170:Eukaryota 123:Paleocene 38:Ammonoids 4433:BioLib: 4404:Wikidata 4218:coleoids 4205:ceratite 3982:Mesozoic 3945:Cenozoic 3690:Folklore 3609:Archived 3557:Archived 3471:33438316 3311:archived 3222:Archived 3196:34088905 3109:33505352 3075:(1): 3. 3017:33505352 2983:(1): 3. 2675:33438316 2636:36518181 2493:35787639 2265:21212354 2217:33049174 2193:(1936). 2098:26963712 2050:PLOS ONE 2012:Archived 1897:See also 1860:oracular 1712:Mesozoic 1690:ammolite 1618:Hoplites 1546:Mesozoic 1426:Nautilus 1418:Nautilus 1406:Mesozoic 1396:aptychus 1360:Aptychus 1354:Aptychus 1249:Nautilus 1231:Nautilus 1182:nektonic 1160:Involute 1131:Jurassic 1104:Nautilus 1071:buoyancy 1037:involute 998:'s 1904 955:May 2024 883:mosasaur 854:mosasaur 838:plankton 658:Devonian 607:Nautilus 526:Jurassic 356:Jurassic 336:Devonian 331:Nautilus 310:coleoids 190:Mollusca 186:Phylum: 180:Animalia 166:Domain: 125:records) 113:Devonian 4475:5424465 4449:4783611 4410:Q228002 4046:Keuppia 3820:Fossils 3417:Bibcode 3380:Bibcode 3255:Bibcode 3187:8178333 3166:Bibcode 3100:7813712 3077:Bibcode 3008:7813712 2985:Bibcode 2941:Bibcode 2898:Bibcode 2863:Bibcode 2855:Lethaia 2828:Bibcode 2820:Lethaia 2793:Bibcode 2785:Lethaia 2756:Bibcode 2748:Lethaia 2627:9743176 2484:9253093 2455:Bibcode 2370:Bibcode 2362:PALAIOS 2245:Bibcode 2237:Science 2208:7657852 2089:4786199 2058:Bibcode 1856:healing 1847:Marmion 1832:coiled 1772:period. 1682:Alberta 1583:and/or 1370:bivalve 1311:(e.g., 1174:Oxycone 1156:Evolute 1052:(e.g., 1049:evolute 1040:(e.g., 1020:camerae 947:removed 932:sources 834:mollusc 666:extinct 530:Permian 340:species 312:(i.e., 239:Orders 196:Class: 25:Amniote 4501:737043 4462:339398 4436:133876 4216:Early 3801: 3782: 3763: 3671: 3603: 3551: 3508: 3477: 3469: 3303: 3194: 3184: 3135: 3107: 3097: 3015: 3005: 2725: 2698: 2673: 2634: 2624: 2616: 2574: 2526: 2491: 2481: 2473: 2419: 2388: 2314: 2302:–238. 2271: 2263: 2215: 2205: 2135: 2096: 2086: 2078: 1948: 1891:Vishnu 1887:Hindus 1850:, and 1834:snakes 1813:bolide 1550:genera 1135:Europe 889:, Yale 830:isopod 371:fossil 233:, 1884 231:Zittel 117:Danian 4496:WoRMS 4488:94110 4086:late 4006:True 3475:S2CID 3225:(PDF) 3214:(PDF) 2386:S2CID 2269:S2CID 1879:Nepal 1609:clays 1590:redox 1208:) or 1196:pitch 1032:whorl 1024:septa 678:septa 662:circa 646:septa 449:septa 423:kéras 417:κέρας 412:ceras 318:squid 207:Clade 4203:and 3814:and 3799:ISBN 3780:ISBN 3761:ISBN 3669:ISBN 3601:ISSN 3549:ISSN 3506:ISBN 3467:PMID 3301:ISBN 3192:PMID 3133:ISBN 3105:PMID 3013:PMID 2723:ISBN 2696:ISBN 2671:PMID 2632:PMID 2614:ISSN 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