258:'s open source code, and was given an ultimatum by Mastodon, quietly admitting to the use of Mastodon code later on. Truth Social's launch was accompanied by substantial technical difficulties. The platform's terms of service include an incongruous clause that users may not "disparage, tarnish, or otherwise harm, in our opinion, us and/or the Site." According to a report from consumer rights group
355:, also distinguishes groups of alt-tech platforms: he says that some of them, such as DLive and Telegram, are "co-opted platforms" which have become widely popular among the far-right because of their minimal moderation; others including BitChute, Gab, and Parler are "bespoke platforms" which were created by people who themselves have "far-right leanings".
371:
We use the alt-tech term to refer to platforms that offer a promise of uncensored speech, which exist specifically to give a space for far-right, nationalist, racist, or extremist points of view, and which harbor a broad sense of grievance that speech has been "censored" for failure to be
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in 2019, as two major events that spurred
British social media users to join alternative platforms. Ethan Zuckerman and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci further referenced the August 2018 deplatforming of conspiracy theorist
167:, after it was found that the sole suspect of the attack, Robert Gregory Bowers, had posted a message on Gab before the shooting, indicating an immediate intent to cause harm. Bowers had a history of making extreme,
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Researchers have also found that alt-tech platforms can also be used by far-right extremists for mobilization and recruitment purposes, which is more dangerous than just spreading their viewpoints.
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users that disagree with the site's narrative as well as a swathe of other content including some conservative content. "Truth Social" has banned content mentioning liberal views on
3033:
2268:
Donovan, Joan; Lewis, Becca; Friedberg, Brian (December 31, 2018). "Parallel Ports: Sociotechnical Change from the Alt-Right to Alt-Tech". In
Fielitz, Maik; Thurston, Nick (eds.).
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254:, after establishing a messaging platform outside of Twitter, such as a now discontinued Trump blog. During development, Truth Social did not at first acknowledge using
2600:"Valheenpaljastaja: Internetiin on kaikessa hiljaisuudessa syntynyt Youtuben kaltainen kotimainen kanava, jossa levitetään salaliittoteorioita – tällainen on Tokentube"
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postings on the site. After the shooting, Gab briefly went offline when it was dropped by its hosting provider and denied service by several payment processors.
3205:
2525:
1597:
1338:
Zannettou, Savvas; Bradlyn, Barry; De
Cristofaro, Emiliano; et al. (March 13, 2018). "What is Gab: A Bastion of Free Speech or an Alt-Right Echo Chamber".
2360:
2338:
2166:"Trump's purported free speech social media platform Truth Social is hiding user posts, threatening to create a 'curated echo chamber,' research group finds"
2426:
1283:
3057:"Top Patreon creators, of the 'Intellectual Dark Web,' say they're launching an alternate crowdfunding platform not 'susceptible to arbitrary censorship'"
1215:
3248:
3244:
2027:
1715:
262:, alt tech platforms with a supposed focus on free speech include the censorship of some liberal and conservative viewpoints, as well as the routine
3235:
2602:[The lie detector: a domestic YouTube-like channel has quietly emerged on the internet to spread conspiracy theories - this is Tokentube].
1001:
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and Chand
Rajendra-Nicolucci, in contrast, described alt-tech services in explicitly political terms in a 2021 article for the
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2244:"Discord Was Once The Alt-Right's Favorite Chat App. Now It's Gone Mainstream And Scored A New $ 3.5 Billion Valuation"
3309:
3441:
3213:
1583:
2058:
1654:"Brothers Whom Authorities Linked to Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Had Flyer Supporting Neo-Nazi Group, Officials Say"
4585:
3714:
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1588:
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that promoted privacy-oriented features and an "uncensorable" app store. It was found that the device was merely a
2577:"Rumble, MeWe, Minds : bienvenue dans l'alt-tech, les réseaux sociaux de l'extrême droite et la complosphère"
19:
This article is about
Internet platforms that cater to extremists. For environmentally-friendly technologies, see
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3877:
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Alt-tech websites were first described in the 2010s. They became popular leading up to the early 2020s due to
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164:
5018:
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4268:
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1998:
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Post-digital cultures of the far right : online actions and offline consequences in Europe and the US
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from its userbase, and became a more mainstream platform. Joe
Mulhall, a senior researcher for the UK
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2628:
629:
148:
36:
32:
2657:"The Evolution of the Tech and Fundraising Platforms for Extremists Kicked Off the Regular Internet"
2270:
Post-Digital
Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US
4755:
4735:
4316:
4043:
3927:
1684:
1625:
182:, a website with a large proportion of Trump supporters among its userbase, was taken offline when
2713:
2399:"Conspiracy Theories About Pelosi Attack Spread Unchecked on 'Alt-tech' Sites, Conservative Media"
4949:
4625:
4560:
4191:
3679:
871:
3182:
2913:"Deplatforming: Following extreme Internet celebrities to Telegram and alternative social media"
4839:
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4590:
4291:
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4151:
4110:
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3951:
3834:
3253:
2191:
1278:
876:
646:
84:
20:
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4369:
4349:
4321:
4171:
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4005:
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3659:
3639:
2961:
2844:
2332:
1246:
807:
776:
475:
120:
3087:
2218:"Trump's Truth Social Is Banning Users Who Post About Jan. 6 Hearings, According to Reports"
1782:"Seattle-area company helps fringe site Gab return in wake of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting"
4475:
4146:
4126:
3964:
3824:
3579:
3389:
930:
427:
372:"politically correct." Many, but not all of these alt-tech sites are far-right communities.
309:
296:
in
September 2020, wrote that some alt-tech websites are specifically dedicated to serving
267:
160:
75:
from other social media platforms. Alt-tech platforms describe themselves as protectors of
174:
The popularity of alt-tech platforms surged in
January 2021, when United States president
8:
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4012:
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1593:
1516:
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667:
364:
325:
297:
255:
202:
183:
2868:"Variations on a Theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and Other chans' Far-Right "/pol" Boards"
2526:"Revealed: Startup Creates Streaming Platform for Extremists on Big-Tech Infrastructure"
934:
178:, and many of his prominent followers, were suspended from Twitter and other platforms.
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4795:
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4730:
4720:
4580:
4121:
3766:
3754:
3634:
3619:
2942:
2889:
2312:
1621:"'Screw the optics, I'm going in': Alleged shooter posts on social media before attack"
1377:
1349:
1055:
962:
321:
229:
136:
80:
56:
44:
2962:"Jordan Peterson is releasing a 'free speech' alternative to Patreon called Thinkspot"
2500:"How a debunked COVID-19 video kept spreading after Facebook and YouTube took it down"
2059:"Trump's Truth Social's disastrous launch raises doubts about its long-term viability"
915:
216:
pre-loaded with apps popular among the target audience, and a rebranded version of an
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4103:
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861:
332:
291:
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221:
2780:
2028:"Mastodon issues 30-day ultimatum to Trump's social network over misuse of its code"
1716:"Gab, the social network used by accused Pittsburgh synagogue shooter, goes offline"
1381:
320:(2018) as examples. They noted that others were more ideologically neutral, such as
4963:
4928:
4904:
4889:
4859:
4680:
4565:
4485:
4406:
List of
Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges
4263:
4212:
4176:
3654:
3501:
2924:
2661:
2553:
2431:
2320:
2281:
1619:
Hutchinson, Bill; Levine, Mike; Weinstein, Janet; Seyler, Matt (October 28, 2018).
1552:
1359:
1139:
938:
866:
829:
535:
360:
72:
4049:
3146:"Infogalactic, Metapedia, Conservapedia: l'extrême droite aussi a ses "Wikipédia""
1548:"Facebook has banned far-right activist Tommy Robinson for spreading Islamophobia"
4970:
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4725:
4695:
4600:
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4196:
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3724:
3704:
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3609:
3511:
3426:
3314:
2752:
2719:
2633:
2365:
1579:
1512:"Facebook bans pages of Britain First and leaders Paul Golding and Jayda Fransen"
1339:
700:
377:
356:
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4750:
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4520:
4515:
4510:
4480:
4470:
4242:
4037:
3884:
3761:
3684:
3431:
3420:
3394:
2993:"Jordan Peterson's Starting A 'Free Speech Hub' — And Extremists Are Intrigued"
2579:[Rumble, MeWe, Minds: welcome to alt-tech, far-right social networks].
2324:
2286:
1953:
1436:"The QAnon security threat: a linguistic fusion-based violence risk assessment"
1307:"This Twitter Alternative Was Supposed To Be Nicer, But Bigots Love It Already"
271:
259:
108:
3089:"Where do Trump and his fans go after being banned from most of the internet?"
1973:"Trump Truth Social app will be fully operational by end of March, Nunes says"
1685:"Social network Gab, a home for anti-Semitic speech, produced some of its own"
1496:
224:(rather than the independent app store implied in its promotional materials).
4997:
4884:
4805:
4790:
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4715:
4710:
4705:
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2070:
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1148:
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910:
856:
705:
556:
422:
352:
144:
140:
104:
68:
52:
1363:
942:
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4879:
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4207:
3945:
3849:
3559:
3461:
3456:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3173:"Conservapedia too pinko? Try Metapedia - Aryans battle 'Cultural Marxism'"
3028:
2464:"How Mainstream Social Media Data Collection Compares With Alt-Tech Rivals"
1830:
1476:
1211:
958:
795:
735:
568:
463:
251:
235:
175:
168:
88:
71:
and their supporters began to use alt-tech platforms because they had been
1888:"The MAGA-targeted "Freedom Phone" has a breathtaking amount of red flags"
1135:"Red Pilled: My Bizarre Week Using the Alt-Right's Vision of the Internet"
4700:
4645:
4550:
4301:
4116:
3749:
3699:
3496:
2361:"What is the right-wing Parler app that MPs and celebrities are joining?"
1826:"Rightwingers flock to 'alt tech' networks as mainstream sites ban Trump"
1341:
Companion of the Web Conference 2018 on the Web Conference 2018 - WWW '18
1311:
1046:
812:
389:
348:
217:
76:
60:
2893:
2867:
2809:"With 'GoyFundMe,' white supremacists raise money for NY Times neo-Nazi"
4854:
4630:
4595:
4505:
4500:
4296:
4247:
4059:
4054:
3934:
3909:
3844:
3709:
3674:
3516:
3466:
3446:
3436:
3121:
A Space for Hate: The White Power Movement's Adaptation Into Cyberspace
1657:
1400:"Inside the Online Cesspool of Anti-Semitism That Housed Robert Bowers"
1242:"5 things to know about Parler, the right-wing-friendly social network"
1006:
759:
573:
243:
noted that alt-tech platforms claiming censorship by Twitter – such as
198:
194:
153:
116:
2554:"Odysee aims to build a more freewheeling, independent video platform"
4640:
4026:
3958:
3914:
3368:
2273:
1720:
1395:
1186:
747:
679:
618:
606:
344:
336:
247:, Parler, and Rumble – have mostly advertised themselves on Twitter.
92:
48:
40:
2781:"What Is GoyFundMe? The Alt-right's New Fundraising Tool, Explained"
2599:
193:
In July 2021, an example of alt-tech hardware was announced as the "
4575:
4186:
4181:
4096:
4032:
3898:
3814:
3614:
2748:"Stars of 'Intellectual Dark Web' Scramble to Save Their Cash Cows"
2714:"PayPal shuts Russian crowdfunder's account after alt-right influx"
2689:
2140:"Trump's New Free Speech App Prohibits Users From Making Fun of It"
1753:
1354:
851:
790:
480:
313:
275:
128:
112:
64:
3238:['Metapedia' as a nationalist counterpart to 'Knowledge']
4785:
4450:
3970:
3940:
3860:
3539:
2785:
2277:
2093:"Trump's Social Media Site Quietly Admits It's Based on Mastodon"
1337:
585:
206:
132:
1051:"The Alt-Right Created a Parallel Internet. It's an Unholy Mess"
119:
groups claim that these companies censor their views. After the
3839:
3669:
3644:
3481:
2498:
Bellemare, Andrea; Nicholson, Katie; Ho, Jason (May 21, 2020).
1618:
451:
317:
179:
124:
2427:"A year after Trump purge, 'alt-tech' offers far-right refuge"
2114:"Trump's Social-Network App Launches Without a Social Network"
1216:"Can Alt-Tech Help the Far Right Build an Alternate Internet?"
4849:
3981:
3829:
3809:
3797:
3739:
3664:
3208:[The far right gets a new lease of life on the web].
3024:"What is Jordan Peterson's new anti-censorship website like?"
2897:
2468:
2097:
1092:"'Alt-tech' attracts growing number of extremists in Britain"
492:
439:
329:
305:
301:
244:
3337:
2629:"Crowdfunding Site For Right-Wing Causes Generates Windfall"
1914:"MAGA World's 'Freedom Phone' Actually Budget Chinese Phone"
1749:"Gab gets new domain host, expects to be back online Sunday"
4440:
3854:
3819:
1862:"After Weeks Of Being Offline, Parler Finds A New Web Host"
1652:
Trautwein, Catherine; Thompson, A. C. (November 16, 2018).
1578:
817:
764:
729:
717:
634:
513:
3206:"L'extrĂŞme droite s'offre une seconde jeunesse sur le web"
2866:
Baele, Stephane J.; Brace, Lewys; Coan, Travis G. (2021).
83:, which researchers and journalists have alleged may be a
2604:
1688:
1233:
1002:"The Websites Sustaining Britain's Far-Right Influencers"
916:"False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right"
392:
has described alt-tech platforms as "ultra-libertarian".
190:. It was restarted with a new host on February 15, 2021.
1949:"Trump's Truth Social Is Poised to Join a Crowded Field"
1683:
Pagliery, Jose; Toropin, Konstantin (October 30, 2018).
280:
Congressional hearings on the January 6th Capitol attack
250:
In February 2022, Trump launched a Twitter alternative,
3079:
1879:
1433:
1274:"Parler: Where the Mainstream Mingles with the Extreme"
239:
described a crowded marketplace of alt-tech platforms.
143:
researcher Joe Mulhall identified the deplatforming of
2840:"Swiping right into the alt-right online dating world"
2425:
Klepper, David; Ortutay, Barbara (February 5, 2022).
2267:
1645:
1182:"Alt-Tech platforms: A haven for fringe views online"
2497:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
1860:
Allyn, Bobby; Treisman, Rachel (February 15, 2021).
908:
59:
than mainstream platforms. The term "alt-tech" is a
3249:
State Office for the Protection of the Constitution
3245:
Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution
1947:Goldstein, Matthew; Mac, Ryan (February 18, 2022).
1475:Fielitz, Maik; Thurston, Nick (December 31, 2018).
1388:
111:), and other restrictions imposed on extremists by
2984:
2712:
2627:Bergengruen, Vera; Wilson, Chris (March 3, 2022).
2524:Wilson, Jason; Squire, Megan (December 19, 2021).
1085:
1083:
1081:
1000:Andrews, Frank; Pym, Ambrose (February 24, 2021).
995:
993:
914:
270:". Based on the report, Truth Social was found to
3236:'Metapedia' als nationales Pendant zu 'Knowledge'
3015:
2626:
2345:
2337:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1651:
1584:"Deplatforming Our Way to the Alt-Tech Ecosystem"
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
163:received extensive public scrutiny following the
4995:
3212:(in French). Babel International. Archived from
3143:
2953:
1582:; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand (January 11, 2021).
4411:Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys
1682:
1676:
1474:
1078:
990:
188:January 6 storming of the United States Capitol
3252:(Report) (in German). Ministry of Interior of
2865:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2424:
1162:
889:
3353:
3118:
1966:
1964:
1859:
1434:Ebner; Kavanagh; Whitehouse (December 2022).
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
400:
186:suspended its hosting several days after the
123:in August 2017, technology companies such as
2523:
1946:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1546:Hamilton, Isobel Asher (February 26, 2019).
1429:
1427:
343:. Discord later worked to remove right-wing
205:version of a Chinese smartphone produced by
3310:"The Far Right Has Found a Web Host Savior"
3276:"Welcome to the Knowledge of the Alt-Right"
3273:
3085:
2779:Sommer, Allison Kaplan (December 1, 2017).
2685:"Alex Jones' lawsuit losses are not enough"
2446:
2021:
2019:
1740:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
290:Deen Freelon and colleagues, publishing in
16:Internet platforms favored by the alt-right
3360:
3346:
2189:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1996:
1970:
1961:
1266:
1119:
999:
3086:Cuthbertson, Anthony (January 13, 2021).
2928:
2285:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1567:
1424:
1353:
1331:
1239:
328:. Discord and Telegram have been used by
4541:Austin "Augustus Sol Invictus" Gillespie
3802:
3203:
2959:
2215:
2025:
2016:
1545:
1026:
2710:
2190:Hunt-Majer, Cheyenne (August 2, 2022).
2163:
2056:
2045:
1298:
1240:Silverman, Dwight (November 12, 2020).
1133:Ellis, Emma Grey (September 27, 2017).
55:, typically because they employ looser
4996:
3307:
3181:. Situation Publishing. Archived from
3170:
3123:. Litwin Books. pp. 93, 104–105.
3055:Goggin, Benjamin (December 17, 2018).
3054:
3036:from the original on December 26, 2019
3021:
2990:
2910:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2778:
2760:from the original on December 18, 2018
2745:
2727:from the original on December 15, 2018
2654:
2597:
2564:from the original on December 7, 2020.
2493:
2491:
2396:
2111:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1911:
1885:
1823:
1806:
1746:
1713:
1664:from the original on November 28, 2018
1286:from the original on November 14, 2020
1254:from the original on November 14, 2020
1210:
1179:
1089:
1014:from the original on February 24, 2021
973:from the original on September 4, 2020
913:; Kreiss, Daniel (September 4, 2020).
3341:
3274:Sobel Fitts, Alexis (June 21, 2017).
3100:from the original on January 12, 2021
2837:
2806:
2711:Coulter, Martin (December 15, 2018).
2574:
2476:from the original on January 15, 2021
2461:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2358:
2310:
2280:: Transcript Verlag. pp. 49–66.
2241:
1999:"Trump blog page shuts down for good"
1779:
1761:from the original on November 5, 2018
1747:Linton, Caroline (November 3, 2018).
1728:from the original on October 29, 2018
1695:from the original on October 31, 2018
1600:from the original on January 11, 2021
1509:
1132:
1045:
4706:Paul "GypsyCrusader" Nicholas Miller
3322:from the original on August 22, 2019
2682:
2598:Vehkoo, Johanna (November 2, 2021).
2587:from the original on March 19, 2021.
2164:Leonard, Kimberly (August 2, 2022).
2137:
2026:Coldewey, Devin (October 29, 2021).
1971:Pilkington, Ed (February 20, 2022).
1394:
1304:
1206:
1204:
1180:Malter, Jordan (November 10, 2017).
3256:. 2008. p. 59f. Archived from
3067:from the original on March 27, 2019
2972:from the original on April 17, 2020
2960:Martinez, Ignacio (June 13, 2019).
2826:
2488:
2090:
2057:Harwell, Drew (February 22, 2022).
1931:
1773:
1346:Association for Computing Machinery
159:In October 2018, alt-tech platform
13:
3144:Perrine Signoret (June 27, 2017).
3003:from the original on July 25, 2019
2838:Ebner, Julia (February 10, 2020).
2746:Sommer, Will (December 18, 2018).
2683:Yang, Yunkang (October 14, 2022).
2551:
2397:Wilson, Jason (November 4, 2022).
2385:
2373:from the original on June 30, 2020
2311:Ebner, Julia (September 5, 2019).
2112:Danner, Chas (February 21, 2022).
1997:Breuninger, Kevin (June 2, 2021).
1824:Wilson, Jason (January 13, 2021).
1714:Molina, Brett (October 29, 2018).
1633:from the original on July 22, 2019
1539:
1319:from the original on June 30, 2020
135:were criticized for deplatforming
14:
5035:
4741:Colin "Millennial Woes" Robertson
3022:Semley, John (December 4, 2019).
2991:Kassel, Matthew (July 24, 2019).
2917:European Journal of Communication
2462:Cohen, Jason (January 15, 2021).
2091:Kan, Michael (December 1, 2021).
1510:Field, Matthew (March 14, 2018).
1481:. Bielefeld : Transcript Verlag.
1201:
266:on other platforms, creating an "
4203:Identitarian Movement of Austria
3715:Northwest Territorial Imperative
3204:Schweyer, Cléo (July 15, 2009).
3171:Haines, Lester (July 23, 2007).
2575:Gayte, Aurore (March 19, 2021).
2552:Ha, Anthony (December 7, 2020).
2216:Spangler, Todd (June 10, 2022).
1794:from the original on May 5, 2019
1780:Baker, Mike (November 4, 2018).
1589:Knight First Amendment Institute
1412:from the original on May 2, 2020
1090:Cogley, Michael (July 6, 2020).
361:Knight First Amendment Institute
67:". In the 2010s, some prominent
4895:Abigail "Philosophy Tube" Thorn
4456:Carl "Sargon of Akkad" Benjamin
3301:
3267:
3228:
3197:
3164:
3137:
3112:
3048:
2904:
2859:
2807:Sales, Ben (December 1, 2017).
2800:
2772:
2739:
2704:
2676:
2648:
2620:
2591:
2568:
2545:
2517:
2418:
2304:
2261:
2235:
2209:
2183:
2157:
2138:Bort, Ryan (October 21, 2021).
2131:
2105:
2084:
1990:
1905:
1853:
1707:
1612:
1503:
1468:
4978:White Right: Meeting the Enemy
4860:Ian "Innuendo Studios" Danskin
3720:Nordic racial paganism/Odalism
3690:National Socialist black metal
2327:(inactive September 19, 2024).
2242:Brown, Abram (June 30, 2020).
2192:"Truth Can't Handle the Truth"
1912:Sommer, Will (July 15, 2021).
1:
4385:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
4365:Christchurch mosque shootings
3594:Zionist Occupation Government
3367:
2911:Rogers, Richard (June 2020).
2359:Smith, Adam (June 24, 2020).
2317:Journal of Design and Science
1886:Amadeo, Ron (July 20, 2021).
1305:Saul, Isaac (July 18, 2019).
882:
165:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
4957:It Came From Something Awful
4307:End Domestic Terrorism rally
4269:Washington Summit Publishers
2655:Dalton, Ben (May 17, 2022).
395:
380:and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci
7:
4900:Natalie "ContraPoints" Wynn
4845:Steven "Destiny" Bonnell II
4786:Daryush "Roosh V" Valizadeh
4258:Traditionalist Worker Party
3905:Kingdom Identity Ministries
3308:Makuch, Ben (May 8, 2019).
3119:Adam G. Klein (June 2010).
2531:Southern Poverty Law Center
2404:Southern Poverty Law Center
845:
339:, which contributed to the
285:
10:
5040:
4380:Murder of Timothy Caughman
4360:Charlottesville car attack
4355:Charleston church shooting
2325:10.21428/7808da6b.e585ddcb
2287:10.14361/9783839446706-004
401:List of alt-tech platforms
98:
37:Internet service providers
33:social networking services
18:
5009:2020s in Internet culture
5004:2010s in Internet culture
4913:
4855:Harry "Hbomberguy" Brewis
4832:
4819:
4546:Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet
4441:Andrew "weev" Auernheimer
4423:
4398:
4375:Murder of Blaze Bernstein
4345:Assault of DeAndre Harris
4337:
4284:
4277:
4228:National Policy Institute
4139:
3997:
3869:
3788:
3779:
3602:
3525:
3382:
3375:
3247:; North Rhine-Westphalia
2873:Perspectives on Terrorism
2313:"Replatforming Unreality"
1443:Perspectives on Terrorism
728:
699:
630:Social networking service
628:
567:
474:
421:
47:, and others who espouse
4451:Theodore "Vox Day" Beale
3928:The Occidental Quarterly
2930:10.1177/0267323120922066
985:freely available version
4561:Christopher Paul Hasson
3680:Men Going Their Own Way
3452:Increase in birth rates
1364:10.1145/3184558.3191531
943:10.1126/science.abb2428
872:Surveillance capitalism
4591:William Daniel Johnson
4233:New Century Foundation
4223:National Justice Party
4152:American Freedom Party
4111:Social justice warrior
4084:Right Wing Death Squad
4078:Red pill and blue pill
3254:North Rhine-Westphalia
1348:. pp. 1007–1014.
1279:Anti-Defamation League
877:Technology and society
383:
21:Alternative technology
5024:Technology in society
4875:Daryle Lamont Jenkins
4850:Ian "Vaush" Kochinski
4571:Michael A. Hoffman II
4531:Jean-François Gariépy
4390:Portland train attack
4322:Unite the Right rally
4162:Antipodean Resistance
4157:Anti-Communist Action
4044:It's okay to be white
4006:Basket of deplorables
3977:Vanguard News Network
3946:Reddit (r/The_Donald)
3660:Identitarian movement
2845:Sydney Morning Herald
1282:. November 12, 2020.
1247:The Houston Chronicle
1049:(December 11, 2017).
808:Domain name registrar
777:Online dating service
476:Online video platform
369:
156:as a pivotal moment.
121:Unite the Right rally
107:, banning (including
4950:I Don't Speak German
4476:Christopher Cantwell
4147:AltRight Corporation
3878:American Renaissance
3390:American nationalism
1398:(October 29, 2018).
388:Austrian researcher
333:conspiracy theorists
300:communities, naming
63:of "alt-right" and "
5019:Political extremism
4317:Macron e-mail leaks
4253:Rise Above Movement
4167:Atomwaffen Division
3921:Occidental Observer
3735:Paleolibertarianism
3565:Murder of Seth Rich
3487:Right-wing populism
1594:Columbia University
1517:The Daily Telegraph
1097:The Daily Telegraph
935:2020Sci...369.1197F
929:(6508): 1197–1201.
365:Columbia University
304:(founded in 2003),
184:Amazon Web Services
31:is a collection of
4796:Paul Joseph Watson
4766:Richard B. Spencer
4731:William Regnery II
4721:Bronze Age Pervert
4581:Charles C. Johnson
4122:Triple parentheses
3767:White Lives Matter
3755:Dark Enlightenment
3635:Christian Identity
3620:Alt-right pipeline
1056:The New York Times
341:January 6th attack
264:content moderation
230:The New York Times
209:, with a modified
137:white supremacists
81:individual liberty
57:content moderation
39:popular among the
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4811:Milo Yiannopoulos
4419:
4418:
4327:Unite the Right 2
4292:Berkeley protests
4135:
4134:
3892:The Daily Stormer
3775:
3774:
3730:Paleoconservatism
3630:Boogaloo movement
3625:Alternative media
3555:Homosexual agenda
3550:Great Replacement
3507:White nationalism
3492:Scientific racism
3178:Theregister.co.uk
3130:978-1-936117-07-9
2297:978-3-8394-4670-6
1787:The Seattle Times
1488:978-3-8394-4670-6
1405:Politico Magazine
1373:978-1-4503-5640-4
1214:(July 23, 2019).
862:Freedom of speech
843:
842:
222:Google Play Store
5031:
4964:Kill All Normies
4929:Culture Warlords
4905:Donna Zuckerberg
4830:
4829:
4681:Stephen McNallen
4671:Jeremy MacKenzie
4566:Matthew Heimbach
4486:Alain de Benoist
4370:El Paso shooting
4350:Buffalo shooting
4282:
4281:
4264:Vanguard America
4213:Les Identitaires
4177:Deplorable Pride
3786:
3785:
3655:Holocaust denial
3535:Cultural Marxism
3502:White ethnostate
3405:Anti-immigration
3380:
3379:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3263:on May 15, 2013.
3262:
3241:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3216:on July 20, 2011
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3185:on June 28, 2011
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3061:Business Insider
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
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2510:
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2486:
2485:
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2481:
2459:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2432:Associated Press
2422:
2416:
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2413:
2411:
2394:
2383:
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2356:
2343:
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2301:
2289:
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2256:
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2239:
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2230:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2170:Business Insider
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
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2054:
2043:
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2040:
2038:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1944:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1909:
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1700:
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1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1580:Zuckerman, Ethan
1576:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1553:Business Insider
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
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1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1357:
1344:. Lyon, France:
1335:
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1302:
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1295:
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1291:
1270:
1264:
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1199:
1198:
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1130:
1117:
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1114:
1112:
1087:
1076:
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1071:
1043:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
997:
988:
982:
980:
978:
918:
906:
867:Platform economy
830:Civic engagement
405:
404:
381:
115:companies. Some
5039:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5028:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4983:
4971:Knowledge Fight
4936:Devil's Bargain
4909:
4870:Emily Gorcenski
4824:
4822:
4815:
4801:Lucian Wintrich
4761:Lauren Southern
4726:Paul Ray Ramsey
4696:Stefan Molyneux
4666:Kevin MacDonald
4626:Douglas Murray
4601:Arthur J. Jones
4491:John Derbyshire
4415:
4394:
4333:
4273:
4197:Identity Evropa
4192:Hundred-Handers
4131:
4066:Owning the libs
3993:
3952:The Right Stuff
3865:
3781:
3771:
3725:Nouvelle Droite
3705:Neo-nationalism
3695:Neo-Confederate
3610:Accelerationism
3598:
3570:New World Order
3527:
3521:
3512:White supremacy
3427:Cultural racism
3371:
3366:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3094:The Independent
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2954:
2909:
2905:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2836:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2813:Times of Israel
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2753:The Daily Beast
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2720:Financial Times
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2573:
2569:
2550:
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2536:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2460:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2395:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2366:The Independent
2357:
2346:
2330:
2329:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2063:Washington Post
2055:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2024:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1962:
1945:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1918:The Daily Beast
1910:
1906:
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1854:
1844:
1842:
1822:
1807:
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1508:
1504:
1489:
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1413:
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1299:
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1234:
1224:
1222:
1209:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1178:
1163:
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1120:
1110:
1108:
1088:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1044:
1027:
1017:
1015:
998:
991:
976:
974:
909:Freelon, Deen;
907:
890:
885:
848:
811:
701:News aggregator
403:
398:
382:
378:Ethan Zuckerman
376:
357:Ethan Zuckerman
288:
101:
53:fringe theories
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5037:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4943:Feels Good Man
4939:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
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4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
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4827:
4817:
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4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:Martin Sellner
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4691:Stephen Miller
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
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4616:Tom Kawcyznski
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4556:Paul Gottfried
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Daniel Friberg
4518:
4516:Haakon Forwald
4513:
4511:Guillaume Faye
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:Mike Cernovich
4478:
4473:
4471:Peter Brimelow
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
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4408:
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4387:
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4367:
4362:
4357:
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4347:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Patriot Prayer
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
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4159:
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4143:
4141:
4137:
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4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
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4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4038:Happy Merchant
4035:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3885:Breitbart News
3881:
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3806:
3805:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3777:
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3764:
3762:Third Position
3759:
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3747:
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3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:MAGA Communism
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3589:White genocide
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3467:Large families
3464:
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3434:
3432:Fourteen Words
3429:
3424:
3421:Blood and soil
3417:
3412:
3407:
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3397:
3395:Anti-communism
3392:
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3150:LExpansion.com
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2923:(3): 213–229.
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2015:
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149:Tommy Robinson
109:shadow banning
100:
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4779:
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4771:Brett Stevens
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4709:
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4461:Owen Benjamin
4459:
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4238:Patriot Front
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4020:Cuckservative
4017:
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3745:Radical right
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3650:Ethnofuturism
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3477:Protectionism
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2144:Rolling Stone
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2118:Intelligencer
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2076:September 27,
2072:
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2037:September 27,
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2004:
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1982:September 27,
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857:Deplatforming
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353:Hope not Hate
351:organization
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147:in 2018, and
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145:Britain First
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141:Hope not Hate
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105:deplatforming
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4651:Lana Lokteff
4586:Greg Johnson
4536:Ben Garrison
4526:Nick Fuentes
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3462:Isolationism
3457:Islamophobia
3415:Anti-Zionism
3410:Antisemitism
3400:Antifeminism
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4551:Faith Goldy
4302:DeploraBall
4117:Trash Doves
3750:Reactionary
3700:Neo-fascism
3526:Conspiracy
3497:Transphobia
3152:(in French)
3104:January 16,
2997:The Forward
2792:December 2,
2612:January 18,
2558:Tech Crunch
2509:January 15,
2480:January 19,
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2438:January 12,
1845:January 16,
1765:November 5,
1732:October 30,
1604:January 16,
1312:The Forward
813:web hosting
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390:Julia Ebner
349:anti-racism
335:to promote
316:(2017) and
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203:white-label
169:antisemitic
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4631:Steve King
4596:Alex Jones
4506:Mike Enoch
4501:David Duke
4297:Comicsgate
4248:Proud Boys
4060:OK gesture
3965:Stormfront
3935:Rebel News
3910:Kuruc.info
3845:Terrorgram
3710:Neo-Nazism
3675:Manosphere
3640:Creativity
3517:Xenophobia
3447:Homophobia
3442:Gun rights
3437:Ghost skin
2851:January 9,
2032:TechCrunch
1923:August 28,
1668:August 28,
1658:ProPublica
1497:1082971164
1460:August 20,
1396:Katz, Rita
1355:1802.05287
1007:Bellingcat
883:References
781:WASP Love
760:Imageboard
574:GiveSendGo
547:TokenTube
414:Citations
345:extremists
298:right-wing
199:smartphone
154:Alex Jones
117:right-wing
4825:criticism
4641:Nick Land
4466:Don Black
4312:Gamergate
4285:Incidents
4260:(defunct)
4199:(defunct)
4104:Snowflake
4027:Deus vult
4013:Beta male
3959:StoneToss
3915:Metapedia
3857:(defunct)
3575:Pizzagate
3369:Alt-right
3288:1059-1028
3040:April 19,
3007:April 17,
2976:April 17,
2947:218914493
2939:0267-3231
2886:2334-3745
2818:March 18,
2764:March 25,
2696:March 11,
2274:Bielefeld
2227:August 3,
2201:August 3,
2175:August 3,
2071:0190-8286
1840:0261-3077
1721:USA Today
1526:0307-1235
1455:2334-3745
1323:August 4,
1187:CNN Money
1149:1059-1028
1106:0307-1235
1065:0362-4331
967:221471947
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835:CloutHub
832:platform
748:Metapedia
680:Thinkspot
619:GoyFundMe
607:WeSearchr
396:Platforms
337:terrorism
272:shadowban
241:The Times
227:By 2022,
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5014:Alt-tech
4576:Sam Hyde
4187:Groypers
4182:Diagolon
4172:The Base
4127:Undercut
4097:Shadilay
4050:Moon Man
4033:Fashwave
3899:InfoWars
3870:Websites
3815:BitChute
3790:Alt-tech
3615:Alt-lite
3584:incident
3528:theories
3472:Nativism
3320:Archived
3293:April 8,
3220:March 9,
3189:March 9,
3098:Archived
3065:Archived
3034:Archived
3001:Archived
2970:Archived
2894:26984798
2758:Archived
2731:March 8,
2725:Archived
2690:NBC News
2585:Archived
2581:Numerama
2562:Archived
2504:CBC News
2474:Archived
2371:Archived
1897:July 20,
1792:Archived
1759:Archived
1754:CBS News
1726:Archived
1693:Archived
1662:Archived
1631:Archived
1626:ABC News
1598:Archived
1410:Archived
1382:13853370
1317:Archived
1284:Archived
1252:Archived
1012:Archived
971:Archived
959:32883863
852:Big Tech
846:See also
791:Pastebin
668:Telegram
525:PewTube
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375:—
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312:(2016),
308:(2013),
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276:abortion
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214:firmware
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3971:TruNews
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3603:Related
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3326:May 10,
3071:June 2,
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2253:May 18,
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