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425:
2080:
largely free to negotiate their own operating arrangements with different airports, enter and exit routes easily, and to levy airfares and supply flights according to market demand. The entry barriers for new airlines are lower in a deregulated market, and so the U.S. has seen hundreds of airlines start up (sometimes for only a brief operating period). This has produced far greater competition than before deregulation in most markets. The added competition, together with pricing freedom, means that new entrants often take market share with highly reduced rates that, to a limited degree, full service airlines must match. This is a major constraint on profitability for established carriers, which tend to have a higher cost base.
1446:
40:
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248:
1095:
543:
1241:
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2595:
2429:
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732:
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1996:
526:, the Chief Administration of the Civil Air Fleet was established in 1921. One of its first acts was to help found Deutsch-Russische Luftverkehrs A.G. (Deruluft), a German-Russian joint venture to provide air transport from Russia to the West. Domestic air service began around the same time, when Dobrolyot started operations on 15 July 1923 between Moscow and Nizhni Novgorod. Since 1932 all operations had been carried under the name
2621:, to sell air services at varying prices simultaneously to different segments. Factors influencing the price include the days remaining until departure, the booked load factor, the forecast of total demand by price point, competitive pricing in force, and variations by day of week of departure and by time of day. Carriers often accomplish this by dividing each cabin of the aircraft (first, business and economy) into a number of
7863:
3209:
airlines, which also share 40% of merchandise value in and out of Europe. Without even pressure from "green activists", targeting lower ticket prices, generally, airlines do what is possible to cut the fuel consumption (and gas emissions connected therewith). Further, according to some reports, it can be concluded that the last piston-powered aircraft were as fuel-efficient as the average jet in 2005.
2811:, the ownership of slots at certain airports (the right to take-off or land an aircraft at a particular time of day or night) has become a significant tradable asset for many airlines. Clearly take-off slots at popular times of the day can be critical in attracting the more profitable business traveler to a given airline's flight and in establishing a competitive advantage against a competing airline.
233:
2761:
897:
1469:, making it Asia's first airline route. Bachrach's death in 1937 paved the way for its eventual merger with Philippine Airlines in March 1941 and made it Asia's oldest airline. It is also the oldest airline in Asia still operating under its current name. Bachrach's majority share in PATCO was bought by beer magnate Andres R. Soriano in 1939 upon the advice of General
2137:" agreements became more common. These agreements take many of these regulatory powers from state governments and open up international routes to further competition. Open skies agreements have met some criticism, particularly within the European Union, whose airlines would be at a comparative disadvantage with the United States' because of
1461:(PAL) was officially founded on February 26, 1941, its license to operate as an airliner was derived from merged Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (PATCO) established by mining magnate Emmanuel N. Bachrach on 3 December 1930, making it Asia's oldest scheduled carrier still in operation. Commercial air service commenced three weeks later from
2994:(sometimes systemwide). These are increasingly integrated business combinations—sometimes including cross-equity arrangements—in which products, service standards, schedules, and airport facilities are standardized and combined for higher efficiency. One of the first airlines to start an alliance with another airline was
3502:
and other markets exhibit this trend. The industry has been observed to be cyclical in its financial performance. Four or five years of poor earnings precede five or six years of improvement. But profitability even in the good years is generally low, in the range of 2–3% net profit after interest and
3212:
Despite continuing efficiency improvements from the major aircraft manufacturers, the expanding demand for global air travel has resulted in growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of
2075:
that the government owns and operates. Fully private airlines are subject to much government regulation for economic, political, and safety concerns. For instance, governments often intervene to halt airline labor actions to protect the free flow of people, communications, and goods between different
1402:
Congress sought to provide cash infusions to carriers for both the cost of the four-day federal shutdown of the airlines and the incremental losses incurred through
December 31, 2001, as a result of the terrorist attacks. This resulted in the first government bailout of the 21st century. Between 2000
1231:
began producing Europe's most commercially successful line of airliners to date. The added efficiencies for these aircraft were often not in speed, but in passenger capacity, payload, and range. Airbus also features modern electronic cockpits that were common across their aircraft to enable pilots to
3013:
operations, or purchase fuel and aircraft as a bloc to achieve higher bargaining power. However, the alliances have been most successful at purchasing invisible supplies and services, such as fuel. Airlines usually prefer to purchase items visible to their passengers to differentiate themselves from
2663:
Computers also allow airlines to predict, with some accuracy, how many passengers will actually fly after making a reservation to fly. This allows airlines to overbook their flights enough to fill the aircraft while accounting for "no-shows", but not enough (in most cases) to force paying passengers
2521:
tool used by transportation companies like airlines to reduce their exposure to volatile and potentially rising fuel costs. Several low-cost carriers such as
Southwest Airlines adopt this practice. Southwest is credited with maintaining strong business profits between 1999 and the early 2000s due to
1278:
In many ways, the biggest winner in the deregulated environment was the air passenger. Although not exclusively attributable to deregulation, indeed the U.S. witnessed an explosive growth in demand for air travel. Many millions who had never or rarely flown before became regular fliers, even joining
1270:
pricing. In this strategy an already established and dominant airline stomps out its competition by lowering airfares on specific routes, below the cost of operating on it, choking out any chance a start-up airline may have. The industry side effect is an overall drop in revenue and service quality.
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The pattern of ownership has been privatized since the mid-1980s, that is, the ownership has gradually changed from governments to private and individual sectors or organizations. This occurs as regulators permit greater freedom and non-government ownership, in steps that are usually decades apart.
1421:
Ultimately, the federal government provided $ 4.6 billion in one-time, subject-to-income-tax cash payments to 427 U.S. air carriers, with no provision for repayment, essentially a gift from the taxpayers. (Passenger carriers operating scheduled service received approximately $ 4 billion, subject to
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loyalty programs and receiving free flights and other benefits from their flying. New services and higher frequencies meant that business fliers could fly to another city, do business, and return the same day, from almost any point in the country. Air travel's advantages put long-distance intercity
827:
had become the world's largest airline, employing more than 4,000 pilots and 60,000 other service personnel and operating around 3,000 aircraft (of which 75% were considered obsolete by its own standards). During the Soviet era
Aeroflot was synonymous with Russian civil aviation, as it was the only
3224:
burned per passenger on an average 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) airline flight is about 353 kilograms (776 pounds). Loss of natural habitat potential associated with the jet fuel burned per passenger on a 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) airline flight is estimated to be 250 square meters
3103:, such as higher growth due to global mobility, outweigh the microeconomic losses and justify continuing government intervention. A historically high level of government intervention in the airline industry can be seen as part of a wider political consensus on strategic forms of transport, such as
2958:
flight. The passenger is advised however, that airline no. 1 operates the flight from say
Chicago to Amsterdam (for example), and airline no. 2 operates the continuing flight (on a different airplane, sometimes from another terminal) to Düsseldorf. Thus the primary rationale for code sharing is to
2776:
Airline financing is quite complex, since airlines are highly leveraged operations. Not only must they purchase (or lease) new airliner bodies and engines regularly, they must make major long-term fleet decisions with the goal of meeting the demands of their markets while producing a fleet that is
2079:
The United States, Australia, and to a lesser extent Brazil, Mexico, India, the United
Kingdom, and Japan have "deregulated" their airlines. In the past, these governments dictated airfares, route networks, and other operational requirements for each airline. Since deregulation, airlines have been
3321:
when communicating with airports or air traffic control. Most of these call-signs are derived from the airline's trade name, but for reasons of history, marketing, or the need to reduce ambiguity in spoken
English (so that pilots do not mistakenly make navigational decisions based on instructions
3208:
from aviation increased by 87% between 1990 and 2006. However it must be compared with the flights increase, only in UK, between 1990 and 2006 terminal passengers increased from 100 000 thousands to 250 000 thousands., according to AEA reports every year, 750 million passengers travel by
European
2628:
A complicating factor is that of origin-destination control ("O&D control"). Someone purchasing a ticket from
Melbourne to Sydney (as an example) for A$ 200 is competing with someone else who wants to fly Melbourne to Los Angeles through Sydney on the same flight, and who is willing to pay A$
2613:
Because of the complications in scheduling flights and maintaining profitability, airlines have many loopholes that can be used by the knowledgeable traveler. Many of these airfare secrets are becoming more and more known to the general public, so airlines are forced to make constant adjustments.
1261:
lowered federally controlled barriers for new airlines just as a downturn in the nation's economy occurred. New start-ups entered during the downturn, during which time they found aircraft and funding, contracted hangar and maintenance services, trained new employees, and recruited laid-off staff
1569:
With the outbreak of World War II, the airline presence in Asia came to a relative halt, with many new flag carriers donating their aircraft for military aid and other uses. Following the end of the war in 1945, regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata
Airlines became a public
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in its relative cost to the company. However, with the current high fuel prices it has become the largest cost to an airline. Legacy airlines, compared with new entrants, have been hit harder by rising fuel prices partly due to the running of older, less fuel efficient aircraft. While hedging
2456:
Moreover, the industry is structured so that airlines often act as tax collectors. Airline fuel is untaxed because of a series of treaties existing between countries. Ticket prices include a number of fees, taxes and surcharges beyond the control of airlines. Airlines are also responsible for
1109:
World War II, like World War I, brought new life to the airline industry. Many airlines in the Allied countries were flush from lease contracts to the military, and foresaw a future explosive demand for civil air transport, for both passengers and cargo. They were eager to invest in the newly
2460:
Analysis of the 1992–1996 period shows that every player in the air transport chain is far more profitable than the airlines, who collect and pass through fees and revenues to them from ticket sales. While airlines as a whole earned 6% return on capital employed (2–3.5% less than the cost of
445:
established in 1917 which started operating in
February 1919. In its first year, the D.L.R. operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a combined length of nearly 1000 miles. By 1921 the D.L.R. network was more than 3000 km (1865 miles) long, and included destinations in the
1373:
Thus the last 50 years of the airline industry have varied from reasonably profitable, to devastatingly depressed. As the first major market to deregulate the industry in 1978, U.S. airlines have experienced more turbulence than almost any other country or region. In fact, no U.S.
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structure where each broad area of operations (such as maintenance, flight operations (including flight safety), and passenger service) is supervised by a vice president. Larger airlines often appoint vice presidents to oversee each of the airline's hubs as well. Airlines employ
3111:, both of which receive public funding in most parts of the world. Although many countries continue to operate state-owned or parastatal airlines, many large airlines today are privately owned and are therefore governed by microeconomic principles to maximize shareholder profit.
2130:). Most agreements permit airlines to fly from their home country to designated airports in the other country: some also extend the freedom to provide continuing service to a third country, or to another destination in the other country while carrying passengers from overseas.
929:
wood and muslin biplane flying boat. His passenger was a former mayor of St. Petersburg, who paid $ 400 for the privilege of sitting on a wooden bench in the open cockpit. The Airboat line operated for about four months, carrying more than 1,200 passengers who paid $ 5 each.
3486:
This pattern is not seen for all airlines in all regions. Many major airlines operating between the 1940s and 1980s were government-owned or government-established. However, most airlines from the earliest days of air travel in the 1920s and 1930s were personal businesses.
1322:
and other low-cost carriers began to represent a serious challenge to the so-called "legacy airlines", as did their low-cost counterparts in many other countries. Their commercial viability represented a serious competitive threat to the legacy carriers. However, of these,
533:
Early European airlines tended to favor comfort – the passenger cabins were often spacious with luxurious interiors – over speed and efficiency. The relatively basic navigational capabilities of pilots at the time also meant that delays due to the weather were commonplace.
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tax. In times of profit, airlines lease new generations of airplanes and upgrade services in response to higher demand. Since 1980, the industry has not earned back the cost of capital during the best of times. Conversely, in bad times losses can be dramatically worse.
2448:
Airlines have substantial fixed and operating costs to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, booking commissions, advertising, catering, training,
2814:
If a particular city has two or more airports, market forces will tend to attract the less profitable routes, or those on which competition is weakest, to the less congested airport, where slots are likely to be more available and therefore cheaper. For example,
2211:(an average trip of 1890 km) over 45,091 airline routes served globally. In 2016, air transport generated $ 704.4 billion of revenue in 2016, employed 10.2 million workers, supported 65.5 million jobs and $ 2.7 trillion of economic activity: 3.6% of the global
1271:
Since deregulation in 1978 the average domestic ticket price has dropped by 40%. So has airline employee pay. By incurring massive losses, the airlines of the USA now rely upon a scourge of cyclical Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings to continue doing business.
2114:
establish worldwide standards for safety and other vital concerns. Most international air traffic is regulated by bilateral agreements between countries, which designate specific carriers to operate on specific routes. The model of such an agreement was the
3489:
Growth rates are not consistent in all regions, but countries with a deregulated airline industry have more competition and greater pricing freedom. This results in lower fares and sometimes dramatic spurts in traffic growth. The U.S., Australia, Canada,
590:, to allow British airlines to compete with stiff competition from French and German airlines that were enjoying heavy government subsidies. The airline was a pioneer in surveying and opening up air routes across the world to serve far-flung parts of the
1265:
Major airlines dominated their routes through aggressive pricing and additional capacity offerings, often swamping new start-ups. In the place of high barriers to entry imposed by regulation, the major airlines implemented an equally high barrier called
3518:. Since governments often restrict ownership and merger between companies in different countries, most consolidation takes place within a country. In the U.S., over 200 airlines have merged, been taken over, or gone out of business since the
2953:
Since airline reservation requests are often made by city-pair (such as "show me flights from Chicago to Düsseldorf"), an airline that can codeshare with another airline for a variety of routes might be able to be listed as indeed offering a
969:. Private operators were the first to fly the mail but due to numerous accidents the US Army was tasked with mail delivery. During the Army's involvement they proved to be too unreliable and lost their air mail duties. By the mid-1920s, the
2830:
Other factors, such as surface transport facilities and onward connections, will also affect the relative appeal of different airports and some long-distance flights may need to operate from the one with the longest runway. For example,
322:, the first regular international service in the world. The airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather, and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil
5572:
2557:-200 flies 1,252 mi (2,015 km) stages 11.3 block hours per day and costs $ 2,550 per block hour: $ 923 of ownership, $ 590 of maintenance, $ 548 of fuel and $ 489 of crew; or $ 13.34 per 186 seats per block hour. For a
2648:" to describe efforts by airlines to undercut other airlines on competitive routes. Through computers, new airfares can be published quickly and efficiently to the airlines' sales channels. For this purpose the airlines use the
2659:
The extent of these pricing phenomena is strongest in "legacy" carriers. In contrast, low fare carriers usually offer pre-announced and simplified price structure, and sometimes quote prices for each leg of a trip separately.
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1400. Should the airline prefer the $ 1400 passenger, or the $ 200 passenger plus a possible Sydney-Los Angeles passenger willing to pay $ 1300? Airlines have to make hundreds of thousands of similar pricing decisions daily.
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on different pricing structures, leading to almost perfect price discrimination in some cases (that is, filling each seat on an aircraft at the highest price that can be charged without driving the consumer elsewhere).
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In the United States, the airline industry is dominated by four large firms. Because of industry consolidation, after fuel prices dropped considerably in 2015, very little of the savings were passed on to consumers.
1473:
and later merged with newly formed Philippine Airlines with PAL as the surviving entity. Soriano has controlling interest in both airlines before the merger. PAL restarted service on 15 March 1941, with a single
2605:
Airlines assign prices to their services in an attempt to maximize profitability. The pricing of airline tickets has become increasingly complicated over the years and is now largely determined by computerized
2083:
As a result, profitability in a deregulated market is uneven for most airlines. These forces have caused some major airlines to go out of business, in addition to most of the poorly established new entrants.
2510:
Where an airline has established an engineering base at an airport, then there may be considerable economic advantages in using that same airport as a preferred focus (or "hub") for its scheduled flights.
6290:
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at the beginning of the jet age, to just above 10 cents since 2000. Those improvements were passed onto the customer due to high competition: fares have been falling throughout the history of airlines.
3096:
Historically, air travel has survived largely through state support, whether in the form of equity or subsidies. The airline industry as a whole has made a cumulative loss during its 100-year history.
2472:
in various respects. The lines between full-service and low-cost airlines have become blurred – e.g., with most "full service" airlines introducing baggage check fees despite Southwest not doing so.
3510:
As in many mature industries, consolidation is a trend. Airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships, long-term, multi-faceted alliances between carriers, equity arrangements,
2457:
enforcing government regulations. If airlines carry passengers without proper documentation on an international flight, they are responsible for returning them back to the original country.
1334:
by newly created and internally led management companies, and thus becoming nothing more than operating units and subsidiaries with limited financially decisive control. Among some of these
949:, the United States found itself swamped with aviators. Many decided to take their war-surplus aircraft on barnstorming campaigns, performing aerobatic maneuvers to woo crowds. In 1918, the
3114:
In December 1991, the collapse of Pan Am, an airline often credited for shaping the international airline industry, highlighted the financial complexities faced by major airline companies.
3014:
local competitors. If an airline's main domestic competitor flies Boeing airliners, then the airline may prefer to use Airbus aircraft regardless of what the rest of the alliance chooses.
2119:
between the US and UK following World War II, which designated airports to be used for transatlantic flights and gave each government the authority to nominate carriers to operate routes.
981:. To supplement this service, they offered twelve contracts for spur routes to independent bidders. Some of the carriers that won these routes would, through time and mergers, evolve into
844:
airspace in the early 1990s has had substantial effect on the structure of the industry there. The shift towards 'budget' airlines on shorter routes has been significant. Airlines such as
6009:
5576:
2126:", a group of generalized traffic rights ranging from the freedom to overfly a country to the freedom to provide domestic flights within a country (a very rarely granted right known as
1036:, which became the first successful American airliner. With a 12-passenger capacity, the Trimotor made passenger service potentially profitable. Air service was seen as a supplement to
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capital), airports earned 10%, catering companies 10–13%, handling companies 11–14%, aircraft lessors 15%, aircraft manufacturers 16%, and global distribution companies more than 30%.
5796:
1426:
show that the government recouped the $ 1.6 billion and a profit of $ 339 million from the fees, interest and purchase of discounted airline stock associated with loan guarantees.
1406:
In recognition of the essential national economic role of a healthy aviation system, Congress authorized partial compensation of up to $ 5 billion in cash subject to review by the
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amounted to $ 10 billion, but rebounded with eight consecutive years of profits since 2010, including its four with over $ 10 billion profits. They drop loss-making routes, avoid
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These airlines serve domestic flights within their countries, as well as connections within Latin America and also overseas flights to North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.
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Domestic air transport grew in China at 15.5 percent annually from 2001 to 2006. The rate of air travel globally increased at 3.7 percent per year over the same time. In the EU
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on high demand flights can help reduce this figure. This is especially crucial during tough economic times as airlines undertake massive cuts to ticket prices to retain demand.
781:
entered passenger service and successfully crossed the Atlantic 36 times before crashing at Lakehurst, New Jersey, on 6 May 1937. In 1938, a weekly air service from Berlin to
3410:, responsible for operations at airports, include Aerospace and avionics engineers responsible for certifying the aircraft for flight and management of aircraft maintenance;
454:, which became a separate company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland.
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5034:
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observes that "newer technology, larger aircraft, and increasingly efficient operations continually drive down the cost of running an airline", from nearly 40 US cents per
136:
Airline ownership has seen a shift from mostly personal ownership until the 1930s to government-ownership of major airlines from the 1940s to 1980s and back to large-scale
1512:
in 2003. Korean Air and Asiana Airlines comprise one of the largest combined airline miles and number of passenger served at the regional market of Asian airline industry
1500:, which later joined in 1988. The license to operate as an airliner was granted by the federal government body after reviewing the necessity at the national assembly. The
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2222:(+6.9% compared to July 2015): 57.6bn in Asia-Pacific, 47.7bn in Europe, 46.2bn in North America, 12.2bn in Middle East, 12.0bn in Latin America and 5.4bn in Africa.
3470:
1299:
By the 1980s, almost half of the total flying in the world took place in the U.S., and today the domestic industry operates over 10,000 daily departures nationwide.
2207:
In 2017, 4.1 billion passengers have been carried by airlines in 41.9 million commercial scheduled flights (an average payload of 98 passengers), for 7.75 trillion
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issued to a different aircraft), some airlines and air forces use call-signs less obviously connected with their trading name. For example, British Airways uses a
1253:
in 1985. The deregulation of the American airline industry increased the financial troubles of the airline which ultimately filed for bankruptcy in December 1991.
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began offering regular scheduled passenger service between Germany and South America, usually every two weeks, which continued until 1937. In 1936, the airship
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and other costs. Thus all but a small percentage of the income from ticket sales is paid out to a wide variety of external providers or internal cost centers.
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The 3 major airline alliances and the current fleet size of their home carriers (excluding subsidiaries, cargo and connecting partners) as of September 2024
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David McCollum, Gregory Gould, and David Greene. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aviation and Marine Transportation: Mitigation Potential and Policies, 2009.
2978:, and these accounted for over 60% of global commercial air traffic as of 2015. Alliances of airlines coordinate their passenger service programs (such as
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flights; Aeroflot operated the flights using Aeroflot aircraft, but JAL sold tickets for the flights as if they were JAL flights. Another example was the
374:
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instruments can be expensive, they can easily pay for themselves many times over in periods of increasing fuel costs, such as in the 2000–2005 period.
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in 1978. Many international airline managers are lobbying their governments to permit greater consolidation to achieve higher economy and efficiency.
570:
By the early 1920s, small airlines were struggling to compete, and there was a movement towards increased rationalization and consolidation. In 1924,
5618:
6001:
4047:
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1414:(ATSB). The applications to DOT for reimbursements were subjected to rigorous multi-year reviews not only by DOT program personnel but also by the
6517:
604:, delivered on 3 November 1924. In the first year of operation the company carried 11,395 passengers and 212,380 letters. In April 1925, the film
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global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum. North America accounts for nearly 40 percent of the world's GHG emissions from aviation fuel use.
1275:(which has since merged with US Airways) remained a significant survivor from this new entrant era, as dozens, even hundreds, have gone under.
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2966:, which became prevalent in the late 1990s. These alliances can act as virtual mergers to get around government restrictions. The largest are
1067:. Pan Am and Northwest Airways (which began flights to Canada in the 1920s) were the only U.S. airlines to go international before the 1940s.
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in 1999 said "the money that had been made since the dawn of aviation by all of this country's airline companies was zero. Absolutely zero."
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could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent. The solution would be blending algae fuels with existing jet fuel:
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1947:
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in 1940. The DC-3, often regarded as one of the most influential aircraft in the history of commercial aviation, revolutionized air travel.
511:
D-335 became the first aircraft of the company, when Aero took delivery of it on 14 March 1924. The first flight was between Helsinki and
5155:"Subject: Aviation Assistance: Compensation Criteria and Payment Equity under the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act"
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4467:
James W. Graue & John Duggan "Deutsche Lufthansa South Atlantic Airmail Service 1934–1939", Zeppelin Study Group, Ickenham, UK 2000
1910:– have international subsidiaries and cover many destinations within the Americas as well as major hubs in other continents. LATAM with
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1578:. In return, the airline was granted status to operate international services from India as the designated flag carrier under the name
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Amick, George. "How The Airmail Got Off The Ground." American History 33.3 (1998): 48. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 November 2011.
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2561:, a low-cost carrier like Southwest have lower operating costs at $ 1,526 than a full service one like United at $ 2,974, and higher
2111:
2100:
1888:. Some industry estimates indicated in 2011 that over 2,000 new aircraft will begin service over the next five years in this region.
1566:. Tata Airlines was also one of the world's first major airlines which began its operations without any support from the Government.
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occupies the largest ownership of Korean Air as well as few low-budget airlines as of now. Korean Air is one of the four founders of
4130:
4419:
3780:
1423:
4010:
6860:
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heritage and unlike most other airlines at the time, became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe, providing capital to
3547:; regionals typically operate over shorter non-intercontinental distances, often as feeder services for legacy mainline networks
610:
became the first film to be screened for passengers on a scheduled airliner flight when it was shown on the London-Paris route.
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relatively economical to operate and maintain; comparably Southwest Airlines and their reliance on a single airplane type (the
1411:
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travel and bus lines under pressure, with most of the latter having withered away, whilst the former is still protected under
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began a crusade to create an air network that would link America to the world, and he achieved this goal through his airline,
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air carrier. It became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet services on 15 September 1956 with the
398:
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involves one airline selling tickets for another airline's flights under its own airline code. An early example of this was
2549:
for 44%, servicing expense for 29% (traffic 11%, passenger 11% and aircraft 7%), 14% for reservations and sales and 13% for
1394:(P.L. 107–42) in response to a severe liquidity crisis facing the already-troubled airline industry in the aftermath of the
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tax.) In addition, the ATSB approved loan guarantees to six airlines totaling approximately $ 1.6 billion. Data from the
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its fuel hedging policy. Many other airlines are replicating Southwest's hedging policy to control their fuel costs.
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2035:
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was started in December. It was during this year that the airline was designated as the flag carrier of Philippines.
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914:
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made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator
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6605:"Flying Off Course: The Economics of International Airlines," 3rd edition. Rigas Doganis, Routledge, New York, 2002.
5927:
2706:, and should rise by 10.7% to $ 834 billion in 2018 for a $ 33.8 billion profit forecast, down by 12% due to rising
5303:
4953:
4939:
3661:
3582:
3170:
1415:
17:
6441:
1640:, newly born Asian countries started to embrace air transport. Among the first Asian carriers during the era were
1382:
has publicly stated: "Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection filing shows airline industry deregulation was a mistake."
942:, Chalk's claimed to be the oldest continuously operating airline in the United States until its closure in 2008.
7835:
7794:
7606:
6667:
3666:
2584:
1943:
1653:
4397:
7358:
6707:
6649:
6455:
6126:
5449:
3377:
2475:
Many airlines in the U.S. and elsewhere have experienced business difficulty. U.S. airlines that have declared
2176:
2017:
1445:
966:
406:
304:
6339:
4595:
728:
passengers departed London on 14 March 1936 following the establishment of a branch from Penang to Hong Kong.
7714:
7343:
5770:
3442:
employees); Reservation agents, usually (but not always) at facilities outside the airport; Crew schedulers.
2785:
which operated 17 different aircraft types, each with varying pilot, engine, maintenance, and support needs.
2441:
855:
There has also been a trend for these national airlines themselves to be privatized such as has occurred for
486:
470:
264:
192:. It was founded on November 16, 1909, with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The
95:
5471:
5132:
5130:
4889:
1518:
was also one of the first countries to embrace civil aviation. One of the first Asian airline companies was
492:, and carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. In 1921, KLM started scheduled services.
94:, in which they both offer and operate the same flight. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an
6925:
6885:
5909:
5611:
3870:
3475:
2824:
1403:
and 2005 US airlines lost $ 30 billion with wage cuts of over $ 15 billion and 100,000 employees laid off.
970:
950:
319:
117:, founded on November 16, 1909. The four oldest non-airship airlines that still exist are the Netherlands'
5052:
4505:
39:
7669:
7621:
5503:
5127:
4054:
3820:
3790:
3716:
3575:, the historically nationally owned airlines that were considered representative of the country overseas.
3029:
3023:
2653:
5945:
4288:
3537:
operate flights by the airline's main operating unit, rather than by regional affiliates or subsidiaries
1378:
survived bankruptcy-free. Among the outspoken critics of deregulation, former CEO of American Airlines,
7853:
7724:
7586:
7365:
6855:
6781:
6506:
3760:
3686:
3646:
2599:
1951:
813:
606:
247:
56:
5189:
5019:
4914:
4531:
773:
Although Germany lacked colonies, it also began expanding its services globally. In 1931, the airship
207:
scheduled airline was started on January 1, 1914. The flight was piloted by Tony Jannus and flew from
7581:
7183:
6960:
6786:
6771:
6560:
Kumar, B. Rajesh (2012), Kumar, B. Rajesh (ed.), "Mergers and Acquisitions in the Airline Industry",
6205:
6188:
5206:
4979:
3810:
3800:
3346:
2219:
1193:
978:
542:
5547:
4079:
3929:
1782:
1227:, made supersonic travel a reality. Concorde first flew in 1969 and operated through 2003. In 1972,
1094:
759:
370:
7799:
7641:
7556:
7385:
6965:
6955:
6761:
5913:
3785:
3519:
3511:
3205:
3118:
2594:
2576:
2172:
2013:
1798:
1697:
1258:
1102:
913:
conducted the United States' first scheduled commercial airline flight on January 1, 1914, for the
315:
31:
5865:
5525:
4108:
1754:
1734:
1240:
7631:
7596:
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7453:
7294:
7224:
7085:
6850:
5109:
4845:
4648:
3033:
2816:
2633:
2165:
2006:
1665:
1579:
1208:
918:
208:
161:
6085:
5138:
1790:
1496:
was one of the first airlines to be launched among the other Asian countries in 1946 along with
7756:
7719:
7271:
7023:
4590:
4160:
3691:
3556:
3534:
3100:
3041:
3010:
2983:
2718:
1955:
1869:
came much after the second world war, as did several others from other countries like Mexico's
1535:
1391:
1174:
1146:
1115:
1029:
954:
762:, and injected with capital to become a major international carrier. In 1933, Aéropostale went
587:
442:
345:
256:
6061:
5386:
5359:
3958:
2736:, with traffic low in winter and peaking in summer. In Europe the most extreme market are the
7746:
7664:
7636:
7626:
7173:
7080:
7033:
6970:
6776:
6538:
6206:"Climate change: Commission proposes bringing air transport into EU Emissions Trading Scheme"
5928:"Seasonality: Jet2.com and Greek Islands most extreme in anna.aero leisure-legacy comparison"
3426:
technicians; Electric System technicians, responsible for maintenance of electrical systems;
3157:
to create more connections, buy used aircraft, reduce international frequencies and leverage
3057:
2637:
1571:
1272:
748:
402:
5718:
2664:
off the aircraft for lack of seats, stimulative pricing for low demand flights coupled with
2569:
per day against 264,284, resulting in a unit cost of 0.38 $ cts/ASM against 1.13 $ cts/ASM.
1742:
7761:
7616:
7526:
7516:
7316:
7310:
7158:
6880:
6156:
3795:
3706:
2819:
attracts profitable routes due partly to its congestion, leaving less-profitable routes to
2618:
2566:
2538:
2484:
1729:
Among the first countries to have regular airlines in Latin America and the Caribbean were
1395:
1185:
1111:
1006:
774:
91:
6268:
4263:
2868:
271:
in 1916; via a series of takeovers and mergers, this company is an ancestor of modern-day
8:
7694:
7646:
7571:
7546:
7511:
7506:
7380:
7353:
7043:
6895:
6730:
5706:
5136:
3312:
2703:
2632:
The advent of advanced computerized reservations systems in the late 1970s, most notably
2208:
2123:
1967:
1794:
1590:
1575:
1458:
1355:
1105:, the first airline to offer landplane flights across the North Atlantic in October 1945.
793:
629:
447:
435:
382:
373:, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The
352:
252:
48:
6160:
5002:"The American Society for Quality Debuts Quarterly Quality Report with 10-Year Analysis"
4423:
446:
Netherlands, Scandinavia and the Baltic Republics. Another important German airline was
7684:
7323:
6507:"List of Government-owned and Privatized Airlines (unofficial preliminary compilation)"
6481:
6239:
6180:
3631:
3616:
2999:
2800:
2676:
2492:
2469:
2450:
1963:
1935:
1802:
1778:
1703:
1669:
1661:
1434:
1359:
1307:
1134:
1025:
1020:
Service during the early 1920s was sporadic: most airlines at the time were focused on
1010:
705:
641:
625:
268:
5979:
5254:
5001:
4371:
2428:
7883:
7809:
7704:
7679:
7521:
7428:
7405:
7304:
7138:
7060:
7055:
6839:
6608:"The Airline Business in the 21st Century." Rigas Doganis, Routledge, New York, 2001.
6573:
6172:
6122:
5903:
5778:
5724:
5392:
5365:
5342:
5309:
5137:
Bamber, G.J.; Gittell, J.H.; Kochan, T.A.; von Nordenflytch, A. (2009). "chapter 5".
4773:
4468:
4335:. Britannica Digital Learning. 2017. pp. Air France – via Credo Reference.
3985:
3964:
3844:
3696:
3621:
3544:
3427:
3300:
3286:
3276:
3237:
2923:
2832:
2782:
2765:
2530:
2480:
2116:
1946:, Colombia, as well as subsidiaries in various Latin American countries with hubs in
1673:
1470:
1014:
994:
973:
had developed its own air mail network, based on a transcontinental backbone between
778:
6291:"Fuel efficiency of commercial aircraft An overview of historical and future trends"
4890:"The Boeing 747 jumbo jet changed air travel with this momentous event 47 years ago"
3414:
engineers, responsible for airframe, powerplant and electrical systems maintenance;
2865:, agreed to codeshare routes in Latin America when they overlapped with each other.
877:, had no fatal or hull-loss accidents since 1963, and is recognized for its safety.
7576:
7536:
7433:
7400:
7328:
7163:
7143:
7128:
7095:
7090:
6975:
6950:
6824:
6796:
6691:
6565:
6184:
6164:
6147:
3765:
3731:
3721:
3636:
3611:
3550:
3540:
3389:
3373:
3138:
3077:
3073:
2963:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2745:
2607:
2465:
1939:
1866:
1685:
1539:
1363:
1303:
1189:
1170:
1079:
736:
598:
575:
571:
551:
547:
386:
295:, despite a lack of support from the British government. Flown by Lt. H Shaw in an
87:
52:
5711:
Air Transport: Global Economics require Global Regulatory Perspectives round table
1370:
an air carrier of their profitable and worthwhile routes and business operations.
1366:
in air carriers, to rescheme an airlines assets into a profitable organization or
1149:
became the first flagships of the Jet Age in the West, while the Eastern bloc had
1078:
in the 1930s, the U.S. airline industry was generally profitable, even during the
140:
following the mid-1980s. Since the 1980s, there has been a trend of major airline
7867:
7804:
7766:
7734:
7709:
7591:
7493:
7463:
7448:
7443:
7253:
7245:
6980:
6596:
6393:
5228:
5212:
5195:
3676:
3656:
3641:
3566:
3431:
3423:
3381:
3282:
3264:
3191:
3122:
3085:
3061:
3045:
2947:
2789:
2726:
2500:
2488:
2437:
2061:
1959:
1878:
1830:
1563:
1559:
1497:
1379:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1289:
1212:
998:
990:
986:
860:
563:
474:
450:, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer
414:
327:
292:
272:
5499:"Singapore Airlines voted second best airline in the world behind Qatar Airways"
3201:
Growth of the industry in recent years raised a number of ecological questions.
3186:
generated by air traffic over the southeastern United States on 29 January 2004.
2053:
1219:("jumbo jet") service, which is still the standard in international travel. The
98:
or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines may be scheduled or
7840:
7776:
7751:
7729:
7699:
7674:
7656:
7601:
7551:
7541:
7531:
7370:
7230:
7220:
7168:
7133:
7050:
7028:
6990:
6829:
6819:
5413:
5140:
Up in the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees
4563:
3726:
3711:
3578:
3560:
3504:
3439:
3248:
3241:
3195:
3108:
3003:
2979:
2907:
2749:
2558:
1907:
1766:
1718:
1689:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1610:
1493:
1475:
1410:
and up to $ 10 billion in loan guarantees subject to review by a newly created
1375:
1362:
control of distressed airline companies by temporarily investing large sums of
1339:
1280:
1220:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1130:. Most offered increased efficiency from both added speed and greater payload.
1127:
1037:
939:
922:
867:, suffered – particularly with the rapid increase of oil prices in early 2008.
841:
829:
809:
740:
617:
on 1 January 1923. This later merged with four other French airlines to become
591:
583:
466:
212:
157:
67:
6031:
5357:
4238:
3462:
3368:, responsible for the operation of the aircraft. Flight crew members include:
2671:
Over January/February 2018, the cheapest airline surveyed by price comparator
1490:, later to expand with larger aircraft such as the DC-3 and Vickers Viscount.
7877:
7771:
7689:
7458:
7348:
7193:
7038:
6814:
6756:
6746:
6569:
5904:
David W. Gillen; William G. Morrison; Christopher Stewart (October 6, 2008).
5882:
5782:
5573:"Latin America needs more than 2,000 new passenger aircraft in next 20 years"
3755:
3671:
3651:
3626:
3318:
3150:
3126:
3069:
2967:
2939:
2878:
2737:
2722:
2526:
1979:
1975:
1899:
1885:
1722:
1630:
1622:
1523:
1509:
1483:
1450:
1430:
1200:
followed on 26 October with a Boeing 707 service between New York and Paris.
1033:
974:
962:
731:
681:
145:
137:
6602:"The airline encyclopedia, 1909–2000.” Myron J. Smith, Scarecrow Press, 2002
6365:
5154:
3907:
2955:
2096:
7566:
7483:
7473:
7468:
7438:
7286:
7215:
7148:
7100:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7018:
7000:
6766:
6176:
5661:
4723:
3805:
3572:
3146:
3134:
3081:
2622:
2562:
2542:
2514:
2072:
2065:
1971:
1850:
1693:
1324:
1142:
1119:
1083:
1075:
903:
669:
645:
633:
555:
523:
508:
428:
6137:
4617:
3175:
2440:. In October 2008, Virgin Atlantic offered to combine its operations with
1714:
333:
aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between
291:, Belgium. On July 15, 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the
168:
tickets and often engage in extensive codesharing (sometimes systemwide).
7786:
7740:
7611:
7477:
7250:
7207:
7123:
6627:
4346:
3681:
3601:
3446:
3397:
3365:
3272:
3158:
3142:
2991:
2987:
2903:
2733:
2665:
2518:
2433:
1826:
1814:
1606:
1267:
1052:
1044:
1021:
946:
926:
910:
786:
661:
559:
489:
458:
349:
330:
311:
165:
156:. Airline alliances coordinate their passenger service programs (such as
99:
83:
6995:
5866:"2018 Global Flight Price Ranking: What's the world's cheapest airline?"
4794:"Air Transportation: The Beginnings of Commercial Transatlantic Service"
1122:. Most of these new aircraft were based on American bombers such as the
7830:
7178:
6985:
3435:
3407:
3358:
2943:
2778:
2725:
than for shorter flights, and more elastic for leisure travel than for
2688:
2554:
2504:
2476:
2179: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2134:
2057:
2020: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1834:
1822:
1810:
1657:
1594:
1527:
1247:
1204:
1138:
1098:
1071:
856:
767:
763:
618:
300:
296:
284:
276:
204:
27:
Company that provides air transport services for passengers and freight
6699:
1203:
The next big boost for the airlines would come in the 1970s, when the
852:
have often grown at the expense of the traditional national airlines.
7825:
7118:
4393:
4289:"Imperial Air Transport Company: Appointment of Government Directors"
3606:
3411:
3385:
3331:
3088:
was the largest passenger airline by number of destinations served).
3037:
2959:
expand one's service offerings in city-pair terms to increase sales.
2836:
2792:
2711:
2680:
2550:
1931:
1846:
1838:
1806:
1762:
1645:
1570:
limited company on 29 July 1946, under the name Air India. After the
1551:
1519:
1367:
1166:
797:
744:
725:
717:
701:
688:
were also charted and demonstrated at this time. Regular services to
677:
673:
665:
614:
482:
197:
71:
6459:
6168:
2154:
1995:
1849:). All the previous airlines started regular operations well before
7501:
7235:
7153:
7010:
6804:
5869:
5825:
4011:"World's First Commercial Airline | The Greatest Moments in Flight"
3515:
3454:
to deal with regulatory procedures and other administrative tasks.
3419:
3415:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3183:
3154:
3130:
3065:
2975:
2935:
2911:
2896:
2740:
with July/August having more than ten times the winter traffic, as
2707:
2672:
2652:(ATPCO), who distribute latest fares for more than 500 airlines to
2645:
2572:
2534:
2138:
2127:
2104:
1954:, Peru, with a smaller operation in Ecuador. Copa has subsidiaries
1923:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1842:
1746:
1614:
1531:
1331:
1285:
1224:
1216:
1162:
1056:
958:
864:
824:
721:
685:
527:
504:
334:
280:
193:
153:
130:
79:
5906:"Air Travel Demand Elasticities: Concepts, Issues and Measurement"
4976:"Mr. Soft Landing: Airline Industry Strategy, Service, and Safety"
2218:
In July 2016, the total weekly airline capacity was 181.1 billion
1534:. On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata himself flew a single engined
1330:
Increasingly since 1978, US airlines have been reincorporated and
232:
144:
and the formation of airline alliances. The largest alliances are
7423:
7415:
7240:
7203:
7110:
6942:
6809:
6387:
Including Aviation into the EU ETS: Impact on EU allowance prices
6138:
Travis, David J.; Carleton, Andrew M.; Lauritsen, Ryan G (2002).
3553:, giving a "basic", "no-frills" and perceived inexpensive service
3451:
3369:
3355:
3351:
3256:
3104:
3049:
2971:
2887:
2808:
2699:
2546:
1942:
group has its main operation in Colombia based around the hub in
1919:
1903:
1895:
1874:
1854:
1750:
1730:
1543:
1505:
1311:
935:
874:
870:
849:
845:
801:
755:
713:
709:
697:
516:
512:
500:
496:
451:
394:
338:
323:
279:
A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the
149:
141:
122:
110:
75:
44:
5720:
Flying off course : the economics of international airlines
4037:
edited by John Motum, p170 Volume one 1990 Naval Institute Press
3418:
engineers responsible for avionics and instruments maintenance;
3289:
are looking into the technology as part of a biofuel initiative.
1753:(the first airline established in the Americas), Argentina with
7188:
6562:
Mega Mergers and Acquisitions: Case Studies from Key Industries
5883:
Jens Flottau, Adrian Schofield and Aaron Karp (June 12, 2018).
3495:
3393:
3268:
3252:
3161:
to optimize capacities and benefit from overseas connectivity.
2931:
2927:
2919:
2496:
1927:
1884:
The air travel market has evolved rapidly over recent years in
1786:
1770:
1681:
1626:
1618:
1598:
1555:
1547:
1501:
1487:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1293:
1244:
1228:
1197:
1126:, which had spearheaded research into new technologies such as
1064:
1060:
1048:
1002:
982:
817:
649:
478:
390:
378:
359:
355:
307:, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger.
126:
4940:"The Computer Revolution in the Cockpit | America by Air"
3986:"The History of Commercial Flight: How Global Travel Took off"
925:, passing some 50 feet (15 m) above Tampa Bay in Jannus'
621:, the country's flagship carrier to this day, on 17 May 1933.
441:
The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was
242:
oldest running airline still operating under its original name
5819:
4646:
Carey, Susan, First airline offered no frills, many thrills,
3771:
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
3499:
3491:
3479:
3401:
3053:
3002:. Both airlines later entered the SkyTeam alliance after the
2915:
1911:
1774:
1758:
1677:
1530:). The airline was founded by India's leading industrialist,
1515:
805:
782:
693:
689:
637:
418:
410:
363:
288:
181:
114:
3326:
call-sign, named after the logo of one of its predecessors,
3247:
The airline industry is responsible for about 11 percent of
2760:
2553:(administration 6% and advertising 2%). An average US major
597:
The first new airliner ordered by Imperial Airways, was the
6102:
Airlines and the canine features of unprofitable industries
5083:
4954:"Air Transportation: The Airline Bankruptcies of the 1980s"
3900:"History - Avianca Holdings S.A. - www.aviancaholdings.com"
3559:, an airline aimed at the business traveler, featuring all
2796:
2741:
2695:
2644:
The intense nature of airfare pricing has led to the term "
1915:
1738:
1602:
1586:
1157:
in the fleets of state-owned carriers such as Czechoslovak
1123:
896:
820:. This was the first time an airline flew across an ocean.
628:
was created in 1926 by merger of two airlines, one of them
6119:
Flying Off Course: The Economics of International Airlines
4213:"Finnair's first flight took place 90 years ago | Finavia"
3295:
has made the first commercial flight with biofuel in 2009.
2839:
due to its proximity, while long-distance routes must use
2748:
with July having seven times the January traffic, whereas
2702:
was $ 754 billion in 2017 for a $ 38.4 billion collective
1478:
NPC-54 aircraft, which started its daily services between
6623:
5358:
Pran Nath Seth; Pran Nath Seth, Sushma Seth Bhat (2003).
3878:
3292:
2995:
2807:
In view of the congestion apparent at many international
2212:
900:
462:
348:
was established in 1919 and used the company's converted
237:
118:
5885:"Airlines' Formula For Protecting Profits: Higher Fares"
5646:
5103:"Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act"
4872:"How the jet travel era began in earnest – 60 years ago"
4698:"Airmail Service: It Began with Army Air Service Pilots"
4188:"Celebrating KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 100th Anniversary"
3434:; Ramp Agents; Remote centralized weight and balancing;
3125:
for 12 years in 31, including four years where combined
2861:
was formed in the 1930s when Pan Am and its subsidiary,
1508:, which was established in 2000. Asiana Airlines joined
1306:
emerged, offering a no-frills product at a lower price.
7300:
Air route authority between the United States and China
5842:. News.cheapflights.co.uk. May 13, 2009. Archived from
5337:
4559:"Data shows Finnair was world's safest airline in 2018"
3317:
Each operator of a scheduled or charter flight uses an
3267:
are collaborating with leading Brazilian biofuel maker
1585:
On 31 July 1946, a chartered Philippine Airlines (PAL)
1354:
sometime recognized worldwide. Less recognized are the
652:
were among the most advanced in the world at the time.
6208:(Press release). EU press release. December 20, 2006.
3530:
There are several types of passenger airlines, mainly
3303:, and some of which are fully operational as of 2013.
1392:
Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act
519:, and it took place on 20 March 1924, one week later.
469:, it was immediately awarded a "Royal" predicate from
341:. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force.
7851:
3194:, gases and particulate emissions, and contribute to
792:
From February 1934 until World War II began in 1939,
5526:"Top 10 Airlines in Latin America By Arlene Fleming"
3474:
Aircraft of various airlines parked side by side at
3121:, U.S. carriers did not manage to make an aggregate
2617:
Most airlines use differentiated pricing, a form of
6062:"Titans: The Biggest Airlines in the World in 2019"
5972:"India Sees Highest Domestic Market Growth in 2015"
5705:
4447:"First Transatlantic Air Line Links Two Continents"
4131:"Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, N.V. History"
3845:"DELAG: The World's First Airline, using dirgibles"
3438:; Ticket agents; Passenger service agents (such as
672:, following this up with another proving flight to
5763:
5274:
5272:
4869:
3279:and other jet biofuel developers around the world.
3236:of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an
1621:, making PAL the first Asian airline to cross the
6117:Rigas Doganis, "Alternative Pricing Strategies",
1232:fly multiple models with minimal cross-training.
344:Other British competitors were quick to follow –
7875:
6434:"To go green in jet fuel, Boeing looks at algae"
5548:"Bolivia - Transportation | history - geography"
5281:"Big U.S. Airlines Seek Long-term Profitability"
4968:
4461:
3960:The Airline Business in the Twenty-first Century
3590:, airlines with at least $ 1 billion in revenues
2942:/JFK route during the late '60s, using a Sabena
2464:There has been continuing cost competition from
1962:, both in Colombia, while Volaris of Mexico has
1040:service in the American transportation network.
397:, England. Another early French airline was the
7339:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives
5338:Jane's airlines & airliners By Jeremy Flack
5269:
5253:. Treas.gov. September 22, 2001. Archived from
5053:"Budget airlines changed the world. What next?"
4737:"The Ford Trimotor and Douglas M-2 Mail Planes"
3364:The various types of airline personnel include
3240:scheme, with a view to ensuring that the total
259:, an early British airline established in 1919.
6431:
5723:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 6.
5677:"Virgin proposes tieup with BMI and Lufthansa"
5642:. Flight Global. July–August 2016. p. 78.
5278:
4769:A Companion to International History 1900–2001
4726:". Disciples of Flight. Retrieved 16 July 2015
3569:, operating outside regular schedule intervals
1725:in terms of number of annual passengers flown.
1709:
1302:Toward the end of the century, a new style of
1082:. This trend continued until the beginning of
934:began service between Miami and Bimini in the
708:airliners. Further services were opened up to
405:, offering a mail and freight service between
263:The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was
7889:Economics of transport and utility industries
6715:
5789:
5364:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 111.
4618:"Tony Jannus, an enduring legacy of aviation"
2752:are much less with only 85/115% variability.
2683:with $ 0.07/km, while the most expensive was
1358:which often seize managerial, financial, and
1110:emerging flagships of air travel such as the
863:. Other national airlines, including Italy's
758:in 1919 that was bought out in 1927, renamed
186:Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft I
5840:"Recession 'prompts surge in cheap flights'"
5617:. Air Transport Action Group. October 2018.
4586:"Finnair one of the world's safest airlines"
4532:"Finnair is the Safest Airline in the World"
4135:International Directory of Company Histories
3032:can be defined in several ways. As of 2019,
2799:purchases, which are usually second only to
1970:, and the Irelandia group formerly included
358:with a capacity for 12 passengers, to run a
6564:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 226–230,
6407:"A Promising Oil Alternative: Algae Energy"
5820:Steve Saxon and Mathieu Weber (July 2017).
5716:
5604:
3251:emitted by the U.S. transportation sector.
1853:. Puerto Rican commercial airlines such as
1526:in 1932, a division of Tata Sons Ltd. (now
1051:, with a fleet of flying boats that linked
236:A 1919 advertisement for the Dutch airline
6722:
6708:
6140:"Contrails reduce daily temperature range"
5797:"Airline Operating Costs and Productivity"
4622:Tony Jannus Distinguished Aviation Society
4506:"Alitalia Future Hinges on Rescue Package"
3868:
2821:Baltimore-Washington International Airport
2717:The demand for air transport will be less
1437:control 70% of the U.S. passenger market.
6362:"environmental impact of airline flights"
6265:"About Us » Air Transport in Europe"
6131:
5674:
4915:"The Cold War Race to Build the Concorde"
3816:Airline bankruptcies in the United States
3084:by number of destinations served (though
2195:Learn how and when to remove this message
2112:International Civil Aviation Organization
2101:International Civil Aviation Organization
2036:Learn how and when to remove this message
1934:and formerly with some operations in the
1574:, 49% of the airline was acquired by the
1342:which are relatively well known, are the
1327:and Skybus have since ceased operations.
704:service was inaugurated in 1932 with the
499:, the charter establishing Aero O/Y (now
43:1930s German poster advertising a weekly
5251:"Air Transportation Stabilization Board"
5032:
5022:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
4445:Brown, Raymond J., ed. (February 1933),
4264:"History of flight - The first airlines"
4200:In 1921, KLM started scheduled services.
4107:. Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from
3864:
3862:
3781:List of airline mergers and acquisitions
3469:
3466:Map of scheduled airline traffic in 2009
3461:
3345:
3174:
2867:
2759:
2593:
2427:
2095:
2052:
1713:
1444:
1239:
1093:
1032:and began construction of the all-metal
917:. The 23-minute flight traveled between
895:
730:
613:Two French airlines also merged to form
541:
423:
246:
231:
38:
6729:
5384:
4610:
3983:
3956:
3702:International Air Transport Association
3543:, non-"mainline" airlines that operate
2781:and derivatives), with the now defunct
2755:
2444:in an effort to reduce operating costs.
2122:Bilateral agreements are based on the "
965:aircraft that had been procured by the
887:Air transportation in the United States
664:surveyed a flight route from the UK to
640:and Avianca. German airliners built by
375:Société Générale des Transports Aériens
14:
7876:
6396:ICF Consulting for DEFRA February 2006
6012:from the original on December 31, 2019
5709:(November 2000), "The New Economics",
5472:"Singapore Airlines Wins Major Awards"
5411:
5301:
5033:Yglesias, Matthew (December 1, 2011).
4870:Max Kingsley Jones (October 4, 2018).
4765:
4663:"Chalks Airlines Loses Flight License"
3737:Transportation Security Administration
3380:: some older aircraft also required a
2990:tickets and often engage in extensive
1412:Air Transportation Stabilization Board
594:and to enhance trade and integration.
82:to supply these services and may form
6703:
6595:"A history of the world's airlines",
6559:
6212:from the original on January 12, 2008
6042:from the original on December 5, 2019
5809:from the original on October 9, 2022.
5675:Robertson, David (October 29, 2008).
5624:from the original on October 9, 2022.
5434:from the original on October 9, 2022.
5361:An Introduction To Travel And Tourism
4665:. airportbusiness.com. Archived from
4485:"First sustained jet airline service"
4444:
3859:
3228:In the context of climate change and
2841:John F. Kennedy International Airport
2835:is the preferred airport for most of
2636:, allowed airlines to easily perform
2076:regions without compromising safety.
1829:and representing several airlines of
310:On August 25, 1919, the company used
283:, it operated relief flights between
176:
6639:"Global Aviation Markets - Analysis"
5890:Aviation Week & Space Technology
5822:"A better approach to airline costs"
5528:. Airtravel.about.com. June 10, 2010
5448:. September 23, 2020. Archived from
5285:Aviation Week & Space Technology
5171:from the original on October 9, 2022
5079:"Robert Cranall former CEO AA, CNBC"
4400:from the original on October 5, 2010
4185:
3952:
3950:
3839:
3837:
3742:World's busiest passenger air routes
3244:of aviation are taken into account.
2846:
2788:A second financial issue is that of
2479:bankruptcy since 1990 have included
2177:adding citations to reliable sources
2148:
2018:adding citations to reliable sources
1989:
1914:as the central operation along with
1292:through the continuing existence of
1182:British Overseas Airways Corporation
891:
754:France began an air mail service to
6553:
6121:(London: Routledge, 1991), 267-69.
6054:
5946:"Which DC-area airport is busiest?"
5612:"Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders"
5329:
5143:. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
4816:"history of airliners 1950 to 1959"
4048:"The First Handley Page Transports"
3588:Major airlines of the United States
3232:, there is a debate about possible
3017:
766:, was nationalized and merged into
696:began in 1927 and were extended to
399:Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes
385:plane flew scheduled services from
275:. Using a fleet of former military
24:
6523:from the original on June 7, 2015.
6432:Ángel González (August 30, 2007).
6024:
5994:
5964:
4628:from the original on July 17, 2011
3080:by number of countries served and
2770:Kuala Lumpur International Airport
1589:ferried 40 American servicemen to
1538:carrying air mail (postal mail of
537:
314:to pioneer a regular service from
240:, founded on October 7, 1919, the
25:
7900:
7277:Environmental effects of aviation
6666:. IATA. July 2006. Archived from
6612:
5932:Airline Network News and Analysis
5006:American Society of Quality (ASQ)
4766:Martel, Gordon (April 15, 2008).
4722:Clark, Anders (22 August 2014). "
4420:"Stone & Stone: History Page"
4295:. December 20, 1923. p. 760.
4105:"World Aviation in 1919 - Part 1"
3963:. Psychology Press. p. 185.
3947:
3922:
3892:
3871:"10 oldest airlines in the world"
3834:
3776:List of airline holding companies
2962:A more recent development is the
2650:Airline Tariff Publishing Company
1408:U.S. Department of Transportation
1352:list of airline holding companies
1235:
1177:inaugurated turboprop transport.
915:St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line
796:operated an airmail service from
377:was created in late 1919, by the
217:St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line
7861:
6527:
6499:
6474:
6448:
6425:
6399:
6380:
6354:
6328:
6319:
6283:
4186:Alba, Joseph (October 7, 2019).
3748:
3662:Environmental impact of aviation
3583:Airline Deregulation Act of 1978
3171:Environmental impact of aviation
3091:
2153:
2091:
1994:
1416:Government Accountability Office
880:
7836:Aviation taxation and subsidies
7795:Aircraft maintenance technician
7607:Pre-flight safety demonstration
6589:
6338:. TerraPass.com. Archived from
6257:
6224:
6198:
6111:
6095:
6079:
5938:
5920:
5897:
5876:
5858:
5832:
5813:
5771:"Gambles that haven't paid off"
5737:
5699:
5668:
5628:
5591:
5565:
5540:
5518:
5491:
5464:
5438:
5412:Pandey, B.K. (April–May 2013).
5405:
5391:. APH Publishing. p. 175.
5388:International Environmental Law
5378:
5351:
5302:Horvat, William Joseph (1966).
5295:
5279:Sean Broderick (May 14, 2018).
5243:
5217:
5200:
5183:
5147:
5095:
5071:
5045:
5026:
5012:
4994:
4946:
4932:
4907:
4882:
4863:
4838:
4808:
4786:
4759:
4729:
4716:
4690:
4681:
4655:
4640:
4578:
4551:
4524:
4498:
4477:
4438:
4412:
4396:. Airships.net. June 10, 2009.
4386:
4364:
4339:
4333:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
4325:
4299:
4281:
4256:
4231:
4205:
4179:
4153:
4123:
4097:
4072:
3869:Miquel Ros (November 1, 2023).
3667:Federal Aviation Administration
3581:, US carriers that predate the
3400:on some airlines (most notably
3036:was the largest by fleet size,
2585:Aviation taxation and subsidies
2164:needs additional citations for
2005:needs additional citations for
1654:Pakistan International Airlines
1418:and the DOT Inspector General.
835:
6648:. January 2007. Archived from
6632:History of commercial aviation
6238:. July 4, 2011. Archived from
4978:. Apress. 2007. Archived from
4080:"Airline History 1903 to 1919"
4040:
4035:The Putnam Aeronautical Review
4028:
4003:
3977:
3164:
2698:, the global airline industry
967:United States Army Air Service
932:Chalk's International Airlines
574:was formed from the merger of
13:
1:
7715:Flight cancellation and delay
7344:European Common Aviation Area
6537:. Money Sense. Archived from
6336:"carbon-footprint-calculator"
4239:"Aeroflot History | Aeroflot"
3930:"Founders of Qantas | Qantas"
3827:
3306:
3064:was the largest by number of
2910:codesharing partnership with
2732:Airlines often have a strong
1985:
1648:(founded in September 1946),
1259:airline industry deregulation
1223:and its Western counterpart,
1089:
1070:With the introduction of the
953:won the financial backing of
580:British Marine Air Navigation
487:Aircraft Transport and Travel
369:The first French airline was
265:Aircraft Transport and Travel
227:
6298:www.transportenvironment.org
5910:Department of Finance Canada
5597:"Too Much of a Good Thing."
3398:In-flight security personnel
3341:
3009:Often the companies combine
3004:fusion of KLM and Air France
2825:Dulles International Airport
2654:Computer Reservation Systems
1656:; founded in October 1946),
1625:. A regular service between
1554:. The aircraft continued to
957:to begin experimenting with
951:United States Postal Service
655:
503:) was signed in the city of
473:. Its first flight was from
371:Société des lignes Latécoère
7:
7670:Airline reservations system
7622:Special visual flight rules
6364:. ecofx.org. Archived from
5802:. ICAO. February 20, 2017.
5020:"Airline Industry Overview"
4190:. Metropolitan Airport News
3984:Airways (August 13, 2023).
3791:List of helicopter airlines
3594:
2744:is the most seasonal among
2687:with $ 1.26/km followed by
2679:with $ 0.06/km followed by
2048:
1974:of Mexico; it now includes
1894:Only five airline groups –
1710:Latin America and Caribbean
938:in February 1919. Based in
196:. Its headquarters were in
66:is a company that provides
10:
7905:
7725:Government contract flight
7587:Flight information service
7366:Hague Hijacking Convention
7359:EU–US Open Skies Agreement
6951:Pilot in command (Captain)
6661:"Airline Cost Performance"
6535:"Buffett's spot-on advice"
6232:"Air transport statistics"
4846:"History of JAL | DC-8-32"
4652:, December 31, 2013, p. B4
3761:Airline liveries and logos
3687:Government contract flight
3310:
3168:
3021:
2850:
2600:Global Distribution System
2589:
2582:
2144:
1950:, El Salvador, as well as
1906:, the Irelandia group and
1721:is the largest airline in
1597:, from Nielson Airport in
1385:
1001:(originally a division of
884:
554:. Trains ran from here to
305:Paris – Le Bourget Airport
171:
57:Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei
29:
7818:
7785:
7655:
7582:Flight information region
7492:
7414:
7285:
7262:
7202:
7184:Low-cost carrier terminal
7109:
7009:
6941:
6838:
6795:
6752:Airline holding companies
6737:
5745:"The Southwest effect is"
5715:, unpublished, quoted in
5601:26 March 2016: 23. print.
5227:. Dot.gov. Archived from
4820:www.century-of-flight.net
4772:. John Wiley & Sons.
3811:List of regional airlines
3806:List of national airlines
3801:List of low-cost airlines
3457:
2468:. Many companies emulate
2220:Available Seat Kilometers
961:service, initially using
873:, the largest airline of
401:, established in 1919 by
222:
96:air operating certificate
7800:Aircraft ground handling
7642:Upper information region
7557:Civil aviation authority
7386:Paris Convention of 1919
6570:10.1057/9781137005908_11
6392:15 February 2006 at the
5683:. London. Archived from
5654:"World Airline Rankings"
4956:. centennialofflight.net
4796:. centennialofflight.net
4347:"History of AEROPOSTALE"
4084:www.airlinehistory.co.uk
3821:World's largest airlines
3786:List of defunct airlines
3525:
3520:Airline Deregulation Act
3206:greenhouse gas emissions
3030:world's largest airlines
3024:World's largest airlines
2423:
2294:Operating result ($ bn)
1799:BWIA West Indies Airways
1706:had won quality awards.
1698:Korean National Airlines
1424:U.S. Treasury Department
1103:American Export Airlines
1024:. In 1925, however, the
823:By the end of the 1930s
632:. Lufthansa, due to the
576:Instone Air Line Company
316:Hounslow Heath Aerodrome
90:with other airlines for
32:Airline (disambiguation)
7632:Terminal control center
7597:Instrument flight rules
7454:Baggage handling system
7295:Air transport agreement
7086:In-flight entertainment
6438:Seattle Times Newspaper
5552:Encyclopedia Britannica
5446:"History and Milestone"
5341:, First Edition, 2003,
4649:The Wall Street Journal
4624:. tonyjannusaward.com.
4268:Encyclopedia Britannica
3957:Doganis, Rigas (2001).
3904:www.aviancaholdings.com
3034:American Airlines Group
2984:frequent-flyer programs
2817:Reagan National Airport
2764:The 'Golden Lounge' of
2529:are primarily aircraft
2525:Operating costs for US
2226:Top 150 airline groups
1666:Malayan Airways Limited
1580:Air India International
1558:via Bellary piloted by
1522:, which was founded as
1440:
1209:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
919:St. Petersburg, Florida
735:April 1935 map showing
209:St. Petersburg, Florida
162:frequent-flyer programs
129:(1920) and the Russian
7757:Round-the-world ticket
7720:Frequent-flyer program
6032:"Corporate fact sheet"
5664:on September 30, 2017.
5660:. 2017. Archived from
4724:Now That's a Big Arrow
4591:Good News from Finland
4372:"LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin"
3557:Business class airline
3482:
3467:
3361:
3299:There are projects on
3190:Aircraft engines emit
3187:
3101:positive externalities
3042:revenue passenger mile
2900:
2773:
2625:for pricing purposes.
2602:
2598:Diagram of an airline
2445:
2107:
2068:
1956:Copa Airlines Colombia
1783:Dominicana de Aviación
1726:
1536:De Havilland Puss Moth
1454:
1254:
1175:Lockheed L-188 Electra
1147:Sud Aviation Caravelle
1116:Lockheed Constellation
1106:
1030:Stout Aircraft Company
907:
751:
588:Handley Page Transport
567:
507:on 12 September 1923.
443:Deutsche Luft-Reederei
438:
346:Handley Page Transport
260:
257:Handley Page Transport
244:
68:air transport services
59:
7747:Passenger name record
7665:Airline booking ploys
7637:Uncontrolled airspace
7627:Terminal control area
7264:Environmental effects
7174:International airport
7081:Crew rest compartment
7034:Premium economy class
6777:Non-scheduled airline
6482:"Aviation Regulation"
6456:"Global Load Control"
5452:on September 23, 2020
5414:"Encouraging Changes"
4669:on September 27, 2011
4313:on September 23, 2015
3563:seating and amenities
3473:
3465:
3396:on larger aircraft);
3349:
3178:
3099:One argument is that
3058:market capitalization
2998:, who partnered with
2908:Japan Airlines' (JAL)
2871:
2763:
2638:cost-benefit analyses
2597:
2431:
2326:Operating margin (%)
2099:
2056:
1755:Aerolíneas Argentinas
1735:Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano
1717:
1572:independence of India
1448:
1273:America West Airlines
1262:from other airlines.
1251:Clipper Neptune's Car
1243:
1186:transatlantic flights
1097:
1022:carrying bags of mail
899:
789:, started operating.
734:
545:
427:
403:Louis-Charles Breguet
250:
235:
190:world's first airline
42:
7617:Special use airspace
7527:Airport crash tender
7517:Aircraft safety card
7317:Cross-strait charter
7311:Bermuda II Agreement
6673:on February 26, 2015
6462:on December 27, 2012
6245:on November 23, 2011
5846:on November 30, 2009
5777:. January 19, 2015.
5717:Doganis, R. (2002).
5713:, Brussels: IATA-AEA
5579:on November 19, 2011
5211:17 July 2009 at the
5194:17 July 2009 at the
3796:List of hub airports
3707:International flight
3476:Tokyo Narita Airport
3225:(2700 square feet).
2756:Assets and financing
2619:price discrimination
2539:aircraft maintenance
2485:Continental Airlines
2209:passenger kilometres
2173:improve this article
2071:Many countries have
2014:improve this article
1791:Mexicana de Aviación
1664:; founded in 1947),
1396:September 11 attacks
1390:Congress passed the
1356:private-equity firms
1196:with a Comet 4, and
1112:Boeing Stratocruiser
1007:Trans World Airlines
840:Deregulation of the
700:in 1929. The London-
194:Zeppelin Corporation
125:(1919), Australia's
92:codeshare agreements
30:For other uses, see
7695:Codeshare agreement
7647:Visual flight rules
7572:Controlled airspace
7547:Area control center
7512:Air traffic service
7507:Air traffic control
7396:Sabotage Convention
7381:Montreal Convention
7354:Freedoms of the air
7044:Basic economy class
6731:Commercial aviation
6630:on August 9, 2013.
6411:The Washington Post
6342:on January 31, 2009
6161:2002Natur.418..601T
6108:, 27 September 2005
5982:on January 24, 2020
5952:. November 21, 2018
5707:Jean-Cyril Spinetta
5636:"Capacity snapshot"
4512:. September 7, 2004
3910:on October 15, 2017
3692:Hyper-mobile travel
3313:Aviation call signs
3220:emissions from the
3048:was the largest by
2930:partnership on the
2843:'s longer runways.
2227:
2124:freedoms of the air
2110:Groups such as the
1968:Volaris El Salvador
1795:Trinidad and Tobago
1576:Government of India
1459:Philippine Airlines
1180:On 4 October 1958,
812:and West Africa to
630:Junkers Luftverkehr
448:Junkers Luftverkehr
436:Junkers Luftverkehr
383:Farman F.60 Goliath
366:passenger service.
121:(1919), Colombia's
7685:Bereavement flight
7334:Chicago Convention
7324:Beijing Convention
7313:(UK–US, 1978–2008)
7307:(UK–US, 1946–1978)
6782:Passenger airlines
6687:"Airline industry"
6599:, Oxford U.P, 1964
6092:, 23 February 2006
5916:on April 28, 2009.
5687:on January 7, 2009
5091:on April 29, 2013.
4747:on October 6, 2019
4702:www.historynet.com
4457:(2): 13–15 and 104
4307:"Imperial Airways"
4111:on January 5, 2011
3632:Airlines of Africa
3617:Airline complaints
3483:
3468:
3445:Airlines follow a
3428:Flight dispatchers
3362:
3188:
3149:to increase their
3000:Northwest Airlines
2901:
2774:
2685:Charterlines, Inc.
2677:Tigerair Australia
2656:across the world.
2603:
2493:Northwest Airlines
2470:Southwest Airlines
2451:aviation insurance
2446:
2358:Net result ($ bn)
2225:
2108:
2069:
1964:Volaris Costa Rica
1936:Dominican Republic
1803:Caribbean Airlines
1779:Dominican Republic
1743:Cubana de Aviación
1727:
1704:Singapore Airlines
1662:SriLankan Airlines
1636:During the era of
1455:
1449:1935 Timetable of
1435:Southwest Airlines
1429:The three largest
1360:board of directors
1308:Southwest Airlines
1255:
1135:De Havilland Comet
1133:In the 1950s, the
1107:
1043:At the same time,
1026:Ford Motor Company
1011:Northwest Airlines
908:
794:Deutsche Lufthansa
752:
739:' routes from the
706:Handley Page HP 42
680:. Other routes to
626:Deutsche Lufthansa
602:City of Washington
568:
439:
407:Le Bourget Airport
269:George Holt Thomas
261:
245:
215:, operated by the
177:The first airlines
60:
49:Deutsche Lufthansa
7849:
7848:
7810:Flight dispatcher
7705:Electronic ticket
7680:Airline timetable
7522:Airport authority
7429:Baggage allowance
7406:Warsaw Convention
7305:Bermuda Agreement
7139:Airport rail link
7061:Aircraft seat map
7056:Aircraft lavatory
6787:Regional airlines
6772:Low-cost airlines
6655:on June 16, 2007.
6620:"Chasing the Sun"
6579:978-1-137-00590-8
6413:. January 6, 2008
6236:www.parliament.uk
5872:. April 16, 2018.
5751:. October 8, 2015
5398:978-81-313-0125-8
5371:978-81-207-2482-2
5347:978-0-00-715174-5
5315:978-0-8168-0000-1
5305:Above the Pacific
4060:on April 13, 2016
3970:978-0-415-20883-3
3697:Inflight magazine
3622:Airline timetable
3551:Low-cost carriers
3545:regional aircraft
3541:Regional airlines
3535:Mainline airlines
3390:flight attendants
3319:airline call sign
3301:electric aircraft
3287:Virgin Green Fund
3277:Aquaflow Bionomic
3238:emissions trading
3119:1978 deregulation
2986:), offer special
2847:Airline alliances
2833:LaGuardia Airport
2783:Eastern Air Lines
2766:Malaysia Airlines
2746:low-cost carriers
2531:operating expense
2481:American Airlines
2466:low cost airlines
2421:
2420:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2117:Bermuda Agreement
2073:national airlines
2046:
2045:
2038:
1674:Malaysia Airlines
1471:Douglas MacArthur
1453:, founded in 1932
1346:, along with the
1336:holding companies
1194:New York Idlewild
1015:Eastern Air Lines
995:American Airlines
892:Early development
550:Empire Terminal,
485:, using a leased
381:brothers and the
253:Handley Page W.8b
164:), offer special
16:(Redirected from
7896:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7857:
7577:Evacuation slide
7537:Airport security
7434:Baggage carousel
7401:Tokyo Convention
7329:Cape Town Treaty
7164:Domestic airport
7144:Airport terminal
7129:Airport check-in
7091:Inflight smoking
6976:Flight attendant
6825:Vanilla Alliance
6762:Charter airlines
6724:
6717:
6710:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6692:Encyclopedia.com
6682:
6680:
6678:
6672:
6665:
6656:
6654:
6643:
6634:
6626:. Archived from
6583:
6582:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6541:on March 7, 2010
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6516:. July 4, 2008.
6511:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6458:. Archived from
6452:
6446:
6445:
6440:. Archived from
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6403:
6397:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6368:on July 13, 2015
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6307:on July 28, 2020
6306:
6300:. Archived from
6295:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6271:on July 24, 2013
6267:. Archived from
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6187:. Archived from
6144:
6135:
6129:
6115:
6109:
6099:
6093:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6002:"UPS Fact Sheet"
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5978:. Archived from
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5934:. March 1, 2017.
5924:
5918:
5917:
5912:. Archived from
5901:
5895:
5894:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5714:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5640:Airline Business
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5616:
5608:
5602:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5575:. Archived from
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5418:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5385:S Bhatt (2007).
5382:
5376:
5375:
5355:
5349:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5291:on May 14, 2018.
5287:. Archived from
5276:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5221:
5215:
5204:
5198:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5164:. June 4, 2004.
5159:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5115:on April 9, 2009
5114:
5108:. Archived from
5107:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5087:. Archived from
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5059:. March 21, 2016
5049:
5043:
5042:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4894:Business Insider
4886:
4880:
4879:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4822:. Archived from
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4743:. Archived from
4733:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4659:
4653:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4598:on June 16, 2020
4594:. Archived from
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4481:
4475:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4426:on March 6, 2019
4422:. Archived from
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4309:. Archived from
4303:
4297:
4296:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4219:. March 19, 2014
4209:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4053:. Archived from
4052:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3906:. Archived from
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3841:
3766:List of airlines
3732:Regional airline
3722:Low-cost carrier
3637:Airport security
3612:Airline alliance
3567:Charter airlines
3432:Baggage handlers
3249:greenhouse gases
3078:Turkish Airlines
3074:tonne-kilometres
3018:Largest airlines
2964:airline alliance
2914:in the 1960s on
2894:
2885:
2876:
2863:Panair do Brasil
2859:airline alliance
2853:Airline alliance
2691:with $ 1.18/km.
2675:was now-defunct
2608:yield management
2228:
2224:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2157:
2149:
2103:headquarters in
2041:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2021:
1998:
1990:
1867:Vieques Air Link
1686:Garuda Indonesia
1540:Imperial Airways
1340:parent companies
1304:low cost airline
1171:Vickers Viscount
1165:and East-German
1080:Great Depression
737:Imperial Airways
599:Handley Page W8f
572:Imperial Airways
552:Victoria, London
548:Imperial Airways
471:Queen Wilhelmina
387:Toussus-le-Noble
53:Syndicato Condor
21:
18:Airline industry
7904:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7862:
7860:
7852:
7850:
7845:
7814:
7805:Baggage handler
7781:
7735:Open-jaw ticket
7710:Fare basis code
7657:Airline tickets
7651:
7592:Flight recorder
7494:Aviation safety
7488:
7464:Checked baggage
7449:Baggage handler
7444:Baggage reclaim
7410:
7391:Rome Convention
7281:
7258:
7246:Travel document
7198:
7105:
7005:
6981:Flight engineer
6937:
6834:
6791:
6733:
6728:
6685:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6663:
6659:
6652:
6641:
6637:
6618:
6615:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6580:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6488:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6465:
6463:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6444:on May 2, 2017.
6430:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6394:Wayback Machine
6385:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6194:on May 3, 2006.
6191:
6169:10.1038/418601a
6142:
6136:
6132:
6116:
6112:
6106:Financial Times
6100:
6096:
6086:Wings of Desire
6084:
6080:
6070:
6068:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6015:
6013:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5983:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5953:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5902:
5898:
5881:
5877:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5818:
5814:
5806:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5704:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5673:
5669:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5431:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5356:
5352:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5300:
5296:
5277:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5257:on July 9, 2008
5249:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5231:on May 27, 2010
5223:
5222:
5218:
5213:Wayback Machine
5205:
5201:
5196:Wayback Machine
5188:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5135:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5031:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4982:on June 2, 2012
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4826:on May 17, 2008
4814:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4704:. June 12, 2006
4696:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4466:
4462:
4451:Popular Science
4443:
4439:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4243:www.aeroflot.ru
4237:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4193:
4191:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3955:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3875:edition.cnn.com
3867:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3751:
3746:
3717:Virtual airline
3677:Flight planning
3657:Domestic flight
3642:Aviation safety
3597:
3579:Legacy carriers
3528:
3460:
3382:flight engineer
3344:
3315:
3309:
3283:Virgin Atlantic
3265:Air New Zealand
3255:estimates that
3219:
3192:noise pollution
3173:
3167:
3137:battles, limit
3094:
3086:United Airlines
3062:Lufthansa Group
3046:Delta Air Lines
3026:
3020:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2758:
2750:legacy carriers
2727:business travel
2592:
2587:
2501:United Airlines
2489:Delta Air Lines
2438:Virgin Atlantic
2426:
2390:Net margin (%)
2262:Revenue ($ bn)
2201:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2158:
2147:
2133:In the 1990s, "
2094:
2062:British Airways
2051:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2011:
1999:
1988:
1879:Aserca Airlines
1831:Central America
1712:
1668:in 1947 (later
1564:Nevill Vintcent
1560:Royal Air Force
1498:Asiana Airlines
1443:
1388:
1380:Robert Crandall
1350:, among a long
1348:AMR Corporation
1344:UAL Corporation
1320:Skybus Airlines
1316:AirTran Airways
1290:nationalization
1238:
1213:Lockheed L-1011
1190:London Heathrow
1092:
1028:bought out the
999:United Airlines
991:Braniff Airways
987:Delta Air Lines
894:
889:
883:
861:British Airways
838:
658:
564:Croydon Airport
540:
538:Rationalization
475:Croydon Airport
415:Lesquin Airport
328:Royal Air Force
293:English Channel
273:British Airways
230:
225:
179:
174:
109:was the German
78:. Airlines use
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7902:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7871:
7870:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7841:Mile high club
7838:
7833:
7828:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7791:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7777:Travel website
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7752:Red-eye flight
7749:
7744:
7737:
7732:
7730:One-way travel
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7700:Continent pass
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7675:Airline ticket
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
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7602:Overwing exits
7599:
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7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7552:Brace position
7549:
7544:
7542:Airspace class
7539:
7534:
7532:Airport police
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
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7371:Hague Protocol
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7274:
7268:
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7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7231:Departure card
7228:
7221:Border control
7218:
7212:
7210:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
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7176:
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7134:Airport lounge
7131:
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7098:
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7058:
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7051:Aircraft cabin
7048:
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7041:
7036:
7031:
7029:Business class
7026:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:
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6998:
6993:
6991:Aircraft pilot
6988:
6983:
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6961:Second officer
6958:
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6947:
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6912:Other regions
6910:
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6877:United States
6875:
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6847:International
6844:
6842:
6836:
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6832:
6830:U-FLY Alliance
6827:
6822:
6820:Value Alliance
6817:
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6807:
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6789:
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6614:
6613:External links
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5477:AirlineRatings
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5308:. Hawaii.gov.
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4564:Helsinki Times
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4374:. Airships.net
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4217:www.finavia.fi
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3847:. Airships.net
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3727:Red-eye flight
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3712:Legacy carrier
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3561:business class
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3524:
3505:Warren Buffett
3459:
3456:
3440:airline lounge
3343:
3340:
3311:Main article:
3308:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3280:
3242:external costs
3217:
3196:global dimming
3169:Main article:
3166:
3163:
3153:. They change
3117:Following the
3093:
3090:
3022:Main article:
3019:
3016:
2946:with Austrian
2891:
2882:
2873:
2851:Main article:
2848:
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2757:
2754:
2723:longer flights
2623:travel classes
2591:
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2559:Boeing 737-500
2527:major airlines
2425:
2422:
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2240:
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2161:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:restrictions.
2093:
2090:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1908:LATAM Airlines
1877:, Venezuela's
1819:Puertorriquena
1767:LATAM Airlines
1719:LATAM Airlines
1711:
1708:
1690:Japan Airlines
1650:Orient Airways
1642:Cathay Pacific
1638:decolonization
1611:Johnston Atoll
1601:with stops in
1494:Cathay Pacific
1476:Beech Model 18
1442:
1439:
1431:major carriers
1398:. Through the
1387:
1384:
1376:legacy carrier
1281:frequent flyer
1257:The 1978 U.S.
1237:
1234:
1221:Tupolev Tu-144
1155:Tupolev Tu-124
1151:Tupolev Tu-104
1128:pressurization
1091:
1088:
971:Postal Service
940:Ft. Lauderdale
923:Tampa, Florida
893:
890:
885:Main article:
882:
879:
842:European Union
837:
834:
830:Tupolev Tu-104
810:Canary Islands
657:
654:
607:The Lost World
592:British Empire
584:Daimler Airway
539:
536:
467:Albert Plesman
326:contract. Six
229:
226:
224:
221:
213:Tampa, Florida
178:
175:
173:
170:
70:for traveling
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7819:Miscellaneous
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7772:Travel agency
7770:
7768:
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7755:
7753:
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7742:
7739:Overbooking (
7738:
7736:
7733:
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7726:
7723:
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7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
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7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7690:Boarding pass
7688:
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7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
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7671:
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7662:
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7459:Baggage sizer
7457:
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7369:
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7364:
7360:
7357:
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7355:
7352:
7350:
7349:Flight permit
7347:
7345:
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7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
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7318:
7315:
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7298:
7297:
7296:
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7290:
7288:
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7278:
7275:
7273:
7272:Hypermobility
7270:
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7255:
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7194:Transit hotel
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7039:Economy class
7037:
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6979:
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6966:Third officer
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6956:First officer
6954:
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6845:
6843:
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6837:
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6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
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6816:
6815:Star Alliance
6813:
6811:
6808:
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6802:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6788:
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6783:
6780:
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6768:
6767:Flag carriers
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6757:Cargo airline
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:Airline codes
6745:
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6598:
6597:R.E.G. Davies
6594:
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6487:
6486:www.hklaw.com
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6155:(6898): 601.
6154:
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6128:
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6098:
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6087:
6082:
6067:
6066:skyrefund.com
6063:
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6011:
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6006:UPS Pressroom
6003:
5997:
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5805:
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5776:
5775:The Economist
5772:
5766:
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5746:
5740:
5732:
5730:9780415213240
5726:
5722:
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5708:
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5659:
5658:Flight Global
5655:
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5620:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5599:The Economist
5594:
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4779:9780470766293
4775:
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4746:
4742:
4741:Postal Museum
4738:
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4538:
4537:Finland Today
4533:
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4507:
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4486:
4480:
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4473:0-9514114-5-4
4470:
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4273:September 14,
4269:
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4165:KLM Corporate
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3756:Airline codes
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3749:Related lists
3743:
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3672:Flight length
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3652:Cargo airline
3650:
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3647:Beyond rights
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3627:Airliners.net
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3378:first officer
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3151:profitability
3148:
3147:regional jets
3144:
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3128:
3124:
3120:
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3110:
3106:
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3097:
3092:State support
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:FedEx Express
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
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2969:
2968:Star Alliance
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2879:Star Alliance
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2738:Greek islands
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2221:
2216:
2214:
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2196:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:This section
2160:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2092:International
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2040:
2037:
2029:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2003:This section
2001:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1980:Viva Air Peru
1977:
1976:Viva Colombia
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Latin America
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
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1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
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1776:
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1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
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1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1723:Latin America
1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1696:in 1960, and
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1631:San Francisco
1628:
1624:
1623:Pacific Ocean
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Tata Airlines
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:Star Alliance
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:Nielson Field
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1451:Tata Airlines
1447:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1397:
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1068:
1066:
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1058:
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1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:Ford Trimotor
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:San Francisco
976:
975:New York City
972:
968:
964:
963:Curtiss Jenny
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
898:
888:
881:United States
878:
876:
872:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
833:
831:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Graf Zeppelin
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:British India
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
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561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
535:
531:
529:
525:
520:
518:
515:, capital of
514:
510:
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502:
498:
493:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
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444:
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430:
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347:
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329:
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321:
317:
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308:
306:
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298:
294:
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286:
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210:
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201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Star Alliance
143:
139:
138:privatization
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:first airline
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
54:
50:
47:service from
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7567:Control zone
7562:Control area
7484:Luggage lock
7474:Lost luggage
7469:Hand luggage
7439:Baggage cart
7254:(Electronic)
7216:Arrival card
7149:Airside pass
7101:Sickness bag
7076:Buy on board
7071:Airline seat
7066:Airline meal
7019:Travel class
7001:Dead mileage
6840:Trade groups
6738:
6690:
6675:. Retrieved
6668:the original
6650:the original
6631:
6628:the original
6590:Bibliography
6561:
6555:
6543:. Retrieved
6539:the original
6529:
6501:
6489:. Retrieved
6485:
6476:
6464:. Retrieved
6460:the original
6450:
6442:the original
6437:
6427:
6415:. Retrieved
6410:
6401:
6382:
6370:. Retrieved
6366:the original
6356:
6346:February 19,
6344:. Retrieved
6340:the original
6330:
6321:
6309:. Retrieved
6302:the original
6297:
6285:
6273:. Retrieved
6269:the original
6259:
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6240:the original
6235:
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6214:. Retrieved
6200:
6189:the original
6152:
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6118:
6113:
6105:
6097:
6090:The Guardian
6089:
6081:
6069:. Retrieved
6065:
6056:
6044:. Retrieved
6035:
6026:
6014:. Retrieved
6005:
5996:
5984:. Retrieved
5980:the original
5976:www.iata.org
5975:
5966:
5954:. Retrieved
5949:
5940:
5931:
5922:
5914:the original
5899:
5888:
5878:
5860:
5848:. Retrieved
5844:the original
5834:
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5774:
5765:
5753:. Retrieved
5748:
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5710:
5701:
5689:. Retrieved
5685:the original
5680:
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5657:
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5639:
5630:
5606:
5598:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5577:the original
5567:
5555:. Retrieved
5551:
5542:
5530:. Retrieved
5520:
5508:. Retrieved
5502:
5493:
5481:. Retrieved
5475:
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5450:the original
5440:
5424:
5420:
5407:
5387:
5380:
5360:
5353:
5336:
5331:
5319:. Retrieved
5304:
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5289:the original
5284:
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5255:the original
5245:
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5229:the original
5219:
5202:
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5161:
5149:
5139:
5117:. Retrieved
5110:the original
5097:
5089:the original
5082:
5073:
5061:. Retrieved
5056:
5047:
5038:
5028:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4980:the original
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4948:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4918:
4909:
4897:. Retrieved
4893:
4884:
4876:Flightglobal
4875:
4865:
4853:. Retrieved
4849:
4840:
4828:. Retrieved
4824:the original
4819:
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4788:
4768:
4761:
4749:. Retrieved
4745:the original
4740:
4731:
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4683:
4671:. Retrieved
4667:the original
4657:
4647:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4621:
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4596:the original
4589:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4562:
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4535:
4526:
4514:. Retrieved
4509:
4500:
4488:. Retrieved
4479:
4463:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4428:. Retrieved
4424:the original
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4394:"Hindenburg"
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4350:
4341:
4332:
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:the original
4301:
4292:
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4267:
4258:
4246:. Retrieved
4242:
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4216:
4207:
4199:
4192:. Retrieved
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4164:
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4138:
4134:
4125:
4115:February 28,
4113:. Retrieved
4109:the original
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4083:
4074:
4062:. Retrieved
4055:the original
4042:
4034:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4014:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:
3979:
3959:
3937:. Retrieved
3933:
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3908:the original
3903:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3874:
3849:. Retrieved
3529:
3509:
3488:
3484:
3444:
3406:
3363:
3335:
3323:
3316:
3298:
3246:
3227:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3200:
3189:
3182:tracking of
3159:partnerships
3141:growth, add
3135:market share
3116:
3113:
3098:
3095:
3082:UPS Airlines
3040:carried and
3027:
3008:
2961:
2952:
2902:
2856:
2829:
2813:
2806:
2787:
2775:
2731:
2716:
2693:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2643:
2631:
2627:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2571:
2563:productivity
2543:depreciation
2524:
2515:Fuel hedging
2513:
2509:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2217:
2206:
2191:
2185:January 2020
2182:
2171:Please help
2166:verification
2163:
2132:
2121:
2109:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:flag carrier
2032:
2023:
2012:Please help
2007:verification
2004:
1972:Viva Aerobus
1948:San Salvador
1893:
1890:
1883:
1881:and others.
1851:World War II
1728:
1702:
1694:Thai Airways
1635:
1584:
1568:
1514:
1492:
1456:
1428:
1420:
1405:
1389:
1372:
1329:
1301:
1298:
1277:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1236:Deregulation
1215:inaugurated
1202:
1179:
1143:Douglas DC-8
1132:
1120:Douglas DC-6
1108:
1084:World War II
1076:Douglas DC-3
1069:
1042:
1019:
944:
909:
904:Douglas DC-3
869:
854:
839:
836:Deregulation
822:
791:
772:
753:
749:South Africa
670:South Africa
659:
623:
612:
605:
601:
596:
569:
556:flying boats
532:
524:Soviet Union
521:
509:Junkers F.13
494:
456:
440:
431:
429:Junkers F.13
368:
343:
309:
267:, formed by
262:
255:was used by
202:
185:
180:
135:
104:
84:partnerships
63:
61:
36:
7787:Ground crew
7741:Overselling
7612:Sky marshal
7478:WorldTracer
7251:Travel visa
7208:Immigration
7124:Airline hub
7024:First class
6971:Relief crew
6677:January 15,
6545:October 20,
6491:October 14,
6071:January 24,
6046:January 24,
6016:January 24,
5986:January 24,
5755:October 14,
5749:Dallas News
5583:February 3,
5557:October 14,
5456:December 1,
5421:SP's AirBuz
5162:www.gao.gov
5063:October 14,
4924:October 14,
4919:HISTORY.com
4899:October 14,
4855:October 14,
4850:www.jal.com
4830:October 14,
4708:October 14,
4673:December 2,
4632:December 2,
4516:October 14,
4351:Aeropostale
4248:October 14,
4194:October 22,
4089:October 14,
4064:October 14,
4020:October 14,
3939:October 14,
3914:October 14,
3682:FlightAware
3602:Air charter
3436:Gate agents
3366:flight crew
3273:New Zealand
3263:Boeing and
3165:Environment
3072:by freight
2992:codesharing
2904:Codesharing
2734:seasonality
2666:overbooking
2519:contractual
2434:Airbus A340
1902:, Mexico's
1898:, Panama's
1827:El Salvador
1815:Puerto Rico
1607:Wake Island
1368:liquidating
1268:loss leader
1053:Los Angeles
1045:Juan Trippe
947:World War I
927:Benoist XIV
911:Tony Jannus
787:Afghanistan
760:Aéropostale
662:Alan Cobham
560:Southampton
331:Airco DH.9A
318:to Paris's
102:operators.
7878:Categories
7831:Air travel
7179:Jet bridge
6986:Loadmaster
6646:Zinnov LLC
6275:January 1,
6216:January 2,
6127:1134887779
6036:United Hub
5850:August 22,
5532:August 22,
5321:August 22,
5261:August 22,
5235:August 22,
5057:CNN Travel
5035:"Air Fail"
4960:August 22,
4800:August 22,
4404:August 22,
4378:August 22,
4317:October 1,
3995:August 24,
3851:August 22,
3828:References
3424:powerplant
3408:Groundcrew
3392:(led by a
3359:Boeing 787
3307:Call signs
3145:feed with
3056:value and
3038:passengers
2956:Düsseldorf
2944:Boeing 707
2857:The first
2779:Boeing 737
2689:Buddha Air
2583:See also:
2555:Boeing 757
2533:including
2505:US Airways
2477:Chapter 11
2135:open skies
2058:Union Jack
1986:Regulation
1835:Costa Rica
1811:Aeropostal
1658:Air Ceylon
1595:California
1528:Tata Group
1248:Boeing 747
1205:Boeing 747
1139:Boeing 707
1099:Boeing 377
1090:Since 1945
1072:Boeing 247
945:Following
857:Aer Lingus
779:Hindenburg
768:Air France
624:Germany's
619:Air France
353:Type O/400
320:Le Bourget
301:RAF Hendon
297:Airco DH.9
285:Folkestone
277:Airco DH.4
228:Beginnings
205:fixed-wing
203:The first
72:passengers
7826:Air cargo
7119:Aerodrome
6797:Alliances
6417:April 23,
6372:April 26,
5956:March 17,
5783:0013-0613
5691:April 23,
5681:The Times
5427:(2): 32.
4490:March 10,
4161:"History"
4015:Space.com
3607:Air ferry
3516:takeovers
3447:corporate
3412:Aerospace
3386:navigator
3384:and/or a
3342:Personnel
3332:SkyEurope
3324:Speedbird
3184:contrails
3155:schedules
3131:fare wars
3066:employees
3006:in 2004.
2988:interline
2837:Manhattan
2681:AirAsia X
2610:systems.
2551:overheads
2507:(twice).
2487:(twice),
2060:tails of
2026:July 2020
1932:Argentina
1847:Nicaragua
1839:Guatemala
1825:based in
1807:Venezuela
1763:LAN Chile
1700:in 1947.
1692:in 1951,
1688:in 1949,
1684:in 1948,
1670:Singapore
1646:Hong Kong
1552:Ahmedabad
1520:Air India
1457:Although
1167:Interflug
1161:, Soviet
798:Stuttgart
745:Australia
726:Hong Kong
718:Singapore
702:Australia
678:Australia
674:Melbourne
666:Cape Town
660:In 1926,
656:Expansion
615:Air Union
562:, and to
483:Amsterdam
198:Frankfurt
166:interline
88:alliances
7884:Airlines
7868:Aviation
7767:Tracking
7502:Air rage
7236:Passport
7225:internal
7159:Boarding
7154:Airstair
7011:Airliner
6805:Oneworld
6739:Airlines
6518:Archived
6466:June 10,
6390:Archived
6311:July 18,
6249:July 18,
6210:Archived
6177:12167846
6040:Archived
6010:Archived
5870:rome2rio
5826:McKinsey
5804:Archived
5619:Archived
5510:June 16,
5483:June 16,
5429:Archived
5209:Archived
5192:Archived
5175:July 18,
5166:Archived
5041:. Slate.
5039:Moneybox
4751:July 27,
4626:Archived
4602:June 16,
4570:June 16,
4543:June 16,
4430:July 18,
4398:Archived
4171:July 30,
4145:July 30,
3595:See also
3420:Airframe
3416:Avionics
3330:, while
3257:biofuels
3234:taxation
3230:peak oil
3222:jet fuel
3139:capacity
3109:railways
3105:highways
2976:Oneworld
2954:Chicago–
2940:New York
2936:Brussels
2924:Austrian
2912:Aeroflot
2897:Oneworld
2809:airports
2708:jet fuel
2694:For the
2673:rome2rio
2646:fare war
2573:McKinsey
2535:jet fuel
2436:-600 of
2139:cabotage
2128:cabotage
2105:Montreal
2049:National
1924:Colombia
1871:Interjet
1863:Fina Air
1859:Oceanair
1843:Honduras
1747:Colombia
1615:Honolulu
1532:JRD Tata
1332:spun off
1286:railroad
1225:Concorde
1217:widebody
1188:between
1184:started
1163:Aeroflot
1057:Shanghai
959:air mail
955:Congress
865:Alitalia
825:Aeroflot
764:bankrupt
722:Brisbane
710:Calcutta
686:Far East
684:and the
528:Aeroflot
505:Helsinki
461:airline
335:Hawkinge
299:between
281:fuselage
188:was the
154:Oneworld
133:(1923).
131:Aeroflot
113:company
80:aircraft
7762:Standby
7424:Bag tag
7416:Baggage
7241:Timatic
7204:Customs
7111:Airport
6943:Aircrew
6892:Europe
6810:SkyTeam
6695:. 2005.
6185:4425866
6157:Bibcode
5119:June 3,
4356:June 9,
3990:Airways
3512:mergers
3452:lawyers
3374:captain
3356:Jetstar
3352:aircrew
3050:revenue
2980:lounges
2972:SkyTeam
2888:SkyTeam
2790:hedging
2772:(KLIA).
2719:elastic
2714:costs.
2700:revenue
2590:Revenue
2547:aircrew
2145:Economy
2064:, UK's
1940:Avianca
1920:Ecuador
1904:Volaris
1896:Avianca
1875:Volaris
1855:Prinair
1801:(today
1765:(today
1751:Avianca
1731:Bolivia
1660:(later
1652:(later
1591:Oakland
1544:Karachi
1542:) from
1506:SkyTeam
1386:Bailout
1364:capital
1312:JetBlue
936:Bahamas
875:Finland
871:Finnair
850:Ryanair
846:EasyJet
802:Germany
756:Morocco
714:Rangoon
698:Karachi
646:Dornier
642:Junkers
634:Junkers
522:In the
517:Estonia
513:Tallinn
501:Finnair
497:Finland
452:Junkers
395:Croydon
393:, near
356:bombers
350:wartime
339:Cologne
324:airmail
172:History
158:lounges
150:SkyTeam
142:mergers
123:Avianca
111:airship
100:charter
76:freight
64:airline
45:airmail
7854:Portal
7189:Runway
7096:Galley
6996:Purser
6576:
6183:
6175:
6148:Nature
6125:
5781:
5727:
5395:
5368:
5345:
5335:Jane,
5312:
4986:May 7,
4776:
4510:DW.COM
4471:
4293:Flight
4223:May 7,
4141:. 1999
3967:
3884:May 9,
3496:Brazil
3458:Trends
3394:purser
3370:pilots
3269:Tecbio
3253:Boeing
3127:losses
3123:profit
3054:assets
2948:livery
2932:Vienna
2928:Sabena
2920:Moscow
2895:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2704:profit
2497:Pan Am
2417:−6.0%
2385:−32.5
2353:−2.8%
2321:−15.3
1944:Bogotá
1938:. The
1928:Brazil
1821:; and
1787:Mexico
1777:, the
1771:Brazil
1682:Israel
1627:Manila
1619:Hawaii
1599:Makati
1562:pilot
1556:Madras
1548:Bombay
1502:Hanjin
1488:Baguio
1486:) and
1482:(from
1480:Manila
1467:Baguio
1463:Manila
1294:Amtrak
1245:Pan Am
1229:Airbus
1211:, and
1198:Pan Am
1169:. The
1145:, and
1118:, and
1065:London
1061:Boston
1049:Pan Am
1013:, and
1003:Boeing
983:Pan Am
818:Brazil
808:, the
650:Fokker
648:, and
479:London
391:Kenley
379:Farman
360:London
312:DH.16s
223:Europe
127:Qantas
6926:AFRAA
6871:ISTAT
6866:IATAN
6671:(PDF)
6664:(PDF)
6653:(PDF)
6642:(PDF)
6521:(PDF)
6510:(PDF)
6305:(PDF)
6294:(PDF)
6243:(PDF)
6192:(PDF)
6181:S2CID
6143:(PDF)
5807:(PDF)
5800:(PDF)
5622:(PDF)
5615:(PDF)
5504:Today
5432:(PDF)
5417:(PDF)
5169:(PDF)
5158:(PDF)
5113:(PDF)
5106:(PDF)
4167:. KLM
4058:(PDF)
4051:(PDF)
3526:Types
3514:, or
3500:India
3492:Japan
3480:Japan
3402:El Al
3354:of a
3336:Relax
3334:used
3180:MODIS
2916:Tokyo
2801:labor
2712:labor
2634:Sabre
2517:is a
2424:Costs
2414:−1.2%
2257:2008
1960:Wingo
1912:Chile
1817:with
1809:with
1797:with
1789:with
1781:with
1775:Varig
1773:with
1761:with
1759:Chile
1749:with
1741:with
1733:with
1678:El Al
1516:India
814:Natal
806:Spain
783:Kabul
694:Basra
690:Cairo
638:Varig
490:DH-16
459:Dutch
432:D-190
419:Lille
411:Paris
364:Paris
289:Ghent
211:, to
182:DELAG
115:DELAG
7376:ICAO
7169:Gate
6931:RAAA
6921:AAPA
6916:AACO
6901:EBAA
6861:IATA
6856:ATAG
6679:2019
6574:ISBN
6547:2008
6514:ICAO
6493:2017
6468:2020
6419:2010
6374:2015
6348:2008
6313:2020
6277:2014
6251:2020
6218:2008
6173:PMID
6123:ISBN
6073:2020
6048:2020
6018:2020
5988:2020
5958:2020
5950:WTOP
5852:2010
5779:ISSN
5757:2017
5725:ISBN
5693:2010
5585:2017
5559:2017
5534:2010
5512:2020
5485:2020
5458:2022
5393:ISBN
5366:ISBN
5343:ISBN
5323:2010
5310:ISBN
5263:2010
5237:2010
5177:2020
5121:2009
5084:CNBC
5065:2017
4988:2012
4962:2010
4926:2017
4901:2017
4857:2017
4832:2017
4802:2010
4774:ISBN
4753:2017
4710:2017
4675:2010
4634:2010
4604:2020
4572:2020
4545:2020
4518:2017
4492:2020
4469:ISBN
4432:2020
4406:2010
4380:2010
4358:2018
4319:2013
4275:2020
4250:2017
4225:2020
4196:2021
4173:2013
4147:2013
4117:2011
4091:2017
4066:2017
4022:2017
3997:2023
3965:ISBN
3941:2017
3916:2017
3886:2024
3853:2010
3422:and
3376:and
3350:The
3328:BOAC
3285:and
3133:and
3107:and
3028:The
2982:and
2974:and
2823:and
2797:fuel
2795:and
2742:Jet2
2721:for
2710:and
2696:IATA
2545:and
2503:and
2411:3.4%
2408:0.0%
2405:0.7%
2402:2.2%
2399:1.7%
2396:6.1%
2393:4.9%
2382:−5.7
2379:19.0
2370:15.3
2367:11.7
2364:42.4
2361:34.2
2350:0.4%
2347:5.8%
2344:3.4%
2341:3.1%
2338:4.0%
2335:4.3%
2332:9.3%
2329:8.5%
2315:32.4
2312:21.3
2309:20.7
2306:27.5
2303:30.4
2300:65.0
2297:58.9
2289:540
2254:2009
2251:2010
2248:2011
2245:2012
2242:2013
2239:2014
2236:2015
2233:2016
1978:and
1966:and
1958:and
1952:Lima
1930:and
1916:Peru
1900:Copa
1873:and
1865:and
1845:and
1823:TACA
1739:Cuba
1672:and
1629:and
1613:and
1603:Guam
1587:DC-4
1550:via
1441:Asia
1433:and
1400:ATSB
1338:and
1192:and
1173:and
1153:and
1124:B-29
1074:and
1059:and
1038:rail
977:and
921:and
859:and
848:and
804:via
747:and
724:and
692:and
586:and
546:The
457:The
413:and
337:and
303:and
287:and
251:The
160:and
152:and
105:The
55:and
7287:Law
6906:ERA
6896:A4E
6886:RAA
6881:A4A
6851:ACO
6624:PBS
6566:doi
6165:doi
6153:418
5225:"U"
4455:122
3879:CNN
3388:);
3293:KLM
3275:'s
3143:hub
2996:KLM
2793:oil
2768:at
2577:ASK
2567:ASM
2442:BMI
2432:An
2376:0.3
2373:4.6
2318:1.7
2286:481
2283:560
2280:634
2277:663
2274:684
2271:704
2268:698
2265:694
2213:GDP
2175:by
2016:by
1805:),
1769:),
1680:in
1676:),
1644:of
1546:to
1465:to
1325:ATA
1159:ČSA
1101:of
1063:to
1055:to
1005:),
901:TWA
816:in
743:to
558:in
495:In
481:to
463:KLM
434:of
389:to
238:KLM
119:KLM
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