1117:
1103:
763:
1007:, an influential family in the Abbasid court. In view of his close ties with Abu Sahl al-Nawbakhti, the leader of the al-Nawbakhti family, Ibn Ruh is said to have been highly respected in the Abbasid court. He was also a close associate of the second agent, Abu Ja'far. It appears that Ibn Ruh was admired among the Twelvers for his scrupulous adherence to religious dissimulation (
1087:
Twelvers and Ibn Ruh's authority was further strengthened after receiving another note attributed to the Hidden Imam. Another controversial figure was a disciple of al-Askari, named al-Karkhi, who was later condemned in a rescript, said to be written by al-Mahdi. Ibn Ruh died in 326 (937), and was buried in
Baghdad. He was succeeded by
925:) due to the Abbasid threat to his life. As the special agent of al-Askari, Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of the eleventh Imam. Twelver sources detail that Muhammad al-Mahdi made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayer for his father instead of his uncle,
1086:
for financial reasons. It was likely around this time that an associate of Ibn Ruh, named Abu Ja'far
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shalmaghani, turned against him and claimed to be the rightful agent of the Hidden Imam, before denouncing the concept of occultation as a lie. He was soon denounced by the
872:
under close surveillance (or house arrest) by the
Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams. The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate, as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks, particularly after
1799:
1023:
The second agent, Abu Ja'far, is said to have designated Ibn Ruh as his successor in the presence of some notable
Twelvers in 917 CE. There, Abu Ja'far also added that this appointment was commanded by the Hidden Imam. Tusi in his
892:, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors. Instead, al-Askari is known to have primarily communicated with his followers through a network of representatives. Among them was
1081:
s. However, following the 306 (918) downfall of the Banu al-Furat, the influential
Twelver family in the Abbasid court, Ibn Ruh was temporarily forced into hiding and later imprisoned in 312 (924-25) by
907:
suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological
942:, 260-329 AH, 874–940 CE), during which it is believed that four successive agents acted as intermediaries between the Hidden Imam and his followers. These four agents are collectively known as the
1034:, may suggest that some were dissatisfied with his appointment. With this note, the communications with the Hidden Imam resumed after a lapse of about twenty-five years.
915:
Immediately after the death of al-Askari in 260 (874), Uthman ibn Sa'id claimed that the eleventh Imam had a young son, named
Muhammad, who had entered a state of
1699:
1801:
Crisis and
Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought
1140:
1088:
849:
903:), who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman.
1834:
1920:
1720:
232:
1688:
1030:
writes that the appointment of Ibn Ruh was immediately confirmed with a note from the Hidden Imam, which, according to
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227:
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opposition. The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son,
709:
1130:
893:
487:
833:
643:
177:
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16:
This article is about Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh
Nawbakhti. For other people called Nawbakhti, see
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in 917 CE. After some twenty years in office, Ibn Run died in 937 CE and was succeeded by
8:
1847:
1769:
1676:
1031:
916:
222:
182:
27:
1759:
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during the time of the first agent, Uthman ibn Sa'id. Ibn Ruh was also a member of the
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38:
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17:
991:
The birth date of Ibn Ruh is unknown. It is known that he was a native of
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117:
31:
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1861:
Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The
Sources of Esotericism in Islam
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314:
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162:
1880:"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)"
1251:
1102:
762:
1656:
Eliash, J. (2022). "Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī". In
Bearman, P. (ed.).
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932:
Thus began a period of about seventy years, later termed the
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559:
374:
364:
294:
289:
284:
269:
247:
207:
1835:"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM"
1822:
Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970).
1576:
1574:
1542:
1532:
1530:
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983:, who served until his death in 304 or 305 (917 or 918 CE).
1790:
The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ
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Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background
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Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdī in Twelver Shīʻism
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violently prosecuted the Shia, partly due to a renewed
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Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (
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814:أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱبْن رُوح ٱلنَّوْبَخْتِيّ
1263:
1302:
1290:
868:, respectively) were held in the garrison town of
1884:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion
1314:
1042:Ibn Ruh's term overlapped with the caliphates of
1037:
1902:
1821:
1257:
832:to have successively represented their Hidden
844:(874–941 CE). Ibn Ruh in this role succeeded
820:ʾAbū al-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn Rūḥ an-Nawbakhtīy
785:
880:Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid
1858:
1845:
1832:
1431:
1284:
1828:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
1797:
1660:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
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1197:
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1141:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri
1089:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri
855:
806:Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti
1718:
1697:
1668:ISLAM IN IRAN ix. THE DEPUTIES OF MAHDI
1565:
1497:
1458:
1173:
979:Uthman was later succeeded by his son,
1903:
1877:
1772:. State University of New York Press.
1655:
1308:
1296:
850:Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri
1854:. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581.
1739:
1664:
1592:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1335:
1272:
1185:
1075:). He was often in favor with their
1841:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143.
958:) was also variously called deputy (
813:
13:
1859:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2016).
1846:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1998).
1833:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007).
1671:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 143–6.
14:
1937:
1760:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn
1677:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein
1882:. In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.).
1848:"ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism"
1115:
1101:
852:, the fourth and final deputy.
761:
1070:
1059:
1048:
1825:The Cambridge history of Islam
1742:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
1725:. Routledge Kegan & Paul.
1258:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970
1136:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman
1091:as the fourth and last agent.
1038:Tenure as an agent of al-Mahdi
1018:
846:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman
460:Other related sects and groups
1:
1787:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933).
1146:
1878:Hulmes, Edward D.A. (2013).
1798:Modarressi, Hossein (1993).
898:
749:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism
488:Bektashism and folk religion
7:
1921:10th-century Iranian people
1719:Hussain, Jassim M. (1986).
1094:
1077:
1026:
1010:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
938:
921:
819:
10:
1942:
1886:. Routledge. p. 217.
1649:
828:, who are believed by the
744:List of Twelver Shia books
15:
1744:. Yale University Press.
1131:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi
995:, located in present-day
640:Other hadith collections
620:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
1701:A History of Shi'i Islam
1698:Daftary, Farhad (2013).
999:, who later migrated to
48:The Fourteen Infallibles
986:
824:) was the third of the
674:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
644:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
1740:Momen, Moojan (1985).
1665:Klemm, Verena (2007).
1658:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1916:10th-century Twelvers
1852:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1839:Encyclopaedia Iranica
856:Historical background
768:Shia Islam portal
203:Imamate of the Family
1386:, pp. 162, 163.
1362:, pp. 184, 185.
939:al-ghaybat al-sughra
659:Reality of Certainty
335:Mourning of Muharram
213:Mourning of Muharram
1770:Sayyid Hossein Nasr
1551:, pp. 94, 211.
1473:, pp. 89, 210.
981:Abu Ja'far Muhammad
340:Arba'een Pilgrimage
1607:, pp. 95, 98.
1200:, pp. 25, 26.
1188:, pp. 43, 44.
949:al-nuwwab al-arba'
603:Hadith collections
1109:Shia Islam portal
934:Minor Occultation
842:Minor Occultation
838:Muhammad al-Mahdi
802:
801:
698:and jurisprudence
305:Nahy ani l-Munkar
145:
144:
1933:
1897:
1874:
1855:
1842:
1829:
1818:
1807:. Darwin Press.
1806:
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1783:
1768:. Translated by
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1736:
1715:
1694:
1672:
1661:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1619:, pp. 95–6.
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1583:, pp. 94–5.
1578:
1569:
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1552:
1546:
1540:
1539:, pp. 92–3.
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1432:Amir-Moezzi 2007
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669:Mafatih al-Jinan
654:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa
625:Tahdhib al-Ahkam
228:Wilayat al-Faqih
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1704:. I.B. Tauris.
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1641:Modarressi 1993
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866:Hasan al-Askari
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39:Twelver Shi'ism
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1863:. SUNY Press.
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1683:. Suny press.
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1629:Sachedina 1981
1621:
1617:Sachedina 1981
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1605:Sachedina 1981
1597:
1595:, p. 163.
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1581:Sachedina 1981
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1549:Sachedina 1981
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1537:Sachedina 1981
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1522:Sachedina 1981
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1510:Sachedina 1981
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1500:, p. 121.
1487:
1483:Sachedina 1981
1475:
1471:Sachedina 1981
1463:
1451:
1447:Sachedina 1981
1436:
1424:
1422:, p. 234.
1420:Donaldson 1933
1412:
1410:, p. 161.
1400:
1398:, p. 162.
1388:
1376:
1364:
1360:Tabatabai 1975
1352:
1348:Sachedina 1981
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1262:
1260:, p. 126.
1250:
1246:Sachedina 1981
1238:
1236:, p. 209.
1234:Donaldson 1933
1226:
1222:Sachedina 1981
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1198:Sachedina 1981
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1779:0-87395-390-8
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1765:Shi'ite Islam
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74:Twelve Imams
18:Al-Nawbakhti
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155:Principles
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98:al-Sajjad
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113:al-Kazim
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270:Salat
248:Irfan
88:Hasan
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