392:) found that in the year following their pledge, some virginity pledgers are more likely to delay sex than non-pledgers; when virginity pledgers do have sex, they are less likely to use contraception than non-pledgers. This study found that virginity pledges are only effective in high schools in which about 30% of the students had taken the pledge, meaning that they are not effective as a universal measure. Their analysis was that identity movements work when there is a critical mass of members: too few members, and people do not have each other for social support, and too many members, and people do not feel distinctive for having taken the pledge. This study was criticized for not being able to conclude causality, only correlation, a criticism which applies to all studies of virginity pledges thus far.
474:. He will also talk about the larger cultural norms that led to these practices. These norms show us how much society (especially women) values and expects people to uphold the traditions and customs of purity and righteousness. Indeed, such pledges can be perceived as a source of protection against the trend that modern civilization transmission and changing social norms are causing, undermining classical beliefs. On the other hand, Ray's (2023) work on the campaign to make harmful cultural practices unacceptable exposes this approach as not up-to-date, rather ineffective, and even dangerous when promoting sexual health and well-being, and in general when taking into account the complexity of nowadays's varied cultural, gender, and sexual development.
233:
253:
173:
272:
1668:
124:(WCTU), has encouraged people in their communities to sign abstinence pledges with the undersigned promising to not use alcohol or other drugs; the following is an example of wording that may appear on such abstinence pledge cards: "I hereby promise, by the help of God, to abstain from the use of all intoxicating liquors, including wine, beer, and cider as a beverage." Taking the abstinence pledge enrolls those signing the cards as members in the
1649:
463:. It is not uncommon for purity culture to create a space where teens are even encouraged to promise themselves no sex before marriage, the stage that society heavily stresses on temperature. Nevertheless, during the period of purity culture, when there is no restriction on physical intimacy, abstinence supporters often harbor doubts about the conformity of sexual behavior among the younger generation. g generation. The
20:
408:
times more likely to remain virgins by age 25 than those who did not pledge (25% vs. 6%), and estimated that female pledgers were 3.5 times more likely to remain virgins by age 25 than those who did not pledge (21% vs. 6%). The study also noted that those who pledge yet became sexually active reported fewer partners and were not exposed to STI risk for as long as nonpledgers.
471:
506:
use once pledgers decide to engage in sex. Though studies have reported this and found that pledgers are more likely to remain virgins by age 25 than those who do not pledge and that those who do become sexually active report fewer sexual partners, at least one study found no difference in the sexual
458:
prior to even taking the pledge, so would be predicted to delay sex even if they had not taken the pledge. Comparing pledgers with similar non-pledgers is the only way to be certain that the effect comes from the pledge rather than the pre-existing greater beliefs of pledgers that sexuality should be
427:
in June 2006 — found that over half of adolescents who took virginity pledges said the following year that they had never taken a pledge. This study showed that those who make the pledge but have sex are likely to deny ever pledging; and many who were sexually active prior to taking the pledge deny
472:
https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=40DkEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=RA1-PT21&dq=virginity+pledges+journal+taylor+and+francis&ots=2dLjGWntYS&sig=qD_PuMtzeiQ6CCQJctuD--p40xc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=virginity%20pledges%20journal%20taylor%20and%20francis&f=false
407:
as those who have not made a virginity pledge. They deduced that there was substitution of oral and anal sex for vaginal sex among the pledgers, although the data for anal sex without vaginal sex reported by males did not reflect this directly. This study also estimated that male pledgers were 4.1
212:
Abstinence pledge programs take a variety of stances on the role of religion in the pledge: some use religion to motivate the pledge, putting
Biblical quotes on the cards, while others use statistics and arguments to motivate the pledge. Advocacy of virginity pledges is often coupled with support
200:
because it believed SRT used tax dollars to promote
Christianity. SRT presented a two-part program, the first part about abstinence; the second about how the Christian faith fits into an abstinence commitment. The ACLU claimed federal funding given to this program violated their interpretation of
368:
There have been numerous peer-reviewed studies on those who have taken abstinence pledges promising to maintain chastity until marriage, with varying results. Four of the five peer-reviewed virginity pledge studies and the non-peer-reviewed study discussed below use the same federal data, the
316:
For your greater glory and consolation, O Sacred Heart of Jesus, for your sake to give good example, to practice self-denial, to make reparation to you for the sins of intemperance and for the conversion of excessive drinkers, I will abstain for life from all intoxicating drinks. Amen.
411:
A third peer-reviewed study — by Melina
Bersamin and others at Prevention Research Center, in Berkeley, California — found that adolescents who make an informal promise to themselves not to have sex will delay sex, but adolescents who take a formal virginity pledge do not delay sex.
453:
assumptions. According to
Rosenbaum, past research findings that virginity pledgers delayed sex may have been affected by their statistical method's inability to adjust fully for pre-existing differences between pledgers and non-pledgers: pledgers are much more negative toward
339:"Believing that true love waits, I make a commitment to God, myself, my family, my friends, my future mate, and my future children to a lifetime of purity including sexual abstinence from this day until the day I enter a Biblical marriage relationship."
208:
On August 22, 2005, the department suspended SRT's $ 75,000 federal grant until it submitted a "corrective action plan." In 2006, a corrective action plan was accepted by the department, the lawsuit was dismissed and SRT received its federal funding.
459:
restrained to the matrimonial context. When examining the dynamics of abstinence pledges in the purity culture, it becomes clear that these pledges exist on the boundary between intentional and unintentional, as articulated by
Muskrat (2024)
625:
Woman's
Christian Temperance Union PLEDGE Conditions of membership: Signing total abstinence pledge and paying annual dues of $ 1.00. "I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and
350:"I am making a commitment to myself, my family, and my Creator, that I will abstain from sexual activity of any kind before marriage. I will keep my body and my thoughts pure as I trust in God's perfect plan for my life."
304:
I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented and malt liquors, including wine beer and hard cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in the same.
188:, which now claims over 2.5 million pledgers worldwide in dozens of countries. A torrent of abstinence pledge programs encouraging people to save sexual intercourse for marriage followed; one such program is the
148:
in 1873, had the following pledge: "I promise to you, reverend father, and to the League of the Holy Cross, by the help of God's grace, to abstain from all intoxicating drinks." A similar organisation, the
467:(Muskrat, 2024), as with the whole nuance of the transition period from adolescence to adulthood, is the underlying necessity for learning to surmount the restraint that comes with a strict moral pattern.
530:
232:
354:
It is God's will that you should be sanctified: that you should avoid sexual immorality; that each of you should learn to control his/her own body in a way that is holy and honorable."
252:
395:
A second peer-reviewed study, also by
Bearman and Brueckner, looked at virginity pledgers five years after their pledge, and found that the pledgers have similar proportions of
668:
328:"Believing that true love waits, I make a commitment to God, myself, my family, those I date, and my future mate to be sexually pure until the day I enter marriage."
502:. Other studies suggest no such substitution among pledgers, though pledgers may partake in vaginal or oral sex. Virginity pledges may also reduce the likelihood of
1282:
441:
less likely to use condoms and 6 percentage points less likely to use birth control than similar non-pledgers. Rosenbaum's study was innovative for using
507:
behavior of pledgers and non-pledgers after controlling for pre-existing differences between the groups. According to a study published in 2014 from the
202:
373:(Add Health), in which 13,000 adolescents were interviewed in 1995, 1996, and 2000. The other peer-reviewed study used a study of virginity pledges in
511:, Evangelical men who made an abstinence pledge and got married would like more conversations about the place of sex in marriage in their churches.
420:
370:
193:
1704:
271:
589:
437:
in 2009, found no difference in sexual behavior of pledgers and similar non-pledgers five years after pledging, but found pledgers were 10
197:
137:
520:
1689:
1312:
944:
910:
769:
703:
297:
165:, it is common for school children to take the pledge of the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association after which they receive a
129:
121:
23:
1039:
720:
180:
The first program encouraging individuals to sign a pledge encouraging abstinence from sexual intercourse until marriage is
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672:
309:
150:
982:
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1057:
798:
355:
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424:
1634:
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540:
125:
1673:
286:
133:
642:
491:
343:
332:
321:
181:
1694:
1505:
646:
214:
1699:
846:
396:
293:
I promise to abstain from all intoxicating liquors as beverages and to discountenance their use by others.
1188:
428:
their sexual history, which, it is speculated, may cause them to underestimate their risk of having STIs.
1535:
1305:
239:
185:
799:"Baptist Press - True Love Waits launches community-wide initiative - News with a Christian Perspective"
217:
in public schools. Advocates argue that any other type of sexual education would promote sex outside of
1629:
1411:
1213:"Patient Teenagers? A Comparison of the Sexual Behavior of Virginity Pledgers and Matched Nonpledgers"
824:
1612:
1602:
1342:
470:
On the other hand, Ray (2023) will talk in depth about virginity checking (VCT) and hymnography (HTG)
460:
192:(SRT), which started in 1995 has been featured in hundreds of media reports worldwide. In 2005, the
1652:
761:
508:
42:
1060:. Public Health Institute Center for Research on Adolescent Health and Development. Archived from
1607:
1472:
1421:
1391:
1298:
145:
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450:
1552:
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560:
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878:
8:
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243:
141:
101:
1540:
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1237:
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1139:
1120:
487:
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pledges has been extensively studied. Some studies suggest virginity pledges may delay
442:
416:
158:
58:
1557:
1517:
1500:
1242:
1169:
1155:
1112:
1107:
1090:
1058:"Appraising Evidence on Program Effectiveness: Do Virginity Pledges Cause Virginity?"
940:
765:
699:
565:
545:
525:
189:
66:
1124:
825:"ACLU of Massachusetts v. Secretary of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"
172:
1445:
1359:
1283:
Virginity pledges for men can lead to sexual confusion — even after the wedding day
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438:
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1487:
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389:
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117:
86:
431:
A fifth peer-reviewed study, also by Janet
Rosenbaum published in the journal
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1381:
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503:
381:
78:
802:
1527:
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1116:
109:
89:
1401:
1091:"After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges"
555:
550:
535:
262:
154:
50:
27:
1376:
464:
374:
46:
1428:
1140:"Promising to wait: virginity pledges and adolescent sexual behavior"
786:
Human
Sexuality: Biological, Psychological, and Cultural Perspectives
483:
380:
The first peer-reviewed study of virginity pledgers (by sociologists
166:
105:
38:
1433:
1349:
1138:
Bersamin MM, Walker S, Waiters ED, Fisher DA, Grube JW (May 2005).
499:
495:
494:
because pledgers may replace vaginal sex with other kinds, such as
404:
400:
278:
218:
82:
62:
54:
26:(WCTU) abstinence pledge card in which one promises a lifestyle of
845:
American Civil
Liberties Union of Massachusetts (August 1, 2017).
758:
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary
104:
arose in the 18th century and spread throughout Christians of the
1189:"Some may play fast and loose with virginity pledge, study finds"
461:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13558358.2024.2332980
162:
1290:
312:
abstinence pledge and prayer (recited twice daily by members):
1364:
590:"Taking the pledge gave impetus to historic religious movement"
113:
1007:
19:
906:
53:
with respect to abstaining from alcohol and other drugs, or
1562:
1137:
1088:
671:. Pittsburgh Catholic Publishing Associates. Archived from
258:
16:
Conmitment to refrain from drug usage or sexual intercourse
1262:"Premarital Abstinence Pledges Ineffective, Study Finds"
37:
are commitments made by people, often though not always
696:
The Famous Five: Canada's Crusaders for Women's Rights
153:, continues distributing abstinence pledges today and
879:"Certificate - Independent Order of Rechabites, 1910"
1663:
1089:Brückner and Bearman; Bearman, Peter (April 2005).
985:. LifeWay Christian Resources. 2007. Archived from
669:"Silver Ring Thing offers lessons in sexual purity"
490:, but are ineffective in reducing the incidence of
1010:. LifeWay Christian Resources. 2007. pp. PDF
933:Understanding Jesus: 50 Reasons Why Jesus Matters
623:. Vermont Historical Society. 1984. p. 155.
1681:
1186:
371:National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
1206:
1204:
1202:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
721:"Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross"
636:
634:
194:American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
265:with respect to alcohol and other drugs (2017)
92:denominations, while others are nonsectarian.
1306:
838:
142:Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross
1199:
1075:
964:. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
924:
641:Donaldson, Susan James (29 September 2008).
631:
198:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1021:
399:(STIs) and at least as high proportions of
221:, which they hold to be immoral and risky.
138:International Organisation of Good Templars
1648:
1313:
1299:
1236:
1210:
1163:
1106:
712:
698:. Heritage House Publishing. p. 14.
640:
615:
613:
531:Confraternity of the Cord of Saint Thomas
521:Adolescent sexuality in the United States
959:
930:
749:
687:
584:
582:
580:
324:1993 abstinence pledge read as follows:
171:
18:
1285:, washington.edu, USA, October 9, 2015
1040:"Virginity Pledges Don't Cut STD Rates"
901:
899:
660:
224:
161:of 100 days for those promoting it. In
128:that is distributing them, such as the
1682:
745:. Browne and Nolan. 1913. p. 636.
718:
666:
610:
238:Abstinence pledge card distributed by
1294:
1259:
962:"Virginity/sexual abstinence pledges"
873:
871:
755:
693:
643:"Virginity Pledges Can Work for Some"
577:
335:more recent abstinence pledge reads:
896:
310:Pioneer Total Abstinence Association
176:Signing a teetotal pledge, USA, 1846
151:Pioneer Total Abstinence Association
49:, usually in the case of practicing
1000:
975:
953:
277:Abstinence pledge card encouraging
261:abstinence pledge card encouraging
69:, they are sometimes also known as
13:
1705:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
931:Hamilton, Andrew Hamilton (2016).
911:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
868:
415:A fourth peer-reviewed study — by
300:(WCTU) current abstinence pledge:
298:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
130:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
122:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
57:, with respect to abstaining from
24:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
14:
1721:
1320:
983:"True Love Waits Commitment Card"
719:Hanson, David J. (15 June 2016).
667:Franko, John (18 February 2005).
449:, which makes potentially untrue
425:American Journal of Public Health
346:recent abstinence pledge (2009):
120:denominations, among others. The
1666:
1647:
1156:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.09.016
1108:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.01.005
723:. Alcohol Problems and Solutions
541:List of Temperance organizations
445:matching, instead of relying on
270:
251:
231:
1674:Evangelical Christianity portal
1275:
1271:– via washingtonpost.com.
1260:Stein, Rob (29 December 2008).
1253:
1187:Elizabeth Mehren (2006-05-08).
1180:
1131:
1050:
817:
791:
784:Anne Bolin, Patricia Whelehan,
756:White, Robert W. (5 May 2020).
743:The Irish Ecclesiastical Record
492:sexually transmitted infections
397:sexually transmitted infections
287:Independent Order of Rechabites
134:Independent Order of Rechabites
1690:Sexual abstinence and religion
854:American Civil Liberties Union
778:
735:
694:Smith, Barbara (14 May 2019).
621:Vermont History, Volumes 52-53
289:(IOR) 1900 abstinence pledge:
203:separation of church and state
77:. They are most common in the
1:
960:Robinson, B.A. (2005-03-20).
788:, Routledge, UK, 2009, p. 248
647:American Broadcasting Company
571:
215:abstinence-only sex education
1095:Journal of Adolescent Health
477:
7:
1710:Sexuality in Evangelicalism
1536:Child-on-child sexual abuse
514:
186:Southern Baptist Convention
10:
1726:
363:
95:
1643:
1588:
1526:
1486:
1328:
1211:Rosenbaum, J. E. (2009).
419:public health researcher
242:, an early leader in the
184:, started in 1993 by the
762:Indiana University Press
509:University of Washington
388:and Hannah Brueckner of
1193:San Francisco Chronicle
126:temperance organization
1229:10.1542/peds.2008-0407
847:"settlement agreement"
361:
341:
330:
319:
307:
295:
177:
146:Cardinal Henry Manning
31:
1468:Sex-positive movement
1463:Sex-positive feminism
1387:Obesity and sexuality
348:
337:
326:
314:
302:
291:
281:until marriage (2021)
175:
22:
1695:Adolescent sexuality
1553:Cybersex trafficking
1338:Adolescent sexuality
561:Theology of the body
225:Gallery and examples
140:, among others. The
1700:Temperance movement
1473:Sex workers' rights
1453:Reproductive rights
488:vaginal intercourse
447:regression analysis
244:temperance movement
102:temperance movement
1541:Child sexual abuse
1513:Child prostitution
1458:Right to sexuality
856:. pp. 2, 6, 7
598:. 29 December 1998
443:Rubin causal model
178:
159:plenary indulgence
59:sexual intercourse
35:Abstinence pledges
32:
1661:
1660:
1518:Child sex tourism
1501:Child pornography
946:978-0-8091-4962-9
771:978-0-253-04830-1
705:978-1-77203-234-5
566:Sexual abstinence
546:Modesto Manifesto
526:Born-again virgin
439:percentage points
423:published in the
352:(quote on card) "
190:Silver Ring Thing
75:virginity pledges
67:sexual abstinence
65:; in the case of
1717:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1650:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1223:(1): e110–e120.
1208:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1144:J Adolesc Health
1135:
1129:
1128:
1110:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1008:"The TLW Pledge"
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
979:
973:
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969:
957:
951:
950:
928:
922:
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883:Museums Victoria
875:
866:
865:
863:
861:
851:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
801:. Archived from
795:
789:
782:
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753:
747:
746:
739:
733:
732:
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664:
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638:
629:
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586:
482:The efficacy of
274:
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1716:
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1714:
1680:
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1662:
1657:
1653:Topical outline
1639:
1584:
1575:Sex trafficking
1522:
1488:Child sexuality
1482:
1392:Objectification
1330:Human sexuality
1324:
1319:
1289:
1281:Molly McElroy,
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1209:
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829:
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823:
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741:
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736:
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713:
706:
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688:
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639:
632:
619:
618:
611:
601:
599:
595:The Irish Times
588:
587:
578:
574:
517:
480:
421:Janet Rosenbaum
366:
351:
344:True Love Waits
333:True Love Waits
322:True Love Waits
282:
275:
266:
256:
247:
236:
227:
182:True Love Waits
98:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
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1678:
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1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1590:Age of consent
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1580:Sexual slavery
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1555:
1550:
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1548:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
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1508:
1498:
1496:Child marriage
1492:
1490:
1484:
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1475:
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1455:
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1326:
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1318:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1274:
1252:
1198:
1179:
1130:
1101:(4): 271–278.
1074:
1049:
1020:
999:
974:
952:
945:
923:
895:
867:
837:
816:
805:on 5 June 2007
790:
777:
770:
764:. p. 33.
748:
734:
711:
704:
686:
659:
630:
609:
575:
573:
570:
569:
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110:Presbyterian
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1402:Pornography
1397:Orientation
556:Purity ring
551:Purity Ball
536:Fornication
263:teetotalism
155:Pope Pius X
87:Evangelical
51:teetotalism
28:teetotalism
1684:Categories
1558:Harassment
1377:Infidelity
1217:Pediatrics
1068:2004-11-29
1014:2009-05-19
993:2009-05-19
968:2005-03-29
572:References
465:liminality
451:parametric
434:Pediatrics
375:California
47:abstinence
1429:Pregnancy
1422:(women's)
1417:(lesbian)
1360:Fetishism
1355:Education
1044:WebMD.com
907:"Join Us"
484:virginity
478:Criticism
196:sued the
167:lapel pin
106:Methodist
90:Christian
39:teenagers
1434:Abortion
1350:Adultery
1247:19117832
1174:15837347
1125:10150529
1117:15780782
916:23 March
888:23 March
727:23 March
652:23 March
602:23 March
515:See also
500:anal sex
496:oral sex
405:oral sex
386:Columbia
279:chastity
219:marriage
83:Catholic
63:marriage
55:chastity
1630:Oceania
1238:2768056
1165:1949026
626:malt...
417:Harvard
364:Studies
356:1 Thess
163:Ireland
96:History
1613:Europe
1603:Africa
1594:reform
1365:Incest
1267:29 May
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830:29 May
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114:Quaker
81:among
61:until
1412:(law)
1407:(gay)
1121:S2CID
850:(PDF)
679:6 May
358:4:3-4
1608:Asia
1563:Rape
1269:2017
1243:PMID
1170:PMID
1113:PMID
941:ISBN
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890:2021
862:2019
832:2017
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766:ISBN
729:2021
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681:2018
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498:and
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390:Yale
259:IOGT
213:for
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