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multiethnic autonomy. On August 15, 1990, the
Georgian section of Abkhazian radio appealed to the Chairman of the Ministerial Council to safeguard the rights and freedoms of expression. In response to this appeal, the Abkhaz authorities imposed a ban on radio broadcasts concerning the Georgian language and interfered with the editorial policies of journalists. Although the government managed to end the violence and maintain peace at that time, the conflict developed further and resulted in the next years in what is often referred as "war of laws". In 1991, Georgia refused to take part in referendum to preserve the Soviet Union as a renewed federation, opting to hold an
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191:
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national-independence movement, initially encouraged the Abkhaz in another variation of the old divide-and-rule game. A second group, Ossetians, are divided between two territorial entities: one, within the
Russian Federation, enjoys autonomous republic status, while the other, to the south, is an autonomous region within Georgia. Here the problem is not demography but geopolitics: for the Southern Ossetian territory slices through historically Georgian lands. Its separation would wreak havoc with Georgia's territorial integrity, communications and economy.
1968:. The resolution "urges the Government and the Parliament of the Russian Federation, as well as the de facto authorities of Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia, Georgia, to allow the European Union Monitoring Mission unimpeded access to the occupied territories." It also said that the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly was "concerned about the humanitarian situation of the displaced persons both in Georgia and in the occupied territories of Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia, Georgia, as well as the denial of the right of return to their places of living."
278:
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132:
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1670:, Georgians made up 45.7% of the population of Abkhazia, while Abkhazians were 17.8%. In response to the appeal, the Georgian anti-Soviet groups organized a series of unsanctioned meetings across Georgia, claiming that the Soviet government was using Abkhaz separatism in order to oppose the Georgia's pro-independence movement. The
1690:
in
Sukhumi, and concluded with the looting of the Georgian school which was expected to house the new university on 16 July 1989. The ensuing violence quickly degenerated into a large-scale inter-ethnic confrontation. The first case of inter-ethnic violence in Georgia, it effectively marked the start
1759:
pointing out that the separatist decision contradicted the opinion of the majority of
Abkhazian population. Meanwhile, the Abkhaz leader Vladislav Ardzinba intensified his ties with hard-line Russian politicians and military elite and declared he was ready for a war with Georgia. Russia used Abkhaz
2658:
Russian relations with
Georgia were the worst among the post-Soviet states. In addition to fanning the flames of separatism in South Ossetia since 1990s, Russia militarily supported separatists in Abkhazia (1992-1993), which is also a part of Georgian territory, to undermine Georgia's independence
1887:
adopted a resolution recognising the right of all refugees to return to
Abkhazia and reclaim their property rights. It regretted the attempts to alter pre-war demographic composition and called for the "rapid development of a timetable to ensure the prompt voluntary return of all refugees and
1742:
which began in
December 1991 to consolidate his power and launched a practice of replacing ethnic Georgians in leading positions with the Abkhaz. Ardzinba created the Abkhazian National Guard that was mono-ethnically Abkhaz, and on 24 June 1992, attacked the building of the Abkhazian Interior
1283:
to
Abkhazia several times. However, both the Abkhaz government and the opposition in Abkhazia refuse any form of union with Georgia. Abkhaz regard their independence as the result of a war of liberation from Georgia, while Georgians believe that historically Abkhazia has always formed part of
1694:
The July events in
Abkhazia left at least 18 dead and 448 injured, of whom, according to official accounts, 302 were Georgians. The local Abkhaz authorities endeavored to regulate the flow of information by censoring newspaper articles and television programs deemed to threaten the peace of
2689:
Keeping
Georgian territory undivided is a high priority for Tbilisi, and the Kremlin realized very well that playing on Abkhazian, Ossetian and Ajar separatism was a way to keep Georgia off balance. Under Gorbachev, the Kremlin, eager to undermine the aspirations of the Georgian
1821:
In April–May 1998, the conflict escalated once again in the Gali District when several hundred Abkhaz forces entered the villages still populated by Georgians to support the separatist-held parliamentary elections. Despite criticism from the opposition, Eduard Shevardnadze,
1531:, gradually losing its cultural and religious ties with the rest of Georgia. According to the Soviet historical science, Turkey, after the conquest has aimed at obliterating the material and spiritual culture of Abkhazia and forcibly convert the population to Islam.
1467:
was established on the territory of Abkhazia, which later was transformed into Duchy of Abkhazia. The Kingdom became the largest entity in the Caucasus by the 12th century. However, in the late 15th century, the civil strife within the Kingdom of Georgia led to its
1416:
is still disputed, most scholars agree that the Abkhazian kings were Georgian in culture and language. The kingdom is frequently referred in modern history writing as the Egrisi-Abkhazian kingdom due to the fact that medieval authors viewed the new monarchy as a
1852:
Georgia decried the unlimited issuing of Russian passports in Abkhazia with subsequent payment of retirement pensions and other monetary benefits by Russia, which Georgia considers to be economic support of separatists by the Russian government.
1774:
The conflict eventually devolved into a war, which lasted for 13 months, beginning in August, 1992, with Georgian government forces and a militia composed of ethnic Georgians who lived in Abkhazia and separatist forces consisting of ethnic
1747:. These events led to a split in the Supreme Council between Georgian and Abkhazian factions and forced the Georgian faction to boycott the sessions. In turn, On 23 July 1992, the Abkhazian faction of the Supreme Council, without a
1384:. Local tribes played a huge role into consolidation of local population into single unit. They managed to break free from the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century and establish their independent kingdom. During this time, the term "
3790:
1718:, with Abkhazians, while being only 18% of the population, getting the largest portion of seats. According to this settlement, the 65 seats in the Supreme Soviet were allocated to different ethnic groups; 28 were reserved for
1914:
said that his troops had launched a major "military operation" to force Georgian troops out of the Kodori Gorge, which they still controlled. As a result of this attack, Georgian troops were driven out of Abkhazia entirely.
1700:
1760:
and also South Ossetian separatists as its ethnically-based proxies to inflame ethnic conflicts in Georgia, undermine Georgian independence and assert Russia's control over the strategically important South Caucasus.
1921:
In response to Russia's recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the Georgian government announced that the country cut all diplomatic relations with Russia and that it left the Commonwealth of Independent States.
1971:
In 2016, murder of ethnic Georgian Giga Otkhozoria by Abkhaz border guards caused international resonance and raised question about human rights situation of ethnic Georgians remaining in Abkhazia, particularly
1953:
and Abkhazia could also use its facilities. "I would like to assure you, my dear friends, that this is your home, as well, and here you will always be able to find support and understanding", he said.
1734:
being appointed as Chairman of the Abkhazian Supreme Council. Ardzinba, who was a charismatic but excitable figure popular among the Abkhaz, was believed by Georgians to have helped to instigate the
3820:
2659:
and assert Russia's control over the strategically important South Caucasus. This use of small, ethnically- and religiously-based proxies is not unlike Iran's use of Hezbollah and Hamas in Levant.
4092:
3779:
1650:
Tensions between Abkhazians and Georgians began to escalate in 1980s as Georgians increasingly pushed for independence from the Soviet Union, while Abkhazians wanted to remain in the
1504:
invasions, leading to these principalities gaining semi-independent status as they frequently acted independently and at times titled themselves as kings. In the 1570s, the
1284:
Georgia. Georgians formed the single largest ethnic group in pre-1993 Abkhazia, with a 45.7% plurality as of 1989. During the war the Abkhaz separatist side carried out an
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of Russia following a Bolshevik-led rebellion against the local Abkhazian self-government, Abkhaz People's Council (APC). This forced the APC to request aid from the
5434:
4082:
1527:, with Abkhazia, along with all of western Georgia, remaining in the hands of the Ottomans. As a result, Abkhazia came under the increasing influence of Turkey and
3297:
MacFarlane, S., N., “On the front lines in the near abroad: the CIS and the OSCE in Georgia’ s civil wars", Third World Quarterly, Vol 18, No 3, pp 509– 525, 1997.
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spread to Abkhazia, where separatist rebels and the Russian air force launched an all-out attack on Georgian forces. Abkhazia's pro-Moscow separatist President
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navy occupied the fort of Tskhumi on the Abkhazian coastline, turning it into the Turkish fortress of Suhum-Kale (hence, the modern name of the city of
5515:
5495:
4144:
3854:
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1800:
2096:
2077:
Olga Oliker, Thomas S. Szayna. Faultlines of Conflict in Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Implications for the U.S. Army. Rand Corporation, 2003,
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of Egrisi and sometimes used the terms interchangeably. In order to eliminate the Byzantine religious influence, the dynasty subordinated the local
5418:
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1743:
Ministry, a last stronghold of Georgian authority in Abkhazia, severely beating the ethnic Georgian minister Givi Lominadze and installing Abkhaz
5500:
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4021:
4011:
2407:
Rapp Jr., Stephen H. (October–December 2000). "Sumbat Davitis-dze and the Vocabulary of Political Authority in the Era of Georgian Unification".
1856:
In May 2006 the Coordinating Council of Georgia's Government and Abkhaz separatists was convened for the first time since 2001. In late July the
1663:
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is disputed, with some scholars considering them to be Kartvelian tribes, while others regard them as being ancestors of people today called as
5331:
5191:
4767:
3586:
3336:
2166:"The staff of the Foreign Ministry of Abkhazia laid a wreath at the memorial in the Park of Glory on the Memorial Day of Fatherland Defenders"
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Relations between Georgia and Abkhazia have remained tense after the war. Georgia has moved to increase Abkhazia's isolation by imposing a
1659:
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17:
1976:, where 98% is ethnic Georgian and is often subject to ethnic discrimination, denial of political and civil rights and police misconduct.
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was negotiated on May 20. The hostilities resulted in hundreds of casualties from both sides and an additional 20,000 Georgian refugees.
1633:
1085:
218:
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Welt, Cory (2012), "A Fateful Moment: Ethnic Autonomy and Revolutionary violence in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)", in
1755:, a governing body of Georgia at that time, responded with a special resolution, which nullified this declaration, with Georgian leader
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river was agreed as a new state border between Soviet Russia and Georgia. This corresponds to the modern internationally recognized
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1624:. In exchange for support for Bolsheviks in Abkhazia, the Soviet government agreed to increase the autonomy of Abkhazia. In 1921,
4996:
4838:
4630:
1965:
1751:, passed a resolution on restoring the 1925 Abkhazian constitution, declaring a "sovereign state" from Georgia. On 25 July 1992,
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The conflict, one of the bloodiest in the post-Soviet era, remains unresolved. The Georgian government has offered substantial
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GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADOPTS RESOLUTION RECOGNIZING RIGHT OF RETURN BY REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS TO ABKHAZIA, GEORGIA
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From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh
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managed to unite whole Western Georgia into a single political entity and transferred its capital to the Georgian city of
5540:
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On August 26, 2008, the Russian Federation officially recognized both South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.
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of its coast in the 6th-5th centuries BC. During this time, the territory was part of the western Georgian kingdom of
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campaign which resulted in the expulsion of up to 250,000 and in the killing of more than 5,000 ethnic Georgians. The
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2507:, p. 238: "Citation 111, which references Elizabeth Fuller, "The South Ossetian Campaign or Unification," p. 18
1931:
1837:. The Chechen-Georgian paramilitaries advanced as far as Sukhumi, but finally were repelled by the Abkhazian forces.
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2618:(2001), Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pp. 345–9. Routledge,
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39:
949:
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2020:
1658:, expressing their desire to upgrade the status of Abkhazia to independent SSR within the Soviet Union or join
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3280:. "Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus".M.E. Sharpe (2006).
2704:
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2908:"How are the rights of Georgian children violated in Gali district of occupied Abkhazia? [VIDEO]"
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Commonwealth and Independence in Post-Soviet Eurasia Commonwealth and Independence in Post-Soviet Eurasia
2015:
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1964:, underlining Georgia's territorial integrity and referring to breakaway Abkhazia and South Ossetia as
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Discordant Neighbours: A Reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South Ossetian Conflicts
2357:
1602:
1574:
1500:. Eventually Kingdom of Imereti declined due to power struggle within its ruling elites and constant
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805:
792:
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680:
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96:
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Tbilisi-Based Abkhaz Government Moves to Kodori, Civil Georgia, July 27, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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2007:
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1868:. For the first time after the war, this government was located in Abkhazia, and it was headed by
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1973:
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1577:. Abkhazia joined Democratic Republic of Georgia as an autonomous entity. This later led to the
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1396:(Western Georgian) origin, "Apkha" meaning back or shoulder. The term gave rise to the name "
768:
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43:
1849:
promised not to use force and to resolve the problem only by diplomacy and political talks.
1714:
agreed on an arrangement to grant a wide over-representation to the Abkhazians in the local
1589:. Georgia managed to repulse the Red Army from Abkhazia but conceded to Russian claims over
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of GSSR. In 1931, status of Abkhazia was again downgraded to the autonomous republic, with
1196:
741:
628:
452:
3313:
Steele, Jon. "War Junkie: One Man`s Addiction to the Worst Places on Earth" Corgi (2002).
3242:
2985:, translated by Ariane Chanturia, Glastonbury, United Kingdom: Gothic Image Publications,
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1833:
In September 2001, around 400 Chechen fighters and 80 Georgian guerrillas appeared in the
8:
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The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918 – 2012: The first Georgian Republic and its successors
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1946:
1846:
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1620:(GSSR) was established under Bolshevik government, which was later incorporated into the
1606:
1448:
1405:
1393:
1228:
986:
923:
696:
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556:
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412:
3272:"Ethnic Conflict as a Tool of Outside Influence: An Examination of Abkhazia and Kosovo."
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was created. However, it was not separate from Georgia and its status was defined as a
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of Abkhazia. During the opening ceremony of a new building of the Georgian Embassy in
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OSCE Parliamentary Assembly from 5 to 9 July 2012, Final Declaration and Resolutions
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3051:"The Tale of Two Resorts: Abkhazia and Ajaria Before and Since the Soviet Collapse"
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2416:
1744:
1651:
1464:
1381:
996:
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588:
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256:
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3004:
Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
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5123:
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4235:
3996:
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3495:
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3156:
2860:
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2581:
2464:
2441:
2266:
2060:
1993:
1679:
1671:
1524:
1517:
1418:
1333:
1122:
820:
784:
724:
712:
584:
386:
357:
100:
3247:
The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus
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371:
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started in Abkhazia with the Abkhaz protest against an opening of a branch of
1400:", which is used today in most foreign languages. It was used to denote whole
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1950:
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323:
283:
269:
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2284:"GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADOPTS RESOLUTION RECOGNIZING RIGHT OF RETURN BY REFUGEES"
2121:
Emmanuel Karagiannis. Energy and Security in the Caucasus. Routledge, 2002.
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3384:
3277:
3055:
The Myth of "Ethnic Conflict": Politics, Economics, and "Cultural" Violence
2226:
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY TO BRING A VERDICT ON THE TRAGEDY OF ABKHAZIA/GEORGIA
1654:. On 18 March 1989, a group of Abkhazian intellectuals wrote letter to the
1377:
1184:
548:
27:
1989–present conflict between Georgia and the partially recognized Abkhazia
2952:"Occupied Lives: Georgians' Daily Struggles Under Russian Control in Gali"
5381:
5371:
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3029:
1357:
1336:, various tribes were recorded on the territory today known as Abkhazia:
1312:
has passed a series of resolutions in which it appeals for a cease-fire.
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5398:
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5118:
3707:
2930:"Tragic Drowning in Enguri Highlights Tbilisi's Policy Failure in Gali"
1719:
1558:
1554:
1429:
1413:
1369:
3075:
Hewitt, B.G. (1993), "Abkhazia: a problem of identity and ownership",
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1726:(46% of the total population) and 11 for the other ethnic groups. The
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in the Western Georgia. The latter consisted of three principalities:
5031:
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1827:
1780:
1723:
1439:
In the 10th century, Kingdom of Abkhazia played an important role in
1345:
1208:
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616:
60:. The Government House of Abkhazia is visible in the background. 2006
3292:
The Conflict in Abkhazia: Dilemmas in Russian 'Peacekeeping' Policy.
2854:
Yuschenko, Saakashvili open new building of Georgian Embassy in Kyiv
1304:
have officially recognized the ethnic cleansing of Georgians, which
5208:
5086:
4689:
4122:
4097:
3206:(Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press,
2929:
2420:
1675:
1562:
1433:
1301:
1297:
1280:
1168:
640:
277:
264:
251:
238:
225:
137:
81:
3365:
Documented accounts of ethnic cleansing of Abkhazians by Georgians
3347:"Documented accounts of ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia"
2983:
Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow
2639:
The Russian Military and the Georgia War: Lessons and Implications
1783:
who also lived in Abkhazia. The separatists were supported by the
4659:
4215:
4210:
3057:, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, pp.
1939:
1792:
1788:
1655:
1570:
1509:
1422:
1409:
1401:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1325:
978:
544:
520:
508:
57:
1545:
Following the Russian Revolutions, Georgia initially joined the
934:
4896:
4664:
4225:
4205:
4046:
3833:
2719:
1961:
1748:
1594:
1456:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1293:
576:
524:
365:
352:
339:
331:
170:
156:
2811:"Russia Recognizes Independence of Georgian Regions (Update2)"
1710:
In order to defuse tensions, newly elected Georgian President
1707:, which was boycotted by the Georgian population of Abkhazia.
3379:
1590:
1585:
over ownership of Abkhazia and the territories of the former
1528:
1216:
1212:
1791:
militants and (unofficially) by Russian forces stationed in
1472:. Various new Georgian kingdoms arose in its place, such as
1356:. Moschi, Sanigs and Misimians were known to have Georgian (
2444:, "Chronology of the Kings of Abasgia and other Problems".
2382:
1935:
1621:
1598:
2334:"TITUS Texts: Megrelian-Georgian Dictionary Kajaia: Frame"
1264:. Since 1989, the conflict has involved several wars: the
51:
4083:
History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Russia
3339:
also includes chronology and key texts & agreements.
2308:
Bruno Coppieters; Alekseĭ Zverev; Dmitriĭ Trenin (1998).
1803:
ended hostilities in 1994, however, this would not last.
1242:
in 1991; however, the dispute can be traced to 1918—1919
3326:
1992–1993 Documents, Materials, Evidences. Moscow, 1993.
3294:
Royal Institute of International Affairs, February 1998.
2484:(Kindle ed.). London: Reaktion Books. p. 326.
1703:. However, Abkhazia defied Tbilisi and took part in the
1557:, while Abkhazia fell under control of a group of local
1372:. Throughout Antiquity, the territory was controlled by
1320:
The written history of Abkhazia largely begins with the
1252:(which corresponds to the Abkhazian region) between the
3969:
International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
2188:
2737:"UN Representative Says Abkhazia Dialogue Is Positive"
5206:
3053:, in Crawford, Beverley; Lipshutz, Ronnie D. (eds.),
2785:"Georgia under all-out attack in breakaway Abkhazia"
2271:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1983:
1290:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3479:
September 1993 Transair Georgia airliner shootdowns
3117:
Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War
3337:Accord issue on the Georgia Abkhazia peace process
2547:
1605:. In 1921, Abkhazia was granted the status of the
5571:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union
3632:Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
2523:Great Power Competition and the Path to Democracy
1404:(Byzantine name for the territory). The medieval
5472:
3026:The Guns of August 2008: Russia's War in Georgia
2549:"The dynamics of electoral politics in Abkhazia"
1616:and toppled the Menshvik government of the DRG.
1238:The beginning of the conflict dates back to the
5349:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)
4012:2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines
1860:erupted, resulting in the establishment of the
1826:, refused to deploy troops against Abkhazia. A
1639:
1231:of Georgia. However, as of 2023, Georgia lacks
3228:, New York City: Routledge, pp. 205–231,
3119:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press,
1888:internally displaced persons to their homes."
5192:
4138:
3806:
3400:
2525:. University of Rochester Press. p. 60.
1960:passed a resolution at its annual session in
1547:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
1246:, which involved a territorial conflict over
1140:
825:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
5404:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)
3414:
3249:, New York City: New York University Press,
3019:
2726:Free registration needed to view full report
2061:"Russian troops withdraw from Georgian town"
1806:
1730:were held in September 1991 and resulted in
1662:as an autonomous republic. This is known as
4022:2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy
2977:
2803:
1634:Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1549:and subsequently became independent as the
5199:
5185:
4145:
4131:
3813:
3799:
3440:1991 Abkhazian New Union Treaty referendum
3407:
3393:
3045:
2222:
2115:
1147:
1133:
50:
5516:Territorial disputes of Georgia (country)
5496:Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia
4027:2006 deportation of Georgians from Russia
3501:1993–2009 United Nations observer mission
2415:(4 (October – December, 2000)): 570–576.
2358:"აფხა (აფხას) – მეგრულ-ქართული ლექსიკონი"
2202:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
2071:
1845:The new Georgian government of President
1797:ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia
1678:on 9 April 1989, which is known today as
1609:within the Georgian Democratic Republic.
5377:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
3155:
2722:Report N°176, 15 September 2006, page 10
2700:
2698:
2635:
2545:
2520:
2479:
2409:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2406:
2099:. Conciliation Resources. Archived from
1753:State Council of the Republic of Georgia
1534:
1412:. Although the origin of this kingdom's
5419:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012)
3241:
3180:
3114:
2998:
2782:
2504:
2138:
2132:
1569:, which ousted the Bolshevik rebels in
1516:became divided between the Ottoman and
1195:and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed
1171:, a region on the eastern coast of the
14:
5473:
3132:
3096:
3074:
2844:BBC News. Accessed on August 29, 2008.
2670:
2609:
2260:Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit
2141:"Georgia up in arms over Olympic cash"
5228:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
5180:
4126:
3954:2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis
3794:
3388:
3161:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
2695:
2482:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
2312:. Portland, OR: F. Cass. p. 61.
2094:
1925:
1626:Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia
713:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia
5372:Slovenian War of Independence (1991)
5287:Russian constitutional crisis (1993)
5255:Transnistria conflict (1990–present)
4152:
4042:2007 Abkhazia plane downing incident
3219:
3198:
2557:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
2088:
1455:and Eastern Georgian territories of
5332:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)
3533:2007 Georgia plane downing incident
2451:
1736:anti-Georgian violence of July 1989
24:
5501:Georgia (country)–Russia relations
5327:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)
4437:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
3543:2008 Georgian spy plane shootdowns
3380:Government of Abkhazia (-in-exile)
3264:
3101:, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill,
2567:
2473:
2469:Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya
2208:. January 31, 1994. Archived from
1840:
1763:
1618:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
1512:). In 1555, Georgia and the whole
837:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
25:
5582:
5511:21st century in Georgia (country)
5506:20th century in Georgia (country)
4287:Unification of the Georgian realm
4078:Georgia within the Russian Empire
4007:2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis
3330:
3204:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2835:"Georgia breaks ties with Russia"
2783:Harding, Luke (August 10, 2008).
2575:Contested Borders in the Caucasus
2380:
2197:1993 Human Rights Report: Georgia
1691:of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict.
1674:in Tbilisi was suppressed by the
1441:Unification of the Georgian realm
813:Georgia within the Russian Empire
669:Unification of the Georgian realm
5491:Wars involving Georgia (country)
4532:
4406:Absorption by the Russian Empire
4109:
4108:
4032:2007 Georgia helicopter incident
3959:Geneva International Discussions
3855:Ambassadors of Georgia to Russia
3832:
3822:
3775:Abkhazia–Georgia separation line
3570:Battle off the coast of Abkhazia
3528:2007 Georgia helicopter incident
3136:(1995), "Abkhazia is Abkhazia",
2000:
1986:
933:
482:
445:
432:
419:
406:
393:
380:
364:
351:
338:
330:
317:
304:
291:
276:
263:
250:
237:
224:
217:
197:
189:
176:
163:
155:
143:
130:
117:
5440:List of ongoing armed conflicts
5282:East Prigorodny conflict (1992)
4088:Alliance of Patriots of Georgia
3964:Occupied territories of Georgia
3484:September 1993 Sukhumi massacre
2970:
2944:
2922:
2900:
2870:
2847:
2828:
2776:
2757:
2748:
2730:
2664:
2629:
2595:"New ethnic dispute in Georgia"
2587:
2539:
2514:
2498:
2480:Rayfield, Donald (2012-12-15).
2435:
2400:
2374:
2350:
2326:
2301:
2276:
1885:United Nations General Assembly
1795:. The conflict resulted in the
1459:under single political entity,
1443:. Through dynastic succession,
1240:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1058:Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
40:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5409:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)
5302:Second Chechen War (1999–2009)
5267:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)
4422:Democratic Republic of Georgia
4052:2010 Georgian news report hoax
3927:1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état
2671:Rywkin, Michael (2016-09-16).
2253:
2232:. Khvicha Kardava. p. 7.
2216:
2158:
2095:Clogg, Rachel (January 2001).
2053:
1891:
1862:de jure Government of Abkhazia
1567:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1551:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1322:colonization by Ancient Greeks
1306:UN General Assembly Resolution
1053:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1034:Expulsion of Muslim Abkhazians
829:Democratic Republic of Georgia
729:Collapse of the Georgian realm
705:Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)
13:
1:
5435:List of Post-Soviet conflicts
5387:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)
5354:Wagner Group rebellion (2023)
5292:First Chechen War (1994–1996)
5250:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)
4037:2007 Georgia missile incident
3902:Svaneti uprising of 1875–1876
3587:2009 Russo-Georgian relations
3489:Ethnic cleansing of Georgians
3469:1992–1993 Siege of Tkvarcheli
2724:. Retrieved on May 30, 2007.
2511:, 1, No. 30 (July 28, 1989)."
2338:titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de
1315:
721:Turkoman invasions of Georgia
5322:Revolution of Dignity (2014)
5307:Tuzla Island conflict (2003)
5260:Transnistria War (1990–1992)
4682:Russian-occupied territories
4513:Timeline of Georgian history
4093:Otkhozoria–Tatunashvili List
3907:Red Army invasion of Georgia
3780:Tatunashvili–Otkhozoria List
3464:October 1992 Battle of Gagra
3446:1991–1993 Georgian Civil War
3349:(in Russian). Archived from
3185:, New York City: Routledge,
2954:. Caucasus Watch. 2023-07-05
2910:. Agenda.ge. 1 November 2023
2636:Hamilton, Robert E. (2011).
1640:The late Soviet era conflict
1484:in the Southern Georgia and
1308:GA/10708 also mentions. The
1254:Georgian Democratic Republic
1235:control over the territory.
1227:members consider Abkhazia a
833:Red Army invasion of Georgia
717:Timurid invasions of Georgia
7:
5342:Russian invasion of Ukraine
5277:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
5272:South Ossetia War (1991–92)
3937:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
3932:1991–1992 South Ossetia War
3575:Battle of the Kodori Valley
3115:Kaufman, Stuart J. (2001),
2932:. Civil Georgia. 2023-05-27
2644:Strategic Studies Institute
2546:Donnacha, Beachain (2012).
2139:Parfitt, Tom (6 Aug 2007).
1979:
1958:OSCE Parliamentary Assembly
1701:declaration of independence
1553:(DRG) governed by Georgian
701:Mongol invasions of Georgia
625:Umayyad invasion of Georgia
10:
5587:
5541:2010s in Georgia (country)
5536:2000s in Georgia (country)
5531:1990s in Georgia (country)
5526:1980s in Georgia (country)
4241:Christianization of Iberia
3992:1920 Georgian coup attempt
3917:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
3860:Embassy of Russia, Tbilisi
3850:Embassy of Georgia, Moscow
2859:November 23, 2009, at the
2717:International Crisis Group
2383:"მეგრულ ქართული ლექსიკონი"
2223:Gamakharia, Jemal (2015).
2021:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
1898:Battle of the Kodori Gorge
1895:
1810:
1767:
1643:
1538:
1360:) origin, while origin of
1201:internationally recognised
709:Kingdom of Western Georgia
593:Christianization of Iberia
565:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
5546:1989 in Georgia (country)
5427:
5394:Albanian Civil War (1997)
5362:
5312:Russo-Georgian War (2008)
5218:
5138:
5069:
5012:
4877:
4868:
4799:
4790:
4716:
4707:
4680:
4640:
4550:
4541:
4530:
4475:
4414:
4396:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
4369:Principality of Mingrelia
4249:
4173:
4164:
4106:
4065:
3979:
3889:
3868:
3842:
3767:
3726:
3683:
3676:
3640:
3607:
3600:
3592:2014 Abkhazian revolution
3538:2007 Bokhundjara incident
3474:July 1993 Kamani massacre
3453:1992–1993 War in Abkhazia
3422:
3150:10.1080/02634939508400893
3091:10.1080/02634939308400819
2521:Burkadze, Zarina (2022).
2467:in the online edition of
1949:stated that residents of
1807:Resumption of hostilities
1770:War in Abkhazia (1992–93)
1738:. Ardzinba exploited the
1575:National Guard of Georgia
1490:Principality of Mingrelia
1266:1992—1993 War in Abkhazia
1179:, at the intersection of
793:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
777:Principality of Mingrelia
681:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
581:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
376:(2000–2008, 2012–present)
210:
110:
64:
49:
37:
32:
5481:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
5450:List of frozen conflicts
4650:Administrative divisions
4391:Shah Abbas I's invasions
4354:Principality of Abkhazia
4297:First Kingdom of Kakheti
3829:Georgia–Russia relations
3558:2008 Achamkhara incident
3416:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
3341:(in English and Russian)
3181:Saparov, Arsène (2015),
3006:, London: Curzon Press,
2742:August 30, 2006, at the
2573:Bruno Coppieters (1996)
2097:"Abkhazia: ten years on"
2046:
2008:Georgia (country) portal
1906:On August 10, 2008, the
1688:Tbilisi State University
1614:Red Army invaded Georgia
1541:Abkhazia conflict (1918)
1498:Principality of Abkhazia
1480:in the Eastern Georgia,
1388:" first appeared in the
1187:. The conflict involves
1107:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
1009:Principality of Abkhazia
781:Principality of Abkhazia
561:Georgia in the Roman era
18:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
5414:Unrest in Kosovo (2004)
5382:Bosnian War (1992–1995)
4359:Principality of Svaneti
4282:Kingdom of the Iberians
4186:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
3897:1804 Mtiuleti rebellion
3881:Treaty of Moscow (1920)
3564:2008 Russo-Georgian War
3324:White Book of Abkhazia.
3097:Hewitt, George (2013),
2016:Abkhazia–Georgia border
1697:independence referendum
1453:Kingdom of the Iberians
1274:2008 Russo-Georgian War
773:Principality of Svaneti
685:Byzantine–Georgian wars
653:Kingdom of the Iberians
501:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
72:18 March 1989 – present
5399:Kosovo War (1998–1999)
5317:Maidan Uprising (2013)
5297:War in Abkhazia (1998)
4257:Principality of Iberia
4057:2019 Georgian protests
3701:Coast Guard of Georgia
3553:2008 Abkhazia bombings
3459:1992 Battle of Sukhumi
1813:War in Abkhazia (1998)
1672:peaceful demonstration
1292:(OSCE) conventions of
950:Prehistoric settlement
689:Great Turkish Invasion
621:Principality of Iberia
211:Commanders and leaders
4401:1795 Persian Invasion
4364:Principality of Guria
4073:Georgia–Russia border
3750:Giorgi Margvelashvili
3691:Georgian Armed Forces
3548:2008 Khurcha incident
3506:1994 Moscow agreement
3047:Derluguian, Georgi M.
2979:Chervonnaya, Svetlana
2563:(1–2). Elsevier: 172.
2448:69 (1956), pp. 73-90.
2036:Transnistria conflict
1956:On July 9, 2012, the
1603:Georgia–Russia border
1587:Black Sea Governorate
1535:Conflict in 1918–1920
1494:Principality of Guria
979:Archontate of Abasgia
769:Principality of Guria
439:Giorgi Margvelashvili
44:post-Soviet conflicts
4997:World Heritage Sites
4580:Environmental issues
3876:Treaty of Georgievsk
3755:Salome Zourabichvili
3615:Military of Abkhazia
3582:2008 Post-war events
3512:1998 War in Abkhazia
3496:1993 Sochi agreement
3309:Abkhazian Separatism
3138:Central Asian Survey
3078:Central Asian Survey
3020:Cornell, Svante E.;
2674:Moscow's Lost Empire
2031:Politics of Abkhazia
1966:occupied territories
1942:) in November 2009,
1824:President of Georgia
1581:between Georgia and
1451:, Southern Georgian
1270:1998 War in Abkhazia
1197:Republic of Abkhazia
1023:19th century to 1921
742:Early modern history
693:Georgian–Seljuk wars
629:Arab rule in Georgia
573:Iberian–Armenian War
453:Salome Zourabichvili
5486:History of Abkhazia
5212:conflicts in Europe
4447:Independent Georgia
4277:Kingdom of Abkhazia
4191:Kura–Araxes culture
4181:Prehistoric Georgia
3745:Mikheil Saakashvili
3740:Eduard Shevardnadze
3625:Bagramyan Battalion
3620:Abkhazian Air Force
3302:Tragedy of Abkhazia
3200:Suny, Ronald Grigor
3028:, Armok, New York:
3022:Starr, S. Frederick
2867:(November 19, 2009)
2597:. UPI. 25 July 1992
2458:History of Abkhazia
2206:US State Department
2041:Women's Peace Train
1947:Mikheil Saakashvili
1847:Mikheil Saakashvili
1801:agreement in Moscow
1757:Eduard Shevardnadze
1666:. According to the
1636:being established.
1607:autonomous republic
1449:Kingdom of Abkhazia
1406:Kingdom of Abkhazia
1310:UN Security Council
1229:sovereign territory
1165:territorial dispute
1112:Abkhazia since 1994
987:Kingdom of Abkhazia
697:Georgian Golden Age
657:Kingdom of Abkhazia
557:Pharnavazid dynasty
505:Kura–Araxes culture
494:Prehistoric Georgia
426:Mikheil Saakashvili
413:Eduard Shevardnadze
5445:List of proxy wars
4839:Telecommunications
4467:Russo-Georgian War
4381:Kingdom of Kakheti
4349:Kingdom of Imereti
4344:Turkmen incursions
4339:Samtskhe atabegate
4302:Kingdom of Georgia
4272:Emirate of Tbilisi
4262:Bagrationi dynasty
4017:2006 Kodori crisis
4002:2004 Adjara crisis
3987:1832 Georgian plot
3949:Russo-Georgian War
3922:Georgian Civil War
3734:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
3696:Georgian Air Force
3648:Vladislav Ardzinba
3523:2006 Kodori crisis
3518:2001 Kodori crisis
3435:1989 Sukhumi riots
3370:2008-11-05 at the
3243:Zürcher, Christoph
3000:Cornell, Svante E.
2840:2014-10-06 at the
2769:2008-09-17 at the
2710:2011-02-15 at the
2580:2012-11-27 at the
2509:Report on the USSR
2463:2011-10-05 at the
2265:2017-10-17 at the
2067:. 18 October 2010.
2026:Russo-Georgian War
1944:Georgian President
1926:After the 2008 war
1908:Russo-Georgian War
1902:Russo-Georgian War
1858:2006 Kodori crisis
1817:2001 Kodori crisis
1740:Georgian Civil War
1732:Vladislav Ardzinba
1712:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
1668:1979 Soviet Census
1646:1989 Sukhumi riots
1486:Kingdom of Imereti
1482:Samtskhe-Saatabago
1474:Kingdom of Kakheti
1461:Kingdom of Georgia
1193:Russian Federation
1041:Russian Revolution
1004:Kingdom of Imereti
992:Kingdom of Georgia
845:Russo-Georgian War
841:Georgia since 1991
817:1832 Georgian plot
765:Kingdom of Imereti
761:Kingdom of Kakheti
753:Samtskhe-Saatabago
673:Kingdom of Georgia
645:Bagrationi dynasty
633:Emirate of Tbilisi
569:Campaign of Pompey
476:History of Georgia
400:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
231:Vladislav Ardzinba
5561:2010s in Abkhazia
5556:2000s in Abkhazia
5551:1990s in Abkhazia
5521:Conflicts in 2022
5468:
5467:
5174:
5173:
5134:
5133:
5027:Ethnic minorities
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4864:
4863:
4786:
4785:
4768:Political parties
4731:Foreign relations
4703:
4702:
4528:
4527:
4432:Red Army invasion
4376:Kingdom of Kartli
4334:Timur's invasions
4317:Battle of Didgori
4292:Kingdom of Hereti
4221:Kingdom of Iberia
4120:
4119:
3788:
3787:
3763:
3762:
3672:
3671:
3256:978-0-81-479709-9
3235:978-0-41-559238-3
3222:Jones, Stephen F.
3213:978-0-25-320915-3
3192:978-0-41-565802-7
3174:978-1-78-023030-6
3134:Lakoba, Stanislav
3108:978-9-00-424892-2
3068:978-0-87-725198-9
3039:978-0-76-562508-3
3013:978-0-70-071162-8
2992:978-0-90-636230-3
2684:978-1-315-28771-3
2653:978-1-58487-491-1
2624:978-0-7007-1162-8
2616:Svante E. Cornell
2491:978-1-78023-030-6
2273:, 6 December 1994
2239:978-9941-461-12-5
2212:on June 21, 2015.
2127:978-0-7007-1481-0
2083:978-0-8330-3260-7
1870:Malkhaz Akishbaia
1705:Soviet referendum
1699:, which led to a
1478:Kingdom of Kartli
1445:Bagrat Bagrationi
1427:Georgian Orthodox
1161:Abkhazia conflict
1157:
1156:
1088:(1931–1991)
1080:(1921–1931)
907:
906:
757:Kingdom of Kartli
665:Duchy of Kldekari
649:Kingdom of Hereti
641:Duchy of Klarjeti
553:Kingdom of Iberia
509:Legend of Kartlos
461:
460:
311:Sultan Sosnaliyev
106:
105:
33:Abkhazia conflict
16:(Redirected from
5578:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5154:
5147:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4875:
4874:
4797:
4796:
4714:
4713:
4655:Cities and towns
4590:Greater Caucasus
4548:
4547:
4536:
4498:Military history
4483:Names of Georgia
4329:Mongol invasions
4201:Colchian culture
4196:Trialeti culture
4171:
4170:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4112:
4111:
3843:Diplomatic posts
3837:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3681:
3680:
3659:Alexander Ankvab
3605:
3604:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3342:
3259:
3238:
3216:
3195:
3177:
3157:Rayfield, Donald
3152:
3129:
3111:
3093:
3071:
3042:
3016:
2995:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2884:. Archived from
2874:
2868:
2865:Interfax-Ukraine
2851:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2780:
2774:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2734:
2728:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2646:. pp. 4–5.
2633:
2627:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2518:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2477:
2471:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2274:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2172:. Archived from
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2092:
2086:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1883:On May 15, 2008
1745:Alexander Ankvab
1682:. In July 1989,
1523:empires per the
1465:Duchy of Tskhumi
1382:Byzantine Empire
1286:ethnic cleansing
1203:only by Russia,
1149:
1142:
1135:
1101:Contemporary era
1089:
1081:
997:Duchy of Tskhumi
973:Byzantine Empire
937:
927:
909:
908:
883:Military history
857:History by topic
589:Chosroid dynasty
517:Colchian culture
513:Trialeti culture
486:
463:
462:
450:
449:
437:
436:
424:
423:
411:
410:
409:
398:
397:
396:
385:
384:
369:
368:
356:
355:
343:
342:
335:
334:
322:
321:
320:
309:
308:
307:
296:
295:
294:
281:
280:
268:
267:
257:Alexander Ankvab
255:
254:
242:
241:
229:
228:
222:
221:
202:
201:
194:
193:
182:
180:
179:
169:
167:
166:
160:
159:
148:
147:
146:
136:
134:
133:
123:
121:
120:
66:
65:
54:
30:
29:
21:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5423:
5364:Southern Europe
5358:
5214:
5205:
5175:
5170:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5130:
5065:
5008:
4982:Public holidays
4860:
4824:Lari (currency)
4782:
4753:Law enforcement
4699:
4676:
4636:
4615:Protected areas
4600:Lesser Caucasus
4537:
4524:
4471:
4462:Rose Revolution
4457:War in Abkhazia
4442:April 9 tragedy
4410:
4386:Safavid Georgia
4245:
4236:Sasanian Iberia
4160:
4151:
4121:
4116:
4102:
4061:
3997:Rose Revolution
3975:
3942:Sochi agreement
3885:
3864:
3838:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3789:
3784:
3759:
3722:
3718:Forest Brothers
3684:Military forces
3668:
3636:
3608:Military forces
3596:
3430:April 9 tragedy
3418:
3413:
3374:
3372:Wayback Machine
3356:
3354:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3307:McCallion, Amy
3300:Marshania, L.,
3270:Blair, Heather
3267:
3265:Further reading
3262:
3257:
3236:
3214:
3193:
3175:
3127:
3109:
3069:
3040:
3014:
2993:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2888:on 14 July 2012
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:Wayback Machine
2852:
2848:
2842:Wayback Machine
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2771:Wayback Machine
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:Wayback Machine
2735:
2731:
2712:Wayback Machine
2705:Abkhazia Today.
2703:
2696:
2685:
2669:
2665:
2654:
2634:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2582:Wayback Machine
2572:
2568:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2519:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2478:
2474:
2465:Wayback Machine
2456:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2387:www.megrulad.ge
2379:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2362:www.nplg.gov.ge
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:Wayback Machine
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2176:on 5 March 2016
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2103:on 2 March 2008
2093:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:Abkhazia portal
1992:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1928:
1904:
1896:Main articles:
1894:
1843:
1841:Saakashvili era
1819:
1811:Main articles:
1809:
1785:North Caucasian
1772:
1766:
1764:War in Abkhazia
1716:Supreme Council
1680:April 9 tragedy
1648:
1642:
1630:treaty republic
1543:
1537:
1525:Peace of Amasya
1419:successor state
1390:Georgian annals
1318:
1153:
1123:Abkhazia portal
1117:
1116:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1024:
1016:
1015:
968:
960:
959:
945:
925:
918:
903:
902:
858:
850:
849:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
821:Gurian Republic
819:
815:
808:
798:
797:
791:
787:
785:Safavid Georgia
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
734:
733:
727:
725:Duchy of Aragvi
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
661:Theme of Iberia
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
598:
597:
591:
587:
585:Sasanian Iberia
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
540:
538:Ancient history
530:
529:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
456:
444:
443:
441:
431:
430:
428:
418:
417:
415:
407:
405:
404:
402:
394:
392:
391:
389:
387:Givi Gumbaridze
379:
375:
363:
362:
360:
358:Dmitry Medvedev
350:
349:
347:
337:
329:
328:
326:
318:
316:
315:
313:
305:
303:
302:
300:
292:
290:
289:
287:
275:
274:
272:
262:
261:
259:
249:
248:
246:
236:
235:
233:
223:
216:
196:
188:
187:
177:
175:
164:
162:
154:
153:
144:
142:
141:
131:
129:
128:
118:
116:
101:frozen conflict
88:
56:Half-destroyed
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5584:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5428:Related topics
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5224:
5222:
5220:Eastern Europe
5216:
5215:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:Stock Exchange
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4778:Prime Minister
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:National parks
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4307:Byzantine wars
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3912:Sochi conflict
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3687:
3685:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3653:Sergei Bagapsh
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3601:Abkhazian side
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3362:
3343:
3332:
3331:External links
3329:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3311:
3305:
3304:, Moscow, 1996
3298:
3295:
3288:
3275:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3239:
3234:
3217:
3212:
3196:
3191:
3178:
3173:
3165:Reaktion Books
3153:
3130:
3125:
3112:
3107:
3094:
3085:(3): 267–323,
3072:
3067:
3043:
3038:
3017:
3012:
2996:
2991:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2943:
2921:
2899:
2869:
2846:
2827:
2802:
2775:
2756:
2747:
2729:
2694:
2683:
2663:
2652:
2628:
2608:
2586:
2566:
2538:
2531:
2513:
2497:
2490:
2472:
2450:
2434:
2421:10.2307/606617
2399:
2381:Kodua, Harry.
2373:
2349:
2325:
2318:
2300:
2275:
2252:
2238:
2215:
2187:
2157:
2131:
2114:
2087:
2070:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1997:
1981:
1978:
1927:
1924:
1912:Sergei Bagapsh
1893:
1890:
1842:
1839:
1808:
1805:
1768:Main article:
1765:
1762:
1641:
1638:
1579:Sochi conflict
1539:Main article:
1536:
1533:
1514:South Caucasus
1392:, which is of
1332:). During the
1317:
1314:
1244:Sochi conflict
1225:United Nations
1223:and all other
1181:Eastern Europe
1177:South Caucasus
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:Sochi conflict
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:Russian Empire
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
1000:
999:
989:
984:
983:
982:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
952:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
930:
929:
920:
919:
912:
905:
904:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
809:
806:Modern history
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
789:Childir Eyalet
749:Duchy of Ksani
745:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
677:Duchy of Racha
609:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
541:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
479:
478:
472:
471:
459:
458:
457:(2018–present)
377:
372:Vladimir Putin
298:Shamil Basayev
288:(2020–present)
244:Sergei Bagapsh
213:
212:
208:
207:
173:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
94:
90:
89:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5583:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:War on terror
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:War in Donbas
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:2016 conflict
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5202:
5197:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5082:Bolnisi cross
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4695:South Ossetia
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
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4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
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4628:
4626:
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4613:
4611:
4608:
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4601:
4598:
4596:
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4588:
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4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
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4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
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4478:
4474:
4468:
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4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4115:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:Georgian side
3675:
3665:
3664:Raul Khajimba
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3353:on 2007-06-07
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:0-552-14984-5
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:0-7656-1710-2
3283:
3279:
3278:Goltz, Thomas
3276:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:(1): 97–105,
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:0-8014-8736-6
3122:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2953:
2947:
2931:
2925:
2909:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2677:. Routledge.
2676:
2675:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2532:9781648250439
2528:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2389:(in Georgian)
2388:
2384:
2377:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1974:Gali district
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1951:South Ossetia
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1878:Ada Marshania
1875:
1874:Temur Mzhavia
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1835:Kodori Valley
1831:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:Lykhny appeal
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:In 1921, the
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:Soviet Russia
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1414:ruling family
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:Sukhumi okrug
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:SSR Abkhazia
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
981:
980:
976:
975:
974:
971:
970:
964:
963:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
941:
940:
936:
932:
931:
928:
922:
921:
916:
911:
910:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
854:
853:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
810:
807:
802:
801:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
747:
746:
743:
738:
737:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
610:
607:
602:
601:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
542:
539:
534:
533:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:
498:
495:
490:
489:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
473:
469:
465:
464:
455:
454:
448:
440:
435:
427:
422:
414:
401:
388:
383:
378:
374:
373:
367:
359:
354:
346:
345:Boris Yeltsin
341:
333:
325:
324:Musa Shanibov
312:
299:
286:
285:
284:Aslan Bzhania
279:
271:
270:Raul Khajimba
266:
258:
253:
245:
240:
232:
227:
220:
215:
214:
209:
205:
200:
192:
186:(before 1990)
185:
174:
172:
158:
151:
139:
127:(before 1992)
126:
115:
114:
109:
102:
98:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5460:War on drugs
5107:Saint George
5092:Coat of arms
5058:
5014:Demographics
5001:
4887:Architecture
4853:
4809:Central bank
4741:Human rights
4721:Constitution
4669:
4642:Subdivisions
4629:
4517:
4427:Armenian War
3713:White Legion
3562:
3511:
3451:
3444:
3375:(in Russian)
3355:. Retrieved
3351:the original
3323:
3301:
3291:
3290:Lynch, Dov.
3246:
3225:
3203:
3182:
3160:
3141:
3137:
3116:
3098:
3082:
3076:
3054:
3025:
3003:
2982:
2971:Bibliography
2956:. Retrieved
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2879:
2872:
2849:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2817:. 2008-08-26
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2789:The Guardian
2788:
2778:
2773:, 15.05.2008
2759:
2750:
2732:
2725:
2714:
2688:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2638:
2631:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2589:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2541:
2522:
2516:
2508:
2505:Kaufman 2001
2500:
2481:
2475:
2453:
2445:
2442:Toumanoff C.
2437:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2386:
2376:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:
2328:
2309:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2225:
2218:
2210:the original
2196:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2170:mfaapsny.org
2169:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2145:The Guardian
2144:
2134:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2090:
2073:
2064:
2055:
1970:
1955:
1932:sea blockade
1929:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1882:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1773:
1709:
1693:
1652:Soviet Union
1649:
1629:
1611:
1544:
1438:
1430:patriarchate
1397:
1385:
1378:Roman Empire
1319:
1278:
1262:Russian SFSR
1258:White Russia
1247:
1237:
1232:
1185:Western Asia
1160:
1158:
1086:Abkhaz ASSR
977:
637:Duchy of Tao
549:Aryan Kartli
451:
370:
282:
206:(after 1990)
184:Georgian SSR
152:(1992–1993)
140:(after 1992)
111:Belligerents
5049:Health care
4804:Agriculture
4575:Earthquakes
4312:Seljuk wars
3727:Key leaders
3641:Key leaders
3030:M.E. Sharpe
2601:29 December
1892:August 2008
1676:Soviet Army
1597:. In 1920,
1470:dissolution
1199:, which is
924:History of
613:Iberian War
606:Middle Ages
416:(1992–2003)
390:(1989–1990)
361:(2008–2012)
348:(1991–1999)
327:(1992–1993)
314:(1992–1993)
301:(1992–1993)
234:(1990–2005)
125:Abkhaz ASSR
5566:Proxy wars
5475:Categories
5243:Second War
5119:Saint Nino
4947:Mingrelian
4928:Languages
4763:Parliament
4736:Government
4324:Golden Age
3708:Mkhedrioni
3423:Key events
3357:2007-06-07
3163:, London:
2821:2008-08-26
2393:2021-05-09
2367:2021-05-09
2343:2021-05-09
2319:0714648817
2245:31 January
1777:Abkhazians
1720:Abkhazians
1644:See also:
1559:Bolsheviks
1555:Mensheviks
1394:Mingrelian
1380:, and the
1370:Abkhazians
1358:Kartvelian
1316:Background
1072:Soviet era
898:Chronology
5233:First War
5032:Georgians
5022:Education
4972:Mythology
4849:Transport
4814:Companies
4773:President
4726:Elections
4625:Volcanoes
4565:Black Sea
4543:Geography
4452:Civil War
4267:Arab rule
4231:Roman era
3980:Incidents
3890:Conflicts
3869:Diplomacy
2815:Bloomberg
2584:VUB Press
2446:Le Muséon
1828:ceasefire
1781:Armenians
1728:elections
1724:Georgians
1722:, 26 for
1684:the riots
1573:with the
1386:Apkhazeti
1346:Misimians
1334:Antiquity
1209:Nicaragua
1205:Venezuela
1173:Black Sea
955:Antiquity
863:Etymology
617:Lazic War
442:(2013–18)
429:(2004–13)
403:(1990–92)
273:(2014–20)
260:(2011–14)
247:(2005–11)
5209:Cold War
5161:Category
5087:Borjgali
5042:Diaspora
4987:Religion
4933:Georgian
4924:Gambling
4882:Alphabet
4758:Military
4709:Politics
4690:Abkhazia
4585:Glaciers
4488:Monarchs
4476:By topic
4158:articles
4114:Category
4098:Alt-Info
3768:See also
3368:Archived
3245:(2007),
3202:(1994),
3159:(2012),
3049:(1998),
3024:(2009),
3002:(2001),
2981:(1994),
2857:Archived
2838:Archived
2791:. London
2767:Archived
2740:Archived
2708:Archived
2578:Archived
2461:Archived
2263:Archived
2065:BBC News
1980:See also
1563:Red Army
1561:and the
1434:Mtskheta
1423:dioceses
1398:Abkhazia
1366:Abasgois
1354:Abasgois
1302:Istanbul
1298:Budapest
1281:autonomy
1272:and the
1260:and the
1233:de facto
1169:Abkhazia
967:Medieval
926:Abkhazia
915:a series
913:Part of
868:Monarchs
468:a series
466:Part of
138:Abkhazia
82:Abkhazia
77:Location
38:Part of
5145:Outline
5070:Symbols
4907:Cuisine
4870:Culture
4844:Tourism
4792:Economy
4665:Regions
4660:Tbilisi
4605:Mammals
4570:Climate
4555:Borders
4508:Battles
4216:Colchis
4211:Diauehi
4166:History
4154:Georgia
4066:Related
3224:(ed.),
3059:261–292
2892:24 July
2293:28 June
2180:28 June
1940:Ukraine
1793:Gudauta
1789:Cossack
1656:Kremlin
1571:Sokhumi
1521:Persian
1518:Safavid
1510:Sukhumi
1506:Ottoman
1502:Ottoman
1447:united
1425:to the
1410:Kutaisi
1402:Abasgia
1362:Apsilae
1350:Apsilae
1326:Colchis
1221:Georgia
1189:Georgia
1175:in the
893:Battles
878:Tbilisi
545:Colchis
521:Diauehi
204:Georgia
97:Ongoing
86:Georgia
58:Sukhumi
5166:Portal
5077:Anthem
4992:Sports
4902:Cinema
4897:Chokha
4829:Mining
4819:Energy
4620:Rivers
4493:States
4415:Modern
4250:Middle
4226:Lazica
4206:Mushki
4156:
4047:Cyxymu
3317:
3284:
3274:, 2007
3253:
3232:
3210:
3189:
3171:
3123:
3105:
3065:
3036:
3010:
2989:
2958:5 July
2936:27 May
2914:27 May
2795:May 3,
2720:Europe
2681:
2650:
2622:
2529:
2488:
2429:606617
2427:
2316:
2288:un.org
2236:
2150:25 Feb
2125:
2107:31 May
2081:
1962:Monaco
1866:Kodori
1799:. The
1749:quorum
1660:Russia
1595:Tuapse
1457:Kartli
1376:, the
1374:Pontus
1342:Sanigs
1338:Moschi
1330:Egrisi
1294:Lisbon
1268:, the
1215:, and
1191:, the
917:on the
873:States
577:Lazica
525:Mushki
470:on the
181:
171:Russia
168:
135:
122:
93:Status
5207:Post–
5152:Index
5124:cross
5112:cross
5102:Motto
5054:Women
4977:Names
4967:Music
4962:Media
4919:Dance
4595:Lakes
4560:Birds
4174:Early
2553:(PDF)
2425:JSTOR
2230:(PDF)
2047:Notes
1591:Sochi
1529:Islam
1217:Syria
1213:Nauru
1167:over
1163:is a
944:Early
5097:Flag
5060:more
5037:List
5003:more
4954:Svan
4912:Wine
4855:more
4746:LGBT
4671:more
4631:more
4519:more
4503:Wars
3315:ISBN
3282:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3208:ISBN
3187:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3063:ISBN
3034:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2987:ISBN
2960:2023
2938:2023
2916:2023
2894:2012
2797:2010
2715:The
2679:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2603:2023
2527:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2295:2015
2247:2021
2234:ISBN
2182:2015
2152:2023
2123:ISBN
2109:2016
2079:ISBN
1936:Kyiv
1900:and
1876:and
1815:and
1787:and
1779:and
1622:USSR
1599:Psou
1593:and
1496:and
1476:and
1364:and
1352:and
1300:and
1183:and
1159:The
888:Wars
150:CMPC
69:Date
42:and
4940:Laz
4892:Art
3146:doi
3087:doi
2417:doi
2413:120
1864:in
1432:of
5477::
3167:,
3142:14
3140:,
3083:12
3081:,
3061:,
3032:,
2863:,
2813:.
2787:.
2697:^
2687:.
2656:.
2642:.
2561:45
2559:.
2555:.
2423:.
2411:.
2385:.
2360:.
2336:.
2286:.
2269:,
2204:.
2200:.
2168:.
2143:.
2063:.
1880:.
1872:,
1492:,
1463:.
1436:.
1348:,
1344:,
1340:,
1296:,
1276:.
1256:,
1219:;
1211:,
1207:,
336:/
195:/
161:/
99:;
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3655:†
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2962:.
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2605:.
2535:.
2494:.
2431:.
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2396:.
2370:.
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2249:.
2184:.
2154:.
2129:.
2111:.
2085:.
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1328:(
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