1408:, recognizing the numerical inferiority of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The Austrian armies took massive losses (losing about 600,000 men) and never recovered. The huge losses of men and material inflicted on the Russians during the offensive contributed greatly to the causes of their Communist revolution of 1917. The Austro-Hungarian war effort became more and more subordinate to the direction of German planners, as it did with the standard soldiers. The Austrians saw the German army positively, but by 1916 the general belief in Germany was that they were "shackled to a corpse". Supply shortages, low morale, and the high casualty rate seriously affected the operational abilities of the army, as well as the fact the army was of multiple ethnicity, all with different race, language and customs.
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950:, whose remit fell within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The organisation of units and forces among a plethora of different commands and bodies had the effect of instilling a number of organisational cultures, diffusing responsibility, creating competition between agencies, failing to develop inter-organisational efficiencies and meaning that no one body had overall control of all military forces below the
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who noted that not only the emperor but most males in high society never wore civilian clothes except when hunting. Select regiments of the army were splendidly outfitted, but, with a few dedicated exceptions, the officers, so magnificent on the parade ground, "shrank ... from the arbitrament of arms
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followed by a ten-year reserve obligation. In practice, only about one in five of those liable to service were called up, and many were sent on leave after two years. The army of
Austria-Hungary has been described as a state within a state. In an empire of ten nationalities and five religions, marked
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Below the
Minister for War, separate staffs and commanders-in-chief oversaw the training, planning, and operations responsibilities of their respective service branches. In terms of the Army, by 1914 it was divided among 16 Military Districts and comprising 325,000 active troops at all levels as well
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forces in the United States were however controlled by local
Ministries of Defence in both Austria and Hungary. Within the War Ministry, the Navy enjoyed considerable autonomy through the Naval Section with its own staff and headquarters, while the Ministry itself concentrated more on quarter master
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support, Imperial armed forces held firm, and without much by way of large-scale defections among what were seen as 'suspect' elements of the population until the dying days of the war when political dissent at home led to large-scale defeats both on the front and at Sea as the war came to a close.
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Regiments were organized along linguistic lines, although German was the language of command. Ethnic factors did not prevent recruitment of non-German speakers to the officer corps or their regular promotion. Hungarians, Croats, Serbs, Poles, Italians, Czechs, Slovenes, and
Romanians could be found
1302:
During the late 19th and early 20th century leading up to World War One, the Austro-Hungarian
Military underwent a process of modernisation in all service branches in terms of training, equipment and doctrine, although many traditions and old practices remained in force. As a result of the efforts
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from the 13th century and the successor state that was the
Austrian Empire from 1804. For 200 years, Habsburg or Austrian forces had formed a main opposing military force to a repeated Ottoman campaigns in Europe, with the Ottoman forces being stopped in battles around Vienna, which was besieged
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in senior positions. In the more prestigious units, most field-grade officers owed their ranks to birth or wealth. In 1900, a majority of the officer corps in the Austro-Hungarian army were native German speakers, although only one-fourth of the empire's total population was German speaking.
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is often seen as poor, Austro-Hungarian forces were not helped by internal division and indecision among the army high command and possession by
Serbian and Russian forces of highly detailed versions of Austro-Hungarian war plans. Overall during the Military's greatest deployment –
1440:– and despite persistent fears of disloyalty and division among the Empire's many nationalities, the forces of Austria-Hungary must be seen as having performing largely competently until political demise in late 1918. Imperial forces performed with both great proficiency – the
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as evidenced by concentration on giant artillery pieces and fortification building along the empire's eastern frontier. Although sometimes dismissed as fanciful and lacking touch with the realities confronting the forces at his disposal, as a chief of
General Staff
1419:, were German-assisted operations. Due to the fact that the empire had become more and more dependent on German assistance, the majority of its people, not of Hungarian or Austrian ethnicity, became aware of the empire's destabilization.
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While nominal, the umbrella organisation managing the Empire's
Military capabilities, the War Ministry was not responsible for not only large state militia forces during peacetime but also an array of organisations such as the
1357:
At the start of the war, the army was divided in two, the smaller part attacked Serbia while the larger part fought against the massive
Russian army. The 1914 invasion of Serbia was a disaster. By the end of the year the
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had ensured the army had remained vigilant and planning for war was at an advanced stage by 1914, although it has been argued that reorganisation and redeployment should have been sweeping in the aftermath of the
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The Austro-Hungarian air force remained embryonic in 1914 with a few German built planes having been added to the Army balloon service in 1913, but was to see marked expansion during the early years of the war.
1332:
During the period of 1867–1914, Austro-Hungarian forces were stationed on a number of national and international assignments. Although the empire exhibited no colonial aspirations, forays abroad including the
889:. Though not as powerful as some of its contemporaries, the military of Austria-Hungary's scale, resources, organization, technology and training were one of the central factors determining conferral of '
1287:
by ethnic conflict and sharp political and economic divisions, the army formed the only real bond among the emperor's subjects and the sole instrument through which loyalty to him could find expression.
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as from an unholy abyss". In reality, Austro-Hungarian military spending remained the lowest among the Great Powers. More of its GDP went to wine, beer and tobacco than to the armed forces.
1282:. Only the army, foreign affairs, and related budgetary matters remained with the emperor, who held supreme command of all forces in time of war. A new army law decreed universal three-year
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based in "Maria Theresien Kaserne", named after Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. Many other regiments of the Bundesheer carry on traditions of the famous Austro-Hungarian regiments like "
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would last for the next three and a half years. It was only this front that the Austrians proved effective in war, managing to hold back the numerically superior Italian armies in the
1501:
1242:). The Austrians armed with muzzle-loading rifles sustained 20,000 casualties and 20,000 prisoners. The battle overshadowed Austria's victories over Prussia's Italian allies at
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1051:, after a brief raid into Ottoman-held Bosnia, culminating in the sack of Sarajevo in 1697, returned to Vienna in November to a triumphal reception. In coordination with the
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overcame the Italians by ramming them. Following the end of the Seven Weeks' War, Austria experienced fifty years of peace until World War I broke out in 1914.
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The war ministry itself served as one of the few 'common' ministries with jurisdiction throughout the Empire and over which the Imperial, as opposed to
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The Armed Forces served as one of the Empire's core unifying institutions and the principal instrument for the national defense as well as external
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Armies displayed their loyalty to the monarchy in 1848 and 1849, suppressing the revolutionary regimes that had swept into power in Vienna,
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battleships delivered by 1914. The army too underwent gradual and constant modernisation but maintained an unhealthy commitment to
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established hereditary rule over Austrian lands in the 13th century and stretches until the fall of the Habsburgs, at the end of
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in 1763. The monarchy's military potential during the eighteenth century was limited by the emperor's dependence on provincial
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The Military of Austria-Hungary was divided primarily into two primary services. They fell within the ultimate remit of the
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In the summer, the Austro-Hungarian Army, working under a unified command with the Germans, participated in the successful
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Nevertheless, Austria-Hungary gave the impression of being a highly militarized nation. According to British historian
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lasted only three months, but both sides mobilized large armies. The Austrians were defeated after bitter fighting at
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the navy underwent considerable modernisation with the commission of a number of new units, and specifically three
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Later in 1915, the Austro-Hungarian Army, in conjunction with the German and Bulgarian armies, conquered Serbia.
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in 1914 as well as three modern pre-dreadnoughts and nine older battleships and a range of other craft including
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From 1815 to 1848 Austria experienced a rather peaceful era, only launching two successful naval expeditions (
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In May 1915, Italy joined the Allies and attacked Austria-Hungary. The bloody but indecisive fighting on the
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The Austro-Hungarian Navy maintained a number of naval facilities in the Adriatic, most importantly that at
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On the Eastern front, things started out equally badly. The Austro-Hungarian Army was defeated at the
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The Austrian Infantry and Engineers of the Seven Years War: Organisation, Uniforms and Equipment
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Some of the traditions of the old Austro-Hungarian Army continue to be carried on in the modern
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The Austrian Cavalry and Artillery of the Seven Years War: Organisation, Uniforms and Equipment
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for recruits and tax receipts while the nobles of the imperial lands who controlled the
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and administrative functions that close operational control of its respective services.
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Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1989). "The Austro-Hungarian Campaign Against Serbia in 1914".
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had taken no territory and had lost 227,000 men (out of a total force of 450,000 men);
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established its domination over other German states by its victory over Austria in the
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Standard of the Supreme Commander in Chief, the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary
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In 1916, the Russians focused their attacks on the Austro-Hungarian Army in the
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but was defeated in 1800, again in 1805 when Napoleon occupied Vienna after the
885:, during which time their armies were among the largest and most significant in
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1899:
The House of Habsburg: a Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia
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1483:; as well as at a variety of standards in between. Ultimately, and with much
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1908:. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (first published by Longmans in 1963)
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resulting in Napoleon's defeat in 1814. One year later Austria crushed the
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810:). Both of them organised their own aviation branches – the Army's
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1021:, commanding troops in the city, broke the siege in 1683 with the aid of
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peasantry had no fixed obligation to provide soldiers to the Habsburg.
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governments had local control. Command over large 'home' forces – the
893:' status on the empire for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
1607:
1177:
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302:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1500:. For example, the most famous regiment in the Bundesheer is the "
1913:
The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: an Interpretation
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and the head of the joint Ministry for military affairs was the
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1966:
Leadership of the Empire of Austria-Hungary during World War I
1948:
The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty
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Although performance in the initial months of the war against
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Austria was prominent in the coalitions that tried to contain
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2341:
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in 1809, despite inflicting Napoleon's first major defeat at
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The Austro-Hungarian military was a direct descendant of the
824:). The Army in turn consisted of its own three branches: The
1808:
2320:
1388:
970:
1889:
For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619-1918
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The 16 Military Districts of Austria-Hungary in 1898 (in
1037:, and pushed the besieging Ottoman armies toward the
973:, and possessed some three modern dreadnought class
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1796:
1769:Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars
1697:The Naval Section of the War Ministry Headquarters
896:
677:Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars
2000:
1055:, Savoyard prince won a series of victories over
2756:
2031:Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer BĂĽrgerkorps
1411:The last two successes for the Austrians: the
27:Military forces of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
1986:
1634:Austro-Hungarian infantry march past Emperor
1335:military occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1160:. In 1859 Austria was provoked into war with
1206:was more successful, winning the battles of
205:introducing citations to additional sources
2561:Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck
2504:Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck
1765:, a elite special forces of Austria-Hungary
1254:coast in which a smaller Austrian fleet of
937:units, which served functions analogous to
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1993:
1979:
1950:. Doubleday, 1964 (Greenwood Press, 1975).
1850:
1814:
1230:in 1866. The critical battle was waged at
1139:Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829)
431:
359:. Please do not remove this message until
996:
704:The Corps of Austria-Hungary in 1894 (in
397:Learn how and when to remove this message
379:Learn how and when to remove this message
318:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1008:military forces of the Habsburg sections
745:
734:
723:
711:
699:
355:Relevant discussion may be found on the
195:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1622:Austro-Hungarian troops in action, 1917
989:in various states of combat readiness.
14:
2757:
2382:Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten
1961:Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848–1918
1274:separated the Empire into independent
1145:), and putting down minor rebellions.
794:. It comprised two main branches: The
578:13,402,788, age 15–49 (1914 est.)
536:Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten
2441:FML Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina
1974:
1831:
1802:
1187:assuming personal command during the
588:9,031,046, age 15–49 (1914 est.)
2665:Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria
2366:Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von KomarĂłw
1041:, ending its further engagements in
329:
267:
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
2715:Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria
2412:Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen
1669:Skoda 100 mm mountain howitzer
24:
2402:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen
2163:
2155:
2146:
1881:
1456:; and with appalling effect – the
1014:twice, in 1529 and again in 1683.
858:, the professional leader was the
25:
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2625:Archduke Joseph August of Austria
2455:Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky
2392:Supreme Commander of the Imperial
1954:
1906:The Fall of the House of Habsburg
1164:and its supporter, the France of
818:) and the Navy's Naval Aviation (
45:This article has multiple issues.
2450:FML Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld
1738:
1733:Viribus Unitis-class Dreadnought
1726:
1714:
1702:
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1627:
1615:
1606:Austro-Hungarian troops leaving
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1502:Hoch und Deutschmeister Regiment
1128:pro-Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples
1063:(1701–14). Wars fought with the
920:Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops
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490:Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops
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188:relies largely or entirely on a
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75:
34:
2710:Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield
2374:Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin
1943:. Ken Trotman Publishing, 2011.
1936:. Ken Trotman Publishing, 2011.
1853:The Journal of Military History
1824:
1380:(it would fall in March 1915).
1114:, and finally after the bloody
897:Administration and organization
784:Imperial and Royal Armed Forces
216:"Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces"
110:"Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces"
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2700:Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel
2582:Adm Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels
2573:Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli
2516:Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli
2097:Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops
1763:Austro-Hungarian Stormtroopers
1721:Habsburg-class pre-dreadnought
1709:Radetzky-class pre-dreadnought
1592:38 cm Belagerungshaubitze M 16
1452:and the dogged defence of the
1366:Serbian Campaign (World War I)
1272:Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867
1077:War of the Austrian Succession
838:kaiserlich-königliche Landwehr
13:
1:
2422:Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza
2002:Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces
1784:
1654:The Imperial Guard posing at
1422:
1061:War of the Spanish Succession
1019:Ernst RĂĽdiger von Starhemberg
846:königlich ungarische Landwehr
760:Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces
521:Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza
419:Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces
1789:
1376:and the mighty fort city of
1352:
1261:
854:of the Armed Forces was the
7:
2765:Military of Austria-Hungary
2555:Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck
2549:VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff
2498:Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck
2492:VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff
2474:Arthur Arz von StrauĂźenburg
2460:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
2323:Bylandt-Rheydt (der Ă„ltere)
2102:Imperial and Royal Dragoons
2073:Imperial and Royal Infantry
1774:Military history of Austria
1756:
1122:. Austria still joined the
673:Military history of Austria
551:Arthur Arz von StrauĂźenburg
361:conditions to do so are met
298:the claims made and adding
10:
2781:
2567:Hermann Freiherr von Spaun
2510:Hermann Freiherr von Spaun
2107:Imperial and Royal Hussars
2026:Imperial Austrian Landwehr
1529:
1001:
860:Chief of the General Staff
546:Chief of the General Staff
408:
2605:Archduke Eugen of Austria
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2226:
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2112:Imperial and Royal Uhlans
2041:Royal Croatian Home Guard
2008:
1927:NapoleĂłn and Marie Louise
1836:. Thames and Hudson Ltd.
1491:
962:and 30,000 troops of the
877:military begins when the
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2695:Viktor Dankl von Krasnik
2319:(FZM) Arthur Maximilian
1918:McGuigan, Dorothy Gies.
1915:. Clarendon Press, 1979.
1638:on the centenary of the
1396:Gorlice–Tarnow Offensive
409:Not to be confused with
2615:Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
2586:Adm Maximilian Njegovan
2526:Adm Maximilian Njegovan
2446:Franz Freiherr von John
2295:Franz Freiherr von John
1897:Brewer-Ward, Daniel A.
1345:and involvement in the
1307:and heir to the throne
1143:Oriental Crisis of 1840
834:Imperial-Royal Landwehr
18:Austro-Hungarian forces
2394:and Royal Armed Forces
2355:General der Infanterie
2307:General der Kavallerie
2168:
2160:
2151:
2036:Royal Hungarian Honvéd
1939:Summerfield, Stephen.
1932:Summerfield, Stephen.
1834:Prince Eugene of Savoy
1470:Battle of Monte Grappa
1170:Austro-Piedmontese War
1049:Prince Eugene of Savoy
997:History and operations
954:in preparing for war.
842:Royal Hungarian Honvéd
821:K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps
816:K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen
779:
767:
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2159:
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2063:Military Intelligence
2016:Austro-Hungarian Army
1832:McKay, Derek (1977).
1458:1914 Serbian campaign
1378:Przemysl was besieged
1360:Austro-Hungarian Army
1280:Hungarian governments
1087:in 1795 nor suffered
915:Austro-Hungarian Navy
910:Austro-Hungarian Army
873:. The history of the
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727:
715:
703:
616:7,800,000 (1914–1918)
481:Austro-Hungarian Navy
472:Austro-Hungarian Army
411:Wehrmacht (1935-1945)
2650:Karol Durski-Trzaska
2610:Franz Rohr von Denta
2590:RAdm Franz von Holub
2578:Grand Adm Anton Haus
2521:Grand Adm Anton Haus
2291:Feldmarschalleutnant
1911:Evans, Robert J. W.
1479:of the Piave River,
1341:, the expedition to
1218:, thus breaking the
1196:Second Schleswig War
1112:Battle of Austerlitz
201:improve this article
95:improve this article
2660:Tadeusz Rozwadowski
2483:Commanders-in-Chief
2468:Blasius von Schemua
2303:Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld
1929:. Ariel Mexico 2003
1904:Crankshaw, Edward.
1901:. Clearfield, 1996.
1817:, pp. 127–146.
1417:Caporetto Offensive
1413:Conquest of Romania
1238:in the present-day
1189:Battle of Solferino
1069:Frederick the Great
1053:Duke of Marlborough
598:423,809 (1914 est.)
348:of this article is
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2152:
2046:42nd Inf. Division
1946:Wandruszka, Adam.
1922:. Doubleday, 1966.
1887:Bassett, Richard.
1594:howitzer in action
1526:", "Rainer", etc.
1513:Jägerregiment Wien
1466:Brusilov Offensive
1406:Brusilov Offensive
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754:: 1786 (1869)–1918
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612:Deployed personnel
283:possibly contains
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2620:Svetozar Boroević
2531:Adm MiklĂłs Horthy
2283:Ministers for War
1843:978-0-500-87007-5
1681:Austro-Hungarian
1640:Battle of Leipzig
1579:Fort Prato Piazza
1555:Fort Prato Piazza
1450:Romanian campaign
1374:Battle of Lemberg
1246:and in the naval
1029:forces under the
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2690:Maximilian Ronge
2655:Gheorghe Flondor
2645:Georg Dragičević
2407:Francis Joseph I
2309:(GdK) Alexander
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1317:fortress-warfare
1292:Edward Crankshaw
1266:The creation of
1228:Seven Weeks' War
1116:Battle of Wagram
1075:in 1740–48 (the
964:Hungarian Honved
903:Minister for War
875:Austro-Hungarian
871:power projection
830:Gemeinsame Armee
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768:Bewaffnete Macht
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656:Related articles
650:Steyr Mannlicher
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190:single source
186:This article
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151:December 2019
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2675:Artur Phleps
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2465:Generalmajor
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1543:Fort Vezzena
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752:naval ensign
741:Cross Pattee
728:Arms of the
595:age annually
497:Headquarters
474:
446:5 March 1867
424:
393:
375:
366:
344:
314:
305:
282:
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105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2685:Alfred Redl
2630:Franz Böhme
2485:of the Navy
2340:GdK Edmund
2333:FZM Rudolf
2194:Battleships
2125:Schutzkorps
2091:Kaiserjäger
2021:Common Army
1683:World War I
1524:Kaiserjäger
1516: [
1505: [
1438:World War I
1222:. However,
1208:Königshügel
1081:partitioned
975:battleships
891:great power
883:World War I
826:Common Army
2598:Commanders
2313:von Koller
2252:Leadership
2053:First Army
1803:McKay 1977
1785:References
1749:Tegetthoff
1656:Schönbrunn
1423:Assessment
1339:Novi Pazar
1313:up-to-date
1270:under the
1232:Königgrätz
1212:Sankelmark
987:submarines
983:destroyers
958:as 40,000
840:) and the
802:) and the
693:Navy ranks
689:Army ranks
509:Leadership
346:neutrality
292:improve it
227:newspapers
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2417:Charles I
2361:Schönaich
2273:Charles I
2227:Air Force
2084:Feldjäger
1790:Citations
1747:SMS
1608:Jerusalem
1446:Caporetto
1353:1914–1918
1262:1867–1914
1256:ironclads
1252:Dalmatian
1178:Solferino
1057:Louis XIV
931:Hungarian
879:Habsburgs
786:were the
776:Hungarian
772:Wehrmacht
560:Personnel
451:Disbanded
357:talk page
296:verifying
197:talk page
56:talk page
2759:Category
2359:Freiherr
2342:Freiherr
2335:Freiherr
2328:Freiherr
2311:Freiherr
2301:Freiherr
2260:Emperors
2241:Aircraft
2199:Cruisers
2068:Weaponry
1757:See also
1415:and the
1329:affair.
1276:Austrian
1202:against
1162:Piedmont
1150:Budapest
1108:Napoleon
1101:enserfed
979:cruisers
935:Landwehr
927:Austrian
622:Industry
350:disputed
2204:U-Boats
1893:excerpt
1891:(2016)
1873:1985745
1530:Gallery
1477:battles
1244:Custoza
1224:Prussia
1204:Denmark
1200:Prussia
1182:Emperor
1174:Magenta
1130:in the
1073:Silesia
1065:Prussia
1059:in the
1039:Balkans
1002:Origins
952:Emperor
832:), the
661:History
583:Fit for
443:Founded
290:Please
241:scholar
135:scholar
2349:Ritter
2293:(FML)
1871:
1840:
1642:, 1813
1610:, 1916
1492:Legacy
1485:German
1472:, the
1468:, the
1464:, the
1460:, the
1454:Isonzo
1448:, the
1433:Russia
1429:Serbia
1337:, the
1322:Conrad
1168:. The
1158:Prague
1156:, and
1093:France
1085:Poland
1027:Polish
1023:German
887:Europe
764:German
718:German
706:German
554:(last)
539:(last)
524:(last)
502:Vienna
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2571:VAdm
2565:VAdm
2559:VAdm
2553:VAdm
2514:VAdm
2508:VAdm
2502:VAdm
2496:VAdm
2337:Merkl
2330:Bauer
2189:Ranks
1869:JSTOR
1520:]
1509:]
1343:Crete
1216:Vejle
1198:with
1154:Milan
1097:Diets
1091:like
1083:like
1071:over
1016:Count
782:) or
684:Ranks
639:Skoda
248:JSTOR
234:books
142:JSTOR
128:books
2472:GdI
2453:FZM
2444:FML
2364:GdI
2321:Graf
2175:Navy
2009:Army
1838:ISBN
1431:and
1389:Alps
1364:see
1327:Redl
1278:and
1214:and
1176:and
1141:and
1025:and
985:and
971:Pola
804:Navy
796:Army
758:The
739:The
343:The
220:news
114:news
1861:doi
1474:two
1067:of
929:or
848:).
790:of
770:or
294:by
203:by
97:by
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