569:, arriving in Brazil probably by the 1550s and in the U.S. in 1784. The seed was carried as provisions on slave ships, and the technology and skills needed to grow it were brought by enslaved rice farmers. Newly imported African slaves were marketed for their rice-growing skills, as the high price of rice made it a major cash crop. Not all Africans came to the Americas with knowledge in rice growing, due to the vast variabilities in cultures and ethnicities, but the practice of cultivation was shared throughout the Carolina plantations, which allowed the enslaved people to develop a new sense of culture and made African rice the primary source of nutrition. The tolerance of African rice for brackish water meant it could be grown on coastal deltas, as it was
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499:
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33:
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738:-resistant, and tolerates fluctuations in water depth, iron toxicity, infertile soils, severe climatic conditions, and human neglect better than Asian rice. Some varieties also mature more quickly, and may be sown directly on higher ground, eliminating the need to transplant seedlings. Most are rain-watered, and the soil is often not cultivated.
886:. Over 3000 crosses were made as part of the NERICA program. Breeding within the species is easier, and there are uncounted numbers of African rice varieties, although the majority may have been lost. A similar crossed variety was bred in the United States in 2011, and work is being done on crosses with Indian rice varieties.
580:
Asian rice came to West Africa in the late 1800s, and by the late twentieth century had substantially supplanted native
African rice. However, African rice was still used in specific, often marginal habitats, and preferred for its taste. Farmers may grow African rice to eat and Asian rice to sell, as
2454:
Zhang, Qun-Jie; Zhu, Ting; Xia, En-Hua; Shi, Chao; Liu, Yun-Long; Zhang, Yun; Liu, Yuan; Jiang, Wen-Kai; Zhao, You-Jie; Mao, Shu-Yan; Zhang, Li-Ping; Huang, Hui; Jiao, Jun-Ying; Xu, Ping-Zhen; Yao, Qiu-Yang; Zeng, Fan-Chun; Yang, Li-Li; Gao, Ju; Tao, Da-Yun; Wang, Yue-Ju; Bennetzen, Jeffrey L.; Gao,
1313:
Wang, Muhua; Yu, Yeisoo; Haberer, Georg; Marri, Pradeep Reddy; Fan, Chuanzhu; Goicoechea, Jose Luis; Zuccolo, Andrea; Song, Xiang; Kudrna, Dave; Ammiraju, Jetty S. S.; Cossu, Rosa Maria; Maldonado, Carlos; Chen, Jinfeng; Lee, Seunghee; Sisneros, Nick; de
Baynast, Kristi; Golser, Wolfgang; Wissotski,
911:
and to stagger the harvest. A 2006 survey showed that a village typically cultivated 25 varieties of rice; an individual household would on average have 14 varieties and grow four per year; this, however, is down from the seven to nine varieties per woman that was average in previous decades. Women,
811:
for as long. A few varieties of
African rice are as resistant to shattering as shatter-resistant Asian varieties, but most are not; on average, about half of the grains are scattered and lost. This is why yield is lower; when the heads of African rice are bagged before they become ripe, so that the
576:
There are numerous stories about how the rice came to North
America, including a slave smuggling grains in her hair and a ship driven in to trade by a storm. African rice is a rare crop in Brazil, Guyana, El Salvador and Panama, but it is still occasionally grown there. There are also native South
521:
and wrote that the land was rich in rice. "[T]hey said they found the country covered by vast crops, with many cotton trees and large fields planted in rice ... the country looked to them as having the aspect of a pond (i.e., a marais)". The
Portuguese accounts speak of the Falupo
670:
African rice can be prepared in much the same way as Asian rice, but has a distinct nutty flavor, for which it is favored in West Africa. African rice grains are often reddish in colour; some varieties are strongly aromatic, other, like
Carolina Gold, are not at all aromatic.
231:
In comparison to Asian rice, African rice is hardy, pest-resistant, low-labour, and suited to a larger variety of
African conditions. It is described as filling, with a distinct nutty flavour. It is also grown for cultural reasons; for instance, it is sacred to followers of
1314:
Marina; Kim, Woojin; Sanchez, Paul; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Sanni, Kayode; Long, Manyuan; Carney, Judith; Panaud, Olivier; Wicker, Thomas; Machado, Carlos A.; Chen, Mingsheng; Mayer, Klaus F. X.; Rounsley, Steve; Wing, Rod A. (2014-07-27).
907:, Senegal) could unhesitatingly name more than ten varieties of African rice that were no longer planted, besides the half-dozen that were then still being planted. Each woman would plant multiple different varieties, to suit varying
2357:
584:
The 2007 food price shocks drove efforts to raise rice production. Rice-growing regions of Africa are generally net rice importers (partly due to a lack of good local rice-processing capacity) so price increases hurt. Among the
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breeding line), which raised the yield, shortened the stem, and added an aromatic quality to the rice. IR 64 Parboiled Rice 5% Broken is most famous and demanding rice in West
African countries like Ghana, Togo, Benin etc.
595:
cultivars, crossbred to specifications from local farmers using
African rice varieties provided by local farmers. These were bred during the 1990s and released in the early 21st century. Results so far have been mixed; the
826:
is widely used in West Africa, and some cookbooks from the region will suggest manually breaking the grains for certain recipes, but most broken rice eaten is from Asian rice, about 16% of which is broken in processing.
228:), and the number of varieties grown is declining. It still persists, making up an estimated 20% of rice grown in West Africa. It is now rarely sold in West African markets, having been replaced by Asian strains.
815:
Like other grains, rice may lodge, or fall over, when grain heads are full. African rice's greater height and weaker stems makes it more likely to lodge, although it also lets it survive
819:, and makes it easier to harvest. African rice tends to elongate rapidly if completely submerged, which is not advantageous in regions prone to short floods, as it weakens the plant.
1889:
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Multiple varieties of
African rice are often grown so that the harvest is staggered. In this way, the harvest can be eaten fresh. Freshly harvested rice is moist, and can be
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has been sequenced, and was published in 2014. This allowed genomic as well as physiological comparison with related species, and identified some effects of some genes.
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inch (9.5 mm)), and was brought to market by planter Joshua John Ward in the 1840s. Despite its popularity, the variety was lost in the American Civil War.
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It is highly likely that humans have independently domesticated two different rice species. African rice is very genetically similar to wild African rice (
2940:
2046:"Decline in Inland Rice Production · Forgotten Fields: Inland Rice Plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative"
706:
varieties, which may also branch and root from higher stem nodes. Generally, African rice has small, pear-shaped grain, reddish bran and green to black
196:
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1964:
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1972:
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Barry, M. B.; Pham, J. L.; Noyer, J. L.; Billot, C.; Courtois, B.; Ahmadi, N. (2007-01-04). "Genetic diversity of the two cultivated rice species (
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in fire, and eaten. Fried rice has a brownish color when fried; this is because of the husk which is green in color and turns brown when heated.
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2713:
Gutierrez, Andres; Carabali, Silvio; Giraldo, Olga; Martinez, Cesar; Correa, Fernando; Prado, Gustavo; Tohme, Joe; Lorieux, Mathias (2010).
2135:
1055:
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1681:
718:. There are, however, exceptions, and it can be hard to distinguish from Asian rice. For complete certainty, a genetic test can be used.
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The grains of African rice are more brittle than those of Asian rice. The grains are more likely to break during industrial polishing.
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900:
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is considered a much more desirable and healthier choice in places like Nigeria by West African farmers, where it is used to make
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is an heirloom cultivar grown in the early United States, sometimes known as golden-seed rice for the colour of its grains.
506:
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998:
443:. As the climate dried, the wild rice retreated and probably became increasingly domesticated as it relied on humans for
342:
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seeds have also been criticized for encouraging the loss of native varieties and reducing the independence of farmers.
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2045:
382:
316:
2291:
Nourollah, Ahmadi (2016). "Genetic Diversity, Genetic Erosion, and Conservation of the Two Cultivated Rice Species (
846:, and when they do, the offspring are very rarely fertile. Even the fertile crossbred offspring have low fertility.
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2305:. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Vol. 8. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 35–73.
349:
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1826:
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African rice is a tall rice plant, usually under 120 centimetres (47 in) but up to 5 metres (16 feet) for
320:
3862:
3941:
1924:"Slavery on South Carolina Rice Plantations: The Migration of People and Knowledge in Early Colonial America"
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shattered grains are caught in paper bags, the yield of African rice is the same as the yield of Asian rice.
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off the high tide. Similar delta cultivation techniques were used going back to at least the 15th century in
331:
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African rice has profuse vegetative growth, which smothers weeds. It exhibits better resistance to various
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432:
237:
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1981:
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varieties are less hardy and more labour-intensive, and effects on real-world yields vary. Subsidies of
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3926:
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3732:
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1835:
1636:
1549:
Thiam, Pierre; Sit, Jennifer (2015). "Senegal: Modern Senegalese Recipes from the Source to the Bowl".
2646:"Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines: A Powerful Tool for the Introgression of Valuable Genes from
2179:
1550:
566:
2801:
Jones, Monty P.; Dingkuhn, Michael; Alukosnm, Gabriel K.; Semon, Mandé (1997-03-01). "Interspecific
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In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Portuguese sailed to the Southern Rivers area in
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around 3,000 years ago. In agriculture, it has largely been replaced by higher-yielding Asian rice (
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2005:
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488:
45:
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271:
2209:"Effect of households' dietary knowledge on local (ofada) rice consumption in southwest Nigeria"
1820:
Chen, Erwang; Huang, Xuehui; Tian, Zhixi; Wing, Rod A.; Han, Bin (2019-04-29). "The Genomics of
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who are traditionally responsible for the seeds, trade them often over long-distance networks.
251:
Crossbreeding between African and Asian rice is difficult, but there exist some crosses. Jones
2871:
2855:
2137:
Assessment of quality management techniques: Toward improving competitiveness of Nigerian rice
505:, Senegal, 2008. Dikes protect the rice paddy fields from saltwater; the irrigation skims the
356:
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2134:
Tiamiyu, S.A.; Usman, S.A; Gbanguba, A.; Ukwungu, A.U.; Ochigbo, M.N.; Ochigbo, A.A. (2010).
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American rices, which makes it hard to recognize the arrival of African rice in histories.
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8:
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2017:
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Wendel, Jonathan F.; Jackson, Scott A.; Meyers, Blake C.; Wing, Rod A. (2016-03-01).
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Charleston Gold was released in 2011 and is a crossbreed of Carolina Gold and two
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83:
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still grows wild in Africa, in a wide variety of open habitats. The Sahara was
70:
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2684:
2645:
2347:
Montcho, D.; Futakuchi, K.; Agbangla, C.; Fofana, M.; Dieng, I. (2013-01-01).
2231:
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There are a great many varieties of African rice. In the 1960s older women in
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African rice is well adapted to the African environment. It is drought- and
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3184:
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3124:
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Ali, M.; Sanchez, Paul; Yu, Si; Lorieux, Mathias; Eizenga, Georgia (2010).
2627:
2514:
2148:
1859:
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1365:
1268:
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981:
managed to cross-breed African rice with Asian rice varieties to produce a
908:
415:
224:
2957:
The golden seed: writings on the history and culture of Carolina gold rice
2371:
2348:
2299:) and Their Close Wild Relatives". In Ahuja, M.R.; Jain, S. Mohan (eds.).
3740:
3585:
3520:
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3349:
3294:
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1999:
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823:
767:
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2013:
473:. It then spread through West Africa. It has also been recorded off the
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3455:
3422:
3405:
3395:
3364:
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3244:
3229:
3204:
3109:
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1412:
974:, and thus yields comparable with low-shattering Asian rice varieties.
690:
because of its high nutrition content, despite being less popular than
687:
652:
640:
631:
444:
425:), and these two divisions have wide genetic differences between them.
323: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
282:
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3189:
3134:
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3547:
2950:
2585:
Varshney, Rajeev; Glaszmann, Jean; Leung, Hei; Ribaut, Jean (2010).
1338:
298:
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3400:
1572:
Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas
756:
711:
502:
3758:
3667:
2147:: Innovation and Partnerships to Realize Africa's Rice Potential.
1824:
Species Provides Insights into Rice Domestication and Heterosis".
1530:"Smuggled rice floods Nigerian market, as merchants suffer losses"
3636:
3510:
3505:
3450:
3179:
3099:
1679:) in Maritime Guinea. Evidence for interspecific recombination".
842:
African and Asian rice do not readily interpollinate, even under
715:
531:
498:
129:
3654:
2979:
Deep Roots: Rice Farmers in West Africa and the African Diaspora
2712:
2537:"Impact of Genomic Technologies on Chickpea Breeding Strategies"
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2401:
1408:
860:
591:
178:
119:
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3536:
3495:
3475:
3470:
2920:"IR64 Parboiled Rice Exporters in India I Rice Master Global"
1729:
923:
139:
57:
2584:
3023:
2550:
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caused by grain shattering under rainfed upland conditions"
2133:
1921:
644:
470:
215:
2800:
3164:
2535:
Gaur, Pooran; Jukanti, Aravind; Varshney, Rajeev (2012).
2358:
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences
852:
seems to have succeeded in at least one area of Maritime
674:
African rice is also used in local traditional medicine.
2992:
2521:
1965:"Charleston Gold: A Direct Descendant of Carolina Gold"
1190:
807:
more than Asian rices, possibly because they have not
447:. Rice growing in deeper, more permanent water became
2947:
article on Carolina Gold (dead link 9 September 2019)
1670:
1392:"'With Grains in Her Hair': Rice in Colonial Brazil"
2643:
2534:
1613:Sarla, N.; Swamy, B. P. Mallikarjuna (2005-09-25).
2206:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1752:"The Complex History of the Domestication of Rice"
1734:"Nerica: another trap for small farmers in Africa"
1312:
565:African rice was brought to the Americas with the
1819:
561:, 2010, long abandoned and reclaimed by woodland
3913:
2719:resistance locus and yield component QTLs using
1389:
856:, as some varieties there show crossbred genes.
461:It was domesticated about 3000 years ago in the
218:species. It was first domesticated and grown in
2587:"More genomic resources for less-studied crops"
2466:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2447:
1806:
1743:
1120:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2809:Steud. progenies in upland rice improvement".
2453:
1749:
546:systems used for rice cultivation, from which
3008:
2068:
2066:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1528:Ikhioya, Sunny; Oritse, Godwin (2013-10-07).
1527:
1320:) and evidence for independent domestication"
2072:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
453:
2854:Datta, Karabi; Datta, Swapan Kumar (2006).
2461:AA genomes associated with rice adaptation"
1564:
1562:
1513:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
403:, where the species was first domesticated
3015:
3001:
2853:
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1947:
1879:
1877:
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31:
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2110:"Rice History - Carolina Plantation Rice"
2084:. Vol. 5, no. 1. Archived from
1908:
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1092:
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1088:
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1080:
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1009:Long-grain gold-seed rice boasted grains
383:Learn how and when to remove this message
2207:Ogunleke, A.; Baiyegunhi, Lloyd (2019).
1883:
1559:
1548:
1470:
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1460:
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1379:
1377:
1193:"Evolution of plant genome architecture"
1184:
1182:
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1178:
1019:inch (11 mm)inch long (up 11% from
915:Varieties, each with subtypes, include:
639:
625:
615:
552:
497:
394:
2963:for the Carolina Gold Rice Foundation.
2333:
2302:Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants
2223:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
1962:
1874:
1750:Sweeney, Megan; McCouch, Susan (2007).
1666:
1664:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1521:
1108:
798:
245:
3914:
2261:
2174:
2172:
1997:
1886:"Rice and Slavery: A Fatal Gold Seede"
1724:
1722:
1720:
1568:
1316:"The genome sequence of African rice (
1073:
3552:
3551:
2996:
2200:
1844:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100320
1728:
1449:
1374:
1175:
992:
548:modern West African rice dike systems
16:African rice, second most common rice
1661:
1593:
999:Rice production in the United States
894:
321:adding citations to reliable sources
292:
2650:Wild Species into Cultivated Rice (
2262:George, Bunmi (15 September 2016).
2169:
1717:
1552:A System of Rice Production, Broken
13:
2934:
2394:Woolhouse, Harold William (1979).
1619:: A source for the improvement of
1478:Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
721:
14:
3973:
1569:Carney, Judith Ann (2009-06-30).
1307:These reviews cite this research.
214:, is one of the two domesticated
3863:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:410061-1
3060:
1998:Carney, Judith A. (2009-06-30).
1115:): History and future potential"
983:group of interspecific cultivars
297:
44:
2912:
2847:
2794:
2668:Springer Science+Business Media
2457:"Rapid diversification of five
2422:
2387:
2284:
2255:
2127:
2102:
2038:
1991:
1890:Slavery in America Organization
1109:Linares, Olga F. (2002-12-10).
308:needs additional citations for
2397:Advances in Botanical Research
2114:www.carolinaplantationrice.com
1827:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1542:
581:African rice is not exported.
1:
3932:Flora of West Tropical Africa
2953:Carolina Gold Rice Foundation
2612:10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.06.007
1922:The Rice Diversity Project].
1066:
697:
2981:. (Blacks in the Diaspora.)
2977:Fields-Black, Edda L. 2008.
2868:Methods in Molecular Biology
1265:Methods in Molecular Biology
889:
878:) have been developed using
729:
710:, straight, simply-branched
238:traditional African religion
7:
3033:History of rice cultivation
2311:10.1007/978-3-319-25954-3_2
2264:"Ofada rice the super food"
1649:Current Science Association
1421:10.1080/0144039042000220900
837:
749:, African rice gall midge (
10:
3978:
2870:. Vol. 343. pp.
2717:Rice stripe necrosis virus
1963:Shields, David S. (2011).
1637:Indian Academy of Sciences
1275:. 2016. pp. 115–140.
996:
789:, and the parasitic plant
774:rice stripe necrosis virus
495:does not shatter as much.
288:
3560:
3529:
3431:
3373:
3337:
3308:
3078:
3069:
3058:
3039:
3030:
2880:10.1385/1-59745-130-4:201
2685:10.1007/s12284-010-9058-3
2232:10.1186/s42779-019-0023-5
1695:10.1007/s10681-006-9278-1
1390:Judith A. Carney (2004).
1281:10.1007/978-1-4939-3167-5
1216:10.1186/s13059-016-0908-1
677:
587:efforts to increase yield
567:transatlantic slave trade
419:) is to wild Asian rice (
194:
185:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
3947:Plants described in 1853
3022:
2987:Indiana University Press
2186:. Plants & Fungi At
2006:Harvard University Press
1577:Harvard University Press
1267:(MIMB). Vol. 1374.
786:rice yellow mottle virus
694:cultivars (as of 2019).
477:coast of Africa, in the
2864:Agrobacterium Protocols
2825:10.1023/A:1002969932224
2595:Trends in Biotechnology
2560:10.3390/AGRONOMY2030199
2488:10.1073/pnas.1418307111
2214:Journal of Ethnic Foods
1766:Oxford University Press
743:rice pests and diseases
607:
540:André Álvares de Almada
3215:Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào rice
2750:10.1186/1471-2229-10-6
1142:10.1073/pnas.252604599
656:
635:
621:
562:
514:
458:
404:
248:in the United States.
3411:Germinated brown rice
2715:"Identification of a
2455:Li-Zhi (2014-11-18).
2372:10.4314/ijbcs.v7i2.10
2050:ldhi.library.cofc.edu
1400:Slavery and Abolition
844:controlled conditions
714:, and short, rounded
643:
629:
619:
556:
501:
457:
398:
3942:Tropical agriculture
2727:introgression lines"
2145:Africa Rice Congress
1261:Plant Bioinformatics
1051:IR65610-24-3-6-3-2-3
977:Scientists from the
799:Yield and processing
726:Grains are brittle.
589:was the adoption of
479:Zanzibar Archipelago
317:improve this article
210:, commonly known as
3325:New Rice for Africa
2945:National Geographic
2711: •
2708:...cite this study:
2676:2010Rice....3..218A
2642: •
2583: •
2533: •
2479:2014PNAS..111E4954Z
2473:(46): E4954–E4962.
2014:10.2307/j.ctvjz837d
1980:(1). Archived from
1273:Humana New York, NY
1133:2002PNAS...9916360L
1127:(25): 16360–16365.
987:New Rice for Africa
859:More recently, the
762:Heterodera sacchari
620:With inedible husk
439:in what is now the
3105:Bhutanese red rice
2961:Douglas W. Bostick
2951:Shields, David S;
2943:Slightly outdated
2073:David S. Shields.
1896:on January 1, 2007
1774:10.1093/aob/mcm128
1555:. Lake Isle Press.
1207:BioMed Central Ltd
993:American cultivars
979:Africa Rice Center
956:Africa Rice Center
954:The cultivars the
752:Orseolia oryzivora
657:
636:
622:
563:
559:Hampton Plantation
515:
459:
413:), as Asian rice (
405:
399:Growing along the
332:"Oryza glaberrima"
272:disease resistance
246:a heritage variety
154:O. glaberrima
3952:Flora of Cameroon
3927:Grasses of Africa
3909:
3908:
3819:Open Tree of Life
3554:Taxon identifiers
3545:
3544:
3333:
3332:
3250:Pusa Basmati 1121
3130:Camargue red rice
2970:978-0-9829792-1-1
2959:. United States:
2889:978-1-59745-130-7
2860:, BR29 and IR64)"
2732:BMC Plant Biology
2415:978-0-12-005907-2
2320:978-3-319-25953-6
2075:"The Golden Seed"
2023:978-0-674-02921-7
1586:978-0-674-02921-7
1290:978-1-4939-3166-8
932:("ebony-colored")
905:Ziguinchor Region
895:African cultivars
809:been domesticated
661:
660:
469:, in what is now
393:
392:
385:
367:
255:1997 and Gridley
203:
202:
3969:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3866:
3865:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3814:
3813:
3801:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3696:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3592:Oryza glaberrima
3581:
3580:
3579:
3562:Oryza glaberrima
3549:
3548:
3280:Sona masuri rice
3076:
3075:
3064:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2974:
2928:
2927:
2924:Ricemasterglobal
2916:
2910:
2909:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2770:
2752:
2705:
2687:
2639:
2591:
2580:
2562:
2530:These reviews...
2525:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2490:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2432:. Archived from
2426:
2420:
2419:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2351:Oryza glaberrima
2344:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2297:Oryza glaberrima
2288:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2182:Oryza glaberrima
2176:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2151:. Archived from
2142:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2035:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1969:
1960:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1929:. Archived from
1928:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1892:. Archived from
1881:
1872:
1871:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1785:
1757:Annals of Botany
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1689:(1–2): 127–137.
1668:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1617:Oryza glaberrima
1610:
1591:
1590:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1492:. Archived from
1488:Oryza glaberrima
1474:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1431:. Archived from
1396:
1387:
1372:
1369:
1359:
1341:
1318:Oryza glaberrima
1302:
1254:
1236:
1218:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1144:
1113:Oryza glaberrima
1106:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
969:
968:
963:
962:
882:techniques like
880:green revolution
630:Dehusked (whole
612:
611:
542:wrote about the
507:freshwater layer
388:
381:
377:
374:
368:
366:
325:
301:
293:
280:
269:
207:Oryza glaberrima
199:is much larger.
197:Cultivated range
190:
174:
172:Oryza glaberrima
49:
48:
35:
25:Oryza glaberrima
21:
20:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3897:
3892:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3869:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3525:
3441:Arroz con pollo
3427:
3374:Processed forms
3369:
3338:Characteristics
3329:
3310:
3304:
3275:Semi-dwarf IR36
3120:Calasparra rice
3080:
3065:
3056:
3035:
3026:
3021:
2971:
2937:
2935:Further reading
2932:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2890:
2852:
2848:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2589:
2526:
2522:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2400:. Vol. 7.
2392:
2388:
2349:"Yield loss of
2345:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2289:
2285:
2274:
2272:
2260:
2256:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2184:(African rice)"
2178:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2024:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1967:
1961:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1882:
1875:
1818:
1807:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1628:Current Science
1611:
1594:
1587:
1567:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1526:
1522:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1475:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1394:
1388:
1375:
1339:10.1038/ng.3044
1325:Nature Genetics
1291:
1259:
1187:
1176:
1111:"African rice (
1107:
1074:
1069:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1001:
995:
966:
965:
960:
959:
897:
892:
840:
801:
732:
724:
722:Grain qualities
700:
680:
610:
550:are descended.
435:, with massive
433:formerly wetter
389:
378:
372:
369:
326:
324:
314:
302:
291:
278:
267:
181:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:wfo-0000882361
3890:
3880:
3867:
3854:
3841:
3828:
3815:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3763:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3597:
3582:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3516:Tuwon shinkafa
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3418:Parboiled rice
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:Flattened rice
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3360:Glutinous rice
3357:
3355:Perennial rice
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3300:Yamada Nishiki
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:Red Cargo rice
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2948:
2941:Rice Origins 2
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:. 18 May 2023.
2911:
2888:
2856:"Indica Rice (
2846:
2819:(2): 237–246.
2793:
2790:
2789:
2741:BioMed Central
2709:
2706:
2640:
2581:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2446:
2421:
2414:
2406:Academic Press
2386:
2365:(2): 535–543.
2332:
2319:
2283:
2254:
2199:
2168:
2126:
2101:
2062:
2037:
2022:
1990:
1987:on 2018-05-13.
1973:The Rice Paper
1946:
1907:
1884:Jean M. West.
1873:
1836:Annual Reviews
1805:
1742:
1716:
1660:
1592:
1585:
1558:
1541:
1520:
1448:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1332:(9): 982–988.
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1289:
1257:
1255:
1198:Genome Biology
1174:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1034:breeding lines
994:
991:
952:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
896:
893:
891:
888:
839:
836:
830:The genome of
803:African rices
800:
797:
731:
728:
723:
720:
699:
696:
679:
676:
659:
658:
637:
623:
609:
606:
571:in West Africa
557:Similar dyke,
538:growing rice.
511:South Carolina
441:Western Sahara
391:
390:
305:
303:
296:
290:
287:
201:
200:
192:
191:
183:
182:
177:
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3974:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Flora of Chad
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Aromatic rice
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Carolina Gold
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Paw hsan hmwe
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Japonica rice
3173:
3171:
3170:Japanese rice
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2807:O. Glaberrima
2804:
2797:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2725:O. glaberrima
2722:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2436:on 2016-11-05
2435:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2158:on 2017-08-09
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2091:on 2018-05-13
2087:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:. p. 5.
2007:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1936:on 2015-07-02
1932:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:O. glaberrima
1674:
1667:
1665:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1496:on 2016-11-05
1495:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:on 2016-11-05
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1007:
1005:
1004:Carolina Gold
1000:
990:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
957:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:ebenicolorata
928:
925:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
910:
909:microhabitats
906:
902:
887:
885:
884:embryo rescue
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
863:
857:
855:
851:
850:Crossbreeding
847:
845:
835:
833:
832:O. glaberrima
828:
825:
820:
818:
817:in deep water
813:
810:
806:
796:
794:
793:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
764:
763:
758:
755:), parasitic
754:
753:
748:
747:blast disease
744:
739:
737:
727:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
695:
693:
689:
685:
684:O. glaberrima
675:
672:
668:
666:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
628:
624:
618:
614:
613:
605:
603:
599:
594:
593:
588:
582:
578:
574:
572:
568:
560:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
494:
493:O. glaberrima
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:of the Upper
464:
456:
452:
450:
449:floating rice
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
411:
402:
397:
387:
384:
376:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
348:
344:
341:
337:
334: –
333:
329:
328:Find sources:
322:
318:
312:
311:
306:This section
304:
300:
295:
294:
286:
284:
277:
273:
266:
262:
259:2002 provide
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
229:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:
198:
193:
189:
184:
180:
175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3561:
3486:Mexican rice
3312:African rice
3311:
3309:Varieties of
3290:Vialone Nano
3225:Nishiki rice
3210:Molakolukulu
3185:Jasmine rice
3145:Chokuwa saul
3125:Calrose rice
3095:Arborio rice
3079:Varieties of
3047:African rice
3046:
2978:
2956:
2923:
2914:
2863:
2858:Oryza sativa
2857:
2849:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2803:Oryza Sativa
2802:
2796:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2721:Oryza sativa
2720:
2716:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2599:
2593:
2546:
2540:
2523:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2449:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2424:
2395:
2389:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2324:. Retrieved
2301:
2296:
2293:Oryza sativa
2292:
2286:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:The Guardian
2267:
2257:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2191:. Retrieved
2181:
2160:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2149:Bamako, Mali
2136:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2093:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2081:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2000:
1993:
1982:the original
1977:
1971:
1938:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1898:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1831:
1825:
1821:
1761:
1755:
1745:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1652:. Retrieved
1632:
1626:
1621:Oryza sativa
1620:
1616:
1571:
1551:
1544:
1533:
1523:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
1487:
1440:. Retrieved
1433:the original
1404:
1398:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1269:New York, NY
1260:
1202:
1196:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1039:O. s. indica
1037:
1031:
1008:
1002:
976:
953:
947:
941:
938:("unfolded")
935:
929:
919:
914:
898:
875:
871:
867:
861:
858:
848:
841:
831:
829:
821:
814:
802:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
750:
740:
733:
725:
701:
691:
683:
681:
673:
669:
662:
601:
597:
590:
583:
579:
575:
564:
516:
492:
484:
483:
474:
463:inland delta
460:
428:
427:
422:O. rufipogon
420:
414:
408:
406:
379:
370:
360:
353:
346:
339:
327:
315:Please help
310:verification
307:
275:
264:
256:
252:
250:
240:) among the
230:
223:
212:African rice
211:
206:
205:
204:
195:Wild range.
171:
169:
153:
152:
140:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
3741:iNaturalist
3586:Wikispecies
3521:Yellow rice
3433:Rice dishes
3391:Broken rice
3386:Puffed rice
3350:Hybrid rice
3295:Wehani rice
3270:Sasanishiki
3220:Navara rice
3195:Koshihikari
3160:Golden rice
3155:Gobindobhog
3150:Dubraj rice
3140:Champa rice
2983:Bloomington
2670:: 218–234.
2553:: 199–221.
2188:Kew Gardens
1838:: 639–665.
1768:: 951–957.
1639:: 955–963.
874:ce for Afri
824:Broken rice
768:Meloidogyne
519:West Africa
467:Niger River
401:Niger River
285:potential.
242:Jola people
220:West Africa
110:Commelinids
84:Angiosperms
3916:Categories
3837:kew-426627
3832:Plant List
3530:Decoration
3456:Champorado
3423:White rice
3406:Black rice
3396:Brown rice
3365:Weedy rice
3285:Tulaipanji
3245:Ponni rice
3230:Patna rice
3205:Matta rice
3110:Bomba rice
3082:Asian rice
3052:Asian rice
2606:: 452–60.
2604:Cell Press
2440:2016-08-10
2326:2023-02-23
2275:7 February
2193:2016-08-10
2162:2016-08-10
2095:2016-08-09
2082:Rice Paper
2001:Black Rice
1940:2016-08-09
1654:2016-08-10
1500:2016-08-10
1484:database.
1442:2016-08-09
1413:Frank Cass
1067:References
997:See also:
989:(NERICA).
972:shattering
950:("coarse")
926:: "rough")
745:, such as
736:deep-water
698:Appearance
688:Ofada rice
653:white rice
632:brown rice
487:seedheads
485:O. barthii
445:irrigation
437:paleolakes
429:O. barthii
410:O. barthii
343:newspapers
265:glaberrima
263:combining
3715:GrassBase
3694:200025776
3681:200025776
3260:Riceberry
3200:Maratelli
3190:Joha rice
3135:Carnaroli
3115:Bora saul
3090:Ambemohar
3071:Varieties
2898:1064-3745
2833:0014-2336
2812:Euphytica
2759:1471-2229
2694:1939-8425
2652:O. sativa
2620:0167-7799
2569:2073-4395
2497:1091-6490
2430:"example"
2381:1997-342X
2249:257164894
2241:2352-6181
2143:. Second
2032:247120906
1868:140266038
1852:1543-5008
1703:0014-2336
1682:Euphytica
1673:O. sativa
1645:0011-3891
1348:1061-4036
1299:1064-3745
1225:1474-760X
1151:1091-6490
970:have low
961:TOG 12303
944:("rigid")
890:Cultivars
864:cultivars
780:Benyvirus
757:nematodes
730:Hardiness
692:O. sativa
682:Overall,
651:removed (
416:O. sativa
373:July 2021
244:, and is
225:O. sativa
148:Species:
54:Kingdom:
3876:25509789
3871:Tropicos
3772:11435418
3759:410061-1
3720:imp06789
3577:Q2670252
3571:Wikidata
3481:Lamprais
3401:Red rice
2955:(2010).
2906:16988345
2841:28577400
2785:13794259
2777:20064202
2743:: 1–11.
2702:35569020
2636:39342187
2628:20692061
2577:86648608
2542:Agronomy
2515:25368197
2281:despite
1860:31035826
1800:14266565
1792:17617555
1732:(2009).
1711:23798032
1535:Vanguard
1509:cite web
1415:: 1–27.
1366:25064006
1251:12325319
1243:26926526
1169:12461173
1060:fragrant
967:TOG 9300
838:Breeding
712:panicles
704:floating
503:Karabane
491:, while
126:Family:
97:Monocots
3962:Cereals
3707:2703464
3655:1115583
3637:Ecocrop
3511:Tahchin
3506:Risotto
3451:Biryani
3240:Pokkali
3180:Jasmati
3100:Basmati
3040:Species
2872:201–212
2768:2824796
2672:Bibcode
2506:4246335
2475:Bibcode
1900:24 June
1783:2759204
1482:PROTA4U
1429:3490844
1357:7036042
1234:4772531
1129:Bibcode
1042:called
1024:⁄
1014:⁄
985:called
948:rustica
936:evoluta
901:Jipalom
805:shatter
771:spp.),
716:ligules
532:Biafada
528:Landuma
489:shatter
357:scholar
289:History
261:hybrids
234:Awasena
136:Genus:
130:Poaceae
116:Order:
58:Plantae
3886:477418
3883:uBio:
3845:PLANTS
3824:709876
3798:177112
3785:506651
3746:507020
3616:434255
3600:APDB:
3491:Paella
3466:Gimbap
3461:Congee
3446:Asopao
2967:
2904:
2896:
2886:
2839:
2831:
2783:
2775:
2765:
2757:
2700:
2692:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2575:
2567:
2513:
2503:
2495:
2412:
2402:London
2379:
2317:
2247:
2239:
2119:8 June
2055:8 June
2030:
2020:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1798:
1790:
1780:
1709:
1701:
1675:&
1643:
1583:
1490:Steud"
1427:
1409:London
1364:
1354:
1346:
1297:
1287:
1249:
1241:
1231:
1223:
1209:: 37.
1167:
1160:138616
1157:
1149:
958:calls
942:rigida
920:aspera
862:nerica
854:Guinea
792:Striga
678:Traits
665:puffed
602:nerica
598:nerica
592:nerica
536:Bainik
534:, and
359:
352:
345:
338:
330:
276:sativa
257:et al.
253:et al.
179:Steud.
120:Poales
3922:Oryza
3850:ORGL2
3767:IRMNG
3733:26062
3668:ORYGL
3629:6SZFN
3603:52136
3537:Kolam
3496:Pilaf
3476:Kabsa
3471:Gumbo
3265:Samba
2837:S2CID
2805:L. ×
2781:S2CID
2698:S2CID
2666:(4).
2648:Oryza
2632:S2CID
2602:(9).
2590:(PDF)
2573:S2CID
2565:eISSN
2549:(3).
2459:Oryza
2245:S2CID
2221:(1).
2156:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
2089:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
2028:S2CID
1985:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1934:(PDF)
1927:(PDF)
1864:S2CID
1834:(1).
1822:Oryza
1796:S2CID
1764:(5).
1737:(PDF)
1730:GRAIN
1707:S2CID
1635:(6).
1436:(PDF)
1425:S2CID
1407:(1).
1395:(PDF)
1247:S2CID
1205:(1).
1056:dwarf
924:Latin
708:hulls
364:JSTOR
350:books
283:yield
279:'
268:'
141:Oryza
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
3937:Rice
3858:POWO
3811:4538
3806:NCBI
3793:IUCN
3780:ITIS
3754:IPNI
3728:GRIN
3702:GBIF
3663:EPPO
3642:8138
3611:BOLD
3501:Puto
3024:Rice
2965:ISBN
2902:PMID
2894:ISSN
2884:ISBN
2829:ISSN
2773:PMID
2755:ISSN
2690:ISSN
2659:Rice
2624:PMID
2616:ISSN
2551:MDPI
2511:PMID
2493:ISSN
2410:ISBN
2377:ISSN
2315:ISBN
2295:and
2277:2023
2237:ISSN
2121:2018
2057:2018
2018:ISBN
1902:2013
1856:PMID
1848:ISSN
1788:PMID
1699:ISSN
1641:ISSN
1581:ISBN
1515:link
1362:PMID
1344:ISSN
1295:ISSN
1285:ISBN
1239:PMID
1221:ISSN
1165:PMID
1147:ISSN
1048:and
1045:IR64
964:and
765:and
649:germ
647:and
645:Bran
608:Uses
544:dike
524:Jola
475:east
471:Mali
336:news
274:and
216:rice
3894:WFO
3689:FoC
3676:FNA
3650:EoL
3624:CoL
3165:IR8
2876:doi
2821:doi
2763:PMC
2745:doi
2680:doi
2608:doi
2555:doi
2501:PMC
2483:doi
2471:111
2367:doi
2307:doi
2227:doi
2010:doi
1840:doi
1778:PMC
1770:doi
1762:100
1691:doi
1687:154
1417:doi
1352:PMC
1334:doi
1277:doi
1229:PMC
1211:doi
1155:PMC
1137:doi
1054:(a
1036:of
783:),
777:(a
319:by
236:(a
3918::
3896::
3873::
3860::
3847::
3834::
3821::
3808::
3795::
3782::
3769::
3756::
3743::
3730::
3717::
3704::
3691::
3678::
3665::
3652::
3639::
3626::
3613::
3588::
3573::
2985::
2922:.
2900:.
2892:.
2882:.
2874:.
2866:.
2862:.
2835:.
2827:.
2817:94
2815:.
2779:.
2771:.
2761:.
2753:.
2739:.
2737:10
2735:.
2729:.
2723:×
2696:.
2688:.
2678:.
2662:.
2656:.
2654:)"
2630:.
2622:.
2614:.
2600:28
2598:.
2592:.
2571:.
2563:.
2545:.
2539:.
2509:.
2499:.
2491:.
2481:.
2469:.
2463:.
2408:.
2404::
2375:.
2361:.
2355:.
2335:^
2313:.
2266:.
2243:.
2235:.
2225:.
2217:.
2211:.
2171:^
2112:.
2080:.
2065:^
2048:.
2026:.
2016:.
2004:.
1976:.
1970:.
1949:^
1910:^
1888:.
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