43:
1098:
1259:
206:
155:
170:
1349:
194:
138:
1236:, which was concerned about the possible reactions of the Spanish government. The final go-ahead, eventually supported by the Foreign Office, was not given until 6 January 1942, on the grounds that, while suspicion of British involvement in the raid was inevitable, what counted was the avoidance of any tangible proof. As a safeguard the Admiralty also dispatched
1495:
On
Fernando Po itself, Richard Lippett, who had remained on the island, was taken in for questioning by the Spanish authorities on 17 January 1942. He managed to persuade them he had nothing to do with the departure of the ships, nor had he spent any money on the party for the ships' officers. He was
1483:
In view of the German allegations that Allied naval forces have executed a cutting-out operation against Axis ships in the
Spanish port of Santa Isabel, Fernando Po, the British Admiralty considers it necessary to state that no British or Allied ship was in the vicinity...As a result... of the German
1105:
SOE maintained a presence in West Africa, where it could observe Vichy French, Spanish and
Portuguese territories with the intention of identifying and hindering any activities that threatened Britain's colonial possessions. While the commandos were searching for the German submarine bases, SOE
1389:
out of the harbour. The explosions had alerted the population of the town, who started to gather on the pier, but no attempts were made to stop the ships from leaving. Several anti-aircraft emplacements opened fire at imaginary targets, believing the explosions to have been caused by an aerial
1440:
of the outcome of the raid. He also stated his belief that "other neutral governments would be impressed that
Britain would if needed disregard the legal formalities of war in their efforts to succeed." The agent in charge of SOE Africa station submitted a report to the head of SOE
1278:
were in the habit of accepting invitations to parties ashore and had held their own party aboard ship on 6 January 1942. Under the guise of a party-goer, Lippett managed to gain information about the readiness of the ship for sea, crew numbers, and the watch arrangements.
1591:, and on the same day that Hayes was executed Appleyard was reported missing when his plane failed to return from a mission. Lassen also joined the Special Air Service; he was awarded two bars to his MC and promoted to major. He was killed in Italy in 1945, and awarded a
1393:
Out at sea on 15 January 1942, March-Phillipps established a routine of watches and placed guards on the 29 prisoners they had taken. During the evening they started to have trouble with the tugs' engines and the tow ropes to the captured vessels. The next day
1484:
Broadcast, the
British Commander-in-Chief dispatched reconnaissance patrols to cover the area. A report has now been received that a large unidentified vessel has been sighted, and British naval vessels are proceeding to the spot to make investigations."
1456:
intolerable attack on our sovereignty, no
Spaniard can fail to be roused by this act of piracy committed in defiance of every right and within water under our jurisdiction. Do not be surprised, if we return the answer which the case demands—that of
2018:
1176:
refused to provide them with any details, which led to speculation it was also carrying arms or ammunition. In his visits to the island, SOE agent
Leonard Guise kept the ships under observation, and in August 1941 submitted a plan to seize
1313:. As they approached, a few men could be seen on the after deck of the merchant vessel, but they seemed to take no notice of the tug other than to shine a torch in its direction. At the same time, Folbots under the command of Hayes from
1390:
attack, but the six-inch guns protecting the harbour from attack from the sea remained silent. From entering the harbour to leaving with the ships under tow, the operation had taken 30 minutes, without any losses to the raiding party.
1010:. On 14 January 1942, while the ships' officers were attending a party arranged by an SOE agent, the commandos entered the port aboard two tugs, overpowered the ships' crews and sailed off with the ships, including the Italian
1294:. They approached Santa Isabel harbour and at 23:15 and 23:30 hours on 14 January 1942; both tugs were in position 180 metres (590 ft) outside the harbour. Onshore, Lippett had arranged for the officers from
1496:
released from custody on 27 January 1942, but was refused permission to leave the island. He finally left secretly by canoe, arriving in
British territory on 1 March 1942. In the aftermath of the operation,
1208:. The raiding force would consist of 32 men: four SOE agents, 11 commandos from the SSRF and 17 men recruited from the local population to crew the two tugs. The mission suffered a blow when the British
2022:
2364:
1094:
s arrival in
Freetown the search for the German submarine bases started. Sailing into the many rivers and deltas in the area, they failed to locate any submarines or evidence of a submarine base.
1002:
The
British authorities in the area refused to support the raid, which they considered a breach of Spanish neutrality. Permission for the operation to go ahead eventually came from the
30:
1224:
refused to support the mission. He declined to release the 17 men required, stating it would compromise some unnamed plans he had in mind, and that the act would be seen as
2357:
2128:
1153:
naval movements. Her declared cargo was 3 million pounds of wool, 316,610 pounds of hides and skins, 1.3 million pounds of tanning materials, 4 million pounds of
2373:
2350:
292:
1019:. The raid boosted SOE's reputation at a critical time and demonstrated its ability to plan and conduct secret operations no matter the political consequences.
1068:
harbour on 9 August 1941, bound for West Africa. The five man crew were under the command of March-Phillipps. The remainder of the SSRF under the command of
1445:
reflecting on the success of Postmaster: "perhaps next time it will not be necessary for prolonged negotiations before undertaking a 30-minute operation."
1274:, which had business offices on the island. Having taken up the post, he started to make preparations for the raid. He became aware that the crew of
1250:, to intercept the vessels at sea, which would provide the cover story that they had been intercepted while trying to make their way home to Europe.
348:
1043:(SSRF) also known as No. 62 Commando. The SSRF was formed in 1941, and consisted of a small group of 55 commando-trained personnel working with the
3111:
1583:
in September 1942. On the same mission, Hayes evaded capture and crossed the Spanish border, only to be handed over to the Germans who kept him in
86:
3116:
321:
3073:
285:
1381:; while one group attached charges on the anchor chains, another searched below-decks, collecting prisoners. Blowing the anchor chains,
3106:
1488:
The details of the raid were being kept secret even from the British chiefs of staff, who were only informed, on 18 January 1942, that
3121:
2103:
1558:
1963:
1425:
The Special Operations Executive had now demonstrated their ability to undertake operations, no matter the political consequences.
1069:
1628:
1737:
1228:
and could lead to repercussions. Responding to the concerns of the GOC West Africa, the Admiralty suspended the operation. The
278:
1333:, and the two-man crew on watch jumped overboard. After attaching explosive charges on the anchor chain, the commandos guided
2334:
2320:
2306:
2186:
2164:
1608:
1517:
1448:
The Spanish government was furious about the raid, which was seen as a breach of the country's neutrality; Foreign Minister
1434:
1329:, they persuaded him with their reply that it was the ship's captain coming back on board. The men from the canoes boarded
892:
2651:
343:
2791:
2658:
2281:
2262:
2243:
2224:
2205:
1237:
2602:
2405:
1087:. Freetown was the agreed rendezvous for both groups, Appleyard's party having arrived at the end of August. After
1048:
687:
316:
2931:
3008:
1271:
905:
3053:
2798:
1044:
973:
498:
225:
1546:
939:
934:
868:
447:
3096:
2569:
1209:
1172:. The first page of the ship's cargo manifest was not presented to the port authorities and the ship's
331:
2777:
1523:
1040:
969:
361:
220:
1738:"Series reference HS 3—Special Operations Executive: Africa and Middle East Group: Registered Files"
1475:
published an article with the headline "British Denials – Admiralty Lies on Act of Piracy". British
1075:
had departed earlier aboard a troop transport ship. On 20 September 1941 after six weeks under sail
1587:
for nine months before he was executed by firing squad on 13 July 1943. Appleyard later joined the
2082:
2062:
1989:
1471:
3131:
2875:
2342:
887:
593:
503:
326:
1286:
in their two tugs on the morning of 11 January 1942, and while en route they practised lowering
491:
42:
3126:
2595:
1592:
1469:
to blow up the anchor cables and the ship's crew were shot" and the 21 January 1942 edition of
1150:
1039:
parts of Africa as a base for refuelling. The unit selected to investigate the reports was the
929:
476:
302:
34:
836:
3034:
2812:
2454:
1430:
1353:
1244:
831:
821:
779:
655:
615:
603:
418:
1149:
had a working radio which was considered a threat, with the potential to provide details of
2980:
2784:
2735:
2398:
2384:
1584:
1573:
1531:
1111:
957:
856:
851:
846:
76:
1636:
8:
3020:
2994:
2952:
2903:
2889:
2826:
2819:
2665:
2574:
2538:
2524:
2461:
2391:
1967:
1588:
1305:
The boarding parties assembled on the decks of the two tugs as they entered the harbour.
1213:
1055:
1015:
988:
861:
238:
198:
3027:
2896:
2861:
2805:
2770:
2728:
2721:
2707:
2693:
2637:
2609:
2588:
2581:
2562:
2550:
2475:
2419:
2087:
2067:
1994:
1580:
1476:
1205:
1072:
922:
3068:
3048:
3041:
3013:
3001:
2987:
2882:
2833:
2756:
2749:
2714:
2686:
2616:
2555:
2517:
2468:
2447:
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2412:
2330:
2316:
2302:
2277:
2258:
2239:
2220:
2201:
2182:
2179:
Wartime Courage: Stories of Extraordinary Courage by Ordinary People in World War Two
2160:
2129:"How accurate is a new movie about the real-life spies who inspired Bond? We checked"
1437:
1186:
1028:
977:
692:
581:
566:
1492:
had been intercepted 230 miles (370 km) offshore and was being taken to Lagos.
2959:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2868:
2854:
2742:
2630:
2531:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2426:
1513:
1365:
As soon as they were ready, the charges were detonated, releasing the anchors, and
1356:
1201:
965:
789:
670:
383:
338:
232:
1417:, which in turn contacted Lagos, and a ship was dispatched to tow them into port.
1298:
to be invited to a dinner party; 12 Italian officers and two German officers from
1114:
30 kilometres (19 mi) off the coast of Africa near the border of Nigeria and
1101:
Gulf of Guinea. Fernando Po, now called Bioko, is the island nearest the mainland.
744:
2973:
2966:
2938:
2700:
2679:
2672:
2644:
2623:
2433:
1122:
1011:
992:
1309:, with March-Phillipps and his second in command Appleyard on board, headed for
3101:
2763:
1595:
1572:. For conspicuous efficiency in getting the ship under way, Lassen was given a
1562:
1550:
1414:
1407:
1229:
1221:
1003:
961:
882:
143:
80:
3090:
2847:
1565:
1449:
1442:
1136:
900:
841:
826:
809:
804:
799:
784:
769:
764:
754:
749:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
682:
665:
650:
640:
635:
571:
542:
512:
486:
481:
471:
466:
454:
175:
101:
88:
1270:
SOE agent Richard Lippett had obtained employment with the shipping company
2299:
Ian Fleming and SOE's Operation Postmaster: The Top Secret Story Behind 007
2174:
1941:
1501:
1466:
1291:
1166:
1097:
1084:
1052:
1036:
985:
816:
794:
677:
660:
645:
630:
625:
620:
610:
598:
576:
547:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
461:
442:
437:
425:
413:
408:
398:
388:
378:
373:
160:
2840:
2545:
1426:
1398:
reached the location for the rendezvous and was "captured" at sea by HMS
1185:. Approval for the military operation in a neutral port was given by the
1173:
739:
403:
393:
1232:
was also not in favour of the operation, nor was the British Embassy in
2217:
SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations
910:
774:
759:
2104:"The real spies who inspired 'The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare'"
1554:
1462:
1348:
1258:
1115:
270:
1509:
1247:
1158:
1080:
956:
was a British special operation conducted on the Spanish island of
2372:
1561:. Another commando, and the only professional sailor on the raid,
1539:
1406:, suffering from engine trouble, managed to contact the Nigerian
1217:
1129:
1287:
1263:
1233:
1225:
1169:
1162:
1107:
1032:
1007:
72:
1576:
in the field, and the immediate award of the Military Cross.
1557:
to his Military Cross; Lippett and Guise were each appointed
1283:
1154:
1139:
1065:
981:
980:
the Italian and German ships in the harbour and sail them to
588:
1612:
portrays a heavily fictionalized version of the operation.
1325:, which were moored together. Challenged by a watchman on
1106:
agents had become aware of three vessels in the port of
1290:
and boarding ships at sea under the command of Captain
1461:
In Germany radio stations reported that a..."British
265:
29 crew and one merchant ship with 2 boats captured
1192:To transport the raiders to the island, two tugs,
1051:, No. 62 Commando itself was under the command of
2255:Clandestine Sea Operations to Brittany: 1940–1944
3088:
2200:. Elite Series # 64. London: Osprey Publishing.
1047:(SOE). While being under operational control of
2274:Foreign Volunteers of the Allied Forces 1939–45
2021:. Commando Veterans Association. Archived from
1545:After the raid March-Phillipps was awarded the
2374:British Commando raids of the Second World War
2271:
976:(SOE) in January 1942. Their objective was to
2358:
2091:(Supplement). 19 February 1946. p. 1048.
2071:(Supplement). 4 September 1945. p. 4469.
1500:was left in Lagos and eventually sold to the
960:, now known as Bioko, off West Africa in the
286:
2252:
1629:"Brixham Heritage Sailing Trawlers Archive,
3074:List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall
2313:Special Forces Hero: Anders Lassen VC, MC**
1121:The three ships were the Italian 8,500-ton
991:left Britain in August 1941 and sailed the
16:Naval operation during the Second World War
2365:
2351:
293:
279:
41:
2233:
2101:
1998:(Supplement). 24 July 1942. p. 3293.
1964:"Elder Dempster Lines, ships of the line"
1559:Member of the Order of the British Empire
151:
2195:
2081:
2061:
1988:
1909:
1907:
1861:
1859:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1347:
1257:
1096:
3112:Special Operations Executive operations
2272:Thomas, Nigel; McCouaig, Simon (1991).
1770:
1768:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1433:in charge of SOE, informed the British
166:
3089:
2253:Richards, Brooks; Foot, M R D (2002).
2154:
2126:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1673:
1671:
2346:
2181:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
2173:
1904:
1856:
1795:
1609:The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare
1601:
1064:a 65-ton Brixham yacht trawler, left
968:. The mission was carried out by the
300:
274:
2214:
2120:
2095:
1966:. Ships and Shipping. Archived from
1765:
1698:
1465:had entered the harbour and dropped
1373:out of the harbour. Eleven men from
3117:World War II British Commando raids
1712:
1668:
1504:government as a converted trawler.
1200:, were provided by the Governor of
13:
2291:
1579:March-Phillipps was killed during
14:
3143:
3107:20th century in Equatorial Guinea
3122:African theatres of World War II
2159:. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
2019:"CWGC headstone March-Phillipps"
1049:Combined Operations Headquarters
984:. The SSRF under the command of
204:
192:
168:
153:
136:
2075:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2011:
2002:
1982:
1956:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1786:
1777:
1756:
1031:started receiving reports that
2102:Blakemore, Erin (2024-04-23).
1730:
1689:
1680:
1659:
1650:
1621:
1452:described the operation as an
1272:John Holt & Co (Liverpool)
1:
2276:. London: Osprey Publishing.
2148:
1568:, was the first man to board
1479:issued their own communique:
1317:, were being paddled towards
1022:
2127:Zemler, Emily (2024-04-19).
1538:in 1947 and then sold it to
1420:
1045:Special Operations Executive
974:Special Operations Executive
226:Special Operations Executive
7:
2234:Messenger, Charles (1985).
2008:Thomas & McCouaig, p.14
1547:Distinguished Service Order
1161:fibre and over 1.1 million
10:
3148:
2238:. London: William Kimber.
1253:
1210:General Officer Commanding
1157:, 544,660 pounds of crude
3064:
2380:
1774:Richards & Foot, p.93
1695:Richards & Foot, p.92
1524:Ministry of War Transport
1262:Modern (2007) picture of
1110:on the Spanish island of
1041:Small Scale Raiding Force
1035:were using the rivers in
999:, to the Spanish colony.
970:Small Scale Raiding Force
312:
256:
221:Small Scale Raiding Force
214:
185:
129:
55:
40:
28:
23:
2198:Army Commandos 1940–1945
1615:
1549:, Hayes was awarded the
51:captured during the raid
47:The Italian cargo liner
2311:Harder, Thomas (2021).
2257:. New York: Routledge.
2236:The Commandos 1940–1946
2219:. New York: Routledge.
2196:Chappell, Mike (1996).
2155:Binney, Marcus (2006).
1744:. The National Archives
1598:for his actions there.
230:local volunteers 17 men
2215:Foot, Michael (2004).
1486:
1459:
1362:
1267:
1102:
186:Commanders and leaders
35:Battle of the Atlantic
1942:"Empire U, V W, Y, Z"
1481:
1472:Völkischer Beobachter
1454:
1377:had managed to board
1354:Flower-class corvette
1351:
1261:
1189:on 20 November 1941.
1100:
257:Casualties and losses
2325:Owen, James (2012).
2297:Lett, Brian (2012).
1944:. World Ship Society
1585:solitary confinement
1532:Elder Dempster Lines
1512:and then managed by
954:Operation Postmaster
24:Operation Postmaster
1853:Messenger, pp.54–55
1589:Special Air Service
1534:, which renamed it
1530:was managed by the
1214:West Africa Command
1128:, the large German
1056:Gus March-Phillipps
989:Gus March-Phillipps
344:Blockade of Germany
252:ship's crew unknown
247:ship's crew unknown
199:Gus March-Phillipps
102:3.76111°N 8.78056°E
98: /
2088:The London Gazette
2068:The London Gazette
2052:Binney, pp.167–168
1995:The London Gazette
1901:Binney, pp.148–149
1844:Binney, pp.137–139
1817:Binney, pp.130–131
1762:Binney, pp.126–127
1602:In popular culture
1581:Operation Aquatint
1553:, and Appleyard a
1477:Naval Intelligence
1363:
1268:
1206:Bernard Bourdillon
1103:
1073:Geoffrey Appleyard
3097:Conflicts in 1942
3082:
3081:
3069:British Commandos
2335:978-1-4087-0302-1
2321:978-1-78159-000-3
2307:978-1-5267-8751-4
2188:978-0-7475-9607-3
2166:978-0-340-82910-3
2157:Secret War Heroes
2133:Los Angeles Times
1438:Winston Churchill
1429:, the government
1282:The raiders left
1033:German submarines
1029:British Admiralty
948:
947:
304:Atlantic campaign
269:
268:
125:
124:
3139:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2287:
2268:
2249:
2230:
2211:
2192:
2170:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1938:
1932:
1931:Messenger, p. 55
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1710:
1707:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1635:. Archived from
1625:
1570:Duchessa d'Aosta
1514:Canadian Pacific
1490:Duchessa d'Aosta
1387:Duchessa d'Aosta
1379:Duchessa d'Aosta
1341:to take her and
1311:Duchessa d'Aosta
1296:Duchessa d'Aosta
1276:Duchessa d'Aosta
1183:Duchessa d'Aosta
1147:Duchessa d'Aosta
1126:Duchessa d'Aosta
1093:
1016:Duchessa d'Aosta
966:Second World War
339:Northern Barrage
307:
305:
295:
288:
281:
272:
271:
239:Duchessa d'Aosta
233:HMS Violet (K35)
209:
208:
207:
197:
196:
195:
178:
174:
172:
171:
163:
159:
157:
156:
142:
140:
139:
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:3.76111; 8.78056
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
57:
56:
49:Duchessa d'Aosta
45:
21:
20:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3060:
2376:
2371:
2340:
2294:
2292:Further reading
2284:
2265:
2246:
2227:
2208:
2189:
2167:
2151:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2100:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2025:on 12 June 2011
2017:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1970:on 18 July 2011
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:Messenger, p.53
1726:
1713:
1708:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1604:
1506:Duchess d'Aosta
1423:
1385:started to tow
1369:started to tow
1256:
1123:merchant vessel
1091:
1062:Maid of Honour,
1025:
1012:merchant vessel
993:Brixham trawler
972:(SSRF) and the
951:
950:
949:
944:
351:
308:
303:
301:
299:
248:
243:
231:
229:
224:
205:
203:
193:
191:
181:
169:
167:
154:
152:
137:
135:
121:British victory
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
85:
84:
83:
63:14 January 1942
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3132:Spanish Guinea
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2323:
2309:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2269:
2263:
2250:
2244:
2231:
2225:
2212:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2119:
2094:
2074:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2010:
2001:
1981:
1955:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1764:
1755:
1729:
1711:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1677:Chappell, p.48
1667:
1658:
1649:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1606:The 2024 film
1603:
1600:
1596:Victoria Cross
1551:Military Cross
1508:was sailed to
1498:Maid of Honour
1435:prime minister
1422:
1419:
1255:
1252:
1230:Foreign Office
1222:George Giffard
1137:diesel-powered
1089:Maid of Honour
1077:Maid of Honour
1024:
1021:
1004:Foreign Office
997:Maid of Honour
962:Gulf of Guinea
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
890:
885:
874:
873:
872:
871:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
601:
596:
591:
586:
579:
574:
569:
567:2nd Happy Time
564:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
509:
508:
501:
499:Denmark Strait
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
445:
440:
429:
428:
423:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
384:1st Happy Time
381:
376:
365:
364:
353:
352:
346:
341:
336:
335:
334:
329:
324:
313:
310:
309:
298:
297:
290:
283:
275:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
242:ship's crew 46
235:
217:
216:
212:
211:
210:Captain Specht
201:
188:
187:
183:
182:
180:
179:
164:
148:
146:
144:United Kingdom
132:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
81:Spanish Guinea
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
38:
37:
31:SOE operations
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3144:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:1942 in Spain
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2283:1-85532-136-X
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2264:0-7146-5316-0
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2245:0-7183-0553-1
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2226:0-7146-5528-7
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2207:1-85532-579-9
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Brown, Gordon
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1922:Binney, p.146
1919:
1913:Binney, p.148
1910:
1908:
1898:
1892:Binney, p.147
1889:
1883:Binney, p.144
1880:
1874:Binney, p.143
1871:
1865:Binney, p.149
1862:
1860:
1850:
1841:
1835:Binney, p.136
1832:
1826:Binney, p.135
1823:
1814:
1808:Binney, p.129
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1792:Binney, p.132
1789:
1783:Binney, p.128
1780:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1743:
1742:The Catalogue
1739:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1709:Binney, p.125
1706:
1704:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1665:Binney, p.124
1662:
1656:Binney, p.121
1653:
1639:on 2021-09-19
1638:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:Anders Lassen
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:depth charges
1464:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1450:Serrano Suñer
1446:
1444:
1443:Colin Gubbins
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
964:, during the
963:
959:
955:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:
921:
920:
919:
918:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
896:
891:
889:
888:26 April 1944
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
870:
869:Bay of Biscay
867:
866:
865:
864:
860:
858:
857:SL 140/MKS 31
855:
853:
852:SL 139/MKS 30
850:
848:
847:SL 138/MKS 28
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:ONS 20/ON 206
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:ONS 18/ON 202
820:
818:
815:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:HX 229/SC 122
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Torpedo Alley
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:
558:
557:
556:
555:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
507:
506:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
494:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
453:
452:
451:
450:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
427:
424:
422:
421:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
369:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:United States
320:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
306:
296:
291:
289:
284:
282:
277:
276:
273:
264:
261:
260:
255:
251:
246:
241:
240:
236:
234:
227:
222:
219:
218:
213:
202:
200:
190:
189:
184:
177:
165:
162:
150:
149:
147:
145:
134:
133:
128:
120:
117:
116:
111:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3084:
3054:
3049:Twin Pimples
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3009:Sidi Haneish
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2597:Cold Comfort
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2570:Litani River
2563:
2556:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2339:
2326:
2312:
2298:
2273:
2254:
2235:
2216:
2197:
2178:
2156:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2122:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2097:
2086:
2077:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2013:
2004:
1993:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1918:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1788:
1779:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1691:
1682:
1661:
1652:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:the original
1630:
1623:
1607:
1605:
1578:
1569:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1519:Empire Yukon
1518:
1505:
1502:Sierra Leone
1497:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1424:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1292:Graham Hayes
1281:
1275:
1269:
1266:from the air
1264:Santa Isabel
1245:Flower-class
1239:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1181:and disable
1178:
1167:electrolytic
1146:
1142:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1108:Santa Isabel
1104:
1088:
1085:Sierra Leone
1076:
1061:
1060:
1037:Vichy French
1027:In 1941 the
1026:
1014:
1001:
996:
953:
952:
940:7–8 May 1945
935:5–6 May 1945
930:Point Judith
923:
916:
915:
894:
876:
875:
862:
733:
732:
688:27 September
671:
604:
582:
560:
559:
553:
552:
504:
492:
448:
431:
430:
419:
367:
366:
355:
354:
332:St. Lawrence
249:
244:
237:
130:Belligerents
73:Santa Isabel
48:
3036:Thistledown
2814:Houndsworth
2456:Abercrombie
2083:"No. 37476"
2063:"No. 37254"
2043:Brown, p.62
1990:"No. 35645"
1948:1 September
1686:Foot, p.167
1631:Maid Honour
1427:Hugh Dalton
1112:Fernando Po
1079:arrived at
958:Fernando Po
893:Capture of
656:Bell Island
605:Connecticut
420:Nordseetour
362:River Plate
105: /
77:Fernando Po
3091:Categories
2982:Roundabout
2947:Postmaster
2786:Gunnerside
2737:Fahrenheit
2400:Ambassador
2386:Abstention
2149:References
2138:2024-09-16
2113:2024-09-16
1643:2021-05-07
1593:posthumous
1574:commission
1337:alongside
1302:attended.
1023:Background
561:Postmaster
493:Rheinübung
3022:Speedwell
2996:Saxifrage
2954:Partridge
2905:Narcissus
2891:Musketoon
2828:Infatuate
2821:Huckaback
2667:Driftwood
2653:Checkmate
2576:Candytuft
2540:Barricade
2526:Bulbasket
2463:Acid Drop
2393:Agreement
1542:in 1948.
1463:destroyer
1421:Aftermath
1415:semaphore
1357:HMS
1187:Admiralty
863:Stonewall
837:Sept-Îles
790:Black May
693:SG 6/LN 6
349:Gibraltar
327:Caribbean
93:8°46′50″E
90:3°45′40″N
3029:Tarbrush
2898:Myrmidon
2863:Keystone
2807:Hawthorn
2793:Hardtack
2772:Gauntlet
2730:Freshman
2723:Frankton
2709:Exporter
2695:Deep Cut
2639:Crackers
2611:Colossus
2590:Claymore
2583:Chestnut
2564:Branford
2551:Hill 170
2477:Astrakan
2421:Aquatint
2327:Commando
2177:(2008).
1522:for the
1510:Greenock
1431:minister
1404:Nuneaton
1367:Nuneaton
1345:in tow.
1335:Nuneaton
1315:Nuneaton
1248:corvette
1198:Nuneaton
1159:asbestos
1135:, and a
1081:Freetown
924:Teardrop
883:Lyme Bay
594:27 March
505:Bismarck
317:Americas
215:Strength
68:Location
33:and the
29:Part of
3055:Wallace
3043:Tombola
3015:Sunstar
3003:Savanna
2989:Rumford
2940:Opossum
2884:Manacle
2842:Jubilee
2835:Jaywick
2758:Foxrock
2751:Farrier
2716:Flipper
2688:Dunhill
2660:Chopper
2625:Chariot
2618:Cartoon
2557:Bristle
2519:Begonia
2470:Albumen
2449:Archway
2442:Amherst
2414:Archery
2108:History
1974:25 June
1748:16 June
1563:Private
1540:Liberia
1536:Malakel
1528:Likomba
1516:as the
1408:collier
1371:Likomba
1343:Burundi
1339:Likomba
1331:Burundi
1327:Burundi
1323:Burundi
1319:Likomba
1300:Likomba
1288:Folbots
1254:Mission
1218:General
1202:Nigeria
1179:Likomba
1174:captain
1143:Bibundi
1133:Likomba
1070:Captain
672:Laconia
583:Neuland
477:4 April
250:Likomba
245:Bibundi
161:Germany
2961:Pistol
2926:Nicety
2919:Newton
2912:Nelson
2870:Loyton
2856:Kitbag
2779:Grouse
2744:Forfar
2632:Canuck
2604:Collar
2546:Bardia
2533:Brandy
2512:Batman
2505:Bigamy
2498:Biting
2491:Basalt
2484:Baobab
2428:Aflame
2407:Anklet
2333:
2319:
2305:
2280:
2261:
2242:
2223:
2204:
2185:
2163:
2029:3 June
1411:Ilorin
1400:Violet
1396:Vulcan
1383:Vulcan
1375:Vulcan
1359:Violet
1307:Vulcan
1240:Violet
1234:Madrid
1226:piracy
1212:(GOC)
1204:, Sir
1194:Vulcan
1170:copper
1163:ingots
1151:Allied
1116:Guinea
1008:London
911:BX 141
901:HX 300
842:ON 207
827:SC 143
810:SC 130
805:SC 129
800:HX 237
785:HX 231
770:HX 228
765:SC 121
755:ON 166
750:SC 118
728:ON 154
723:ON 153
718:ON 144
713:SC 107
708:SL 125
703:HX 212
698:SC 104
683:SC 100
666:ON 127
651:ON 122
641:ON 115
636:ON 113
616:6 June
543:HX 156
513:HX 133
487:HX 126
482:OB 318
472:HX 112
467:OB 293
455:HX 106
449:Berlin
223:11 men
173:
158:
141:
118:Result
3102:Bioko
2975:Roast
2968:Rimau
2877:Maple
2800:Hardy
2702:Devon
2681:Defoe
2674:Dryad
2646:Chess
2435:Anglo
1616:Notes
1457:arms.
1284:Lagos
1155:copra
1140:barge
1092:'
1066:Poole
1053:Major
986:Major
982:Lagos
978:board
906:WEP 3
895:U-505
817:Faith
795:ONS 5
775:UGS 6
745:SG 19
678:SQ 36
661:QS 33
646:SC 94
631:QS 15
626:SL 78
621:HG 84
611:ON 92
599:OG 82
589:ON 67
577:SC 67
548:HG 76
538:SC 48
533:HG 73
528:SC 42
523:OG 71
518:OG 69
462:HG 53
443:SC 20
438:SC 19
426:HX 90
414:HX 84
409:HX 79
399:HX 72
389:HX 65
379:HX 49
374:HX 47
228:4 men
176:Italy
2933:Noah
2765:Gaff
2331:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2031:2010
1976:2010
1950:2010
1750:2010
1352:The
1321:and
1243:, a
1238:HMS
1220:Sir
1196:and
917:1945
877:1944
760:UC 1
740:TM 1
734:1943
554:1942
432:1941
404:SC 7
394:SC 2
368:1940
356:1939
262:None
60:Date
2849:J V
1555:Bar
1413:by
1165:of
1130:tug
1006:in
75:,
3093::
2329:.
2315:.
2301:.
2131:.
2106:.
2085:.
2065:.
1992:.
1906:^
1858:^
1797:^
1767:^
1740:.
1714:^
1700:^
1670:^
1526:.
1402:.
1216:,
1145:.
1118:.
1083:,
1058:.
995:,
79:,
2366:e
2359:t
2352:v
2286:.
2267:.
2248:.
2229:.
2210:.
2191:.
2169:.
2141:.
2116:.
2033:.
1978:.
1952:.
1752:.
1646:.
1633:"
294:e
287:t
280:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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