645:, which was used to seal all documents passing through his office. He also sealed documents signed by the monarch, and could refuse to seal a document that he considered illegal or damaging to the state (such documents had no force without his seal). When the King died, the seal was destroyed at his funeral and a new one was issued to the Chancellor by the late King's successor. Therefore, the Chancellors were considered the guardians of the King and state, ensuring that the King's folly would not endanger the state by forcing it into an unnecessary war (the wars that were prevented by the Chancellors included a great crusade against the
3012:
1262:(ambassador), Giorgio Paolo Mucante: "Each dish was first given, with a bow, by the Master of the Kitchen to the Carver, who passed it to the Pantler. The latter dipped a prepared piece of bread into the dish, touched it to his tongue, then discarded it into a nearby silver bin. It took quite a while before the King and the Cardinal could begin eating, as they had to bear with all the ceremonies. The Carver bowed so often that I truly think that during the feast he bowed at least 3,000 times."
2012:—chose Chamberlains, District Judges, Deputy District Judges, District Clerks, and in Lithuania also Standard-bearers and District Marshals). Chamberlains, except for the name, had nothing in common with the Court officials of the same name. They administered a court of law (the Chamberlain's Court) which had jurisdiction over property disputes. The District Judge headed the District Court, which had jurisdiction over civil and some criminal matters involving local nobility.
1103:) was the official responsible for safeguarding the Royal Treasury, where the royal insignia were kept. The keys to the Treasury were held by the Great Treasurer and six voivods, and without each of them, the Treasury could not be opened. Traditionally, the Crown Keeper was chosen from among the priests of Kraków Cathedral. The Lithuanian Keeper was actually called a Treasurer (
512:). In exchange, all Chancellor nominations were heralded by the Marshals. If no Marshal was present, his functions were carried out by a Grand Treasurer or secular Grand Chancellor. On formal occasions and during travel, where appropriate, a Marshal with his staff of office preceded the King. Close after the Marshals in the hierarchy were the Chancellors.
2705:
was the city treasurer, who oversaw its finances. He supervised the officials who controlled marketplace scales to ensure fair trade. Large cities also had scores of less common officials, such as
Pipemasters, responsible for pipes and wells; Fire Chiefs; and City Translators, who assisted foreigners
2664:
In 1717 the "Numb Diet" barred non-Roman
Catholics from being elected Envoys (to the Parliament), and to any other land offices if there was another Roman Catholic contender. The rights of the "Dissidents", as they were called, were reinstated in 1768, and in 1772 their representation in the Diet was
1242:
Second in importance was the
Pantler, who began setting the table. During feasts, he directed the setting of the dishes, aided by the Steward. The Carver finished setting the table with plates and utensils, and during the feast carved all the dishes that required the knife. After carving, he tasted
1224:
Official court posts are the most difficult to describe. Some court officials held responsibilities important to both the court and the country; the functions of others evolved over the centuries. In time (generally by the end of the 17th century), the titles of most had become merely honorary, and
600:
was called the Grand
Metrykant, the Vice-Chancellor's was the Lesser Metrykant. The Chancelleries' staffs, like the Chancellors, received no wages, but the middle of each reception room featured a box into which clients were expected to deposit varying amounts of money, and no one who planned to
2582:
Judges were chosen from among the local hereditary nobles and had little formal training; therefore the quality of the courts varied from judge to judge, and levels of corruption were high. Attorneys, on the other hand, were required to have professional training. Sometimes a court included an
501:
When the King traveled, Marshals supervised the local
Voivodes. The Marshals decided who would be admitted to royal audience. They were the organizers and masters of royal and court ceremonies (including weddings, funerals and the like). They were the masters of the court, kept track of lesser
678:
Last among the ministers were the Grand
Treasurers. They kept accounts of the state finances, cash flow and State Treasury, and controlled the minting of coin. Since, like the Chancellors, they received no wages, corruption ran rampant and a sizable portion of state finances was lost in their
2923:: even though these offices were only honorary, without any material privileges and salaries, they determined social status of their bearers. Furthermore, having a title, albeit fictional, emphasized the position of an individual nobleman as a keen citizen and co-creator of the Commonwealth.
2681:
Every city (without exception) had a
Council and a Bench, the Council being the administrative branch and the Bench the judicial branch. A new Council was chosen by the old one whose term had expired. The Council was responsible for administration, law, privileges, security, finances, guild
670:
upon themselves, which meant that Poland herself very rarely declared wars. Usually she was attacked by her neighbors, and while she repelled all attacks till the end of the 18th century, she almost never exploited her victories. The army was undermanned and underequipped (since usually any
2689:
The Mayor headed the
Council and controlled the executive branch. He was responsible for conciliation, the care of the poor, and maintaining order by suppressing alcohol abuse and games of chance. Second to the Mayor was the Council Clerk, who ran the City Chancellery. The City Clerk
69:
either in person or through the Lower Sejm (consisting of deputies representing their lands). The nobility's constitutional domination of the state made the King very weak and the commoners (burgesses and peasants) almost entirely unrepresented in the
Commonwealth's political system.
2716:
City Chief
Executioners executed not only criminals sentenced by the Bench, but often criminals sentenced by other non-military courts in Poland. They were well paid, sometimes functioned as physicians, but were also often considered social outcasts and lived outside the city walls.
683:, who while a Grand Treasurer (1650–1658) was offered a Chancellor's post, which he accepted in 1658. He bribed the members of the Parliament to grant him "absolution", and when one of them later opposed him, he asked, curious: "Who's this son of a bitch that I failed to pay off?"
1057:
could be a Great Secretary. These functionaries were considered more consequential than any district or court official, with the exception of the Court Marshal. They could act as Chancellors when no Chancellor was in attendance. They dealt with secret letters; in
1193:, created 1579) and was headed by a Tribunal President and a Marshal. The Marshal was chosen from and by the judges themselves, while the President dealt with ecclesiastic matters (and was himself a high-ranking priest). There was also a Lithuanian Tribunal (
1631:. They allocated their military budgets as they saw fit. As the highest military commanders and administrators, hetmans made administrative and juridical law concerning the military; from 1590, such law had the same force as the Sejm's legislation.
423:). Court Marshals were considered subordinate to Grand Marshals. Lithuanian ministers, while vested with the same powers as Crown Ministers, were considered below them in precedence. Hetmans were also considered "Ministers" but had no seat in the
2071:
s (elders). District marshals presided over local parliaments (in the "Crown", District Marshals were chosen only for the duration of the parliament session, and so were much less powerful than those of Lithuania, who were chosen for life).
1714:
The Great Guard directed the scout forces while on the march and in camp and commanded the advance guard (however, if both Hetmans were present, the Field Hetman acted as Great Guard). Field Guards were found only on the eastern borders.
535:) were doubled (Chancellors of the Crown, for the Crown of Poland, and Chancellors of Lithuania). The Chancellor and his respective Vice-Chancellor (who was not a direct subordinate of the Chancellor) were responsible for the work of two
1228:
Court officials may be divided into those who served the King, and those who ensured the smooth running of his court (in the 16th century, comprising some 1,000–1,500 persons). Since the first group were not subject to the principle of
262:
The power of the Voivodes had declined since that title had been introduced about the 12th century; in the 17th century, however, they were still the highest regional dignitaries. They were the highest representatives of their
2673:
These offices were very stable, having evolved about the 13th century and lasting almost unchanged to the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The administrative system had come from Germany together with
1239:. Of those who served the King, the most important was the Master of the Kitchen, who supervised the kitchen staff and equipment and the preparation of foods. During feasts, he announced the successive dishes.
1077:(hence their name) to the King. They also acted as judges in cases involving peasants from the King's lands, and often acted as Assessors at other courts. Close to the office of Referendary was that of the "
1616:. As with most offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, "hetman" was a job for life and its holder could not be removed even if he was a poor commander. Until the beginning of the 18th century,
675:
when an enemy was not on the Commonwealth's doorstep was labeled as warmongering) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's lands were constantly ravaged by new invasions that crippled the economy.
3381:
3117:
1216:. Other less important dignitaries named by the King or Sejm to deal with specific short-term questions were called "commissars", "lustrates", "revisers", "delegates", "legates" or "deputies."
1096:)—one for the Crown, three for Lithuania. It was their task to clarify royal decrees and send letters to those dignitaries who must hear of them. They often acted as ambassadors and Assessors.
1254:. The first tasted of the drinks, poured them and ordered them; the second, upon receiving them from the former, served them to the King. A description of a 1596 banquet in the reign of King
2042:), which dealt with most criminal matters and had jurisdiction over all local and visiting nobility. They dealt with the most severe cases (killings, rapes, robberies) and were quite harsh (
679:
pockets. If a Treasurer moved to another post, he was obliged to render accounts of his disbursements, and if he died, his family were required to produce them. A telling story is that of
1656:), since they had evolved from commanders of permanent garrisons on Poland's southeastern borders (a great school of warfare, since it was an area almost constantly under attack by the
1073:), 2 secular and 2 ecclesiastic, one each for the Crown and for Lithuania. They rarely left the royal court, and their duties consisted in hearing petitions and complaints, which they
2579:
In the eastern territories bordering on Russia, from 1667, a "Border Judge" cooperated with Russian judges in cases involving parties from the two countries; his rulings were final.
584:) presented the ready letters to the King for signature. The Scriptors drafted the letters, the clerks prepared the final copies. The documents were also copied into books called "
2919:, with a complex hierarchy of all kinds of regional offices. The existence of fictional titles was the result of the special role of offices in the minds of the Polish–Lithuanian
2915:
Despite the fact that these territories did not belong to the Commonwealth any longer, and were under foreign rule, their administration existed for further 100 years, until the
1085:
s were tasked with uncovering and dealing with crimes against the King and the country, and were authorized to prosecute any dignitary save the King. They had deputies known as "
2034:. These were to be kept in good financial and military order. While in time these administrative responsibilities became smaller (as Kings gave away more and more land), the
3155:
2985:
2686:
or Voivode could only listen to the Mayor's swearing-in and could not refuse to give him his seal. The Council met daily in the larger cities, less often in smaller ones.
3110:
2001:
Voivodeships the hierarchical order was almost reversed. Each province or district had its own set of officials—a list of provinces may be found in the article on
3091:
Piotr Konieczny, 163xPolishTitles, Officials in 1st Rzeczpospolita – article discussing organisation of officialdome in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, doc format
236:
meetings, giving signs (by moving a cross) that conveyed how the Archbishop wished his allies to vote. The Archbishop of Gniezno had two deputies: the bishops of
343:. Ministers were comparable to modern central-government officials. They were 10 officials (5 for the Crown of Poland, 5 for Lithuania). The Ministers were the
3103:
610:
1000:
503:
457:
449:
3275:
2286:
2176:
3310:
909:
2980:
1011:
714:
s. It should be remembered that, in those times, goods—as well as people—were taxed not only at borders but at bridges, crossroads and city gates.
3172:
3167:
1735:
The combat readiness of troops was overseen by Inspectors General (however, it is unclear exactly when "in the 17th century" they were created).
293:). Each chose a Deputy Voivode, who was responsible for setting local prices and measures. Voivodes were chosen by the King, except for those of
3080:
3041:
1402:
1125:
In principle, Polish–Lithuanian officials enjoyed life tenure. Of several notable exceptions to that rule, the most important involved the
3228:
619:
572:
2713:. He and the other Bench members were chosen by the Council for a year's term from among lesser city officials (writers, clerks, etc.).
228:" article, giving the country the right to legally depose the King. From among other senators, he chose his own court marshal (often a
217:, i.e., as interim head of state until a new king could be elected. He represented the country and prepared elections for a new king.
3270:
3223:
3148:
539:, a Major and a Minor. These were expected to be in constant contact and to develop common policies. Their responsibilities included
908:. The number of Voivodes slowly increased when new Voivodeships were created; at its greatest extent, the Commonwealth had 37. See
3348:
3298:
3250:
2002:
3090:
2057:
Standard-bearers carried the local banner during Royal ceremonies, and in war when local troops served in the Army. During war,
3263:
3243:
1994:
87:
1305:
and many other dignitaries, of progressively less importance, dealing with matters such as food supplies, transportation, etc.
432:
A Marshal's duties consisted in providing security to the King and keeping order where he was present. Marshals commanded two
3258:
3210:
3200:
1296:
Court Treasurer – managed the King's finances, kept accounts of his personal treasure, and supervised the court's treasures;
3340:
3315:
1243:
them (by the 17th century, this was merely a tradition, left over from the days when this official used to detect poison).
2694:) collected city taxes and supervised the tax collectors. Security and order in the city were the responsibility of the
1302:
Kapelan (Royal Chaplain) – conducted court masses, supervised the liturgical treasures, and oversaw the court musicians;
2873:
1985:
A 1611 Constitution (amended 1633 and 1635) prescribed many officials. Exceptions to the rule, however, were the rule;
949:, whose position in the hierarchy was actually superior to that of a Voivode. The Castellans were of three categories:
28:
3376:
3063:
177:
3034:
1652:)—"Great" and "Field." Field Hetmans were subordinate to Great Hetmans, and were sometimes called "Border Hetmans" (
3160:
2724:
and was the administrative, executive and judicial chief for the village, responsible only to the village's owner.
656:
The Chancellor's powers tended to be reinforced by the fact that wars required funds that were appropriated by the
62:
3238:
3126:
2955:
2050:
s also held the "power of the sword", which meant that they enforced the verdicts of all other courts. Non-City
3143:
2665:
limited to a statutory of two members. These rules were finally abolished in 1792 by the 3rd May Constitution.
3333:
2872:
Fictional or fictitious offices were a specific kind of offices, as they referred to the territories which
2698:. He also supervised the city jail and the keyman who unlocked and locked the city gates at dawn and dusk.
630:) and writer. In the 17th century, each such court was enlarged to include four assessors; and, in 1775, a
1704:. These officers were salaried (the Lithuanian Field Guard, Field Clerk and Quartermaster received 15,000
3177:
2560:
and in his absence acted in his name with all his powers. Lower city officials were the Borough Regent (
301:
Voivode, who were elected by (and from) the local nobility (but still had to be appointed by the King).
224:
session, if he deemed it important to do so, even in the absence of the King. He could also invoke the "
3355:
3024:
680:
1133:
meetings and could suggest, but not determine, the subject of a meeting. Traditionally, the post of
3386:
3028:
3020:
2682:
oversight, and the like. The Council chose the Mayor, and its members' decision was final—even the
1154:
189:
181:
99:
46:
20:
1721:
The Quartermasters selected campsites, built the camps, and provided logistics and camp security.
1269:
Szambelan (Chamberlain) – in charge of the King's court and the domestic economy on Crown estates;
3195:
1023:
641:
The Chancellor often gave speeches representing the royal will. The symbol of his office was the
112:
3095:
2046:
was punishable with death), which generally made Poland a safer country than its neighbors. The
1309:
The Queen had her own court, staffed with women; its influence in the country was much smaller.
3045:
650:
95:
1998:
2927:
2909:
580:
divided the work among the clerks. Two Secretaries (one for private, the other for official,
200:
24:
2063:
s maintained order and security in their territories. In Lithuania, the responsibilities of
1993:
had only 4 of the 15 prescribed dignitaries; most northern voivodeships had about 5; and in
1718:
The Field Clerks kept accounts of men, equipment and weapons, and paid the soldiers' wages.
3328:
3205:
2935:
2916:
2905:
1361:
1081:"—what today would be termed a State Prosecutor. One each for Crown and for Lithuania, the
8:
2959:
2893:
1299:
Sekretarze Królewscy (Royal Secretaries) – dealt with the King's personal correspondence;
309:
259:. Other Castellans, however, were considered to be lesser dignitaries than the Voivodes.
2587:, who assisted the judge and collected fines and fees. Prosecutors were extremely rare.
2008:
District officials were appointed by the King, with a few exceptions (local parliaments—
1990:
1663:
The Hetmans chose a commissioner for a two-year period who commanded the Commonwealth's
281:). They were in charge of assembling local nobility's military forces in the event of a
3187:
3081:
Urzędy główne i sejmowanie do połowy XVIII w. "Dzieje administracji w Polsce w zarysie"
2901:
2897:
2889:
1950:
1936:
1623:
Hetmans were very independent; they could maintain their own foreign contacts with the
1255:
336:
283:
165:
1233:, they often held another title, usually that of a lesser district official such as a
1066:. The Great Secretaries often acted as Assessors and were called "innate Assessors."
2881:
1225:
the King had to create another set of officials to deal with those responsibilities.
547:
536:
213:
208:
204:
42:
1673:
289:
3293:
3218:
2975:
1728:
1637 – General of Artillery (responsible for artillery forces and their logistics);
1476:
658:
567:
331:
196:
149:
1014:
for details. After 1668, though there was no law explicitly forbidding it, no non
550:" (Crown and Lithuanian, Major and Minor). The Chancelleries were staffed with a "
335:" ("incompatibility") forbade Voivodes and Castellans to hold a second title as a
3084:
2885:
2207:
2043:
1015:
672:
623:
615:
524:
185:
173:
141:
16:
Organizational and administrative structure of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3320:
3283:
2995:
2963:
2877:
1973:
1624:
1186:
646:
540:
475:
466:
308:
of Kraków Land (which has its seat in a privileged city, as the Commonwealth's
58:
38:
3370:
2675:
2022:("General Starosta") was the official in charge of a specific territory. The
1956:
1657:
686:
Grand Treasurers supervised lesser officials such as the Master of the Mint (
642:
581:
502:
courtiers, and (where applicable) set their salaries. Each Marshal wielded a
487:
129:
125:
35:
2836:
1149:
1018:
were nominated to the senatorial offices. Even the 1717 laws did not forbid
2820:
1705:
1641:
1380:
1369:
1259:
1174:
1161:
1143:
1063:
791:
520:
491:
445:
133:
54:
725:
515:
From 1507, the title of Grand Chancellor of the Crown was rotated between
1902:
1335:
1328:
1265:
A second set of dignitaries was headed by the Court Marshal (see above):
905:
312:
until 1596), Castellans were often considered subordinate to Voivodes. A
264:
79:
1049:
The most important such officials were the Great Secretaries (singular:
2031:
1354:
1019:
942:
318:
316:
was in charge of part of a Voivodeship (till the 15th century called a
137:
2591:
s maintained order and security on court grounds, and a court runner (
2367:
2156:
1484:
945:). Their number also varied. The most important Castellan was that of
237:
168:(central officials). The list of dignitaries eligible to serve in the
65:(Voivodes, Castellans, Ministers, Bishops) and the rest of hereditary
2939:
2357:
2128:
1922:
1912:
1731:
1670s – General of Logistics; General of Medics; General of Finances.
1435:
1428:
1343:
1168:) existed only during sessions of the Commonwealth's parliament (the
934:
917:
826:
605:
555:
313:
305:
229:
203:. From 1572, the first time that Poland had been without a king (the
161:
83:
2852:
2393:
2166:
1636:
1495:
1290:
958:
946:
294:
256:
241:
3135:
2990:
2951:
2920:
2848:
2618:
2541:
2532:
2413:
2403:
2309:
2259:
2197:
2146:
2091:
2017:
1964:
1644:. There were two kinds of hetman (in addition to the division into
1469:
1413:
1391:
1283:
1276:
1235:
901:
891:
758:
663:
508:
495:
437:
433:
220:
In addition, the Archbishop of Gniezno had the power to call a new
103:
91:
66:
1141:("provinces" – major divisions) of the Republic, or Commonwealth:
666:
who controlled the Senate were usually loath to increase and levy
626:
courts). Each such court was staffed by a secretary, Referendary (
3125:
2947:
2943:
2299:
2118:
1970:
1928:
1664:
1461:
1454:
1443:
1420:
962:
516:
486:
such as drawing a weapon in the King's presence, the penalty was
441:
322:, and thereafter divided into provinces for Major Castellans and
298:
248:
157:
2030:("Non-City Starosta") was responsible for administration of the
1293:) – organized hunts, guarded the royal forests against poachers;
2931:
2059:
1942:
1894:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1591:
1054:
1007:
966:
479:
425:
340:
323:
278:
269:
153:
1110:
From 1647, the ministers were joined by a Postmaster General (
2003:
provinces and geography of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1272:
Chorąży Wielki (Standard-bearer) – carried the King's banner;
1197:) and Crown and Lithuanian Treasury courts, created in 1613 (
667:
483:
1986:
1062:
they read out letters of the King's and resolutions of the
50:
3382:
Government officials of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2876:
lost in the second half of the 17th century either to the
596:
s", each, in Poland and Lithuania. The Grand Chancellor's
232:). That person acted as the Archbishop's messenger during
2986:
Order of precedence in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
494:
over all crimes committed against the royal court and by
107:
2942:. Polish kings continued to present fictional titles of
2598:
1724:
After 1635, several new military titles were created:
1205:). Salaries for all judges were set at Sejm meetings.
1122:), the supervisor of the Royal Post, founded in 1547.
1042:-related officials were not entitled to a vote in the
2026:("City Starosta") was in charge of cities, while the
1667:
troops. Below the Hetmans were Deputy Hetmans titled
1029:
706:
s (overseer of customs officers), customs officers (
2727:
78:
The Commonwealth's administrative system was a pre-
53:. The Commonwealth was governed by the Parliament (
1153:("Lesser Poland"), in the "Polish Crown"; and the
1989:rules were treated as mere recommendations. Thus
1517:– Court and Lithuanian Regent of the Chancellery;
273:. They were the leaders of the Land Parliaments (
3368:
3033:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1001:Castellans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2525:
1917:– Commander of an infantry or cavalry regiment;
1684:were accompanied by a staff of officers titled
1137:Marshal rotated among Senators from the three
910:Voivodes of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
184:were transformed into the confederal state of
3111:
2981:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2536:. He was supported by a Borough Substarosta (
1408:– Crown and Lithuanian Master of the Kitchen;
1386:– Crown and Lithuanian Court Standard-bearer;
1375:– Crown and Lithuanian Grand Standard-bearer;
1286:) – in charge of the King's stables and stud;
1012:Bishops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
717:
506:, which he had received from the Chancellor (
1885:– Crown and Lithuanian General of Artillery;
1185:The highest court for nobles was called the
1026:known as "dyssydents" to sit in the Senate.
900:) – an ancient dignity, merged with that of
2668:
1738:
3118:
3104:
2954:of Czernihow to their courtiers. In 1785,
1501:– Crown and Lithuanian Master of the Hunt;
1182:), who kept the records of Sejm meetings.
1172:). The Marshal chose the Secretary of the
251:Senators, the foremost was the Castellan (
3064:Learn how and when to remove this message
2888:(1660), the Commonwealth officially lost
884:areschalus Curiae Magni Ducis Lithuaniae)
34:The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a
2556:). The Borough Substarosta assisted the
1634:A Hetman's symbol of office was a mace (
1612:The highest military officials were the
1573:– Crown and Lithuanian State Prosecutor;
1312:
41:of the period 1569–1795, comprising the
2038:remained in charge of the City Courts (
1549:– Crown and Lithuanian Treasury Notary;
1533:– Crown and Lithuanian Judicial Notary;
1349:– Crown and Lithuanian Court Treasurer;
1323:– Crown and Lithuanian Grand Secretary;
1092:Then came the Great Writers (singular:
969:). They were seated among the Voivodes.
211:), the Archbishop of Gniezno served as
3369:
1279:) – carried the sword before the King;
852:Subcancellarius Magni Ducis Lithuaniae
622:(i.e., not subject to ecclesiastic or
192:, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
88:tripartite classification of authority
3099:
2958:gave fictitious title of starosta of
2934:of the former province took place at
1525:– Crown and Lithuanian Record-keeper;
1258:was set down by the secretary to the
1069:Next were 4 Referendaries (singular:
527:(1569), the two offices, Chancellor (
119:
90:, it was, as with other contemporary
3005:
2867:
2599:List of borough and judicial offices
2530:The most important official was the
2067:s were similar to those of non-city
1882:Generał artylerii koronny i litewski
1541:– Crown and Lithuanian Great Notary;
1514:Regent kancelarii koronny i litewski
1397:– Crown and Lithuanian Sword-bearer;
993:– Equerry Castellans (there were 3).
819:cancellarius Magni Ducis Lithuaniae)
784:Cancellarius Ducis Magnis Lithuaniae
478:on the spot, without possibility of
195:The most important official was the
98:". There was, however, evidence of "
2572:) and common clerks ("subclerks" —
1980:
1607:
1320:Sekretarz wielki koronny i litewski
985:– Minor Castellans (there were 49).
977:– Major Castellans (there were 31).
546:The Chancellors' offices were the "
13:
3127:Royal and noble titles and honours
2930:was detached from Poland in 1667,
2900:. Furthermore, as a result of the
1711:; the Crown Field Clerk, 30,000).
1620:were not paid for their services.
1546:Pisarz skarbowy koronny i litewski
751:Mareschalus Magni Ducis Lithuaniae
601:return could afford to be stingy.
14:
3398:
2521:– Deputy Voivod (Deputy Governor)
1931:officer (literally, "Companion");
1861:– Lithuanian Field Quartermaster;
1845:– Lithuanian Great Quartermaster;
990:Kasztelanowie Konarscy (Koniuszy)
868:areschalus Curiae Regni Poloniae)
786:) – Grand Chancellor of Lithuania
771:) – Grand Chancellor of the Crown
73:
3010:
2728:List of town and village offices
2336:– Deputy Voivod, Deputy Starosta
1538:Pisarz wielki koronny i litewski
1530:Pisarz sądowy koronny i litewski
1219:
1053:), Crown and Lithuanian. Only a
982:Kasztelanowie Mniejsi (Drążkowi)
974:Kasztelanowie Więksi (Krzesłowi)
854:) – Grand Treasurer of Lithuania
839:) – Grand Treasurer of the Crown
172:had been finalized when, in the
2812:Starosta generalny wielkopolski
2720:A village mayor was called the
957:– Distinguished Castellans (of
2938:, some 500 kilometers west of
2904:(1667), Poland-Lithuania lost
2874:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1581:– Lithuanian Surveyor General;
1449:– Crown and Lithuanian Carver;
837:Subcancellarius Regni Poloniae
821:– Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania
805:– Vice-Chancellor of the Crown
753:) – Grand Marshal of Lithuania
738:) – Grand Marshal of the Crown
329:After 1565, the principle of "
29:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3001:
2828:Starosta generalny małopolski
1570:Instygator koronny i litewski
1434:– Crown and Lithuanian Royal
1360:– Crown and Lithuanian Court
1160:The office of Marshal of the
369:Grand Chancellor of Lithuania
361:Grand Chancellor of the Crown
2956:Stanisław August Poniatowski
2844:Burgrabia zamku krakowskiego
2526:Borough and judicial offices
2227:
1877:– Lithuanian Military Judge;
1853:– Crown Field Quartermaster;
1837:– Crown Great Quartermaster;
1671:, who commanded voivodeship
1522:Metrykant koronny i litewski
886:– Court Marshal of Lithuania
870:– Court Marshal of the Crown
803:cancellarius Regni Poloniae)
401:Grand Treasurer of Lithuania
393:Grand Treasurer of the Crown
385:Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania
377:Vice-Chancellor of the Crown
226:de non praestanda obedientia
132:of the First Commonwealth’s
7:
2969:
2709:The Bench was chaired by a
2054:s had no juridical powers.
1603:– Lithuanian Cellar-Master.
1509:– Court Master of the Hunt;
1383:nadworny koronny i litewski
1357:nadworny koronny i litewski
1346:nadworny koronny i litewski
875:Marszałek Nadworny Litewski
769:Cancellarius Regni Poloniae
653:had planned in the 1630s).
592:), which were kept by two "
421:Marszałek Nadworny Litewski
19:This article discusses the
10:
3403:
2706:and looked out for spies.
2470:
1781:– Lithuanian Field Hetman;
1761:– Lithuanian Grand Hetman;
1640:), which was added to his
1203:Trybunał Skarbowy Litewski
1038:As the name suggests, non-
859:Marszałek Nadworny Koronny
736:Mareschalus Regni Poloniae
718:List of Senatorial offices
671:suggestion to augment the
608:powers, exercised through
417:Court Marshal of Lithuania
413:Marszałek Nadworny Koronny
409:Court Marshal of the Crown
353:Grand Marshal of Lithuania
345:Grand Marshal of the Crown
207:having died out with King
3186:
3134:
1829:– Lithuanian Field Clerk;
1813:– Lithuanian Field Guard;
1797:– Lithuanian Great Guard;
1372:wielki koronny i litewski
1246:Drink was seen to by the
1199:Trybunał Skarbowy Koronny
1006:The Senate also included
844:Podskarbi Wielki Litewski
743:Marszałek Wielki Litewski
614:, which were the highest
604:The Chancellors also had
405:Podskarbi Wielki Litewski
357:Marszałek Wielki Litewski
339:, except for the post of
3377:Military ranks of Poland
3019:This article includes a
2782:
2669:Town and village offices
2075:
1874:Sędzia Wojskowy Litewski
1794:Strażnik Wielki Litewski
1739:List of military offices
1155:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
954:Kasztelanowie Wyróżnieni
776:Kanclerz Wielki Litewski
562:), Scriptors (singular:
490:. A Marshal's court had
397:Podskarbi Wielki Koronny
373:Kanclerz Wielki Litewski
349:Marszałek Wielki Koronny
190:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
182:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
100:rational-legal authority
47:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
25:administrative structure
3048:more precise citations.
2141:– Deputy District Judge
1869:– Crown Military Judge;
1866:Sędzia Wojskowy Koronny
1810:Strażnik Polny Litewski
1786:Strażnik Wielki Koronny
1565:– Lithuanian Treasurer;
1475:– Crown and Lithuanian
1460:– Crown and Lithuanian
1419:– Crown and Lithuanian
1334:– Crown and Lithuanian
1212:) were supervised by a
1147:("Greater Poland") and
618:for persons subject to
531:) and Vice-Chancellor (
523:Chancellors. After the
474:). These courts passed
365:Kanclerz Wielki Koronny
326:for Minor Castellans).
2458:– Custodian of Bridges
1890:Regent Wojski litewski
1842:Oboźny Wielki Litewski
1802:Strażnik Polny Koronny
1757:Hetman Wielki Litewski
543:and internal affairs.
96:traditional domination
2928:Czernihow Voivodeship
2910:Czernihow Voivodeship
2595:) delivered summons.
2568:), Borough Scriptor (
1858:Oboźny Polny Litewski
1834:Oboźny Wielki Koronny
1826:Pisarz Polny Litewski
1777:Hetman Polny Litewski
1771:– Crown Field Hetman;
1751:– Crown Grand Hetman;
1747:Hetman Wielki Koronny
1313:List of court offices
1129:Marshal, who chaired
810:Podkanclerzy Litewski
389:Podkanclerzy Litewski
201:Archbishop of Gniezno
61:, the King-appointed
3306:Poland and Lithuania
2936:Wlodzimierz Wolynski
2917:Partitions of Poland
2906:Smolensk Voivodeship
2609:– Borough Substarost
2398:– Master of the Hunt
2171:– Master of the Hunt
1850:Oboźny Polny Koronny
1821:– Crown Field Clerk;
1818:Pisarz Polny Koronny
1805:– Crown Field Guard;
1789:– Crown Great Guard;
1767:Hetman Polny Koronny
1112:Poczmistrz generalny
892:Voivodes (Palatines)
681:Bogusław Leszczyński
462:pisarz marszałkowski
454:sędzia marszałkowski
381:Podkanclerzy Koronny
94:, largely based on "
57:) consisting of the
3144:Commonwealth realms
2960:Nowogrod Siewierski
2894:Parnawa Voivodeship
2606:Podstarosta grodowy
2564:), Borough Notary (
2538:podstarości grodowy
2028:Starosta niegrodowy
1702:Field Quartermaster
1698:Great Quartermaster
1116:Poczmistrz naczelny
698:s, tax collectors (
275:Sejmiki Wojewódzkie
3021:list of references
2902:Truce of Andrusovo
2898:Dorpat Voivodeship
2890:Wenden Voivodeship
2652:– Borough Subjudge
2238:– District Marshal
1951:Towarzysz pancerny
1937:Towarzysz husarski
1498:koronny i litewski
1490:– Crown Cupbearer;
1472:koronny i litewski
1457:koronny i litewski
1446:koronny i litewski
1431:koronny i litewski
1416:koronny i litewski
1405:koronny i litewski
1394:koronny i litewski
1331:koronny i litewski
1291:Master of the Hunt
1256:Sigismund III Vasa
1120:Generał poczmistrz
1099:The Crown Keeper (
284:pospolite ruszenie
120:Senatorial offices
3364:
3363:
3188:Former monarchies
3074:
3073:
3066:
2882:Tsardom of Russia
2868:Fictional offices
2778:– City Treasurer.
2746:– Advocate-Mayor;
2566:notariusz grodzki
2489:– Standard-bearer
2362:– Royal Cupbearer
2273:– Standard-bearer
2235:Marszałek ziemski
2133:– Royal Cupbearer
2105:– Standard-bearer
1660:and the Tatars).
1627:, Russia and the
1600:Piwniczy litewski
1578:Geometra litewski
1282:Koniuszy Wielki (
1275:Miecznik Wielki (
1195:Trybunał Litewski
1180:sekretarz sejmowy
931:Comes Castellanus
700:poborca podatkowy
651:Władysław IV Waza
611:assessors' courts
209:Zygmunt II August
205:Jagiellon Dynasty
178:Kingdom of Poland
43:Kingdom of Poland
3394:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3079:
3069:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3044:this article by
3035:inline citations
3014:
3013:
3006:
2976:List of szlachta
2950:, deputies, and
2884:. Following the
2790:Starosta grodowy
2754:– Council Clerk;
2649:Podsędek grodzki
2636:– Borough Regent
2552:) and Scriptor (
2322:– District Clerk
2281:– District judge
2192:– District Clerk
2113:– District Judge
2024:Starosta grodowy
1991:Bełz Voivodeship
1981:District offices
1907:– Deputy Hetman;
1608:Military offices
1562:Skarbny litewski
1554:Kusztosz koronny
1231:incompatibilitas
1114:, also known as
1055:man of the cloth
1051:sekretarz wielki
1034:-related offices
616:appellate courts
444:, and a special
440:, a regiment of
332:incompatibilitas
3402:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3387:Polish nobility
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3201:Austria-Hungary
3182:
3130:
3124:
3085:Feliks Koneczny
3077:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3039:
3025:related reading
3015:
3011:
3004:
2972:
2886:Treaty of Oliva
2870:
2796:Starosta sądowy
2785:
2730:
2671:
2660:– Borough Clerk
2644:– Borough Judge
2601:
2528:
2473:
2426:– Quartermaster
2230:
2208:Wojski mniejszy
2078:
2044:highway robbery
1983:
1741:
1674:levées en masse
1654:hetmani kresowi
1610:
1586:Wojski litewski
1557:– Crown Keeper;
1506:Łowczy nadworny
1315:
1289:Łowczy Wielki (
1252:Royal Cupbearer
1222:
1191:Trybunł Koronny
1166:Marszałek Sejmu
1101:kustosz koronny
1036:
1016:Roman Catholics
1010:of Poland. See
904:: Governors of
720:
673:military budget
525:Union of Lublin
504:marshal's staff
458:marshal's clerk
450:marshal's judge
304:Except for the
186:Crown of Poland
174:Union of Lublin
122:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3253:
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3241:
3233:
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3213:
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3198:
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3165:
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3151:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3072:
3071:
3054:September 2016
3029:external links
3018:
3016:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2996:Table of Ranks
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2964:Tadeusz Czacki
2878:Swedish Empire
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2840:
2824:
2808:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2759:Syndyk miejski
2755:
2747:
2739:
2729:
2726:
2692:Syndyk Miejski
2670:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2657:Pisarz grodzki
2653:
2645:
2641:Sędzia grodzki
2637:
2633:Rejent grodzki
2629:
2621:
2610:
2600:
2597:
2570:pisarz grodzki
2562:rejent grodzki
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2409:
2408:– Sword-bearer
2399:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2349:Pisarz grodzki
2345:
2341:Sędzia grodzki
2337:
2323:
2319:Pisarz ziemski
2315:
2305:
2295:
2287:Wojski większy
2282:
2278:Sędzia ziemski
2274:
2266:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2203:
2202:– Sword-bearer
2193:
2189:Pisarz ziemski
2185:
2177:Wojski większy
2172:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2134:
2124:
2114:
2110:Sędzia ziemski
2106:
2098:
2087:
2077:
2074:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1960:
1946:
1932:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1625:Ottoman Empire
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1491:
1480:
1465:
1450:
1439:
1424:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1376:
1365:
1350:
1339:
1324:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1221:
1218:
1187:Crown Tribunal
1087:viceinstygator
1035:
1028:
997:
996:
995:
994:
986:
978:
970:
913:
887:
871:
855:
840:
829:Wielki Koronny
822:
806:
787:
772:
761:Wielki Koronny
754:
739:
728:Wielki Koronny
719:
716:
704:superintendent
647:Ottoman Empire
582:correspondence
290:levée en masse
277:, Voivodeship
199:, who was the
152:), comprising
121:
118:
113:Pacta conventa
82:. In terms of
75:
74:Classification
72:
39:mixed monarchy
21:organizational
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3399:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3057:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:– City Clerk;
2761:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:– City Mayor;
2737:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2676:Magdeburg law
2666:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:– Chamberlain
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:Podwojewódzki
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:– Chamberlain
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:– Chamberlain
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:sądy grodzkie
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1957:Light cavalry
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:– Lithuanian
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1658:Ottoman Turks
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:– Lithuanian
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1220:Court offices
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:pisarz wielki
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:for details.
1002:
992:
991:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
951:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:
925:
921:
920:
919:
918:Kasztelanowie
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
893:
888:
885:
881:
877:
876:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
831:
830:
828:
823:
820:
816:
812:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
795:
793:
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
773:
770:
767:
763:
762:
760:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
727:
722:
721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
676:
674:
669:
665:
662:. The richer
661:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
607:
602:
599:
595:
591:
588:" (singular:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Chancelleries
544:
542:
538:
537:Chancelleries
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
510:
505:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:s (singular:
469:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:
327:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:upper chamber
127:
126:privy council
117:
115:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
36:confederative
32:
30:
26:
22:
3305:
3060:
3051:
3040:Please help
3032:
2925:
2914:
2871:
2863:– Surrogate.
2859:
2858:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2821:Wielkopolska
2816:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2774:
2773:
2770:– Constable;
2766:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2672:
2663:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2352:– City Clerk
2348:
2347:
2344:– City Judge
2340:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
1984:
1963:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:coat of arms
1635:
1633:
1622:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1468:
1467:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1277:Sword-bearer
1264:
1260:Papal Nuncio
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1209:
1208:Salt mines (
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1148:
1144:Wielkopolska
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1030:Central non-
1005:
998:
989:
988:
981:
980:
973:
972:
953:
952:
943:castellanies
938:
930:
927:
923:
916:
915:
912:for details.
906:Voivodeships
897:
890:
889:
883:
879:
874:
873:
867:
863:
858:
857:
851:
848:
843:
842:
836:
833:
825:
824:
818:
814:
809:
808:
802:
798:
792:Podkanclerzy
790:
789:
783:
780:
775:
774:
768:
765:
757:
756:
750:
747:
742:
741:
735:
732:
724:
723:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
685:
677:
657:
655:
640:
635:
631:
627:
609:
603:
597:
593:
589:
585:
577:
571:
563:
559:
551:
545:
533:Podkanclerzy
532:
528:
521:ecclesiastic
514:
507:
500:
492:jurisdiction
471:
465:
461:
453:
446:court of law
431:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
330:
328:
317:
303:
297:Voivode and
288:
282:
274:
268:
265:Voivodeships
261:
252:
246:
233:
225:
221:
219:
212:
194:
176:(1569), the
169:
145:
123:
111:
110:such as the
106:respect for
77:
33:
18:
3078:(in Polish)
3046:introducing
2803:, Judicial
2751:Pisarz rady
2574:podpiskowie
2548:), Notary (
2518:Podwojewoda
2466:– Architect
2455:Mostowniczy
2388:– Treasurer
2380:– Castellan
2372:– Cupbearer
2333:Podstarosta
2223:– Treasurer
2161:– Cupbearer
2032:Crown lands
1903:Regimentarz
1694:Field Clerk
1690:Field Guard
1686:Great Guard
1682:Regimentarz
1680:Hetman and
1669:Regimentarz
1362:Chamberlain
1336:Referendary
1329:Referendarz
1071:referendarz
939:kasztelanie
937:: heads of
922:(singular:
896:(singular:
712:subkolektor
692:dyspensator
628:Referendarz
558:(singular:
556:Secretaries
80:bureaucracy
3371:Categories
3136:Monarchies
3129:by country
3002:References
2837:Małopolska
2831:– General
2815:– General
2589:Instygator
2505:– Alderman
2478:Podkomorzy
2463:Budowniczy
2450:– Forester
2377:Horodniczy
2251:Podkomorzy
2083:Podkomorzy
1650:Lithuanian
1403:Kuchmistrz
1355:Podkomorzy
1210:żupy solne
1150:Małopolska
1139:prowincyje
1083:Instygator
1079:Instygator
1020:Calvinists
935:Castellans
649:that King
319:Castellany
144:) was the
138:parliament
104:nobility's
92:monarchies
49:and their
3211:Byzantium
2952:starostas
2940:Czernihow
2735:Burmistrz
2625:Notariusz
2614:Burgrabia
2550:Notariusz
2546:Burgrabia
2418:– Equerry
2358:Podczaszy
2314:– Steward
2304:– Pantler
2246:– Bailiff
2228:Lithuania
2151:– Steward
2129:Podczaszy
2123:– Pantler
2020:generalny
1923:Towarzysz
1913:Rotmistrz
1709:per annum
1436:Cupbearer
1429:Podczaszy
1344:Podskarbi
1248:Cupbearer
924:Kasztelan
902:Palatines
898:Palatinus
827:Podskarbi
726:Marszałek
632:metrykant
620:crown law
606:judiciary
598:Metrykant
594:metrykant
573:metrykant
560:Sekretarz
496:courtiers
434:regiments
314:Castellan
306:Castellan
253:Kasztelan
230:Castellan
166:ministers
162:Castellan
102:" in the
84:Max Weber
3311:Portugal
3251:Ethiopia
3178:Thailand
3087:, Polish
2991:Szlachta
2970:See also
2948:senators
2944:voivodes
2921:nobility
2860:Surrogat
2849:Burgrave
2833:Starosta
2817:Starosta
2805:Starosta
2801:Starosta
2684:Starosta
2628:– Notary
2619:Burgrave
2558:Starosta
2542:Burgrave
2533:Starosta
2447:Leśniczy
2442:– Carver
2431:Strażnik
2414:Koniuszy
2404:Miecznik
2385:Skarbnik
2310:Podstoli
2291:– Major
2260:Starosta
2220:Skarbnik
2212:– Minor
2198:Miecznik
2181:– Major
2147:Podstoli
2138:Podsędek
2092:Starosta
2069:starosta
2052:Starosta
2048:Starosta
2036:Starosta
2018:Starosta
1965:Pocztowy
1959:officer;
1945:officer;
1470:Podstoli
1414:Koniuszy
1392:Miecznik
1250:and the
1236:starosta
1075:referred
1024:Orthodox
759:Kanclerz
634:s and a
576:s." The
529:Kanclerz
509:Kanclerz
476:sentence
467:assessor
438:infantry
337:Minister
214:interrex
180:and the
67:nobility
3349:Ottoman
3345:Turkey
3341:Somalia
3325:Serbia
3316:Romania
3284:Maratha
3276:Germany
3271:Georgia
3259:Kingdom
3255:France
3239:Ancient
3229:Taiping
3161:Ancient
3042:improve
2932:sejmiks
2880:or the
2855:Castle;
2799:– City
2513:– Clerk
2497:– Judge
2486:Chorąży
2471:Prussia
2439:Krajczy
2434:– Guard
2368:Cześnik
2300:Stolnik
2270:Chorąży
2265:– Mayor
2262:grodzki
2157:Cześnik
2119:Stolnik
2102:Chorąży
2097:– Mayor
2094:grodowy
2010:sejmiki
1999:Bracław
1974:trooper
1971:Cavalry
1929:Cavalry
1897:Regent;
1665:Cossack
1618:hetmans
1614:Hetmans
1485:Cześnik
1477:Steward
1462:Pantler
1455:Stolnik
1444:Krajczy
1421:Equerry
1381:Chorąży
1370:Chorąży
1284:Equerry
1105:skarbny
1022:or the
1008:Bishops
963:Vilnius
794:Koronny
696:kurator
688:mincerz
590:Metryka
586:Metryki
541:foreign
517:secular
448:with a
442:militia
324:powiats
310:capital
299:Vilnius
279:Sejmiks
267:to the
249:secular
238:Wrocław
197:Primate
158:Voivode
154:Bishops
27:of the
3321:Russia
3299:Joseon
3290:Korea
3280:India
3264:Empire
3244:Mamluk
3235:Egypt
3215:China
3173:Sweden
2926:After
2896:, and
2853:Kraków
2767:Hutman
2722:sołtys
2696:Hutman
2585:asesor
2554:Pisarz
2510:Pisarz
2502:Ławnik
2494:Sędzia
2423:Oboźny
2394:Łowczy
2293:Wojski
2214:Wojski
2183:Wojski
2167:Łowczy
2060:Wojski
1943:Hussar
1895:Wojski
1706:zlotys
1637:buława
1629:Tatars
1592:Wojski
1496:Łowczy
1487:korony
1214:żupnik
967:Trakai
959:Kraków
947:Kraków
928:Latin:
880:Latin:
864:Latin:
849:Latin:
834:Latin:
815:Latin:
799:Latin:
781:Latin:
766:Latin:
748:Latin:
733:Latin:
710:) and
708:celnik
664:nobles
659:Senate
636:regens
624:magnat
578:Regens
568:clerks
564:Pisarz
552:Regens
484:crimes
482:. For
480:appeal
472:asesor
464:) and
415:) and
341:Hetman
295:Połock
257:Kraków
242:Poznań
150:Senate
63:Senate
45:, the
3356:Wales
3334:noble
3329:royal
3294:Silla
3206:Burma
3196:Akkad
3168:Spain
3156:Japan
3027:, or
2783:Other
2775:Lonar
2703:Lonar
2593:woźny
2243:Ciwun
2076:Crown
2065:Ciwun
1995:Wołyń
1646:Crown
1135:Senat
1131:Senat
1127:Senat
1060:Senat
1044:Senat
1040:Senat
1032:Senat
668:taxes
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