642:, appears on a charter in 765 along with Heahberht; the charter was subsequently confirmed by Offa. Offa's influence in Kent at this time is clear, and it has been suggested that Heahberht was installed by Offa as his client. There is less agreement among historians on whether Offa had general overlordship of Kent thereafter. He is known to have revoked a charter of Ecgberht's on the grounds that "it was wrong that his thegn should have presumed to give land allotted to him by his lord into the power of another without his witness", but the date of Ecgberht's original grant is unknown, as is the date of Offa's revocation of it. It may be that Offa was the effective overlord of Kent from 764 until at least 776. The limited evidence for Offa's direct involvement in the kingdom between 765 and 776 includes two charters of 774 in which he grants land in Kent; but there are doubts about their authenticity, so Offa's intervention in Kent prior to 776 may have been limited to the years 764–65.
1498:
657:, which may indicate that the Mercians were in fact defeated at Otford. The cause of the conflict is also unknown: if Offa was ruling Kent before 776, the battle of Otford was probably a rebellion against Mercian control. However, Ealhmund does not appear again in the historical record, and a sequence of charters by Offa from the years 785–89 makes his authority clear. During these years he treated Kent "as an ordinary province of the Mercian kingdom", and his actions have been seen as going beyond the normal relation of overlordship and extending to the annexation of Kent and the elimination of a local royal line. After 785, in the words of one historian, "Offa was the rival, not the overlord, of Kentish kings". Mercian control lasted until 796, the year of Offa's death, when
4847:
49:
1039:, in 798. Coenwulf asserts in his letter that Offa wanted the new archdiocese created out of enmity for Jænberht; but Leo responds that the only reason the papacy agreed to the creation was because of the size of the kingdom of Mercia. Both Coenwulf and Leo had their own reasons for representing the situation as they did: Coenwulf was entreating Leo to make London the sole southern archdiocese, while Leo was concerned to avoid the appearance of complicity with the unworthy motives Coenwulf imputed to Offa. These are therefore partisan comments. However, both the size of Offa's territory and his relationship with Jænberht and
717:, "King Offa ordered King Æthelberht's head to be struck off". Offa minted pennies in East Anglia in the early 790s, so it is likely that Æthelberht rebelled against Offa and was beheaded as a result. Accounts of the event have survived in which Aethelberht is killed through the machinations of Offa's wife Cynethryth, but the earliest manuscripts in which these possibly legendary accounts are found date from the 11th and 12th centuries, and recent historians do not regard them with confidence. The legend also claims that Æthelberht was killed at Sutton St. Michael and buried four miles (6 km) to the south at
882:
English by the 8th century, so it may be that in choosing the location of the barrier the
Mercians were consciously surrendering some territory to the native Britons. Alternatively, it may be that these settlements had already been retaken by the Welsh, implying a defensive role for the barrier. The effort and expense that must have gone into building the dyke are impressive, and suggest that the king who had it built (whether Offa or someone else) had considerable resources at his disposal. Other substantial construction projects of a similar date do exist, however, such as Wat's Dyke and
685:, a twelfth-century chronicler, records that in 771 Offa defeated "the people of Hastings", which may record the extension of Offa's dominion over the entire kingdom. However, doubts have been expressed about the authenticity of the charters which support this version of events, and it is possible that Offa's direct involvement in Sussex was limited to a short period around 770–71. After 772, there is no further evidence of Mercian involvement in Sussex until c. 790, and it may be that Offa gained control of Sussex in the late 780s, as he did in Kent.
1394:
372:
694:
1210:. Offa countered with a request that his son Ecgfrith should also marry Charlemagne's daughter Bertha: Charlemagne was outraged by the request, and broke off contact with Britain, forbidding English ships from landing in his ports. Alcuin's letters make it clear that by the end of 790 the dispute was still not resolved, and that Alcuin was hoping to be sent to help make peace. In the end diplomatic relations were restored, at least partly by the agency of Gervold, the abbot of
364:
1566:
statement of his power. There is debate on this point, however, as several of the charters in which Offa is named "Rex
Anglorum" are of doubtful authenticity. They may represent later forgeries of the 10th century, when this title was standard for kings of England. The best evidence for Offa's use of this title comes from coins, not charters: there are some pennies with "Of â„ž A" inscribed, but it is not regarded as definite that this stood for "Offa Rex Anglorum."
561:
1454:
514:
490:
1233:, were condemned. In 796 Charlemagne wrote to Offa; the letter survives and refers to a previous letter of Offa's to Charlemagne. This correspondence between the two kings produced the first surviving documents in English diplomatic history. The letter is primarily concerned with the status of English pilgrims on the continent and with diplomatic gifts, but it reveals much about the relations between the English and the
969:
827:
606:
557:, about whom little is known. The continuation of Bede comments that Beornred "ruled for a little while, and unhappily", and adds that "the same year, Offa, having put Beornred to flight, sought to gain the kingdom of the Mercians by bloodshed." It is possible that Offa did not gain the throne until 758, however, since a charter of 789 describes Offa as being in the thirty-first year of his reign.
1123:
in the rumour, but it is clear it had been a concern to him. The enemies of Offa and
Charlemagne, described by Adrian as the source of the rumour, are not named. It is unclear whether this letter is related to the legatine mission of 786; if it predates it, then the mission might have been partly one of reconciliation, but the letter might well have been written after the mission.
1147:
worldly possessions represents a change from the early 8th century, when many charters showed the foundation and endowment of small minsters, rather than the assignment of those lands to laypeople. In the 770s, an abbess named Æthelburh (who may have been the same person as Offa's daughter of that name) held multiple leases on religious houses in the territory of the
1582:, "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy." It is now believed that Offa thought of himself as "King of the Mercians," and that his military successes were part of the transformation of Mercia from an overlordship of midland peoples into a powerful and aggressive kingdom.
1421:. This light coinage (in contrast to the heavier coins minted later in Offa's reign) can probably be dated to the late 760s and early 770s. A second, medium-weight coinage can be identified before the early 790s. These new medium-weight coins were heavier, broader and thinner than the pennies they replaced, and were prompted by the contemporary
1462:
coins include a "striking and elegant" portrait showing him with his hair in voluminous curls, and another where he wears a fringe and tight curls. Some coins show him wearing a necklace with a pendant. The variety of these depictions implies that Offa's die-cutters were able to draw on varied artistic sources for their inspiration.
1607:
son. For you know very well how much blood his father shed to secure the kingdom on his son." It is apparent that in addition to
Ecgfrith's consecration in 787, Offa had eliminated dynastic rivals. This seems to have backfired, from the dynastic point of view, as no close male relatives of Offa or Ecgfrith are recorded, and
1237:. Charlemagne refers to Offa as his "brother", and mentions trade in black stones, sent from the continent to England, and cloaks (or possibly cloths), traded from England to the Franks. Charlemagne's letter also refers to exiles from England, naming Odberht, who was almost certainly the same person as
430:
dating from Offa's reign. Charters were documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen and were witnessed by the kings who had the authority to grant the land. A charter might record the names of both a subject king and his overlord on the witness list appended to the grant. Such a witness
1985:
According to the genealogies, the last king of
Lindsey was named Aldfrith, and the identification of this king with an Aldfrith who witnesses a charter of Offa's in 787 led at one time to the belief that Aldfrith was still ruling at that date. However, it is no longer thought that the two Aldfrith's
1146:
at the time. Control of religious houses was one way in which a ruler of the day could provide for his family, and to this end Offa ensured (by acquiring papal privileges) that many of them would remain the property of his wife or children after his death. This policy of treating religious houses as
1122:
survives which makes reference to Offa, but the date is uncertain; it may be as early as 784 or as late as 791. In it Adrian recounts a rumour that had reached him: Offa had reportedly proposed to
Charlemagne that Adrian should be deposed, and replaced by a Frankish pope. Adrian disclaims all belief
965:, gives details of a council held by George in Northumbria, and the canons issued there, but little detail survives of Theophylact's mission. After the northern council George returned to the south and another council was held, attended by both Offa and Jænberht, at which further canons were issued.
1606:
in 797 to a
Mercian ealdorman named Osbert makes it apparent that Offa had gone to great lengths to ensure that his son Ecgfrith would succeed him. Alcuin's opinion is that Ecgfrith "has not died for his own sins; but the vengeance for the blood his father shed to secure the kingdom has reached the
1493:
in 792–93, the silver currency was reformed a second time: in this "heavy coinage" the weight of the pennies was increased again, and a standardised non-portrait design was introduced at all mints. None of Jænberht's or
Cynethryth's coins occur in this coinage, whereas all of Æthelheard's coins are
592:
without a local ruler as witness. It is likely that both London and
Middlesex were quickly under Offa's control at the start of his reign. The East Saxon royal house survived the 8th century, so it is probable that the kingdom of Essex retained its native rulers, but under strong Mercian influence,
509:
and then through three more generations: Osmod, Eanwulf and Offa's father, Thingfrith. Æthelbald, who ruled Mercia for most of the forty years before Offa, was also descended from Eowa according to the genealogies: Offa's grandfather, Eanwulf, was Æthelbald's first cousin. Æthelbald granted land to
1540:
that Offa promised to Rome. There are other
Western copies of Abbasid dinars of the period, but it is not known whether they are English or Frankish. Two other English gold coins of the period survive, from two moneyers, Pendraed and Ciolheard: the former is thought to be from Offa's reign but the
1461:
The medium-weight coins often carry designs of high artistic quality, exceeding that of the contemporary Frankish currency. Coin portraits of Offa have been described as "showing a delicacy of execution which is unique in the whole history of the Anglo-Saxon coinage". The depictions of Offa on the
881:
The construction of the dyke suggests that it was built to create an effective barrier and to command views into Wales. This implies that the Mercians who built it were free to choose the best location for the dyke. There are settlements to the west of the dyke that have names that imply they were
744:
on the West Saxon throne. Even if Offa did not assist Beorhtric's claim, it seems likely that Beorhtric to some extent recognised Offa as his overlord shortly thereafter. Offa's currency was used across the West Saxon kingdom, and Beorhtric had his own coins minted only after Offa's death. In 789,
680:
comes from charters, and as with Kent there is no clear consensus among historians on the course of events. What little evidence survives that bears on Sussex's kings indicates that several kings ruled at once, and it may never have formed a single kingdom. It has been argued that Offa's authority
596:
It is unlikely that Offa had significant influence in the early years of his reign outside the traditional Mercian heartland. The overlordship of the southern English which had been exerted by Æthelbald appears to have collapsed during the civil strife over the succession, and it is not until 764,
857:
in his biography of Alfred the Great: "a certain vigorous king called Offa ... had a great dyke built between Wales and Mercia from sea to sea". The dyke has not been dated by archaeological methods, but most historians find no reason to doubt Asser's attribution. Early names for the dyke in
587:
during the 8th century, but what evidence there is indicates that both London and Middlesex, which had been part of the kingdom of Essex, were finally brought under Mercian control during the reign of Æthelbald. Both Æthelbald and Offa granted land in Middlesex and London as they wished; in 767 a
1295:
are examples of such power-bases. Marriage alliances could also have played a part. Competing magnates, those called in charters "dux" or "princeps" (that is, leaders), may have brought the kings to power. In this model, the Mercian kings are little more than leading noblemen. Offa seems to have
1067:
refused to perform the ceremony, and that Offa needed an alternative archbishop for that purpose. The ceremony itself is noteworthy for two reasons: it is the first recorded consecration of any English king, and it is unusual in that it asserted Ecgfrith's royal status while his father was still
1565:
The title Offa used on most of his charters was "rex Merciorium", or "king of the Mercians", though this was occasionally extended to "king of the Mercians and surrounding nations". Some of his charters use the title "Rex Anglorum," or "King of the English," and this has been seen as a sweeping
779:
If Offa did not gain the advantage in Wessex until defeating Cynewulf in 779, it may be that his successes south of the river were a necessary prerequisite to his interventions in the south-east. In this view, Egbert of Kent's death in about 784 and Cynewulf's death in 786 were the events that
672:
claims that when Egbert invaded Kent in 825, the men of the southeast turned to him "because earlier they were wrongly forced away from his relatives". This is likely to be an allusion to Ealhmund, and may imply that Ealhmund had a local overlordship of the southeastern kingdoms. If so, Offa's
740:) in 779, reconquering some of the land along the Thames. No indisputably authentic charters from before this date show Cynewulf in Offa's entourage, and there is no evidence that Offa ever became Cynewulf's overlord. In 786, after the murder of Cynewulf, Offa may have intervened to place
1769:
For a discussion showing the use of this in evidence in an account of the progression from Offa's overlordship of the Hwicce to suppression of the ruling dynasty, and consequent absorption of the kingdom into Mercia, see Patrick Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in Campbell et al.,
510:
Eanwulf in the territory of the Hwicce, and it is possible that Offa and Æthelbald were from the same branch of the family. In one charter Offa refers to Æthelbald as his kinsman, and Headbert, Æthelbald's brother, continued to witness charters after Offa rose to power.
2114:
Kirby quotes Stenton's comment that Ecgberht was "a mere dependant" of Offa's, and gives his opinion that there is "no certain evidence" of this. On the other hand, Keynes agrees with Stenton that Offa " control of Kent in the 760s". Simon Keynes, "Offa", in Lapidge,
1278:
kingship is not clear from the limited surviving sources. There are two main theories regarding the ancestry of Mercian kings of this period. One is that descendants of different lines of the royal family competed for the throne. In the mid-7th century, for example,
1573:, Stenton argued that Offa was perhaps the greatest king of the English kingdoms, commenting that "no other Anglo-Saxon king ever regarded the world at large with so ... acute a political sense". Many historians regard Offa's achievements as second only to
1369:. Offa's Kentish charters show him laying these same burdens on the recipients of his grants there, and this may be a sign that the obligations were being spread outside Mercia. These burdens were part of Offa's response to the threat of "the pagan seaman".
858:
both Welsh and English also support the attribution to Offa. Despite Asser's comment that the dyke ran "from sea to sea", it is now thought that the original structure only covered about two-thirds of the length of the border: in the north it ends near
1437:
Some coins from Offa's reign bear the names of the archbishops of Canterbury, Jænberht and, after 792, Æthelheard. Jænberht's coins all belong to the light coinage, rather than the later medium coinage. There is also evidence that coins were issued by
1544:
Although many of the coins bear the name of a moneyer, there is no indication of the mint where each coin was struck. As a result, the number and location of mints used by Offa is uncertain. Current opinion is that there were four mints, in
776:: Asser says that Eadburh had "power throughout almost the entire kingdom", and that she "began to behave like a tyrant after the manner of her father". Whatever power she had in Wessex was no doubt connected with her father's overlordship.
653:" in 776, but does not give the outcome of the battle. It has traditionally been interpreted as a Mercian victory, but there is no evidence for Offa's authority over Kent until 785: a charter from 784 mentions only a Kentish king named
613:
Offa appears to have exploited an unstable situation in Kent after 762. Kent had a long tradition of joint kingship, with east and west Kent under separate kings, though one king was typically dominant. Prior to 762 Kent was ruled by
961:, king of the West Saxons, attended a council where the goals of the mission were discussed. George then went to Northumbria, while Theophylact visited Mercia and "parts of Britain". A report on the mission, sent by the legates to
1253:
Events in southern Britain to 796 have sometimes been portrayed as a struggle between Offa and Charlemagne, but the disparity in their power was enormous. By 796 Charlemagne had become master of an empire which stretched from the
1384:
which he found "most just". The laws may have been an independent lawcode, but it is also possible that Alfred is referring to the report of the legatine mission in 786, which issued statutes that the Mercians undertook to obey.
1425:
currency reforms. The new pennies almost invariably carried both Offa's name and the name of the moneyer from whose mint the coins came. The reform in the coinage appears to have extended beyond Offa's own mints: the kings of
576:, or kinglets, under his authority; and it is likely that he was also quick to gain control over the Magonsæte, for whom there is no record of an independent ruler after 740. Offa was probably able to exert control over the
1245:
was another refugee from Offa who took shelter at the Frankish court. It is clear that Charlemagne's policy included support for elements opposed to Offa; in addition to sheltering Egbert and Eadberht he also sent gifts to
622:; Eadberht's son Eardwulf is also recorded as a king. Æthelberht died in 762, and Eadberht and Eardwulf are last mentioned in that same year. Charters from the next two years mention other kings of Kent, including
351:, "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy." His son Ecgfrith succeeded him after his death, but reigned for less than five months before
1577:
among the Anglo-Saxon kings. Offa's reign has sometimes been regarded as a key stage in the transition to a unified England, but this is no longer the general view among historians in the field. In the words of
1047:
giving his opinion that Canterbury's archdiocese had been divided "not, as it seems, by reasonable consideration, but by a certain desire for power". Æthelheard himself later said that the award of a pallium to
780:
allowed Offa to gain control of Kent and bring Beorhtric into his sphere of influence. This version of events also assumes that Offa did not have control of Kent after 764–65, as some historians believe.
1469:
was the only Anglo-Saxon queen ever named or portrayed on coinage, in a remarkable series of pennies struck by the moneyer Eoba. These were probably derived from contemporary coins from the reign of the
988:, which approved the creation of the new archbishopric. It has been suggested that this synod was the same gathering as the second council held by the legates, but historians are divided on this issue.
2195:
The Chronicle does not make it clear whether Eadberht casme to the throne after Offa's death, or after Ecgfrith's. Stenton suggests that the revolt in Kent began prior to Offa's death. See Swanton,
1283:
had placed royal kinsmen in control of conquered provinces. Alternatively, it may be that a number of kin-groups with local power-bases may have competed for the succession. The sub-kingdoms of the
426:
production, however, and is sometimes thought to be biased in favour of Wessex; hence it may not accurately convey the extent of power achieved by Offa, a Mercian. That power can be seen at work in
941:
to England to assess the state of the church and provide canons (ecclesiastical decrees) for the guidance of the English kings, nobles and clergy. This was the first papal mission to England since
473:'s court as one of his chief advisors, and corresponded with kings, nobles and ecclesiastics throughout England. These letters in particular reveal Offa's relations with the continent, as does his
1296:
attempted to increase the stability of Mercian kingship, both by the elimination of dynastic rivals to his son Ecgfrith, and the reduction in status of his subject kings, sometimes to the rank of
1341:
are thought to have been administrative centres, serving as regional markets and indicating a transformation of the Mercian economy away from its origins as a grouping of midland peoples. The
1541:
latter may belong either to Offa's reign or to that of Coenwulf, who came to the throne in 796. Nothing definite is known about their use, but they may have been struck to be used as alms.
553:(written anonymously after Bede's death) the king was "treacherously murdered at night by his own bodyguards", though the reason why is unrecorded. Æthelbald was initially succeeded by
465:, which may provide further evidence of Offa's scope as a ruler, though its attribution to his reign is disputed. A significant corpus of letters dates from the period, especially from
878:
is one of the largest, but it is not possible to date them relative to each other and so it cannot be determined whether Offa's Dyke was a copy of or the inspiration for Wat's Dyke.
328:
dinar of 774 and carries Arabic text on one side, with "Offa Rex" on the other. The gold coins are of uncertain use but may have been struck to be used as alms or for gifts to Rome.
1031:
The few accounts of the creation of the new archbishopric date from after the end of Offa's reign. Two versions of the events appear in the form of an exchange of letters between
1099:
retained his position as the senior cleric in the land, with Hygeberht conceding his precedence. When Jænberht died in 792, he was replaced by Æthelheard, who was consecrated by
709:
probably became king in about 758. Beonna's first coinage predates Offa's own, and implies independence from Mercia. Subsequent East Anglian history is quite obscure, but in 779
1190:
Offa's diplomatic relations with Europe are well documented, but appear to belong only to the last dozen years of his reign. In letters dating from the late 780s or early 790s,
894:
from millennia earlier. The dyke can be regarded in the light of these counterparts as the largest and most recent great construction of the preliterate inhabitants of Britain.
3248:
768:
s "three years" is an error, and should read "thirteen years", which would mean Egbert's exile lasted from 789 to 802, but this reading is disputed. Eadburh is mentioned by
2262:
Kirby gives details of the problems with the charters, and also suggests that the situation in Kent and Sussex at this time may be connected with the entry for 823 in the
1043:
are indeed likely to have been factors in Offa's request for the creation of the new archdiocese. Coenwulf's version has independent support, with a letter from Alcuin to
5169:
451:; the history only covers events up to 731, but as one of the major sources for Anglo-Saxon history it provides important background information for Offa's reign.
1446:
in the 780s and possibly before. Offa's dispute with Jænberht may have led him to allow Eadberht coining rights, which may then have been revoked when the see of
2101:'s in 799, in which he grants the land again, quoting the grounds on which Offa revoked it, but without giving any date. The charter is translated in Whitelock,
1182:. The Schola Saxonum took its name from the militias of Saxons who served in Rome, but it eventually developed into a hostelry for English visitors to the city.
6040:
347:
in 792. Historians once saw his reign as part of a process leading to a unified England, but this is no longer the majority view: in the words of historian
461:
to the extensive resources Offa had at his command and his ability to organise them. Other surviving sources include a problematic document known as the
732:
in 757 and recovered much of the border territory that Æthelbald had conquered from the West Saxons. Offa won an important victory over Cynewulf at the
681:
was recognised early in his reign by local kings in western Sussex, but that eastern Sussex (the area around Hastings) submitted to him less readily.
568:
The conflict over the succession suggests that Offa needed to re-establish control over Mercia's traditional dependencies, such as the Hwicce and the
54:
312:
Many surviving coins from Offa's reign carry elegant depictions of him, and the artistic quality of these images exceeds that of the contemporary
4933:
2428:, p. 114. Similarly, Swanton annotates "3 years" with "in fact thirteen years ... this error is common to all MSS." See note 12 in Swanton,
1151:; her acquisitions have been described as looking "like a speculator assembling a portfolio". Æthelburh's possession of these lands foreshadows
5162:
390:. Æthelbald was one of a number of strong Mercian kings who ruled from the mid-7th century to the early 9th, and it was not until the reign of
1417:
or the king for whom they were produced. To contemporaries these were probably known as pennies, and are the coins referred to in the laws of
980:. The issue must have been discussed with the papal legates in 786, although it is not mentioned in the accounts that have survived. The
1063:
became archbishop, he consecrated Ecgfrith as king; the ceremony took place within a year of Hygeberht's elevation. It is possible that
4646:
668:, and it is possible that Offa's interventions in Kent in the mid-780s are connected to the subsequent exile of Egbert to Francia. The
6020:
5155:
1497:
3252:
761:
for "three years", adding that "Beorhtric helped Offa because he had his daughter as his queen". Some historians believe that the
1365:
lands from all obligations except the requirement to build forts and bridges—obligations which lay upon everyone, as part of the
972:
The dioceses of England during Offa's reign. The boundary between the archdioceses of Lichfield and Canterbury is shown in bold.
673:
intervention was probably intended to gain control of this relationship and take over the dominance of the associated kingdoms.
3779:
446:
6083:
3858:
1883:
1594:, though it is not clear that the "Bedeford" named in that charter was actually modern Bedford. He was succeeded by his son,
301:
as king, since it is possible Jænberht refused to perform the ceremony, which took place in 787. Offa had a dispute with the
874:. The total length of this section is about 64 miles (103 km). Other earthworks exist along the Welsh border, of which
5178:
4493:
922:, which may have led to conflict in the 760s when Offa is known to have intervened in Kent. Offa rescinded grants made to
813:
Offa was frequently in conflict with the various Welsh kingdoms. There was a battle between the Mercians and the Welsh at
4926:
4520:
1482:, though the Byzantine coins show a frontal bust of Irene rather than a profile, and so cannot have been a direct model.
4423:
1107:
appears as a witness on charters and presides at synods without Hygeberht, so it appears that Offa continued to respect
4846:
2584:, not far from the south end of the dyke, as having a name unlikely to have risen as late as the 9th century. Stenton,
4473:
4453:
4433:
4412:
4393:
4373:
4353:
4333:
4307:
4287:
4267:
4248:
4228:
4209:
4188:
4168:
4148:
4128:
4084:
4065:
4046:
4027:
4008:
3988:
3969:
3950:
3931:
3916:
3898:
3839:
3797:
3765:
3449:
5275:
4826:
5300:
1950:
The "continuation of Bede" is by other hands than Bede's, though the first few entries may be by Bede himself. See
1028:; these were essentially the midland Anglian territories. Canterbury retained the sees in the south and southeast.
3016:, especially pp. 139–143. For the contrary view, see Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", pp. 101–106.
4942:
3439:
5033:
710:
549:Æthelbald, who had ruled Mercia since 716, was assassinated in 757. According to a later continuation of Bede's
263:
6093:
4919:
4639:
2436:, p. 220. Stenton adds in a footnote that "it is very dangerous to reject a reading which is so well attested".
211:
6088:
5820:
5590:
5544:
1017:
5083:
1376:, in the preface to Alfred's own law code. Alfred says that he has included in his code those laws of Offa,
5976:
3038:
For all this, see Keynes, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", pp. 314–323, in Brown & Farr,
1084:, and probably wished to emulate the impressive dignity of the Frankish court. Other precedents did exist:
799:
in 792. However, there is no evidence that Northumbria was ever under Mercian control during Offa's reign.
5232:
5068:
5028:
1372:
Offa issued laws in his name, but no details of them have survived. They are known only from a mention by
1247:
792:
344:
6073:
6000:
3739:
3588:
721:, where his cult flourished, becoming at one time second only to Canterbury as a pilgrimage destination.
501:, a set of genealogies that include lines of descent for four Mercian kings. All four lines descend from
5063:
5003:
4998:
3181:
1126:
Offa was a generous patron of the church, founding several churches and monasteries, often dedicated to
5829:
5799:
4655:
3107:
817:
in 760, and Offa is recorded as campaigning against the Welsh in 778, 784 and 796 in the tenth-century
796:
259:
203:
1708:, p. 100) describes him as "by common consent the most imposing Anglo-Saxon ruler before Alfred".
580:
at an early date, as it appears that the independent dynasty of Lindsey had disappeared by this time.
246:
by 771, though his authority did not remain unchallenged in either territory. In the 780s he extended
6098:
5859:
5844:
5420:
4632:
4489:
3807:
3502:
2325:, p. 177; see also Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "The Age of Mercian Supremacy", in Zaluckyj et al.,
5660:
5013:
4968:
4555:
2424:
E.g. Fletcher assumes that Egbert spent essentially all Beorhtric's reign in Francia; see Fletcher,
5733:
5703:
5294:
5226:
4983:
4796:
4600:
3815:
3735:
3510:
1226:
1222:
1211:
915:
665:
597:
when evidence emerges of Offa's influence in Kent, that Mercian power can be seen expanding again.
391:
274:
1092:
as king during his lifetime, and Offa may have known of Byzantine examples of royal consecration.
324:
queen ever depicted on a coin. Only three gold coins of Offa's have survived: one is a copy of an
5622:
5538:
5098:
5008:
4978:
4973:
4513:
1055:
Another possible reason for the creation of an archbishopric at Lichfield relates to Offa's son,
942:
713:
became king, and was independent long enough to issue coins of his own. In 794, according to the
5485:
5217:
1353:
invasions. However, Offa did not necessarily understand the economic changes that came with the
976:
In 787, Offa succeeded in reducing the power of Canterbury through the establishment of a rival
615:
48:
5942:
5043:
5023:
4887:
4869:
3547:
describes him as "perhaps the greatest of all the Anglo-Saxon kings, save only Alfred"; Blair,
1528:, with "Offa Rex" centred on the reverse. It is clear that the moneyer had no understanding of
1350:
1334:
946:
867:
859:
788:
784:
340:
336:
165:
5205:
4746:
4585:
1358:
910:, for his piety and efforts to "instruct in the precepts of God", he came into conflict with
383:
219:
5793:
5438:
5432:
5093:
5078:
5018:
4988:
4963:
4821:
4565:
3727:
1259:
1179:
706:
410:
371:
31:
5328:
4726:
4580:
4550:
2266:
which asserts that the southeastern kingdoms were "wrongly forced away" from the kinsmen of
1381:
1085:
957:. They visited Canterbury first, and then were received by Offa at his court. Both Offa and
5745:
5715:
5697:
5634:
5598:
5584:
5053:
4958:
4953:
4811:
4776:
4560:
1628:
1218:
977:
733:
693:
638:
in his own name, with Heahberht on the witness list as king of Kent. Another king of Kent,
537:
and Æthelburh. It has been speculated that Æthelburh was the abbess who was a kinswoman of
427:
17:
1238:
1138:
to Rome; a mancus was a term of account equivalent to thirty silver pennies, derived from
8:
6078:
5751:
5739:
5721:
5709:
5532:
5058:
4993:
4781:
1155:'s control of religious lands, and the pattern was continued in the early 9th century by
1131:
1073:
919:
746:
741:
639:
478:
397:
The power and prestige that Offa attained made him one of the most significant rulers in
302:
286:
251:
5672:
5394:
5382:
6050:
6010:
5834:
5805:
5678:
5654:
5574:
5461:
5376:
5048:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4721:
4595:
4575:
4506:
4322:
4199:
3755:
3544:
3368:
2098:
1952:
1595:
1532:
as the Arabic text contains many errors. The coin may have been produced to trade with
1366:
1263:
1160:
1056:
1005:
849:, a great earthen barrier that runs approximately along the border between England and
725:
577:
554:
530:
498:
352:
298:
226:. In the early years of Offa's reign, it is likely that he consolidated his control of
223:
155:
98:
88:
544:
505:, who ruled Mercia early in the 7th century. Offa's line descends through Pybba's son
6103:
5970:
5893:
5853:
5610:
5604:
5491:
5455:
5426:
5388:
5211:
5073:
4816:
4801:
4736:
4731:
4545:
4469:
4449:
4429:
4408:
4389:
4369:
4349:
4329:
4303:
4283:
4263:
4244:
4224:
4205:
4184:
4164:
4144:
4124:
4080:
4061:
4042:
4023:
4004:
3984:
3965:
3946:
3927:
3912:
3894:
3854:
3835:
3793:
3785:
3761:
3445:
3372:
1879:
1518:
1510:
1393:
1134:, which he probably founded in the early 790s. He also promised a yearly gift of 365
1089:
677:
619:
572:. Charters dating from the first two years of Offa's reign show the Hwiccan kings as
538:
398:
247:
243:
218:, Offa came to the throne after a period of civil war following the assassination of
139:
4540:
4296:
Stafford, Pauline, "Political Women in Mercia, Eighth to Early Tenth Centuries", in
3171:", in Lapidge et al., "Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England", p. 456.
439:", or subking, of Æthelbald's. The eighth-century monk and chronicler the Venerable
435:, for example, where Æthelric, son of king Oshere of the Hwicce, is described as a "
269:
Offa was a Christian king who came into conflict with the Church, particularly with
6045:
5899:
5787:
5781:
5640:
5616:
5244:
5238:
5147:
4791:
4786:
4686:
4099:
3358:
2329:, pp. 152–153, which gives the details of the earliest versions of the legend.
2271:
2267:
1574:
1443:
1413:. These were small silver pennies, which often did not bear the name of either the
1373:
1346:
1242:
819:
773:
682:
654:
631:
584:
332:
4110:
2432:, pp. 62–63. On the other hand, Stenton accepts the figure as three: see Stenton,
862:, less than five miles (8 km) from the coast, while in the south it stops at
6025:
5924:
5727:
5556:
5526:
5412:
5345:
4883:
4711:
4701:
4696:
4691:
3009:
1873:
1829:
1550:
1479:
1280:
1077:
1004:, a symbol of his authority, from Rome. The new archdiocese included the sees of
985:
954:
950:
871:
635:
627:
623:
502:
258:, and regained complete control of the southeast. He also became the overlord of
239:
1812:
Peter Featherstone, provides a review of some theories about the origins of the
1317:, or fortified towns; the locations are not generally agreed on but may include
560:
6035:
6005:
5550:
5351:
5288:
4831:
4706:
4671:
4103:
3042:; see also Williams, "Military Institutions and Royal Power", pp. 304–305.
1475:
1398:
1362:
1255:
1171:
846:
831:
808:
589:
506:
454:
432:
215:
70:
5666:
4614:
Not listed in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, but held equivalent or greater power.
1953:"Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: Christian Classic Ethereal Library"
1453:
382:
In the first half of the 8th century, the dominant Anglo-Saxon ruler was King
6067:
6015:
5910:
5370:
4317:
3615:
3064:
Simon Keynes, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", in Brown & Farr,
2351:
Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "The Age of Mercian Supremacy", in Zaluckyj et al.,
1813:
1457:
Two silver pennies of Offa's reign. The right-hand penny portrays Cynethryth.
1418:
1377:
1194:
congratulates Offa for encouraging education and greets Offa's wife and son,
1167:
1115:
1081:
962:
934:
875:
839:
462:
401:
386:, who by 731 had become the overlord of all the provinces south of the River
278:
214:, from 757 until his death in 796. The son of Thingfrith and a descendant of
4201:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources
3757:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources
4771:
3093:, "Market Centres and Towns in the Mercian Hegemony", in Brown & Farr,
1579:
1517:
There are also surviving gold coins from Offa's reign. One is a copy of an
1207:
1036:
1025:
938:
863:
348:
5250:
4911:
4864:
1490:
1478:, who minted a series showing a portrait of his mother, the later Empress
1104:
1044:
569:
541:, but there are other prominent women named Æthelburh during that period.
235:
5930:
5628:
5359:
3997:
Featherstone, Peter, "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia", in
3789:
1845:
Patrick Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in Campbell et al., eds.,
1554:
1439:
1427:
1422:
1326:
1206:
proposed that his son Charles marry one of Offa's daughters, most likely
1203:
1119:
1069:
997:
903:
737:
658:
470:
415:
363:
331:
Many historians regard Offa as the most powerful Anglo-Saxon king before
321:
3911:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reprinted with corrections 2006.
1816:
in "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia" in Brown & Farr,
1486:
1357:, so it is not safe to assume he envisioned all their benefits. In 749,
1096:
1064:
911:
270:
5333:
5103:
4039:
The Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage: Sixth to Eighth Centuries
3363:
3346:
3090:
1546:
1533:
1466:
1195:
1156:
1152:
1108:
926:
by Egbert, and it is also known that Jænberht claimed the monastery of
923:
891:
526:
518:
317:
294:
290:
282:
132:
4836:
1397:
Reverse of a coin of Offa, bearing the name of the moneyer Ethelnoth.
1288:
6030:
4624:
4529:
1621:
1525:
1471:
1447:
1345:
are forerunners of the defensive network successfully implemented by
1297:
1230:
1100:
1060:
1049:
1013:
993:
989:
883:
458:
405:
306:
1000:'s first and only archbishop, and by the end of 788 he received the
5473:
4902:
King of Mercia during the temporary separation of Mercia and Wessex
4681:
3398:
Pauline Stafford, "Political Women in Mercia" in Brown & Farr,
2003:, pp. 204–205; the charter itself is translated in Whitelock,
1611:, Ecgfrith's successor, was only distantly related to Offa's line.
1608:
1322:
1301:
1199:
1127:
1032:
1009:
958:
814:
718:
545:
Early reign, the midland territories and the Middle and East Saxons
513:
227:
183:
1602:
Ecgfrith died after a reign of only 141 days. A letter written by
5887:
5773:
5689:
5479:
5364:
5088:
4806:
1591:
1414:
1406:
1318:
1143:
1139:
1001:
927:
887:
758:
750:
649:
records that "the Mercians and the inhabitants of Kent fought at
534:
489:
325:
255:
178:
160:
121:
968:
826:
605:
5936:
5918:
5256:
4896:
4676:
3154:
Gareth Williams, "Military Institutions", in Brown & Farr,
1603:
1537:
1529:
1502:
1431:
1330:
1305:
1284:
1275:
1234:
1191:
1148:
1135:
1021:
907:
729:
650:
466:
423:
387:
313:
231:
207:
1311:
There is evidence that Offa constructed a series of defensive
870:
in Herefordshire, less than fifty miles (80 km) from the
661:
was temporarily successful in regaining Kentish independence.
4716:
4570:
4498:
3728:"Medieval Sourcebook: The Annales Cambriae (Annals of Wales)"
2581:
1521:
1506:
1434:
all produced coins of the new heavier weight in this period.
1292:
1175:
902:
Offa ruled as a Christian king, but despite being praised by
854:
850:
835:
769:
698:
4094:
Kelly, S. E. (2007). "Offa (d. 796), king of the Mercians".
3500:
See the listing under "King", in the "Office" section under
1035:, who became king of Mercia shortly after Offa's death, and
949:
in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons. The legates were Bishop
5467:
5339:
3775:
1410:
1313:
1304:
only survived in power for a few months, and ninth-century
1040:
474:
469:, an English deacon and scholar who spent over a decade at
440:
2597:
Patrick Wormald, "Offa's Dyke", in James Campbell et al.,
2580:
Stenton cites, for example, the village "Burlingjobb", in
1308:
continued to draw its kings from multiple dynastic lines.
1225:
were repudiated, and the heresies of two Spanish bishops,
1217:
Charlemagne sought support from the English church at the
609:
Southeastern England showing locations connected with Offa
5573:
4077:
Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. – A.D. 871
4060:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2567:
Margaret Worthington, "Wat's Dyke", in Lapidge et al.,
757:
records that the two kings combined to exile Egbert to
242:
to establish himself as overlord, Offa also controlled
6041:
Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom
4342:
Williams, Gareth, "Mercian Coinage and Authority", in
688:
457:, most of which was probably built in his reign, is a
4405:
Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society
4384:
Campbell, John; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991).
3979:
Campbell, John; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991).
394:
in the 9th century that Mercian power began to wane.
316:
coinage. Some of his coins carry images of his wife,
5177:
4403:
Wormald, Patrick; Bullough, D.; Collins, R. (1983).
845:
The best known relic associated with Offa's time is
408:
of him survives. A key source for the period is the
293:
may have been motivated by Offa's desire to have an
266:
beheaded in 794, perhaps for rebelling against him.
4382:Wormald, Patrick, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in
4177:idem, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", in
1052:depended on "deception and misleading suggestion".
529:, whose ancestry is unknown. The couple had a son,
4466:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4446:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4362:idem, "Military Institutions and Royal Power", in
4321:
4260:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4241:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4161:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4141:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4121:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4020:Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England
3891:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3441:Medieval European Coinage By Philip Grierson p.330
3437:
2541:Margaret Worthington, "Offa's Dyke", in Lapidge,
1536:; or it may be part of the annual payment of 365
6065:
3438:Grierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark A. S. (1986).
3148:
2977:
4425:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
3229:
3227:
3225:
2078:
1875:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
1711:
1590:Offa died on 29 July 796, and may be buried in
418:narrating the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The
3481:
3045:
3012:, "Carolingian Contacts" in Brown & Farr,
2940:
2938:
2870:
2868:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2569:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2543:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2365:
2363:
2361:
2285:
2170:The quote is from Patrick Wormald, "Bede, the
2117:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1834:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1785:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1221:in 794, where the canons passed in 787 at the
1170:is traditionally supposed to have founded the
772:, a 9th-century monk who wrote a biography of
5163:
4927:
4640:
4514:
3870:English Historical Documents v. 1 c. 500–1042
3613:
3246:A transcription of Ine's laws can be read at
3084:
2698:
2666:, pp. 217–218 & 218 notes 3 & 4.
2656:
2630:
2504:
1337:. In addition to their defensive uses, these
1095:Despite the creation of the new archdiocese,
443:wrote a history of the English church called
4364:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001).
4344:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001).
4298:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001).
4278:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001).
4179:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001).
3999:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001).
3941:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001).
3851:The Lives of Two Offas, Vitae Offarum Duorum
3781:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
3589:"July 29, 796: Death of King Offa of Mercia"
3524:
3392:
3325:
3222:
3122:
2911:
2909:
2854:
2852:
2755:
2753:
2737:
2674:
2672:
2604:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2381:
2379:
2345:
2228:
2226:
2054:
2052:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1806:
1795:
1793:
1737:
1724:
375:A mention of Offa, the Mercian king, in the
250:over most of southern England, allying with
4941:
3673:
3494:
2990:
2964:
2935:
2865:
2818:
2792:
2617:
2574:
2548:
2358:
2256:
2164:
2036:
1966:
1763:
1687:
1685:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1300:. He was ultimately unsuccessful, however;
676:The evidence for Offa's involvement in the
444:
367:The kingdoms of Britain during Offa's reign
30:"Offa" redirects here. For other uses, see
5170:
5156:
4934:
4920:
4647:
4633:
4521:
4507:
4276:Nelson, Janet, "Carolingian Contacts", in
3699:
3660:
3634:
3567:
3554:
3470:
3468:
3379:
3347:"A coin of Queen Fastrada and Charlemagne"
3314:
3312:
3285:
3283:
3161:
3135:
2880:
2405:
2332:
2210:
1266:were clearly minor figures by comparison.
47:
27:Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia from 757 to 796
6021:List of English words of Old Norse origin
4442:Worthington, Margaret, "Offa's Dyke", in
3362:
3019:
2906:
2849:
2836:
2805:
2779:
2750:
2685:
2669:
2643:
2591:
2561:
2530:
2478:
2452:
2376:
2223:
2049:
2010:
1986:are likely to be the same person. Yorke,
1912:
1899:
1865:
1790:
583:Little is known about the history of the
533:, and at least three daughters: Ælfflæd,
358:
238:. Taking advantage of instability in the
4366:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe
4346:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe
4300:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe
4280:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe
4198:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (2004).
4181:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe
4001:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe
3943:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe
3907:Blackburn, Mark & Grierson, Philip,
3754:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (2004).
3686:
3666:Simon Keynes, "Cynethryth", in Lapidge,
3647:
3642:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom In Europe
3586:
3344:
3333:Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage
2517:
2471:This theory is due to Kirby; see Kirby,
2392:
2298:
2065:
2023:
1823:
1777:
1682:
1669:
1641:
1496:
1452:
1392:
1103:, now senior in his turn. Subsequently,
984:reports a "contentious synod" in 787 at
967:
825:
802:
692:
604:
559:
512:
488:
370:
362:
145:
4237:Lapidge, Michael, "Alcuin of York", in
4096:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4079:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
3465:
3418:
3405:
3309:
3296:
3280:
3267:
3251:. Georgetown University. Archived from
3209:
3196:
3071:
2922:
2766:
2724:
2711:
2439:
1940:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1878:. Psychology Press. pp. 101, 104.
1839:
1585:
1185:
1068:alive. Offa would have been aware that
14:
6066:
4654:
4058:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
3058:
2951:
2893:
2278:, pp. 167–168; see also Swanton,
2091:
1832:, "Alcuin of York", in Lapidge et al.
1783:Roger Ray, "Bede", in Lapidge et al.,
1750:
588:charter of Offa's disposed of land in
484:
447:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum
305:, which was settled at the Council of
5151:
4915:
4628:
4502:
2418:
2311:
2108:
2097:The evidence comes from a charter of
1871:
1698:
1509:of Offa, a copy of the dinars of the
783:Offa's marital alliances extended to
343:in marriage to the Northumbrian king
5122:also king of Kent and king of Mercia
4494:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
3812:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
3668:Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3507:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
3240:
2239:
2147:
2130:
1993:
1944:
1872:Yorke, Dr Barbar (5 November 1997).
1693:Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1691:Simon Keynes, "Mercia", in Lapidge,
1664:Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1174:in Rome, in what is today the Roman
1142:gold coins that were circulating in
664:Ealhmund was probably the father of
593:for most or all of the 8th century.
222:. Offa defeated the other claimant,
4041:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3926:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1202:. In about 789, or shortly before,
1080:, had been consecrated as kings by
918:. Jænberht had been a supporter of
689:East Anglia, Wessex and Northumbria
24:
4845:
3872:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
2695:, 204 & 205, pp. 791–794.
2491:
1450:was elevated to an archbishopric.
1088:is said to have nominated his son
930:, which was in Offa's possession.
600:
335:. His dominance never extended to
25:
6115:
4483:
3924:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
2876:Anglo-Saxon England, p. 223.
1405:At the start of the 8th century,
1349:a century later to deal with the
289:. This reduction in the power of
5301:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire
5291:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)
5179:Viking activity in Great Britain
4468:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4448:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4262:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4243:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4163:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4143:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4123:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4117:Keynes, Simon, "Cynethryth", in
3893:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
3853:. Crediton: The Medieval Press.
3607:
3580:
3537:
3431:
3338:
3174:
2182:, p. 113, quoted in Kirby,
1361:had issued a charter that freed
497:Offa's ancestry is given in the
3100:
3032:
3003:
2747:, sub anno 785, pp. 52–54.
2465:
2189:
1979:
1932:
1852:
634:. In 764, Offa granted land at
5276:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians
4528:
3444:. Cambridge University Press.
1489:'s death and replacement with
853:. It is mentioned by the monk
339:, though he gave his daughter
254:, who married Offa's daughter
13:
1:
6001:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)
5980:
5946:
5495:
5398:
5279:
2888:Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
2340:Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
2157:, pp. 166–167; Stenton,
1635:
1409:were the primary circulating
1269:
281:to divide the archdiocese of
166:Ælfflæd, Queen of Northumbria
6084:8th-century English monarchs
5977:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum
4111:UK public library membership
4075:Hunter Blair, Peter (1966).
4056:Hunter Blair, Peter (1977).
3694:English Historical Documents
3655:English Historical Documents
2985:English Historical Documents
2959:English Historical Documents
2930:English Historical Documents
2732:English Historical Documents
2719:English Historical Documents
2693:English Historical Documents
2612:English Historical Documents
2251:English Historical Documents
2103:English Historical Documents
2005:English Historical Documents
1758:English Historical Documents
1494:of the new, heavier weight.
521:, wife of King Offa (1.29 g)
414:, a collection of annals in
264:Æthelberht II of East Anglia
7:
4328:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4098:. Oxford University Press.
3868:Whitelock, Dorothy (1968).
3778:(1991). D.H. Farmer (ed.).
3740:City University of New York
2199:, pp. 56–57; Stenton,
1614:
10:
6120:
4221:The Earliest English Kings
4018:Fletcher, Richard (1989).
3909:Medieval European Coinage.
3715:
3474:Blackburn & Grierson,
3411:Blackburn & Grierson,
3385:Blackburn & Grierson,
3318:Blackburn & Grierson,
3302:Blackburn & Grierson,
3289:Blackburn & Grierson,
3273:Blackburn & Grierson,
2527:, ch. 14, p. 71.
2398:Blackburn & Grierson,
2270:, who was the son of king
2249:, p. 208; Whitelock,
2140:, p. 207–208; Kirby,
1560:
1388:
806:
753:, a daughter of Offa; the
539:King Ealdred of the Hwicce
202:(died 29 July 796 AD) was
29:
5993:
5963:
5908:
5880:
5873:
5843:
5819:
5772:
5766:Second invasion: 980–1012
5765:
5688:
5566:
5519:
5512:
5448:
5421:Ecgberht I of Northumbria
5321:
5314:
5268:
5192:
5185:
5112:
4949:
4878:
4857:
4843:
4662:
4609:
4536:
4464:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
4444:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
4258:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
4239:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
4159:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
4139:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
4119:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
3889:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
3849:Swanton, Michael (2010).
3832:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3830:Swanton, Michael (1996).
3476:Medieval European Coinage
3413:Medieval European Coinage
3387:Medieval European Coinage
3320:Medieval European Coinage
3304:Medieval European Coinage
3291:Medieval European Coinage
3275:Medieval European Coinage
3182:"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 134"
2295:, pp. 164, 166.
1849:, pp. 110, 118.
1662:Simon Keynes, "Offa", in
1248:Æthelred I of Northumbria
897:
890:as well as such sites as
793:Æthelred I of Northumbria
404:, though no contemporary
189:
177:
138:
128:
116:
108:
104:
94:
84:
76:
69:
46:
41:
5295:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon
5214:of East Anglia (855–869)
4892:Also King of East Anglia
4462:eadem, "Wat's Dyke", in
4407:. Oxford: B. Blackwell.
3964:. Hambledon and London.
3960:Campbell, James (2000).
3736:College of Staten Island
3696:, 202, pp. 786–788.
3345:Coupland, Simon (2023).
3249:"Laws of Alfred and Ine"
3108:"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 92"
2987:, 198, pp. 782–784.
2932:, 195, pp. 779–780.
2734:, 210, pp. 799–800.
2721:, 203, pp. 788–790.
2174:, and the origin of the
2119:, p. 340; Stenton,
1860:English Coinage 600–1900
1524:struck in 774 by Caliph
1223:Second Council of Nicaea
978:archdiocese at Lichfield
916:Archbishop of Canterbury
724:To the south of Mercia,
431:list can be seen on the
287:archdiocese of Lichfield
275:Archbishop of Canterbury
161:Eadburh, Queen of Wessex
156:Ecgfrith, King of Mercia
5629:Sea Battle near Swanage
5539:Battle of Hingston Down
4943:Monarchs of East Anglia
4422:Yorke, Barbara (1990).
3834:. New York: Routledge.
3657:, 79, pp. 468–470.
1760:, 67, pp. 453–454.
1598:, but according to the
1159:, the daughter of King
953:, and Theophylact, the
493:Offa's immediate family
285:in two, creating a new
5567:First invasion 865–896
4851:
4556:Rædwald of East Anglia
4104:10.1093/ref:odnb/20567
3620:Catholic Encyclopaedia
3614:Knight, Kevin (2009).
3575:Earliest English Kings
3215:Keynes & Lapidge,
3202:Keynes & Lapidge,
3079:Earliest English Kings
2998:Earliest English Kings
2917:Earliest English Kings
2899:Keynes & Lapidge,
2844:Earliest English Kings
2813:Earliest English Kings
2761:Earliest English Kings
2706:Earliest English Kings
2680:Earliest English Kings
2651:Earliest English Kings
2486:Earliest English Kings
2473:Earliest English Kings
2445:Keynes & Lapidge,
2400:Early Medieval Coinage
2323:Earliest English Kings
2321:, p. 210; Kirby,
2293:Earliest English Kings
2276:Earliest English Kings
2234:Earliest English Kings
2205:Earliest English Kings
2203:, p. 225; Kirby,
2184:Earliest English Kings
2178:", in Wormald et al.,
2155:Earliest English Kings
2142:Earliest English Kings
2125:Earliest English Kings
2123:, p. 207; Kirby,
2060:Earliest English Kings
2018:Earliest English Kings
1927:Earliest English Kings
1514:
1458:
1402:
973:
947:Pope Gregory the Great
842:
728:came to the throne of
702:
610:
565:
551:Historia Ecclesiastica
522:
494:
445:
379:
368:
359:Background and sources
80:757 – 29 July 796
6094:East Anglian monarchs
5520:Viking raids: 793–850
5439:Eohric of East Anglia
5433:Ceolwulf II of Mercia
5220:(978–1013, 1014–1016)
4849:
4223:. London: Routledge.
4037:Gannon, Anna (2003).
3962:The Anglo-Saxon State
3816:King's College London
3681:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3511:King's College London
3351:Early Medieval Europe
2745:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2430:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2413:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2280:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2264:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2218:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2197:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1679:, V, 23, p. 324.
1600:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1500:
1456:
1396:
1291:and the unidentified
1260:Great Hungarian Plain
1045:Archbishop Æthelheard
982:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
971:
829:
803:Wales and Offa's Dyke
715:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
696:
647:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
608:
563:
516:
492:
477:, which was based on
411:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
377:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
374:
366:
32:Offa (disambiguation)
6089:Anglo-Saxon warriors
5673:Battle of Fearnhamme
5635:Battle of Chippenham
5599:Battle of Englefield
5218:Æthelred the Unready
4850:Offa (757–796)
4571:Oswiu of Northumbria
4219:Kirby, D.P. (1992).
4204:. Penguin Classics.
4022:. Shepheard-Walwyn.
3922:Blair, John (2006).
3760:. Penguin Classics.
1629:Vitae duorum Offarum
1586:Death and succession
1262:, and Offa and then
1219:council of Frankfurt
1186:European connections
992:, already Bishop of
734:Battle of Bensington
564:Another coin of Offa
230:peoples such as the
5591:Siege of Nottingham
5545:Battle of Rochester
5206:Ælla of Northumbria
5127:also king of Mercia
4586:Æthelbald of Mercia
4324:Anglo-Saxon England
4137:idem, "Mercia", in
3792:. London: Penguin.
3532:Anglo-Saxon England
3491:, pp. 223–224.
3489:Anglo-Saxon England
3389:, pp. 279–280.
3255:on 17 December 2007
3235:Anglo-Saxon England
3000:, pp. 176–177.
2972:Anglo-Saxon England
2946:Anglo-Saxon England
2831:Anglo-Saxon England
2800:Anglo-Saxon England
2776:, pp. 218–219.
2774:Anglo-Saxon England
2708:, pp. 169–170.
2664:Anglo-Saxon England
2640:, pp. 215–216.
2638:Anglo-Saxon England
2627:, pp. 116–117.
2614:, 198, p. 783.
2601:, pp. 120–121.
2586:Anglo-Saxon England
2556:Anglo-Saxon England
2514:, pp. 214–215.
2512:Anglo-Saxon England
2434:Anglo-Saxon England
2402:, pp. 281–282.
2371:Anglo-Saxon England
2319:Anglo-Saxon England
2247:Anglo-Saxon England
2201:Anglo-Saxon England
2161:, pp. 207–208.
2159:Anglo-Saxon England
2138:Anglo-Saxon England
2127:, pp. 165–166.
2121:Anglo-Saxon England
2088:, pp. 206–207.
2086:Anglo-Saxon England
2044:Anglo-Saxon England
2001:Anglo-Saxon England
1571:Anglo-Saxon England
1485:Around the time of
1359:Æthelbald of Mercia
920:Ecgberht II of Kent
485:Ancestry and family
384:Æthelbald of Mercia
303:Bishop of Worcester
297:consecrate his son
252:Beorhtric of Wessex
212:Anglo-Saxon England
6074:8th-century births
6051:Vale of York Hoard
6011:England runestones
5881:Viking settlements
5679:Battle of Benfleet
5655:Battle of Edington
5575:Great Heathen Army
5462:Halfdan Ragnarsson
5373:(947–948, 952–954)
4852:
4656:Monarchs of Mercia
4581:Æthelred of Mercia
4576:Wulfhere of Mercia
4566:Oswald of Bernicia
4551:Æthelberht of Kent
3885:Trinoda Necessitas
3707:Kings and Kingdoms
3640:Brown & Farr,
3595:. anglo-saxons.net
3562:Kings and Kingdoms
3545:Peter Hunter Blair
3364:10.1111/emed.12640
3169:Trinoda Necessitas
3143:Kings and Kingdoms
3029:, pp. 119–120
3027:Kings and Kingdoms
2961:, 20, p. 313.
2890:, pp. 129–30.
2860:Kings and Kingdoms
2787:Kings and Kingdoms
2625:Kings and Kingdoms
2497:Annales Cambriae,
2460:Kings and Kingdoms
2387:Kings and Kingdoms
2306:Kings and Kingdoms
2105:, 80, p. 470.
2099:Coenwulf of Mercia
2073:Kings and Kingdoms
2031:Kings and Kingdoms
2007:, 73, p. 461.
1988:Kings and Kingdoms
1974:Kings and Kingdoms
1907:Kings and Kingdoms
1801:Kings and Kingdoms
1704:Richard Fletcher (
1596:Ecgfrith of Mercia
1515:
1459:
1403:
1382:Æthelberht of Kent
1367:trinoda necessitas
1178:, or district, of
1130:. Among these was
1086:Æthelred of Mercia
1057:Ecgfrith of Mercia
974:
843:
787:when his daughter
703:
611:
578:kingdom of Lindsey
566:
523:
499:Anglian collection
495:
380:
369:
353:Coenwulf of Mercia
6059:
6058:
5971:Treaty of Wedmore
5959:
5958:
5869:
5868:
5845:Harald's invasion
5815:
5814:
5761:
5760:
5650:
5649:
5623:Battle of Reading
5611:Battle of Meretun
5605:Battle of Ashdown
5508:
5507:
5492:Thorkell the Tall
5456:Ivar the Boneless
5427:Burgred of Mercia
5389:Olaf Guthfrithson
5310:
5309:
5212:Edmund the Martyr
5145:
5144:
5074:Edmund the Martyr
4909:
4908:
4663:Kingdom of Mercia
4622:
4621:
4596:CĹ“nwulf of Mercia
4546:Ceawlin of Wessex
4428:. London: Seaby.
4388:. Penguin Books.
4318:Stenton, Frank M.
4157:idem, "Offa", in
4109:(subscription or
3983:. Penguin Books.
3883:Abels, Richard, "
3878:Secondary sources
3860:978-0-9557636-8-7
3786:Leo Sherley-Price
3335:, pp. 31–32.
3055:, pp. 43–44.
2501:760, 778 and 784.
2180:Ideal and Reality
1885:978-0-415-16639-3
1787:, pp. 57–59.
1747:, pp. 95–98.
1719:Anglo-Saxon State
1511:Abbasid Caliphate
996:, became the new
945:had been sent by
886:, in what is now
678:kingdom of Sussex
277:. Offa persuaded
248:Mercian Supremacy
197:
196:
16:(Redirected from
6111:
6099:Mercian monarchs
6046:Silverdale Hoard
5985:
5982:
5951:
5948:
5900:North Sea Empire
5878:
5877:
5788:Battle of Pinhoe
5770:
5769:
5686:
5685:
5661:Battle of London
5641:Battle of Cynwit
5617:Battle of Basing
5571:
5570:
5517:
5516:
5500:
5497:
5403:
5400:
5395:Ragnall ua ĂŤmair
5383:Gofraid ua ĂŤmair
5319:
5318:
5284:
5281:
5245:Edward the Elder
5239:Alfred the Great
5190:
5189:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4827:Æthelred II
4822:Ceolwulf II
4649:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4601:Egbert of Wessex
4523:
4516:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4479:
4459:
4439:
4418:
4399:
4386:The Anglo-Saxons
4379:
4359:
4339:
4327:
4313:
4293:
4273:
4254:
4234:
4215:
4194:
4174:
4154:
4134:
4114:
4107:
4090:
4071:
4052:
4033:
4014:
3994:
3981:The Anglo-Saxons
3975:
3956:
3937:
3904:
3873:
3864:
3845:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3803:
3784:. Translated by
3771:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3732:Annales Cambriae
3710:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3584:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3220:
3217:Alfred the Great
3213:
3207:
3204:Alfred the Great
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3167:Richard Abels, "
3165:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3130:The Anglo-Saxons
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3088:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2901:Alfred the Great
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2863:
2856:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2599:The Anglo-Saxons
2595:
2589:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2528:
2525:Alfred the Great
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2456:
2450:
2447:Alfred the Great
2443:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2272:Ealhmund of Kent
2268:Egbert of Wessex
2260:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2168:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2112:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1847:The Anglo-Saxons
1843:
1837:
1827:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1772:The Anglo-Saxons
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1745:The Anglo-Saxons
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1575:Alfred the Great
1444:Bishop of London
1374:Alfred the Great
1347:Alfred the Great
1243:Egbert of Wessex
820:Annales Cambriae
774:Alfred the Great
767:
705:In East Anglia,
683:Symeon of Durham
666:Egbert of Wessex
525:Offa's wife was
450:
392:Egbert of Wessex
333:Alfred the Great
149:
64:
63:
51:
39:
38:
21:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6055:
5989:
5983:
5955:
5949:
5904:
5865:
5860:Stamford Bridge
5839:
5821:Cnut's invasion
5811:
5757:
5734:Second Stamford
5684:
5667:Siege of Exeter
5646:
5577:
5562:
5557:Battle of Aclea
5533:Isle of Sheppey
5504:
5498:
5444:
5413:Sweyn Forkbeard
5401:
5346:Harold Harefoot
5306:
5282:
5264:
5181:
5176:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5108:
4945:
4940:
4910:
4905:
4874:
4853:
4841:
4777:Ceolwulf I
4727:Æthelred I
4664:
4658:
4653:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4605:
4532:
4527:
4486:
4476:
4463:
4456:
4443:
4436:
4421:
4415:
4402:
4396:
4383:
4376:
4363:
4356:
4343:
4336:
4316:
4310:
4297:
4290:
4277:
4270:
4257:
4251:
4238:
4231:
4218:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4178:
4171:
4158:
4151:
4138:
4131:
4118:
4108:
4093:
4087:
4074:
4068:
4055:
4049:
4036:
4030:
4017:
4011:
3998:
3991:
3978:
3972:
3959:
3953:
3940:
3934:
3921:
3901:
3888:
3867:
3861:
3848:
3842:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3806:
3800:
3774:
3768:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3726:
3721:Primary sources
3718:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3622:. newadvent.org
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3585:
3581:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3555:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3436:
3432:
3426:Mercian Coinage
3423:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3219:, pp. 305.
3214:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2866:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2440:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2194:
2190:
2169:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2131:
2113:
2109:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1830:Michael Lapidge
1828:
1824:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1642:
1638:
1617:
1588:
1563:
1391:
1272:
1188:
1166:Either Offa or
1132:St Albans Abbey
951:George of Ostia
900:
872:Bristol Channel
811:
805:
765:
691:
603:
601:Kent and Sussex
547:
487:
361:
240:kingdom of Kent
210:, a kingdom of
173:
143:
142:
124:
65:
61:
60:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6117:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6036:Ragnar Lodbrok
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6006:Cuerdale Hoard
6003:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5974:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5915:
5913:
5911:petty kingdoms
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5848:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5803:
5800:St Brice's Day
5797:
5791:
5785:
5778:
5776:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5704:First Stamford
5701:
5694:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5595:
5594:
5588:
5585:Battle of York
5581:
5579:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5523:
5521:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:Svein Knutsson
5349:
5343:
5337:
5325:
5323:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5200:Offa of Mercia
5196:
5194:
5193:Major monarchs
5187:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4893:
4890:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4858:Later monarchs
4855:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4591:Offa of Mercia
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4561:Edwin of Deira
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4541:Ælle of Sussex
4537:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4484:External links
4482:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4460:
4454:
4440:
4434:
4419:
4413:
4400:
4394:
4380:
4374:
4360:
4354:
4340:
4334:
4314:
4308:
4294:
4288:
4274:
4268:
4255:
4249:
4235:
4229:
4216:
4210:
4195:
4189:
4175:
4169:
4155:
4149:
4135:
4129:
4115:
4091:
4085:
4072:
4066:
4053:
4047:
4034:
4028:
4015:
4009:
3995:
3989:
3976:
3970:
3957:
3951:
3938:
3932:
3919:
3905:
3899:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3846:
3840:
3827:
3804:
3798:
3772:
3766:
3751:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3709:, p. 118.
3698:
3685:
3672:
3670:, p. 133.
3659:
3646:
3633:
3606:
3587:Miller, Sean.
3579:
3577:, p. 177.
3566:
3564:, p. 114.
3553:
3536:
3534:, p. 224.
3523:
3493:
3480:
3478:, p. 281.
3464:
3450:
3430:
3428:, p. 211,
3417:
3415:, p. 280.
3404:
3391:
3378:
3357:(4): 585–597.
3337:
3324:
3322:, p. 279.
3308:
3306:, p. 277.
3295:
3293:, p. 278.
3279:
3277:, p. 157.
3266:
3239:
3237:, p. 222.
3221:
3208:
3206:, p. 164.
3195:
3173:
3160:
3158:, p. 297.
3147:
3145:, p. 165.
3134:
3121:
3099:
3097:, p. 192.
3083:
3070:
3068:, p. 314.
3057:
3044:
3031:
3018:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2974:, p. 219.
2963:
2950:
2948:, p. 220.
2934:
2921:
2919:, p. 175.
2905:
2903:, p. 244.
2892:
2879:
2864:
2862:, p. 116.
2848:
2846:, p. 171.
2835:
2833:, p. 215.
2817:
2815:, p. 172.
2804:
2802:, p. 218.
2791:
2789:, p. 115.
2778:
2765:
2763:, p. 173.
2749:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2682:, p. 174.
2668:
2655:
2653:, p. 170.
2642:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2588:, p. 214.
2573:
2571:, p. 468.
2560:
2558:, p. 213.
2547:
2545:, p. 341.
2529:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2488:, p. 154.
2477:
2475:, p. 169.
2464:
2462:, p. 147.
2451:
2438:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2389:, p. 141.
2375:
2373:, p. 209.
2357:
2355:, p. 153.
2344:
2342:, p. 288.
2331:
2310:
2297:
2284:
2255:
2253:, p. 243.
2238:
2236:, p. 168.
2222:
2209:
2207:, p. 178.
2188:
2186:, p. 167.
2163:
2146:
2144:, p. 165.
2129:
2107:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2062:, p. 165.
2048:
2046:, p. 206.
2035:
2022:
2020:, p. 164.
2009:
1992:
1990:, p. 113.
1978:
1976:, p. 113.
1965:
1943:
1931:
1929:, p. 163.
1911:
1909:, p. 112.
1898:
1884:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1822:
1805:
1803:, p. 117.
1789:
1776:
1774:, p. 123.
1762:
1749:
1736:
1730:Hunter Blair,
1723:
1721:, p. 144.
1710:
1697:
1695:, p. 307.
1681:
1668:
1666:, p. 340.
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1587:
1584:
1562:
1559:
1476:Constantine VI
1399:British Museum
1390:
1387:
1363:ecclesiastical
1274:The nature of
1271:
1268:
1256:Atlantic Ocean
1241:, among them.
1187:
1184:
1172:Schola Saxonum
1114:A letter from
1111:'s authority.
955:bishop of Todi
899:
896:
830:Looking along
807:Main article:
804:
801:
690:
687:
602:
599:
546:
543:
486:
483:
433:Ismere Diploma
399:early medieval
360:
357:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:
172:
171:
168:
163:
158:
152:
150:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
71:King of Mercia
67:
66:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6116:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6062:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:Furness Hoard
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:Major leaders
5447:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5377:AmlaĂb Cuarán
5375:
5372:
5371:Eric Bloodaxe
5369:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:Major leaders
5267:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Æthelberht II
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4882:Also King of
4881:
4880:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4848:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:527–918
4661:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4475:0-631-22492-0
4471:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4455:0-631-22492-0
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4435:1-85264-027-8
4431:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4414:0-631-12661-9
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4395:0-14-014395-5
4391:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4375:0-8264-7765-8
4371:
4368:. Continuum.
4367:
4361:
4357:
4355:0-8264-7765-8
4351:
4348:. Continuum.
4347:
4341:
4337:
4335:0-19-821716-1
4331:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4309:0-8264-7765-8
4305:
4302:. Continuum.
4301:
4295:
4291:
4289:0-8264-7765-8
4285:
4282:. Continuum.
4281:
4275:
4271:
4269:0-631-22492-0
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4250:0-631-22492-0
4246:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4230:0-415-09086-5
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4211:0-14-044409-2
4207:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4190:0-8264-7765-8
4186:
4183:. Continuum.
4182:
4176:
4172:
4170:0-631-22492-0
4166:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4150:0-631-22492-0
4146:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4130:0-631-22492-0
4126:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4086:0-393-00361-2
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4067:0-521-29219-0
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4048:0-19-925465-6
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4029:0-85683-089-5
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4010:0-8264-7765-8
4006:
4003:. Continuum.
4002:
3996:
3992:
3990:0-14-014395-5
3986:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3971:1-85285-176-7
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3952:0-8264-7765-8
3948:
3945:. Continuum.
3944:
3939:
3935:
3933:0-19-921117-5
3929:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3917:0-521-03177-X
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3900:0-631-22492-0
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3841:0-415-92129-5
3837:
3833:
3828:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3799:0-14-044565-X
3795:
3791:
3788:. Revised by
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3767:0-14-044409-2
3763:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3683:, p. 50.
3682:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3637:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3550:
3546:
3543:For example,
3540:
3533:
3527:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3453:
3451:9780521031776
3447:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3402:, p. 39.
3401:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3184:. Sean Miller
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3110:. Sean Miller
3109:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3010:Nelson, Janet
3006:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2449:, p. 71.
2448:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2415:, p. 62.
2414:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2308:, p. 64.
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2282:, p. 60.
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2220:, p. 60.
2219:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:Gens Anglorum
2173:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2075:, p. 32.
2074:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2033:, p. 50.
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1836:, p. 24.
1835:
1831:
1826:
1820:, p. 29.
1819:
1815:
1814:Tribal Hidage
1809:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1732:Roman Britain
1727:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:Islamic Spain
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:Ine of Wessex
1416:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:Ine of Wessex
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1239:Eadberht Præn
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Ine of Wessex
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:papal legates
936:
935:Pope Adrian I
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
895:
893:
889:
885:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
852:
848:
841:
840:Herefordshire
837:
833:
828:
824:
822:
821:
816:
810:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
775:
771:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
711:Æthelberht II
708:
700:
695:
686:
684:
679:
674:
671:
667:
662:
660:
659:Eadberht Præn
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:Æthelberht II
607:
598:
594:
591:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
562:
558:
556:
552:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
491:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:Tribal Hidage
460:
456:
452:
449:
448:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
378:
373:
365:
356:
355:became king.
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Pope Adrian I
276:
272:
267:
265:
262:and had King
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
188:
185:
182:
180:
176:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
151:
148:
147:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6061:
5199:
5038:
4899:overlordship
4895:Recognising
4756:
4590:
4465:
4445:
4424:
4404:
4385:
4365:
4345:
4323:
4299:
4279:
4259:
4240:
4220:
4200:
4180:
4160:
4140:
4120:
4095:
4076:
4057:
4038:
4019:
4000:
3980:
3961:
3942:
3923:
3908:
3890:
3884:
3869:
3850:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3811:
3780:
3756:
3743:. Retrieved
3731:
3706:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3619:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3593:Anglo-Saxons
3592:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3549:Introduction
3548:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3506:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3455:. Retrieved
3440:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3274:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3253:the original
3242:
3234:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3176:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3102:
3094:
3086:
3081:, p. 3.
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3053:Anglo-Saxons
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2859:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2773:
2768:
2760:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2370:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1946:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1906:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1874:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1734:, pp. 14–15.
1731:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1627:
1620:
1599:
1589:
1580:Simon Keynes
1570:
1568:
1564:
1557:and London.
1543:
1516:
1484:
1465:Offa's wife
1464:
1460:
1436:
1404:
1371:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1312:
1310:
1273:
1252:
1216:
1212:St Wandrille
1189:
1165:
1125:
1113:
1094:
1054:
1037:Pope Leo III
1030:
981:
975:
932:
906:'s advisor,
901:
880:
864:Rushock Hill
844:
818:
812:
782:
778:
762:
754:
723:
714:
704:
675:
669:
663:
646:
644:
612:
595:
582:
573:
567:
550:
548:
524:
496:
453:
436:
419:
409:
396:
381:
376:
349:Simon Keynes
330:
311:
268:
199:
198:
144:
36:
6026:Norse–Gaels
5943:East Anglia
5931:Northumbria
5823:(1015–1016)
5794:First Alton
5774:The Danelaw
5690:The Danelaw
5669:(893, 1001)
5527:Lindisfarne
5415:(1013–1014)
5360:Northumbria
5354:(1030–1035)
5348:(1035–1040)
5342:(1016–1035)
5336:(1035–1042)
5186:Anglo-Saxon
5084:Æthelred II
4888:East Anglia
3790:R.E. Latham
3745:17 December
3692:Whitelock,
3653:Whitelock,
3516:31 December
3259:30 December
2983:Whitelock,
2957:Whitelock,
2928:Whitelock,
2730:Whitelock,
2717:Whitelock,
2691:Whitelock,
2610:Whitelock,
1862:p. 10.
1858:Sutherland
1756:Whitelock,
1555:East Anglia
1430:, Kent and
1428:East Anglia
1423:Carolingian
1327:Northampton
1204:Charlemagne
1157:Cwoenthryth
1120:Charlemagne
1116:Pope Adrian
1082:Pope Adrian
1070:Charlemagne
998:archdiocese
963:Pope Adrian
904:Charlemagne
847:Offa's Dyke
832:Offa's Dyke
809:Offa's Dyke
785:Northumbria
738:Oxfordshire
585:East Saxons
479:Carolingian
471:Charlemagne
455:Offa's Dyke
416:Old English
337:Northumbria
322:Anglo-Saxon
260:East Anglia
112:29 July 796
85:Predecessor
6079:796 deaths
6068:Categories
5984: 890
5950: 550
5746:Brunanburh
5716:Tettenhall
5698:Buttington
5551:Carhampton
5499: 970
5402: 914
5334:Harthacnut
5303:(855–?877)
5283: 881
5104:Guthrum II
5069:Æthelweard
5029:Æthelred I
4897:West Saxon
4812:Beorhtwulf
4530:Bretwaldas
3424:Williams,
3188:18 January
3128:Campbell,
3091:Alan Vince
2172:Bretwaldas
1743:Campbell,
1717:Campbell,
1636:References
1547:Canterbury
1491:Æthelheard
1467:Cynethryth
1442:, who was
1270:Government
1196:Cynethryth
1153:Cynethryth
1109:Canterbury
1105:Æthelheard
924:Canterbury
892:Stonehenge
876:Wat's Dyke
860:Llanfynydd
620:Eadberht I
527:Cynethryth
519:Cynethryth
481:examples.
437:subregulus
424:West Saxon
345:Æthelred I
320:—the only
318:Cynethryth
295:archbishop
291:Canterbury
283:Canterbury
193:Thingfrith
133:Cynethryth
6031:Old Norse
5939:(527–918)
5933:(653–954)
5927:(410–825)
5921:(519–927)
5896:(866–954)
5890:(865–896)
5830:Brentford
5752:Stainmore
5740:Corbridge
5722:Tempsford
5710:The Holme
5488:(892–896)
5482:(874–890)
5476:(865–870)
5470:(865–878)
5464:(865–877)
5458:(865–870)
5441:(917–927)
5435:(874–880)
5429:(852–874)
5423:(867–872)
5391:(939–941)
5385:(921–934)
5379:(941–944)
5367:(883–895)
5329:Knýtlinga
5289:Æthelflæd
5253:(924–939)
5251:Æthelstan
5247:(899–924)
5241:(871–899)
5235:(839–858)
5233:Æthelwulf
5229:(802–839)
5208:(unk–867)
5202:(757–796)
5132:sub-kings
5099:Æthelwold
5089:Guthrum I
5064:Æthelstan
5059:Beornwulf
5004:Æthelwold
4999:Æthelhere
4984:Sigeberht
4865:Æthelstan
4832:Æthelflæd
4782:Beornwulf
4747:Æthelbald
4113:required)
3679:Swanton,
3530:Stenton,
3487:Stenton,
3457:17 August
3373:258491265
3233:Stenton,
3132:, p. 100.
2970:Stenton,
2944:Stenton,
2874:Stenton,
2829:Stenton,
2798:Stenton,
2772:Stenton,
2743:Swanton,
2662:Stenton,
2636:Stenton,
2554:Stenton,
2510:Stenton,
2426:Who's Who
2411:Swanton,
2369:Stenton,
2317:Stenton,
2274:. Kirby,
2245:Stenton,
2216:Swanton,
2136:Stenton,
2084:Stenton,
2042:Stenton,
1999:Stenton,
1706:Who's Who
1622:Offacolus
1551:Rochester
1526:Al-Mansur
1472:Byzantine
1448:Lichfield
1298:ealdorman
1231:Elipandus
1101:Hygeberht
1072:'s sons,
1061:Hygeberht
1050:Lichfield
1014:Leicester
1006:Worcester
994:Lichfield
990:Hygeberht
943:Augustine
884:Danevirke
797:Catterick
763:Chronicle
755:Chronicle
747:Beorhtric
742:Beorhtric
670:Chronicle
636:Rochester
632:Heahberht
570:Magonsæte
517:Penny of
459:testimony
420:Chronicle
406:biography
307:Brentford
236:Magonsæte
220:Æthelbald
170:Æthelburh
95:Successor
6104:Iclingas
5964:Treaties
5909:English
5835:Assandun
5806:Ringmere
5578:(865–78)
5474:Hvitserk
5409:England
5322:Monarchs
5259:(946–954
5227:Ecgberht
5223:Wessex:
5117:co-kings
5054:Ceolwulf
5009:Ealdwulf
4979:Ricberht
4974:Eorpwald
4797:Ecgberht
4772:Cynehelm
4767:Coenwulf
4762:Ecgfrith
4752:Beornred
4742:Ceolwald
4722:Wulfhere
4682:Cynewald
4320:(1971).
3808:"Offa 7"
3644:, p. 310
3626:12 April
3599:12 April
3551:, p. 53.
3503:"Offa 7"
3331:Gannon,
3114:28 April
2499:sub anno
1891:9 August
1615:See also
1609:Coenwulf
1538:mancuses
1505:or gold
1487:Jænberht
1474:emperor
1440:Eadberht
1407:sceattas
1401:, London
1335:Stamford
1323:Hereford
1302:Ecgfrith
1264:Coenwulf
1200:Ecgfrith
1161:Coenwulf
1136:mancuses
1128:St Peter
1097:Jænberht
1065:Jænberht
1059:. After
1033:Coenwulf
1010:Hereford
959:Cynewulf
912:Jænberht
815:Hereford
791:married
749:married
726:Cynewulf
719:Hereford
655:Ealhmund
640:Ecgberht
555:Beornred
531:Ecgfrith
428:charters
314:Frankish
309:in 781.
299:Ecgfrith
271:Jænberht
234:and the
224:Beornred
184:Iclingas
99:Ecgfrith
89:Beornred
62:offa rex
59:Legend:
5994:Culture
5888:Danelaw
5854:Fulford
5513:Battles
5486:Hastein
5480:Guthrum
5365:Guthred
5049:CĹ“nwulf
5044:Eadwald
5024:Alberht
5014:Ælfwald
4969:Rædwald
4837:Ælfwynn
4817:Burgred
4807:Wigstan
4802:Wigmund
4737:Ceolred
4732:Coenred
3821:6 April
3716:Sources
3705:Yorke,
3573:Kirby,
3560:Yorke,
3141:Yorke,
3077:Kirby,
3051:Yorke,
3025:Yorke,
2996:Kirby,
2915:Kirby,
2886:Blair,
2858:Yorke,
2842:Kirby,
2811:Kirby,
2785:Yorke,
2759:Kirby,
2704:Kirby,
2678:Kirby,
2649:Kirby,
2623:Yorke,
2523:Asser,
2484:Kirby,
2458:Yorke,
2385:Yorke,
2338:Blair,
2304:Yorke,
2291:Kirby,
2232:Kirby,
2153:Kirby,
2071:Yorke,
2058:Kirby,
2029:Yorke,
2016:Kirby,
1972:Yorke,
1938:Kelly,
1925:Kirby,
1905:Yorke,
1799:Yorke,
1592:Bedford
1561:Stature
1519:Abbasid
1415:moneyer
1411:coinage
1389:Coinage
1319:Bedford
1289:Tomsæte
1276:Mercian
1258:to the
1208:Ælfflæd
1144:Francia
1140:Abbasid
1090:Coenred
1018:Lindsey
1002:pallium
986:Chelsea
933:In 786
928:Cookham
888:Germany
868:Kington
866:, near
834:, near
789:Ælfflæd
759:Francia
751:Eadburh
701:of Offa
697:Silver
628:Eanmund
624:Sigered
535:Eadburh
475:coinage
402:Britain
341:Ælfflæd
326:Abbasid
256:Eadburh
228:Midland
122:Bedford
57:of Offa
53:Silver
5937:Mercia
5919:Wessex
5894:Jorvik
5874:Places
5862:(1066)
5856:(1066)
5847:(1066)
5808:(1010)
5802:(1002)
5796:(1001)
5790:(1001)
5782:Maldon
5501:–1024)
5315:Viking
5257:Eadred
5094:Eohric
5079:Oswald
5019:Beonna
4989:Ecgric
4964:Tytila
4870:Eadgar
4792:Wiglaf
4787:Ludeca
4687:Creoda
4677:Cnebba
4490:Offa 7
4472:
4452:
4432:
4411:
4392:
4372:
4352:
4332:
4306:
4286:
4266:
4247:
4227:
4208:
4187:
4167:
4147:
4127:
4083:
4064:
4045:
4026:
4007:
3987:
3968:
3949:
3930:
3915:
3897:
3887:", in
3857:
3838:
3796:
3764:
3616:"Offa"
3448:
3400:Mercia
3371:
3156:Mercia
3095:Mercia
3066:Mercia
3040:Mercia
3014:Mercia
2353:Mercia
2327:Mercia
1958:3 June
1882:
1818:Mercia
1675:Bede,
1604:Alcuin
1530:Arabic
1503:mancus
1432:Wessex
1351:Danish
1331:Oxford
1306:Mercia
1287:, the
1285:Hwicce
1235:Franks
1192:Alcuin
1149:Hwicce
1074:Pippin
1026:Elmham
1022:Dommoc
914:, the
908:Alcuin
898:Church
730:Wessex
707:Beonna
651:Otford
590:Harrow
574:reguli
467:Alcuin
422:was a
388:Humber
273:, the
244:Sussex
232:Hwicce
208:Mercia
190:Father
146:Detail
129:Spouse
117:Burial
5973:(886)
5952:–918)
5784:(991)
5754:(954)
5748:(937)
5742:(918)
5736:(918)
5730:(917)
5728:Derby
5724:(917)
5718:(910)
5712:(902)
5706:(894)
5700:(893)
5681:(894)
5675:(893)
5663:(886)
5657:(878)
5643:(878)
5637:(878)
5631:(877)
5625:(871)
5619:(871)
5613:(871)
5607:(871)
5601:(870)
5593:(867)
5587:(867)
5559:(851)
5553:(843)
5547:(842)
5541:(838)
5535:(835)
5529:(793)
5404:–921)
5297:(878)
5285:–911)
5137:Danes
4959:Wuffa
4954:Wehha
4717:Oswiu
4712:Peada
4702:Penda
4697:Cearl
4692:Pybba
3369:S2CID
2582:Powys
1522:dinar
1513:(774)
1507:dinar
1480:Irene
1355:burhs
1343:burhs
1339:burhs
1314:burhs
1293:Gaini
1281:Penda
1227:Felix
1180:Borgo
1176:rione
1078:Louis
937:sent
855:Asser
851:Wales
836:Knill
770:Asser
766:'
699:penny
503:Pybba
179:House
140:Issue
77:Reign
55:penny
5925:Kent
5468:Ubba
5340:Cnut
5039:Offa
4994:Anna
4886:and
4884:Kent
4757:Offa
4707:Eowa
4672:Icel
4470:ISBN
4450:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4409:ISBN
4390:ISBN
4370:ISBN
4350:ISBN
4330:ISBN
4304:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4264:ISBN
4245:ISBN
4225:ISBN
4206:ISBN
4185:ISBN
4165:ISBN
4145:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4081:ISBN
4062:ISBN
4043:ISBN
4024:ISBN
4005:ISBN
3985:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3947:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3913:ISBN
3895:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3836:ISBN
3823:2007
3794:ISBN
3776:Bede
3762:ISBN
3747:2007
3628:2012
3601:2012
3518:2007
3459:2012
3446:ISBN
3261:2007
3190:2008
3116:2007
1960:2007
1893:2012
1880:ISBN
1380:and
1333:and
1229:and
1198:and
1076:and
1041:Kent
1024:and
736:(in
645:The
630:and
618:and
507:Eowa
441:Bede
216:Eowa
204:King
200:Offa
109:Died
42:Offa
18:Offa
4492:at
4100:doi
3359:doi
1569:In
1118:to
795:at
206:of
6070::
5981:c.
5947:c.
5496:c.
5399:c.
5280:c.
3814:.
3810:.
3738:,
3734:.
3730:.
3618:.
3591:.
3509:.
3505:.
3467:^
3367:.
3355:31
3353:.
3349:.
3311:^
3282:^
3224:^
2937:^
2908:^
2867:^
2851:^
2820:^
2752:^
2671:^
2532:^
2378:^
2360:^
2225:^
2051:^
1914:^
1792:^
1684:^
1677:HE
1643:^
1553:,
1549:,
1501:A
1329:,
1325:,
1321:,
1250:.
1214:.
1163:.
1020:,
1016:,
1012:,
1008:,
838:,
823:.
626:,
5986:)
5979:(
5945:(
5494:(
5397:(
5278:(
5171:e
5164:t
5157:v
4935:e
4928:t
4921:v
4648:e
4641:t
4634:v
4522:e
4515:t
4508:v
4478:.
4458:.
4438:.
4417:.
4398:.
4378:.
4358:.
4338:.
4312:.
4292:.
4272:.
4253:.
4233:.
4214:.
4193:.
4173:.
4153:.
4133:.
4106:.
4102::
4089:.
4070:.
4051:.
4032:.
4013:.
3993:.
3974:.
3955:.
3936:.
3903:.
3863:.
3844:.
3825:.
3802:.
3770:.
3749:.
3630:.
3603:.
3520:.
3461:.
3375:.
3361::
3263:.
3192:.
3118:.
1962:.
1895:.
34:.
20:)
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