Ottonian art - Knowledge

1257: 1417: 1456: 1480:

modern glass paste replacements. As from other periods, there are many more surviving ivory panels (whose material is usually hard to re-use) for book-covers than complete metalwork covers, and some thicker ivory panels were later re-carved from the back with a new relief. Many objects mentioned in written sources have completely disappeared, and we probably now only have a tiny fraction of the original production of reliquaries and the like. A number of pieces have major additions or changes made later in the Middle Ages or in later periods. Manuscripts that avoided major library fires have had the best chance of survival; the dangers facing wall-paintings are mentioned above. Most major objects remain in German collections, often still church libraries and treasuries.

702: 1241: 744: 314: 1217: 1022: 721: 333: 1060: 669: 269: 978: 1000: 20: 1433: 418: 159: 559: 1194:, New York has a "dedication" scene, where a crowned monarch presents Christ with a model church, usually taken to be Otto I with Magdeburg Cathedral. Altogether seventeen survive, probably fewer than half of the original set. The plaques include background areas fully cut through the ivory, which would presumably originally have been backed with gold. Apart from the spaces left beside buildings, these openwork elements include some that leave chequerboard or foliage patterns. The style of the figures is described by 1391: 299: 1040: 1273: 284: 684: 1205: 5610: 894: 540:

Backgrounds are often composed of bands of colour with a symbolic rather than naturalistic rationale, the size of figures reflects their importance, and in them "emphasis is not so much on movement as in gesture and glance", with narrative scenes "presented as a quasi-liturgical act, dialogues of divinity". This gestural "dumb-show soon to be conventionalized as a visual language throughout medieval Europe".

1502:, the first survey of the subject written in English, as the usual art-historical term, the "minor arts", seemed unsuitable for this period, where they were, with manuscript miniatures, the most significant art forms. In 2003 a reviewer noted that Ottonian manuscript illustration was a field "that is still significantly under-represented in English-language art-historical research". 1726: 555:, the best known and most extreme of the group, where "the figure-style has become more monumental, more rarified and sublime, at the same time thin in density, insubstantial, mere silhouettes of colour against a shimmering void". The group introduced the background of solid gold to Western illumination. 1311:

has the best-known surviving scheme, though much of the original work has been lost and the remaining paintings to the sides of the nave have suffered from time and restoration. The largest scenes show the miracles of Christ in a style that both shows specific Byzantine input in some elements, and a

1304:, and laymen may have dominated the art of wall-painting, though perhaps sometimes working to designs by monastic illuminators. The artists seem to have been rather mobile: "at about the time of the Oberzell pictures there was an Italian wall-painter working in Germany, and a German one in England". 776:

gold decorating areas between the bars of enamel and gem decoration. Relics were assuming increasing importance, sometimes political, in this period, and so increasingly rich reliquaries were made to hold them. In such works the gems do not merely create an impression of richness, but served both to

767:

for books were all made of or covered by gold, embellished with gems, enamels, crystals, and cameos. This was a much older style, but the Ottonian version has distinctive features, with very busy decoration of surfaces, often gems raised up from the main surface on little gold towers, accompanied by

149:

and less understanding of its classical models, but around 1000 a striking intensity and expressiveness emerge in many works, as "a solemn monumentality is combined with a vibrant inwardness, an unworldly, visionary quality with sharp attention to actuality, surface patterns of flowing lines and rich

1479:

Surviving Ottonian works are very largely those in the care of the church which were kept and valued for their connections with either royal or church figures of the period. Very often the jewels in metalwork were pilfered or sold over the centuries, and many pieces now completely lack them, or have

1287:

Although it is clear from documentary records that many churches were decorated with extensive cycles of wall-painting, survivals are extremely rare, and more often than not fragmentary and in poor condition. Generally they lack evidence to help with dating such as donor portraits, and their date is

245:

to Otto II, and imported Byzantine elements, especially enamels and ivories, are often incorporated into Ottonian metalwork such as book covers. However, if there were actual Greek artists working in Germany in the period, they have left less trace than their predecessors in Carolingian times. The

350:

Ottonian monasteries produced many magnificent medieval illuminated manuscripts. They were a major art form of the time, and monasteries received direct sponsorship from emperors and bishops, having the best in equipment and talent available. The range of heavily illuminated texts was very largely

136:

Ottonian dynasty. From this emerged a renewed faith in the idea of Empire and a reformed Church, creating a period of heightened cultural and artistic fervour. It was in this atmosphere that masterpieces were created that fused the traditions from which Ottonian artists derived their inspiration:

521:

manuscript painting, and whose miniatures are notable for "their delicate sensibility to tonal grades and harmonies, their fine sense of compositional rhythms, their feelings for the relationship of figures in space, and above all their special touch of reticence and poise". He worked chiefly in

536:, probably in the 980s. However, the majority of the 51 images in this book, which represent the first extensive cycle of images depicting the events of Christ's life in a western European manuscript, were made by two monks from Reichenau, who are named and depicted in one of the miniatures. 246:

manuscripts were both scribed and illuminated by monks with specialized skills, some of whose names are preserved, but there is no evidence as to the artists who worked in metal, enamel and ivory, who are usually assumed to have been laymen, though there were some monastic goldsmiths in the

539:

The style of the "Liuthar group" is very different, and departs further from rather than returning to classical traditions; it "carried transcendentalism to an extreme", with "marked schematization of the forms and colours", "flattened form, conceptualized draperies and expansive gesture".

1144:

presented the Milan example in anticipation of a visit by the Emperor, also referred to in the London example which was possibly from the same workshop. The latest and most lavish is the Aachen example, which is studded with jewels and shows an enthroned Emperor, surrounded by a pope and

1488:'s studies of ivories and sculpture in general. A number of exhibitions held in Germany in the years following World War II helped introduce the subject to a wider public and promote the understanding of art media other than manuscript illustrations. The 1950 Munich exhibition 194:. This goal was accomplished in various ways. For example, the many Ottonian ruler portraits typically include elements, such as province personifications, or representatives of the military and the Church flanking the emperor, with a lengthy imperial iconographical history. 1416: 358:

In contrast to manuscripts of other periods, it is very often possible to say with certainty who commissioned or received a manuscript, but not where it was made. Some manuscripts also include relatively extensive cycles of narrative art, such as the sixteen pages of the

491:

The most important "Reichenau school" manuscripts are agreed to fall into three distinct groups, all named after scribes whose names are recorded in their books. The "Eburnant group" covered above was followed by the "Ruodprecht group" named after the scribe of the

225:

depicting the donors of the manuscripts to a church, including bishops, abbots and abbesses, and also the emperor. In some cases successive miniatures show a kind of relay: in the Hornbach Sacramentary the scribe presents the book to his abbot, who presents it to St

923:, with biblical figure scenes in bronze relief, each cast in a single piece, where the powerfully simple compositions convey their meanings by emphatic gestures, in a way comparable to the Reichenau miniatures of the same period. There is also a bronze column, the 141:

and metalwork, and was produced in a small number of centres for a narrow range of patrons in the circle of the Imperial court, as well as important figures in the church. However much of it was designed for display to a wider public, especially of pilgrims.

595:

complex schemes where "bands of gold outline the bold, squares circles, ellipses, and rhombs that enclose the figures", and inscriptions are incorporated in the design explicating its complex theological symbolism. This style was to be very influential on

218:. The one thing the ruler portraits rarely attempt is a close likeness of the individual features of a ruler; when Otto III died, some manuscript images of him were re-purposed as portraits of Henry II without the need being felt to change the features. 234:

Abbey, who presents it to St Peter, who presents it to Christ, altogether taking up eight pages (with the facing illuminated tablets) to stress the unity and importance of the "command structure" binding church and state, on earth and in heaven.

1483:

The term "Ottonian art" was not coined until 1890, and the following decade saw the first serious studies of the period; for the next several decades the subject was dominated by German art historians mainly dealing with manuscripts, apart from

201:

from Late Antique structures in Rome and Ravenna and their incorporation into Ottonian buildings was a device intended to suggest imperial continuity. This was clearly the intention of Otto I when he removed columns, some of

1256: 101:(circa 951–1024). However, the style neither began nor ended to neatly coincide with the rule of the dynasty. It emerged some decades into their rule and persisted past the Ottonian emperors into the reigns of the early 113:, though the transitions at both ends of the period are gradual rather than sudden. Like the former and unlike the latter, it was very largely a style restricted to a few of the small cities of the period, and important 1455: 1240: 2066:

Lasko, 87–91; Williamson, 12; Beckwith, 126–129. On the function of the original object, Williamson favours a door, Lasko leans towards a pulpit, and Beckwith an antependium, but none seem emphatic in their

919:(died 1022), who was himself an artist, although his biographer was unusually honest in saying that he did not reach "the peaks of perfection". The most famous of these is the pair of church doors, the 1160:

wings now in Berlin (all illustrated below) produced particularly fine and distinctive work, perhaps in Trier, with "an astonishing perception of the human form ... facility in handling the material".

414:. In the group of four presentation miniatures in the former described above "we can almost follow ... the movement away from the expansive Carolingian idiom to the more sharply defined Ottonian one". 1184:

or altar frontal, the cover of an exceptionally large book, a pulpit, or something else, has been much discussed. Each nearly square plaque measures about 13x12 cm, with a relief scene from the

1716:, 1965, Warburg Surveys, 2, of which Backhouse is a review. See Backhouse, 98 for German scholars dubious about the traditional Reichenau school. Garrison, 15, supports the traditional view. 1837:

Dodwell, 130–156 covers the whole period, as does Beckwith, 92–124; Legner's three volumes have catalogue entries on considerable numbers of manuscripts made in Cologne, or now located there.

1103:

was dipped in the situla to collect water with which to sprinkle the congregation or other objects. However the four Ottonian examples from the 10th century are made from a whole section of

701: 375:

and their pages were probably seen by very few; when they were carried in the grand processions of Ottonian churches it seems to have been with the book closed to display the cover.

174:" of the patrons of manuscripts are very prominent in Ottonian art, and much Ottonian art reflected the dynasty's desire to establish visually a link to the Christian rulers of 1316:; they are therefore usually dated around 980–1000. Indeed, the paintings are one of the foundations of the case for Reichenau Abbey as a major centre of manuscript painting. 966:, surrounded by a plain gold surface into which the outline of the figure had been recessed. The Essen cross with large enamels illustrated above shows both these techniques. 1597:

Zentralbibliothek Codex U1 (ex-Cathedral Treasury), folios 7v to 10r; Alexander, 89–90; Legner, Vol 2, B2, all eight pages illustrated on pp. 140-141; Dodwell, 134; the

927:, 3.79 metres (12.4 ft) high, originally the base for a crucifix, cast in a single hollow piece. This unusual form is decorated with twenty-four scenes from the 5452: 504:" of manuscripts, most from the 11th century, in a strongly contrasting style, though still attributed by most scholars to Reichenau, but by Dodwell also to Trier. 262:

at this period was mainly for the church, and may have been centred in monasteries, although (see below) wall-paintings seems to have been usually done by laymen.

2164:

For example, Legner, Vol 2 pp. 238-240, no. E32, where a largely rubbed-down 6th-century Byzantine bookcover plaque has on the original back a Cologne relief of

911:

from the end of the period, a huge candelabra in Essen, and in particular a spectacular collection of ambitious large bronze works, and smaller silver ones, at

781:, and particular types of gem were believed to have actual powerful properties in various "scientific", medical and magical respects, as set out in the popular 145:

The style is generally grand and heavy, sometimes to excess, and initially less sophisticated than the Carolingian equivalents, with less direct influence from

1332:) is one of the outstanding masterpieces of the period. Its traditional dating by the church, long thought to be implausibly early, was finally confirmed by 4077: 313: 1216: 1747:

Or at any rate, monks depicted and named in them. Whether these would actually have been the main scribes of the text is discussed by Mayr-Harting, 229

1344:, which was formerly the abbey) is a virtually unique survival of a type of object once found in many major churches. It is a smaller sculpture of the 626:

for the cathedral there (now in the university library). Other important monastic scriptoria that flourished during the Ottonian age include those at

999: 435:

A number of important manuscripts produced from this period onwards in a distinctive group of styles are usually attributed to the scriptorium of the

883: 623: 3039: 977: 1756:

Dodwell, 134–144; Backhouse, throughout, is rather sceptical about Trier as a major centre; Beckwith, 96–104 stresses the mobility of illuminators.

1021: 785:. The few surviving pieces of secular jewellery are in similar styles, including the crown worn by Otto III as a child, which he presented to the 379: 1152:

Among various stylistic groups and putative workshops that can be detected, that responsible for pieces including the panel from the cover of the

298: 2548: 1288:

often uncertain; many have been restored in the past, further complicating the matter. Most survivals are clustered in south Germany and around

4954: 1995: 4406: 1855:

Lasko, 94–95; Henderson, 15, 202–214; see Head for an analysis of the political significance of reliquaries commissioned by Egbert of Trier.

1108: 4440: 2510:

Sorabella, Jean. "Ottonian Art". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (September 2008)

658:

This scene was often included in Ottonian cycles of the Life of Christ. Many show Jesus (with crossed halo) twice, once asleep and once

4947: 1281: 1078:

and other German and French sites. There are many oblong panels with reliefs which once decorated book-covers, or still do, with the

1198:

as "very heavy, stiff, and massive ... with extremely clear and flat treatment of drapery ... in simple but powerful compositions".

1091:

appear to represent a new departure for ivory carving in their form, and the type is hardly found after this period. Situlae were

1084:

as the most common subject. These and other subjects very largely continue Carolingian iconography, but in a very different style.

1693: 843: 1432: 720: 668: 5229: 3764: 3198: 1492:("sacred art" in Latin) devised this term for religious metalwork and the associated ivories and enamels, which was re-used by 1107:

tusk, and are slightly larger in girth at their tops. All are richly carved with scenes and figures on different levels: the

4167: 3249: 2965: 1659: 1390: 942:

enamel in Germany, which is thought to have fulfilled orders for other centres, and after his death in 993 possibly moved to

137:

models of Late Antique, Carolingian, and Byzantine origin. Surviving Ottonian art is very largely religious, in the form of

2094:

Dodwell, 130; the Italian was "Johannes Italicus", who one scholar has identified with the Gregory Master, see Beckwith, 103

268: 2809: 3547: 3530: 2931: 2541: 2468: 912: 4516: 2876: 1983: 1039: 4584: 3435: 1186: 1117: 481:–1024), imperial commissions. Due to their exceptional quality, the manuscripts of Reichenau were in 2003 added to the 2904: 1376:, which relate to ivory carving of the same period, the large silver cross of the Abbess Raingarda in the Basilica of 584:, which probably influenced a style with "an incisive line and highly formal organization of the page", giving in the 4663: 4658: 3503: 2994: 2329: 2301: 1277: 1141: 712: 283: 105:, which lacks an artistic "style label" of its own. In the traditional scheme of art history, Ottonian art follows 2921: 3669: 2499:, 1991, 2 vols, Harvey Miller (see Suckale-Redlefsen above for review; also there is a 1999 single volume edition) 1176:, "Magdeburg plaques", the "plaques from the Magdeburg Antependium" or similar names. They were probably made in 606:

became important under Abbot Humbert, in office from 1028 to 1051, and the pages (as opposed to the cover) of the

5089: 4562: 2853: 2769: 683: 4842: 4391: 4250: 4014: 3034: 2870: 2579: 2534: 2480: 2458: 2416: 2384: 2367: 2315: 2287: 2273: 2236: 815: 24: 858:) is in a very comparable style. Other major objects include a reliquary of St Andrew surmounted by a foot in 378:

The Ottonian style did not produce surviving manuscripts from before about the 960s, when books known as the "

3931: 3684: 423: 5313: 4685: 4526: 4354: 3159: 3071: 3044: 1446: 1423: 1369: 2362:, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. 1972: 1727:"Illuminated manuscripts from the Ottonian period produced in the monastery of Reichenau (Lake Constance)" 1324:

Very little wood carving has survived from the period, but the monumental painted figure of Christ on the

946:. During this period the workshop followed Byzantine developments (of many decades earlier) by using the 4974: 4675: 3341: 1639: 1466: 1426:; note the rods for curtains. The columns are probably 4th century, the canopy 9th, 10th or 12th century. 1377: 1112: 851: 611: 581: 543:

The group were produced perhaps from the 990s to 1015 or later, and major manuscripts include the Munich

4628: 890:

were important forerunners of the style, from a few decades before and probably from the same workshop.

5271: 4887: 4710: 4084: 3698: 3674: 3227: 3186: 2899: 2140: 1878: 1247: 1191: 1153: 1137: 938:

Around 980, Archbishop Egbert of Trier seems to have established the major Ottonian workshop producing

847: 807: 748: 607: 563: 360: 3622: 2519: 743: 4470: 4349: 4305: 3713: 3356: 3324: 3222: 2708: 1874: 819: 411: 1498: 5234: 5217: 4872: 4715: 4700: 4511: 4381: 4255: 4047: 4002: 3963: 3904: 3875: 3275: 2616: 2526: 1999: 1365: 1204: 799: 305: 4411: 4371: 1140:

in New York. All came from the milieu of the Ottonian court: an inscription says that Archbishop

958:

one already used. Small plaques with decorative motifs derived from plant forms continued to use

5395: 4732: 4572: 4327: 3936: 3882: 3486: 3329: 3244: 3171: 3110: 2254: 1697: 1442: 1361: 1337: 786: 352: 179: 4504: 4322: 3814: 5613: 5506: 5154: 5104: 5064: 5027: 4927: 4567: 3887: 3865: 3725: 2693: 916: 577: 222: 171: 138: 2048:

All except the New York situla are illustrated and discussed in Beckwith, pp. 129–130, 135–136

5644: 5634: 5144: 5119: 5084: 5054: 5020: 4942: 4720: 4695: 4310: 4189: 4094: 2653: 2575: 863: 552: 471: 428: 364: 332: 94: 3572: 2514: 2019: 1059: 5639: 5266: 4847: 4616: 4521: 4315: 4245: 4161: 4035: 3838: 3664: 3464: 3154: 2989: 2894: 2828: 2759: 2678: 2668: 2658: 2408: 1962:

Beckwith, 126–138; Lasko, 78–79, 94, 106–108, 112, 131, as well as the passages cited below

1353: 1297: 1296:; though there are also important examples from north Italy. There is a record of bishop 1168:, now dispersed in several collections, were probably commissioned (perhaps by Otto I) for 1080: 1013: 447:

was one of a number of dissident voices here, believing the works to have been produced at

98: 221:

In a continuation and intensification of late Carolingian trends, many miniatures contain

8: 5649: 5489: 5074: 4990: 4959: 4837: 4800: 4601: 4487: 4334: 4007: 3693: 3679: 3285: 3208: 3086: 3006: 2984: 1651: 1313: 1169: 708: 544: 485: 460: 207: 183: 163: 47: 5568: 4812: 3346: 2394: 2172: 1070:

Much very fine small-scale sculpture in ivory was made during the Ottonian period, with

5531: 5139: 5079: 4822: 4744: 4680: 4494: 4455: 4298: 4199: 4126: 3953: 3740: 3515: 3389: 3319: 3181: 3176: 2953: 2718: 2683: 2492: 2400: 2208: 1601:

also has four pages of presentation scenes, with two each spread across a full opening.

1485: 1301: 932: 823: 548: 509: 342: 320: 203: 125: 51: 19: 5589: 4770: 4450: 2322:

Ottonian Imperial Art and Portraiture. The Artistic Patronage of Otto III and Henry II

1099:, and previously were usually of wood or bronze, straight-sided and with a handle. An 507:

The outstanding miniaturist of the "Ruodprecht group" was the so-called Master of the

5259: 5212: 5182: 5042: 4912: 4827: 4817: 4482: 4465: 4339: 3958: 3921: 3892: 3845: 3708: 3654: 3644: 3634: 3525: 3203: 3115: 3105: 3092: 3081: 2744: 2673: 2648: 2604: 2476: 2454: 2412: 2380: 2363: 2325: 2311: 2297: 2283: 2269: 2232: 1655: 1407: 1329: 1173: 1064: 928: 871: 811: 659: 558: 417: 407: 368: 231: 162:"Roma", "Gallia", "Germania" and "Sclavinia" pay homage to Otto III, from the Munich 158: 129: 62: 3496: 2916: 2509: 1846:

Lasko, Part Two (pp. 77–142), gives a very comprehensive account. Beckwith, 138–145

526:

in the 970s and 980s, and was responsible for several miniatures in the influential

5595: 5541: 5499: 5202: 4995: 4633: 4540: 4418: 4131: 4114: 4072: 4067: 4062: 3980: 3926: 3649: 3594: 3491: 3459: 3430: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3270: 3132: 3127: 2804: 2565: 2435: 1647: 1345: 1333: 1308: 1180:

in about 970, to decorate a large flat surface, though whether this was a door, an

1133: 908: 827: 764: 615: 603: 451:

and Trier instead. Wherever it was located, the "Reichenau school" specialized in

436: 372: 255: 90: 74: 66: 5323: 5516: 5373: 5348: 5298: 5222: 5047: 5037: 4932: 4917: 4897: 4780: 4690: 4653: 4638: 4386: 4293: 4235: 4057: 4052: 3809: 3778: 3730: 3420: 3351: 3336: 3164: 3142: 3063: 3011: 3001: 2973: 2926: 2909: 2833: 2774: 2764: 2703: 2450: 2333: 2246:

Reichenau Reconsidered. A Re-Assessment of the Place of Reichenau in Ottonian Art

2241: 2193:

Suckale-Redlefsen, 524; Lasko, xxii lists a number of the exhibitions up to 1972.

1714:

Reichenau reconsidered. A Re-assessment of the Place of Reichenau in Ottonian Art

1356:

remained rare in the north, though there are more examples in Italy, such as the

1341: 1231: 1129: 1088: 1046: 984: 924: 907:

Large objects in non-precious metals were also made, with the earliest surviving

901: 897: 867: 782: 573:

around 975 show a less accomplished Netherlandish version of Ottonian style. In

533: 497: 456: 290: 133: 106: 3400: 2447:

Monuments of Romanesque Art; The Art of Church Treasures in North-Western Europe

443:, despite an admitted lack of evidence connecting them to the monastery there. 5578: 5546: 5494: 5442: 5425: 5415: 5343: 5005: 4882: 4852: 4749: 4737: 4611: 4545: 4477: 4344: 4240: 3943: 3639: 3579: 3520: 3384: 3314: 3021: 2943: 2860: 2713: 1598: 1009: 920: 879: 875: 835: 778: 597: 570: 514: 493: 440: 395: 275: 247: 241:

also remained an influence, especially with the marriage of the Greek princess

175: 110: 102: 70: 5159: 3028: 1644:

Belief and culture in the Middle Ages: Studies presented to Henry Mayr-Harting

1272: 355:) to the main liturgical books, with very few secular works being so treated. 5628: 5479: 5447: 5308: 5303: 5286: 5114: 5109: 5094: 5069: 5059: 5010: 4670: 4648: 4579: 4445: 4274: 4177: 4153: 4136: 4104: 4089: 3870: 3860: 3855: 3759: 3508: 3469: 3408: 3234: 3191: 2960: 2889: 2821: 2663: 2641: 2557: 2472: 1628:

An area where evidence is generally thin across Europe, see Cherry, Chapter 1

1300:

hiring lay artists for a now vanished cycle at his newly foundation (983) of

674: 528: 444: 336: 259: 238: 146: 58: 4964: 4109: 3771: 5558: 5511: 5467: 5457: 5420: 5390: 5353: 5328: 5318: 5281: 5124: 4907: 4775: 4499: 4428: 4225: 4148: 3899: 3850: 3754: 3735: 3703: 3600: 3540: 3535: 3280: 3100: 2796: 2779: 2739: 2734: 2688: 2626: 2249: 1709: 794: 518: 403: 5553: 3414: 939: 5474: 5437: 5378: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5192: 5187: 5129: 5032: 4969: 4922: 4862: 4832: 4754: 4596: 4434: 4423: 4396: 4366: 4230: 4204: 4121: 4042: 4030: 3985: 3975: 3970: 3948: 3909: 3745: 3720: 3605: 3567: 3474: 3442: 3394: 3122: 3050: 2843: 2784: 2698: 2636: 2596: 2372: 2355: 1573: 1493: 1195: 1181: 1100: 954: 948: 803: 760: 726: 647: 452: 394:), the earliest and grandest of the group, copy those in the Carolingian 251: 191: 29: 2213: 1692:

Dodwell, 134, quoted; Beckwith, 92–93; compare the St John portraits in

1518: 773: 5521: 5333: 5293: 5239: 5207: 5099: 4937: 4892: 4785: 4591: 4401: 4269: 3990: 3792: 3584: 3425: 3213: 2979: 2884: 2848: 2838: 2816: 2631: 2621: 2609: 2561: 2440: 1396: 1325: 1096: 893: 631: 574: 387: 197:

As well as the reuse of motifs from older imperial art, the removal of

61:, northern Italy and eastern France. It was named by the art historian 54: 2346: 2259: 2204:

The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy, and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany

5583: 5573: 5536: 5368: 5358: 5338: 5164: 5134: 4867: 4790: 4209: 3995: 3832: 3589: 3290: 3239: 3137: 2948: 2754: 2725: 1594: 1165: 962:, with enamel all over the plaque, while figures were now usually in 855: 585: 391: 242: 215: 187: 114: 2556: 5563: 5484: 5432: 5363: 5276: 5197: 5149: 5015: 5000: 4857: 4795: 4727: 4621: 4606: 4280: 4194: 4184: 4172: 3916: 3379: 3076: 3016: 1104: 627: 619: 500:, also known as the Liuthar Gospels, give their name to the third " 86: 4902: 4705: 4643: 4460: 4359: 4099: 3826: 3659: 3265: 2865: 2749: 1585:

Dodwell, 123; Imperial portraiture is a major subject in Garrison

1222: 1157: 1092: 730: 643: 211: 82: 3821: 931:

in a continuous strip winding round the column in the manner of

5526: 5385: 4877: 4807: 4376: 4288: 4143: 3374: 1438: 1373: 1357: 887: 839: 831: 769: 635: 482: 448: 383: 227: 198: 118: 78: 1572:

in contrast, there are no surviving contemporary portraits of

622:), the major work of the school. Henry also commissioned the 117:, as well as the court circles of the emperor and his leading 3610: 1462: 1461:

Cross of the Abbess Raingarda, 963- 965, silver, 201x156 cm,

1381: 1349: 1293: 1289: 1177: 1146: 1075: 1071: 943: 859: 752: 639: 523: 798:

or processional crosses include an outstanding group in the

5462: 4264: 2112:

Beckwith, 142; Lauer, Rolf, in Legner, III, 142 (in German)

254:

and lay assistants employed by monasteries. While secular

190:

as well as to their Carolingian predecessors, particularly

2405:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024

2379:, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 1972 (nb, 1st edn.), 2244:, "Reichenau Illumination: Facts and Fictions", review of 1610:

Or so it is usually assumed, but see Suckale-Redlefsen, 98

5453:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

1559: 1557: 870:(now in Paris). The Palace Chapel also has the pulpit or 402:". The two other major manuscripts of the group are the 398:. This is the first stylistic group of the traditional " 2429:

Suckale-Redlefsen, Gude, review of Mayr-Harting, Henry,

1538: 1536: 1534: 1708:

Dodwell, 130, with his full views in: C.R. Dodwell et

1554: 1312:

closeness to Reichenau manuscripts such as the Munich

653: 2266:

Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque

2039:

Williamson, 26, though Lasko, 92 disagrees with this.

1646:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 169–186. 1531: 2391:

Ornamenta Ecclesiae, Kunst und Künstler der Romanik.

2422:Metz, Peter (trans. Ilse Schrier and Peter Gorge), 2258:, Vol. 109, No. 767 (Feb., 1967), pp. 98–100, 1074:probably a site if not the main centre, along with 768:"beehive" projections in gold wire, and figurative 551:and a volume of biblical commentary there, and the 371:. Heavily illuminated manuscripts were given rich 1519:"Dictionary of Art Historians: Janitschek, Hubert" 777:offer a foretaste of the bejewelled nature of the 2439:, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Sep., 1993), pp. 524–527, 2103:Dodwell, 128–130; Beckwith, 88–92; Backhouse, 100 1642:. In Gameson, Richard; Leyser, Henrietta (eds.). 1250:, probably from the same workshop as the diptych. 842:) were imperial possessions; Vienna also has the 759:Objects for decorating churches such as crosses, 258:supplied a steady stream of work for goldsmiths, 5626: 2497:Ottonian Book Illumination. An Historical Study 2431:Ottonian Book Illumination. An Historical Study 2229:Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work 1262:Crucifixion, probably from a book-cover, c 1000 1474: 952:or "sunk enamel" technique in addition to the 150:bright colours with passionate emotionalism". 2542: 2296:, The British Museum Press, 2011 (2nd edn.), 1935:Lasko, 111–123, 119 quoted; Beckwith, 145–149 1190:inside a plain flat frame; one plaque in the 517:, whose work looked back in some respects to 474:(Munich, Bayerische Nationalbibl. clm. 4452, 2212:, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp. 856-858, 1765:Dodwell, 141–142, 141 quoted; Lasko, 106–107 1551:Beckwith, 81–86; Lasko, 82; Dodwell, 123–126 1121:on two levels, the "Situla of Gotofredo" of 874:. The late Carolingian upper cover of the 496:; Dodwell assigns this group to Trier. The 431:, "Liuthar group" of the "Reichenau school" 304:Henry II being crowned by Christ, from the 2549: 2535: 2465:An Introduction to Medieval Ivory Carvings 1899:Metz, 59–60; Lasko, 98; Beckwith, 133–134. 1348:, which is in wood which was covered with 1027:Bernward's doors at Hildesheim Cathedral, 532:, a gospel lectionary made for Archbishop 2426:, 1957, Frederick A. Praeger, LOC 57-5327 2268:, Thames & Hudson, 1964 (rev. 1969), 1637: 2308:The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200 1271: 1145:archbishops. This was probably made in 1058: 892: 742: 738: 557: 416: 363:devoted to "strips" in three tiers with 331: 319:Otto III or Henry II crowned by saints, 214:and reused them in his new cathedral at 206:, and other building materials from the 157: 18: 1307:The church of St George at Oberzell on 844:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire 569:Two dedication miniatures added to the 5627: 5230:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art 3250:Art of the late 16th century in Milan 2530: 2347:"Art and Artifice in Ottonian Trier." 969: 822:(died 1011), and a fourth cross, the 614:in 1045–46, which Henry presented to 610:were produced there, followed by the 73:between 919 and 1024 under the kings 2411:, 1999, Cambridge University Press, 2324:, 2012, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1640:"An Ottonian Sacramentary in Oxford" 562:Labourers in the vineyard, from the 170:Following late Carolingian styles, " 57:, covering also some works from the 2352:, Vol. 36, No. 1. (1997), pp 65–82. 1319: 1063:The "dedication" panel, one of the 654:Gallery of Christ calming the storm 459:, many of them, such as the Munich 13: 4585:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism 3436:Neoclassical architecture in Milan 2486: 2393:Catalogue of an exhibition in the 1917:Lasko, 129–131; Beckwith, 144–145. 1908:Henderson, 15; Lasko, 96–98; Head. 1652:10.1093/oso/9780198208013.003.0016 862:, and gold altar frontals for the 16:Style in pre-Romanesque German art 14: 5661: 4659:American Figurative Expressionism 2995:International Gothic art in Italy 2503: 2085:Dodwell, 127–128; Beckwith, 88–92 2057:Beckwith, 133-136, 135-136 quoted 1810:Dodwell, 151–153; Garrison, 16-18 1115:, decorated with scenes from the 983:Abbess Mathilde's candelabrum in 826:came some fifty years later. The 5609: 5608: 4168:Neue Künstlervereinigung München 2424:The Golden Gospels of Echternach 1953:Lasko, 95–106; Beckwith, 138–142 1890:Lasko, 99–109; Beckwith, 138–142 1638:Kauffmann, Martin (2001-04-12). 1454: 1431: 1415: 1389: 1267: 1255: 1239: 1215: 1203: 1054: 1038: 1020: 998: 976: 719: 700: 682: 667: 312: 297: 282: 267: 5090:Tunisian collaborative painting 4563:International Typographic Style 2196: 2187: 2178: 2158: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2013: 1988: 1977: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1926:Lasko, 64–66; Beckwith, 50, 80. 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1719: 1702: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1631: 1622: 1087:A group of four Ottonian ivory 386:, as several miniatures in the 97:, it is a key component of the 4843:The Caribbean Artists Movement 1792:Beckwith, 108–110, both quoted 1674:Metz, throughout; Dodwell, 144 1613: 1604: 1588: 1579: 1566: 1545: 1511: 816:Essen cross with large enamels 806:were Ottonian princesses. The 713:Exorcism of the Gadarene swine 365:scenes from the life of Christ 327: 25:Essen cross with large enamels 1: 3199:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance 2221: 2165: 1400: 1122: 1028: 988: 747:A corner of the cover of the 690: 589: 475: 464: 437:island monastery of Reichenau 424:Annunciation to the shepherds 132:was re-established under the 34: 5314:Modern European ink painting 4686:Bay Area Figurative Movement 2121:Beckwith, 150–152 Lasko, 104 1370:Abbey of San Pietro al Monte 1280:, nave fresco in St George, 1246:Panel from the cover of the 1113:Victoria & Albert Museum 166:, one of the "Liuthar group" 7: 4975:Artificial intelligence art 2403:, "Artists and Patrons" in 2020:Metropolitan Museum example 1475:Survival and historiography 1352:and then thin gold sheet. 852:Germanisches Nationalmuseum 818:were probably all given by 689:Wall-painting at Oberzell, 612:Golden Gospels of Henry III 582:Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram 580:held the major Carolingian 10: 5666: 4888:Post-painterly abstraction 4711:Situationist International 4085:Pennsylvania Impressionism 2342:, 1972, rev. 1977, Penguin 2227:Alexander, Jonathan A.G., 2202:Review by Karen Blough of 2184:Suckale-Redlefsen, 524–525 1879:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1384:and some stone sculpture. 1368:, and also on that in the 1248:Codex Aureus of Echternach 1192:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1164:A very important group of 1154:Codex Aureus of Echternach 1138:Metropolitan Museum of Art 935:and other Roman examples. 915:from the period of Bishop 848:Codex Aureus of Echternach 808:Cross of Otto and Mathilde 749:Codex Aureus of Echternach 608:Codex Aureus of Echternach 564:Codex Aureus of Echternach 498:Aachen Gospels of Otto III 361:Codex Aureus of Echternach 351:restricted (unlike in the 153: 5604: 5408: 5173: 4983: 4763: 4555: 4539: 4471:California Scene Painting 4350:California Scene Painting 4306:Figurative Constructivism 4218: 4023: 3802: 3791: 3621: 3558: 3451: 3367: 3357:Poussinists and Rubenists 3258: 3062: 2795: 2595: 2586: 2573: 2280:Monuments of Medieval Art 1136:Treasury, and one in the 1006:Expulsion of Adam and Eve 820:Mathilde, Abbess of Essen 124:After the decline of the 5569:Prehistoric European art 5218:Contemporary African art 4701:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai 4629:Generación de la Ruptura 4256:Universal Constructivism 4048:California Impressionism 4003:American Barbizon school 2145:Lombardia Beni Culturali 1996:"Image of Aachen situla" 1873:Lasko, 94-95; also this 1505: 846:. The book cover of the 800:Essen Cathedral Treasury 488:International Register. 382:" were made, perhaps at 306:Sacramentary of Henry II 289:Apotheosis of Otto III. 69:which ruled Germany and 5396:Walking Artists Network 4733:Letterist International 4573:Washington Color School 3487:Arts in the Philippines 2520:Encyclopædia Britannica 2407:, eds. Timothy Reuter, 2255:The Burlington Magazine 1563:Honour and Fleming, 277 1338:Golden Madonna of Essen 1227:Moses Receiving the Law 787:Golden Madonna of Essen 353:Carolingian Renaissance 223:presentation miniatures 139:illuminated manuscripts 5507:Illuminated manuscript 5155:The Designers Republic 5105:Neue Slowenische Kunst 5028:Pattern and Decoration 4928:Institutional critique 4568:Abstract expressionism 3548:Latin American Baroque 3504:Colonial Asian Baroque 2360:A World History of Art 1542:Suckale-Redlefsen, 524 1499:Pelican History of Art 1284: 1067: 904: 802:; several abbesses of 756: 566: 432: 347: 172:presentation portraits 167: 40: 5145:Artist-run initiative 5120:Young British Artists 5085:New European Painting 5021:Moscow Conceptualists 4943:Feminist art movement 4721:Ukrainian underground 4696:Gutai Art Association 4095:Ten American Painters 3599:Western influence in 2576:List of art movements 2397:, Köln, 1985. 3 vols. 1984:image of Milan situla 1683:Suckale-Redlefsen, 98 1366:Sant' Ambrogio, Milan 1275: 1210:The Basilewsky Situla 1111:Situla of 920 in the 1095:vessels used to hold 1062: 896: 864:Palace Chapel, Aachen 789:after he outgrew it. 763:, altar frontals and 746: 739:Metalwork and enamels 677:, between 977 and 993 561: 553:Pericopes of Henry II 472:Pericopes of Henry II 429:Pericopes of Henry II 420: 335: 161: 95:Ottonian architecture 22: 4955:Saqqakhaneh movement 4848:Chicano art movement 4716:Soviet Nonconformist 4522:Boston Expressionism 4505:Abstraction-Création 4323:Arbeitsrat für Kunst 4316:Cologne Progressives 4036:Art Nouveau in Milan 3839:Anglo-Japanese style 3815:National romanticism 3245:Fontainebleau School 3155:Northern Renaissance 2990:International Gothic 2409:Rosamond McKitterick 2389:Legner, Anton (ed). 2278:Calkins, Robert G.; 1496:in his book for the 1467:San Michele Maggiore 1424:Sant'Ambrogio, Milan 1378:San Michele Maggiore 1354:Monumental sculpture 1298:Gebhard of Constance 1081:Crucifixion of Jesus 1014:Hildesheim Cathedral 913:Hildesheim Cathedral 882:, New York) and the 346:, "Ruodprecht group" 99:Ottonian Renaissance 27:with gems and large 5490:Hierarchy of genres 5055:Saint Soleil School 4991:Post-conceptual art 4960:The Stars Art Group 4838:Black Arts Movement 4801:Neo-Dada Organizers 4602:Lyrical abstraction 4335:Australian tonalism 4008:California Tonalism 3680:Hudson River School 3483:Colonial Asian art 3223:English Renaissance 3172:Ghent–Bruges school 3160:Early Netherlandish 3072:Italian Renaissance 2985:Gothic art in Milan 2493:Mayr-Harting, Henry 2445:Swarzenski, Hanns. 2401:Mayr-Harting, Henry 2377:Ars Sacra, 800–1200 2338:Henderson, George. 2294:Medieval Goldsmiths 1314:Gospels of Otto III 1172:and are called the 1170:Magdeburg Cathedral 709:Gospels of Otto III 578:St. Emmeram's Abbey 545:Gospels of Otto III 486:Memory of the World 461:Gospels of Otto III 208:Palace of Theoderic 164:Gospels of Otto III 5532:Landscape painting 5140:New Leipzig School 5080:Neo-conceptual art 4828:Art & Language 4823:Capitalist realism 4745:Florida Highwaymen 4681:Hard-edge painting 4495:Streamline Moderne 4456:Harlem Renaissance 4299:Novecento Italiano 4127:Deutscher Werkbund 3954:Post-Impressionism 3516:Latin American art 3320:Guild of Romanists 3182:German Renaissance 3177:Northern Mannerism 2463:Williamson, Paul. 2358:and John Fleming, 2248:by C. R. Dodwell; 2206:by Adam S. Cohen, 1971:Basilewsky Situla 1783:Beckwith, 104, 102 1698:the Lorsch Gospels 1486:Adolph Goldschmidt 1302:Petershausen Abbey 1285: 1068: 970:Gallery of bronzes 905: 757: 600:in several media. 567: 549:Bamberg Apocalypse 510:Registrum Gregorii 433: 348: 321:Bamberg Apocalypse 168: 126:Carolingian Empire 41: 5622: 5621: 5404: 5403: 5260:Corporate Memphis 5213:Classical Realism 5183:Amazonian pop art 5075:Appropriation art 5043:Neo-expressionism 4913:Environmental art 4818:Nouvelle tendance 4535: 4534: 4483:Socialist realism 4340:Dresden Secession 3959:Neo-Impressionism 3922:Decadent movement 3893:Heidelberg School 3787: 3786: 3685:American luminism 3670:Düsseldorf School 3665:Shoreham Ancients 3655:Nazarene movement 3645:Danish Golden Age 3526:Indochristian art 3204:Antwerp Mannerism 3093:Pittura infamante 3087:Florentine School 3082:Proto-Renaissance 2320:Garrison, Eliza; 2310:, 1993, Yale UP, 2264:Beckwith, John. 2231:, 1992, Yale UP, 1661:978-0-19-820801-3 1408:Cologne Cathedral 1330:Cologne Cathedral 1328:(around 965–970, 1174:Magdeburg Ivories 1065:Magdeburg Ivories 929:ministry of Jesus 909:wheel chandeliers 872:Ambon of Henry II 812:Cross of Mathilde 765:treasure bindings 660:calming the storm 373:treasure bindings 250:period, and some 130:Holy Roman Empire 63:Hubert Janitschek 5657: 5612: 5611: 5596:Western painting 5542:Modern sculpture 5500:History painting 5203:Art intervention 4996:Installation art 4813:Nouveau réalisme 4553: 4552: 4527:Leningrad School 4419:Mexican muralism 4392:Grosvenor School 4132:American Realism 4115:Der Blaue Reiter 4073:Berlin Secession 4068:Vienna Secession 4063:Munich Secession 3981:Pont-Aven School 3800: 3799: 3650:Troubadour style 3628:(c. 1770 – 1862) 3595:Qing handicrafts 3561:Western elements 3492:Letras y figuras 3465:African-American 3460:African diaspora 3431:Directoire style 3342:Heptanese school 3325:Dutch Golden Age 3310:Stroganov School 3303:Lutheran Baroque 3298:Louis XIII style 3271:Baroque in Milan 3133:Bolognese School 3128:High Renaissance 3111:Forlivese School 3106:Ferrarese School 2829:Migration Period 2593: 2592: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2436:The Art Bulletin 2395:Schnütgen Museum 2282:, Dutton, 1979, 2242:Backhouse, Janet 2216: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2173:Schnütgen Museum 2170: 2167: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2007: 1998:. Archived from 1992: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1819:Dodwell, 144–146 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1774:Dodwell, 134–142 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1723: 1717: 1706: 1700: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1515: 1458: 1435: 1419: 1405: 1402: 1393: 1346:Virgin and Child 1334:dendrochronology 1320:Larger sculpture 1309:Reichenau Island 1259: 1243: 1219: 1207: 1134:Aachen Cathedral 1127: 1124: 1042: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1002: 993: 990: 980: 828:Cross of Lothair 723: 704: 695: 692: 686: 671: 616:Speyer Cathedral 604:Echternach Abbey 594: 591: 480: 477: 469: 466: 457:liturgical books 400:Reichenau school 341:Resurrection of 316: 301: 286: 274:Otto II, by the 271: 67:Ottonian dynasty 39: 36: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5600: 5517:Interactive art 5400: 5374:SoFlo Superflat 5299:Kitsch movement 5223:Africanfuturism 5175: 5169: 5048:Transavantgarde 4979: 4933:Light and Space 4918:Performance art 4898:Psychedelic art 4781:Nueva Presencia 4771:Otra Figuración 4759: 4691:Les Plasticiens 4676:New York School 4654:Action painting 4639:Metcalf Chateau 4548: 4543: 4531: 4451:Cercle et Carré 4387:New Objectivity 4294:Return to order 4236:School of Paris 4214: 4058:School of Paris 4019: 3905:Arts and Crafts 3810:Neo-romanticism 3795: 3783: 3779:Etching revival 3731:Barbizon school 3675:Pre-Raphaelites 3627: 3624: 3617: 3560: 3554: 3447: 3421:Louis XVI style 3363: 3352:Louis XIV style 3315:Animal painting 3276:Flemish Baroque 3254: 3165:World landscape 3116:Venetian School 3058: 3045:Majorcan school 3012:Novgorod School 3002:Lucchese School 2974:Opus Anglicanum 2966:Norman-Sicilian 2910:Italo-Byzantine 2810:Early Christian 2791: 2775:Pompeian Styles 2588: 2582: 2569: 2555: 2506: 2489: 2487:Further reading 2451:Faber and Faber 2419:, 9780521364478 2306:Dodwell, C.R.; 2224: 2219: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2014: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828:Dodwell, 153–15 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1707: 1703: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1477: 1470: 1459: 1450: 1436: 1427: 1420: 1411: 1403: 1394: 1360:reliefs on the 1342:Essen Cathedral 1322: 1270: 1263: 1260: 1251: 1244: 1235: 1232:Doubting Thomas 1220: 1211: 1208: 1130:Milan Cathedral 1125: 1057: 1050: 1047:Bernward Column 1043: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1016: 1003: 994: 991: 985:Essen Cathedral 981: 972: 933:Trajan's Column 925:Bernward Column 902:Bernward Column 898:Wedding at Cana 884:Arnulf Ciborium 868:Basel Cathedral 824:Theophanu Cross 741: 734: 724: 715: 705: 696: 693: 687: 678: 672: 656: 624:Uppsala Gospels 592: 534:Egbert of Trier 478: 467: 330: 323: 317: 308: 302: 293: 291:Liuthar Gospels 287: 278: 272: 156: 107:Carolingian art 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5663: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5547:Late modernism 5544: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5495:Genre painting 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5445: 5443:Ballets Russes 5440: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5426:Asemic writing 5418: 5416:History of art 5412: 5410: 5409:Related topics 5406: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344:Relational art 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5267:Hypermodernism 5264: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5013: 5008: 5006:Postminimalism 5003: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4883:Generative art 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4853:Conceptual art 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4750:Cybernetic art 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4738:Ultra-Lettrist 4735: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4612:Arte Informale 4609: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4550: 4549:(1945–present) 4537: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4478:Heroic realism 4475: 4474: 4473: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4412:Latin American 4409: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4382:Group of Seven 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4347: 4345:Social realism 4342: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4328:November Group 4320: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4251:Latin American 4246:Constructivism 4243: 4241:Crystal Cubism 4238: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3951: 3946: 3944:Volcano School 3941: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3806: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3733: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3706: 3701: 3699:Norwich School 3696: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3640:Fairy painting 3631: 3629: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3564: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3531:Chilote School 3523: 3521:Casta painting 3513: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3497:Tipos del País 3494: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3385:Louis XV style 3382: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3278: 3273: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3187:Cologne School 3179: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3068: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3040:Italian school 3031: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3022:Sienese School 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2977: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2932:Pre-Romanesque 2929: 2924: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2868: 2863: 2861:Donor portrait 2858: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2770:Julio-Claudian 2767: 2762: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2719:Greco-Buddhist 2711: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2659:Protogeometric 2656: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2515:"Ottonian art" 2512: 2505: 2504:External links 2502: 2501: 2500: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2473:V&A Museum 2461: 2443: 2427: 2420: 2398: 2387: 2370: 2353: 2345:Head, Thomas. 2343: 2340:Early Medieval 2336: 2318: 2304: 2292:Cherry, John, 2290: 2276: 2262: 2239: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2195: 2186: 2177: 2157: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2023: 2012: 1987: 1976: 1973:V&A Museum 1964: 1955: 1946: 1944:Lasko, 120-122 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1718: 1701: 1694:the Gero Codex 1685: 1676: 1667: 1660: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1599:Egbert Psalter 1587: 1578: 1576:in manuscripts 1565: 1553: 1544: 1530: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1465:, Basilica of 1460: 1453: 1451: 1441:relief on the 1437: 1430: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1395: 1388: 1321: 1318: 1278:Gadarene swine 1276:Jesus and the 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1254: 1252: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1202: 1187:Life of Christ 1118:Life of Christ 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1035: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1010:Bernward Doors 1004: 997: 995: 982: 975: 971: 968: 921:Bernward Doors 880:Morgan Library 876:Lindau Gospels 836:Imperial Cross 783:lapidary books 779:Celestial city 740: 737: 736: 735: 725: 718: 716: 706: 699: 697: 688: 681: 679: 673: 666: 655: 652: 598:Romanesque art 571:Egmond Gospels 515:Gregory Master 494:Egbert Psalter 441:Lake Constance 404:sacramentaries 396:Lorsch Gospels 380:Eburnant group 329: 326: 325: 324: 318: 311: 309: 303: 296: 294: 288: 281: 279: 276:Gregory Master 273: 266: 248:Early Medieval 176:Late Antiquity 155: 152: 111:Romanesque art 103:Salian dynasty 71:Northern Italy 52:pre-romanesque 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5662: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5615: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:Fantastic art 5478: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448:Christian art 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349:Skeuomorphism 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Massurrealism 5307: 5305: 5304:Lightpainting 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5287:Post-Internet 5285: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5160:Grunge design 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5115:Retrofuturism 5113: 5111: 5110:Scratch video 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095:Memphis Group 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070:Telematic art 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060:Guerrilla art 5058: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011:Endurance art 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671:New media art 4669: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4649:Nanyang Style 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580:Visionary art 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446:Scuola Romana 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4372:Anthropophagy 4370: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4355:Functionalism 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4275:Neoplasticism 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4178:Cubo-Futurism 4176: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4137:Ashcan School 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4105:Expressionism 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090:Mir iskusstva 4088: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3876:Boston School 3874: 3872: 3871:Hoosier Group 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3861:Impressionism 3859: 3857: 3856:Peredvizhniki 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846:Beuron School 3844: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3760:Munich School 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3559:Art borrowing 3557: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509:Company style 3507: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3409:Neoclassicism 3407: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3235:Cretan School 3233: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3192:Danube school 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2669:Orientalizing 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2654:Sub-Mycenaean 2652: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568:art movements 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2330:9780754669685 2327: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2302:9780714128238 2299: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2175:, Inv. B 98). 2174: 2161: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2130:Beckwith, 132 2127: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2021: 2016: 2002:on 2011-07-22 2001: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1801:Beckwith, 112 1798: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1582: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1398: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340:(about 1000, 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1268:Wall painting 1258: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1213: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132:, one in the 1131: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1061: 1055:Ivory carving 1049:at Hildesheim 1048: 1041: 1036: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1001: 996: 986: 979: 974: 973: 967: 965: 961: 957: 956: 951: 950: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 903: 899: 895: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796: 790: 788: 784: 780: 775: 771: 766: 762: 754: 750: 745: 732: 728: 722: 717: 714: 711:; below, the 710: 703: 698: 685: 680: 676: 675:Codex Egberti 670: 665: 664: 663: 661: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 599: 587: 583: 579: 576: 572: 565: 560: 556: 554: 550: 546: 541: 537: 535: 531: 530: 529:Codex Egberti 525: 520: 516: 512: 511: 505: 503: 502:Liuthar group 499: 495: 489: 487: 484: 473: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445:C. R. Dodwell 442: 438: 430: 426: 425: 419: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 356: 354: 345: 344: 338: 337:Codex Egberti 334: 322: 315: 310: 307: 300: 295: 292: 285: 280: 277: 270: 265: 264: 263: 261: 260:ivory carving 257: 253: 249: 244: 240: 239:Byzantine art 236: 233: 230:, founder of 229: 224: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 165: 160: 151: 148: 147:Byzantine art 143: 140: 135: 131: 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 109:and precedes 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59:Low Countries 56: 53: 49: 45: 32: 31: 26: 21: 5645:Medieval art 5635:Ottonian art 5590:Trompe-l'œil 5588: 5559:Outsider art 5512:Illustration 5468:Lutheran art 5458:Catholic art 5421:Abstract art 5391:Unilalianism 5354:Software art 5329:Neosymbolism 5319:Neo-futurism 5282:Internet art 5272:Hyperrealism 5125:Superfiction 4908:Photorealism 4776:Afrofuturism 4541:Contemporary 4517:Dimensionism 4500:Concrete art 4433: 4429:Precisionism 4279: 4226:Sosaku-hanga 4200:Productivism 4190:Metaphysical 4160: 4149:Proto-Cubism 4053:Secessionism 4015:Costumbrismo 3900:Aestheticism 3851:Hague School 3831: 3755:Academic art 3736:Costumbrismo 3704:Empire style 3541:Quito School 3536:Cusco School 3452:Colonial art 3413: 3401:Fête galante 3399: 3368:18th century 3330:Delft School 3281:Caravaggisti 3259:17th century 3144: 3101:Quattrocento 3091: 3049: 2972: 2938: 2875: 2805:Late antique 2689:Severe style 2679:Black-figure 2566:Contemporary 2518: 2496: 2464: 2446: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2404: 2390: 2376: 2373:Lasko, Peter 2359: 2349: 2339: 2334:Google books 2321: 2307: 2293: 2279: 2265: 2253: 2250:D. H. Turner 2245: 2228: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2160: 2148:. Retrieved 2144: 2141:"Crocifisso" 2135: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2015: 2004:. Retrieved 2000:the original 1990: 1979: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1869: 1864:Metz, 26–30. 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1731:. Retrieved 1721: 1713: 1710:D. H. Turner 1704: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1643: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1590: 1581: 1568: 1547: 1522:. Retrieved 1513: 1497: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1422:Ciborium of 1323: 1306: 1286: 1230: 1226: 1185: 1163: 1151: 1149:about 1000. 1116: 1086: 1079: 1069: 1005: 963: 959: 953: 947: 937: 906: 795:crux gemmata 793: 792:Examples of 791: 758: 733:, after 1000 657: 646:, where the 602: 568: 542: 538: 527: 519:Late Antique 508: 506: 501: 490: 453:gospel books 434: 422: 412:Petershausen 399: 377: 369:his parables 357: 349: 340: 252:lay brothers 237: 220: 196: 169: 144: 123: 44:Ottonian art 43: 42: 28: 5640:Western art 5475:Digital art 5438:Avant-garde 5379:Superstroke 5255:Flat design 5250:Fictive art 5245:Excessivism 5193:Art for art 5188:Altermodern 5130:Taring Padi 5065:Lowbrow art 5033:Pliontanism 4970:Yoru no Kai 4923:Process art 4863:Systems art 4833:Arte Povera 4755:Antipodeans 4664:in New York 4634:Jikken Kōbō 4597:Color field 4466:Regionalism 4435:Aeropittura 4424:Neo-Fauvism 4397:Neues Sehen 4367:Kinetic art 4231:Suprematism 4205:Synchromism 4122:Noucentisme 4043:Primitivism 4031:Art Nouveau 3986:Cloisonnism 3976:Pointillism 3971:Divisionism 3949:Incoherents 3910:Art pottery 3796:(1863–1944) 3746:Macchiaioli 3721:Biedermeier 3709:Historicism 3694:Orientalism 3635:Romanticism 3606:Akita ranga 3458:Art of the 3443:Picturesque 3395:Chinoiserie 3390:Frederician 3228:Tudor court 3123:Cinquecento 3064:Renaissance 3051:Mappa mundi 3035:cartography 2927:Carolingian 2922:Merovingian 2905:Palaeologan 2877:Repoblación 2834:Anglo-Saxon 2765:Gallo-Roman 2704:Hellenistic 2699:Kerch style 2637:Minyan ware 2356:Hugh Honour 2169: 1000 2067:preference. 2030:Lasko, 92-3 1619:Metz, 47–49 1574:Charlemagne 1494:Peter Lasko 1196:Peter Lasko 1182:antependium 1101:aspergillum 1045:The bronze 1032: 1015 992: 1000 964:senkschmelz 960:vollschmelz 955:vollschmelz 949:senkschmelz 804:Essen Abbey 761:reliquaries 727:Hitda Codex 694: 1000 648:Hitda Codex 593: 1020 479: 1001 468: 1000 328:Manuscripts 192:Charlemagne 180:Constantine 115:monasteries 38: 1000 30:senkschmelz 5650:German art 5629:Categories 5522:Jewish art 5334:Passionism 5294:iPhone art 5240:Cyborg art 5235:Crypto art 5208:Brandalism 5100:Cyberdelic 4965:Tropicália 4938:Street art 4893:Intermedia 4873:Minimalism 4592:Spatialism 4546:Postmodern 4402:Surrealism 4270:Shin-hanga 4110:Die Brücke 4078:Sonderbund 3991:Synthetism 3714:Revivalism 3623:Transition 3580:Manichaean 3426:Adam style 3347:Classicism 3286:in Utrecht 3214:Still life 2944:Romanesque 2900:Macedonian 2895:Iconoclast 2854:Visigothic 2760:Republican 2714:Indo-Greek 2684:Red-figure 2481:0112903770 2459:0571105882 2417:0521364477 2385:014056036X 2368:0333371852 2316:0300064934 2288:0525475613 2274:050020019X 2237:0300056893 2222:References 2006:2014-02-15 1524:2013-07-18 1404: 965 1397:Gero Cross 1326:Gero Cross 1225:panels of 1126: 980 1109:Basilewsky 1097:holy water 1093:liturgical 650:was made. 632:Hildesheim 575:Regensburg 470:) and the 455:and other 406:named for 388:Gero Codex 178:, such as 65:after the 55:German art 5584:Shock art 5574:Queer art 5554:Naïve art 5537:Modernism 5369:Superflat 5359:Sound art 5339:Post-YBAs 5324:Neomodern 5165:Verdadism 5135:Superflat 4984:1970–1999 4948:in the US 4868:Video art 4791:Happening 4764:1960–1969 4556:1945–1959 4219:1915–1944 4210:Vorticism 4162:A Nyolcak 4024:1900–1914 3996:Les Nabis 3927:Symbolism 3883:Amsterdam 3833:Japonisme 3803:1863–1899 3765:in Greece 3625:to modern 3470:Caribbean 3415:Goût grec 3337:Capriccio 3291:Tenebrism 3240:Turquerie 3138:Mannerism 3033:Medieval 2890:Byzantine 2871:Mozarabic 2822:Ethiopian 2726:Neo-Attic 2709:"Baroque" 2694:Classical 2664:Geometric 2642:Mycenaean 2589:(Western) 2587:Premodern 2558:Premodern 2150:22 August 2076:Lasko, 89 1595:Solothurn 1490:Ars Sacra 1142:Gotfredus 940:cloisonné 856:Nuremberg 586:Uta Codex 427:from the 392:Darmstadt 256:jewellery 243:Theophanu 216:Magdeburg 188:Justinian 184:Theoderic 33:enamels, 5614:Category 5564:Portrait 5485:Folk art 5433:Anti-art 5364:Stuckism 5277:Idea art 5198:Art game 5150:Artivism 5038:Punk art 5016:Sots Art 5001:Artscene 4858:Land art 4796:Neo-Dada 4728:Lettrism 4622:Nuagisme 4607:Tachisme 4488:Nazi art 4281:De Stijl 4195:Rayonism 4185:Art Deco 4173:Futurism 3964:Luminism 3932:Romanian 3917:Tonalism 3888:Canadian 3866:American 3772:Neo-Grec 3380:Rocaille 3209:Romanism 3143:Counter- 3077:Trecento 3017:Duecento 3007:Crusades 2939:Ottonian 2917:Frankish 2797:Medieval 2780:Trajanic 2740:Scythian 2735:Etruscan 2627:Cycladic 2605:Thracian 2467:, 1982, 2453:, 1974, 2209:Speculum 1729:. UNESCO 1712:(eds.), 1443:ciborium 1362:ciborium 1282:Oberzell 1156:and two 1105:elephant 917:Bernward 814:and the 774:repoussé 628:Salzburg 620:Escorial 408:Hornbach 232:Hornbach 204:porphyry 91:Henry II 87:Otto III 5579:Realism 5176:present 4903:Nut Art 4706:Pop art 4644:Mono-ha 4512:The Ten 4461:Kapists 4407:Iranian 4360:Bauhaus 4154:Orphism 4100:Fauvism 3937:Russian 3827:Nihonga 3741:Verismo 3726:Realism 3660:Purismo 3573:Moorish 3568:Islamic 3475:Haitian 3266:Baroque 3145:Maniera 3029:Mudéjar 2954:Spanish 2866:Pictish 2849:Lombard 2844:Insular 2785:Severan 2750:Gaulish 2745:Iberian 2674:Archaic 2617:Nuragic 2597:Ancient 2580:periods 2523:Online. 1877:in the 1223:Diptych 1166:plaques 1158:diptych 1089:situlae 900:on the 770:reliefs 731:Cologne 707:Munich 644:Cologne 343:Lazarus 212:Ravenna 154:Context 119:vassals 93:. With 83:Otto II 75:Henry I 5527:Kitsch 5386:Toyism 4878:Fluxus 4808:Op art 4377:Mingei 4311:Stupid 4289:Purism 4144:Cubism 3793:Modern 3585:Mughal 3375:Rococo 2980:Gothic 2961:Norman 2885:Viking 2839:Hunnic 2817:Coptic 2632:Minoan 2622:Aegean 2610:Dacian 2562:Modern 2479: 2457: 2415: 2383: 2366: 2328: 2314: 2300: 2286: 2272: 2235: 1875:brooch 1733:6 July 1658: 1447:Civate 1439:Stucco 1406:–970, 1374:Civate 1358:stucco 1336:. The 888:Munich 840:Vienna 834:) and 832:Aachen 755:, 980s 642:, and 636:Corvey 547:, the 483:UNESCO 449:Lorsch 384:Lorsch 228:Pirmin 199:spolia 186:, and 128:, the 79:Otto I 5174:2000– 4617:COBRA 3611:Uki-e 3601:Japan 3590:Qajar 2949:Mosan 2755:Roman 2649:Greek 2517:. In 2441:JSTOR 2350:Gesta 2260:JSTOR 2214:JSTOR 1506:Notes 1463:Pavia 1382:Pavia 1350:gesso 1294:Hesse 1290:Fulda 1178:Milan 1147:Trier 1076:Trier 1072:Milan 1008:from 944:Essen 860:Trier 753:Trier 640:Fulda 618:(now 524:Trier 513:, or 390:(now 134:Saxon 48:style 46:is a 5463:Icon 4786:ZERO 4544:and 4441:Asso 4265:Dada 3822:Yōga 2564:and 2477:ISBN 2471:for 2469:HMSO 2455:ISBN 2413:ISBN 2381:ISBN 2364:ISBN 2326:ISBN 2312:ISBN 2298:ISBN 2284:ISBN 2270:ISBN 2233:ISBN 2152:2022 1735:2014 1696:and 1656:ISBN 1229:and 866:and 421:the 410:and 367:and 89:and 23:The 1648:doi 1445:at 1380:in 1364:of 1292:in 1128:in 1012:at 886:in 772:in 588:of 439:in 210:in 50:in 5631:: 2560:, 2495:, 2475:, 2449:, 2433:, 2375:, 2332:, 2252:, 2166:c. 2143:. 1654:. 1556:^ 1533:^ 1401:c. 1399:, 1372:, 1123:c. 1029:c. 989:c. 987:, 854:, 810:, 751:, 729:, 691:c. 662:. 638:, 634:, 630:, 590:c. 476:c. 465:c. 339:, 182:, 121:. 85:, 81:, 77:, 35:c. 2578:/ 2550:e 2543:t 2536:v 2171:( 2154:. 2009:. 1881:. 1737:. 1664:. 1650:: 1527:. 1469:. 1449:. 1410:. 878:( 850:( 838:( 830:( 463:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index