463:
2112:
27:
124:
404:
might have been the sole survivors. Although assumed to have left traces within all other Indo-European languages as well, the influence of an unknown substrate would have been especially strong on Celtic languages originating north of the Alps and on the region including
Belgium and the Rhineland.
616:
Later, the Roman retreat resulted in the disappearance of imported products like ceramics and coins and a return to virtually-unchanged local Iron Age production methods. To the north, people continued to live in the same three-aisled farmhouse, and to the east, completely-new types of buildings
408:
It is uncertain when
Germanic began to gain a foothold in the area. The Nordwestblock region north of the Rhine is traditionally conceived as belonging to the realms of the Northern Bronze Age, with the Harpstedt Iron Age generally assumed to represent the Germanic precedents west of the
413:. The general development converged with the emergence of Germanic within other previously Northern Bronze Age regions to the east, maybe also involving a certain degree of Germanic cultural diffusion. From about the 1st century CE, that region saw the development of the "
668:. Caesar took the course of the Rhine to be the boundary between Gauls and Germans (Germanic people) but also mentioned that a large part of the Belgae had ancestry from east of the Rhine and that one part were even known collectively as "Germani" (the so-called "
244:
The hypothetical language or languages spoken by the Iron Age
Nordwestblock population are a matter of speculation, as there are no written records of such languages as is the case with the Germanic language, but can be inferred based on analysis of
384:
in a
Germanic language that is not evidently borrowed from either Latin or a p-Celtic language, such as Gaulish, must be a loan from another language. Kuhn ascribes those words to the Nordwestblock language.
880:
Oude taaltoestanden in en om de
Nederlanden. Een reconstructie met de inzichten van M. Gysseling als leidraad. In: Handelingen van de Koninklijke commissie voor Toponymie en Dialectologie. LXXV/2003
996:, in Germanenproblemen in heutiger Sicht, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1986. (German; translation: 'Hans Kuhn's "Northwest Block" Hypothesis: The Problem of the Peoples between Germani and Celts'.
428:
considers the issue a salutary reminder that some anonymous linguistic groups that do not fully obey the current classification may have survived to the beginning of historical records.
598:. The current view in the Netherlands holds that subsequent Iron Age innovations did not involve substantial Celtic intrusions but featured a local development from Bronze Age culture.
220:
itself was coined by Hans Kuhn, who considered the inhabitants of the area neither
Germanic nor Celtic and so attributed to the people a distinct ethnicity or culture up to the
989:, Westfälische Forschungen 12, pp. 5 – 44, 1959. (German). Translation: "Pre- and early Germanic Place Names in Northern Germany and the Netherlands".
552:
2151:
436:
The following prehistoric cultures have been attributed to the region and are compatible with but do not necessarily prove the
Nordwestblock hypothesis.
322:
2146:
812:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2181:
1022:
601:
From 750-600 BCE, areas formerly occupied by the Elp culture emerged as the probably-Germanic
Harpstedt culture west of the Germanic
443:(2700–2100 BCE) is thought to originate from the same geographic area, as early stages of the culture apparently derived from early
2069:
2087:
2161:
932:
840:
456:
91:
63:
680:
Germanic etc.) because of their position with respect to the Rhine, and not in the modern linguistic sense of the terms.
1168:
974:
953:
110:
70:
907:(in Dutch). Oration upon acceptance of office of full professor of Celtic Languages and Culture. Utrecht University.
424:
The issue still remains unresolved and so far no conclusive evidence has been forwarded to support any alternative.
1130:
2092:
1300:
629:, 1st century), the area was generally called the border region between Celtic (Gaulish) and Germanic influence.
617:
arose. More to the south, in
Belgium, archaeological results of the period point to immigration from the north.
2082:
1350:
1155:
1015:
894:
701:
77:
48:
44:
575:
phase showing a close relationship to other
Northern European tumulus groups (sharing pottery of low quality:
711:
462:
401:
239:
1231:
330:
266:
381:
362:
358:
346:
338:
334:
59:
2097:
1110:
745:
Schriftquellen, Bodenfunde und Namengute zur Geschichte des nördlichen Westdeutschlands um Christi Geburt
529:
2136:
1263:
1258:
784:
587:(1800–800 BCE), which apparently inherited the previous Barbed Wire Beaker cultural ties with Britain.
389:
298:
788:
194:
from the 3rd to the 1st millennia BCE, up to the onset of historical sources, in the 1st century BCE.
2115:
1295:
1202:
1195:
1173:
1008:
856:
262:
2141:
1335:
1320:
1135:
1120:
716:
414:
393:
246:
2156:
1450:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1145:
1125:
1082:
294:
250:
198:
37:
1852:
1285:
1280:
1207:
1102:
721:
555:
culture (2100–1800 BCE). In the 2nd millennium BCE, the region was at the boundary between the
397:
306:
994:
Hans Kuhns 'Nordwestblock' Hypothese: zur Problematik der Völker zwischen Germanen und Kelten"
1150:
1040:
816:
563:
horizons, split up in a northern and a southern region, roughly divided by the course of the
366:
1241:
1212:
1115:
84:
8:
2077:
1290:
798:
756:
556:
444:
440:
290:
140:
1460:
1312:
1251:
1140:
1072:
1048:
792:
669:
514:
505:
258:
852:
606:
1236:
1087:
1062:
970:
949:
928:
836:
595:
584:
560:
472:
302:
202:
187:
860:
1659:
1031:
580:
538:
318:
314:
310:
282:
233:
206:
163:
946:
Op Zoek naar de Kelten, Nieuwe archeologische ontdekkingen tussen Noordzee en Rijn
1268:
1246:
1190:
1160:
1044:
890:
706:
613:'s account of the Rhine forming the boundary between Celtic and Germanic tribes.
602:
481:
410:
361:
occurs must have some other language as their source. Similarly, in Celtic, PIE *
286:
221:
191:
143:
136:
127:
Archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age associated with the Nordwestblock area
1942:
1726:
1390:
1077:
342:
987:
Vor- und frĂĽhgermanische Ortsnamen in Nord-Deutschland und in den Niederlanden
2130:
1701:
1664:
1624:
1490:
1219:
1178:
920:
653:
610:
452:
425:
326:
210:
167:
1803:
325:, a Belgian linguist, toponymic evidence of a former Celtic presence in the
1395:
1385:
1368:
1185:
418:
370:
171:
1877:
1835:
1758:
1671:
1539:
1529:
1440:
1224:
568:
253:
languages that later came to be spoken in the region (for example, areal
151:
147:
2054:
1842:
1825:
1773:
1763:
1748:
1716:
1706:
1584:
1534:
1410:
1405:
1373:
1092:
645:
349:
in words in Germanic languages (except after fricatives, e.g. initial
2049:
2044:
2034:
1967:
1872:
1768:
1731:
1721:
1681:
1634:
1629:
1579:
1519:
1445:
1435:
1415:
1378:
1363:
832:
789:
Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words
649:
633:
448:
274:
197:
The theory was first proposed by two authors working independently:
26:
2022:
2007:
1987:
1972:
1952:
1927:
1912:
1907:
1887:
1857:
1847:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1614:
1599:
1574:
1554:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1400:
1358:
1067:
1000:
696:
677:
665:
661:
657:
400:
and to a family of languages featuring complex verbs, of which the
281:. Kuhn speculated on linguistic affinity of this substratum to the
270:
254:
2039:
2027:
2017:
1992:
1982:
1977:
1957:
1947:
1922:
1862:
1820:
1793:
1711:
1644:
1639:
1619:
1609:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1544:
1485:
1470:
1420:
626:
572:
365:
disappeared and in regularly-inherited words did not reappear in
209:
may have existed somewhere in between Germanic and Celtic in the
183:
155:
925:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth.
825:
and the form of some North European substratum words in Germanic
123:
2059:
2012:
1997:
1962:
1937:
1902:
1897:
1830:
1815:
1753:
1691:
1676:
1654:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1502:
1497:
1455:
1425:
684:
673:
641:
637:
159:
551:
The Bell Beaker culture locally developed into the Bronze Age
380:. All that taken together means that any word starting with a
182:
rivers, possibly extending to the eastern part of what is now
1932:
1917:
1892:
1882:
1867:
1810:
1778:
1743:
1738:
1696:
1686:
1569:
1430:
1273:
591:
590:
From 800 BCE onward, the southern area was influenced by the
564:
496:
285:, while other hypotheses connect the Northwestblock with the
175:
583:(1200–800 BCE). The southern region became dominated by the
451:
region as probably the most widely accepted site of origin (
2002:
1649:
901:
Celtic and their Neighbours: 9000 years of language contact
868:
179:
605:, and the southern parts became assimilated to the Celtic
277:). Broadly, this substrate area is sometimes called the
827:”. In Langbroek, Quak, Roeleveld, and Vermeyden (eds.)
329:
is almost completely absent. Kuhn noted that since, in
579:) and a subsequent smooth local transformation to the
417:" group of West Germanic dialects which gave rise to
205:, whose proposal included research indicating that
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
224:. So far, this has not been proven or disproven.
2128:
257:of unknown origin, and the presence of certain
969:De Haan/Open Universiteit, 1991, pp. 329–338,
1016:
829:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
771:Rolf Hachmann, Georg Kossack and Hans Kuhn.
739:Hans Kuhn, Rolf Hachmann and Georg Kossack,
345:, is the main source of regularly inherited
1047:origin primarily identified as speakers of
896:Keltisch en de buren: 9000 jaar taalcontact
747:, NeumĂĽnster, Karl Wachholz, 1962. (German)
2152:Archaeological cultures in the Netherlands
1023:
1009:
797:Sound Law and Analogy, Papers in Honor of
683:Some of those tribes would later join the
431:
166:, in an area approximately bounded by the
916:
914:
889:
522: east-Baltic cultures of forest zone
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
967:Pre-en Protohistorie van de Lage Landen.
461:
309:"). Gysseling suspected an intermediate
122:
2088:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
676:were therefore considered Gaulish (the
632:Tribes located in the area include the
139:, "Northwest Block") is a hypothetical
2129:
911:
625:With the onset of historical records (
227:
2147:Archaeological terminology (Germanic)
1004:
965:J. H. F. Bloemers & T. van Dorp.
571:(1800-800 BCE), featuring an initial
317:, that might have been affiliated to
16:Hypothetical European cultural region
1030:
801:on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
773:Völker zwischen Germanen und Kelten
741:Völker zwischen Germanen und Kelten
13:
2177:Archaeological cultures in Germany
2172:Archaeological cultures in England
2167:Archaeological cultures in Belgium
466:European early Iron Age cultures:
269:), or by analysis of place-names (
14:
2193:
2182:Archaeological cultures in France
803:, pp. 293–316. Amsterdam/Atlanta.
2111:
2110:
857:Substratum Words in Balto-Slavic
489: Harpstedt-Nienburger group
369:languages except as a result of
146:that some scholars propose as a
25:
2093:Christianization of Scandinavia
959:
938:
447:elements, with the Netherlands/
36:needs additional citations for
2083:Christianization of the Franks
1156:Continental Germanic mythology
883:
874:
846:
806:
778:
765:
750:
733:
702:Archaeology of Northern Europe
337:was very rare, and since PIE *
279:North-West European substratum
1:
727:
712:Germanic substrate hypothesis
530:West-Baltic culture of cairns
402:Northwest Caucasian languages
392:assumes the pre-existence of
240:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2162:History of the Low Countries
620:
396:linked to the archeological
261:that cannot be explained by
7:
2098:Christianization of Iceland
690:
567:. To the north emerged the
394:pre-Indo-European languages
357:), the many words in which
150:culture in the present-day
10:
2198:
249:features in the primarily
237:
231:
2106:
2068:
1349:
1311:
1101:
1055:
1038:
1336:North Germanic languages
1321:Germanic parent language
717:Old Europe (archaeology)
609:, as is consistent with
1341:West Germanic languages
1331:East Germanic languages
1326:Proto-Germanic language
1146:Proto-Germanic folklore
1083:Romano-Germanic culture
432:Prehistoric composition
295:Indo-European languages
722:Old European hydronymy
685:Frankish confederation
548:
421:from the 4th century.
398:Linear Pottery culture
128:
1151:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1041:Ethnolinguistic group
867:, volume 60, Zagreb:
465:
313:between Germanic and
141:Northwestern European
126:
333:(PIE), the phoneme *
164:northwestern Germany
45:improve this article
2078:Gothic Christianity
799:Robert S. P. Beekes
546: Estonic group
445:Corded Ware culture
441:Bell Beaker culture
331:Proto-Indo-European
267:Proto-Indo-European
259:geminate consonants
228:Language hypotheses
1461:Germani cisrhenani
1169:Funerary practices
1073:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1049:Germanic languages
775:, 1986, p. 183-212
761:Biography. (Dutch)
757:J.B. Berns (2004)
670:Germani cisrhenani
666:Usipetes or Usipii
553:Barbed Wire Beaker
549:
515:House Urns culture
506:Pomeranian culture
129:
2137:Bronze Age Europe
2124:
2123:
1296:Gothic and Vandal
1088:Germanic Iron Age
1063:Nordic Bronze Age
1045:Northern European
933:978-0-500-05052-1
841:978-90-420-0838-0
835:, Leiden: Brill,
596:Hallstatt culture
585:Hilversum culture
203:Maurits Gysseling
121:
120:
113:
95:
2189:
2114:
2113:
2070:Christianization
1660:Ripuarian Franks
1032:Germanic peoples
1025:
1018:
1011:
1002:
1001:
978:
963:
957:
942:
936:
918:
909:
908:
906:
893:(7 March 2007).
891:Schrijver, Peter
887:
881:
878:
872:
853:Matasović, Ranko
850:
844:
810:
804:
785:Schrijver, Peter
782:
776:
769:
763:
754:
748:
737:
594:or proto-Celtic
581:Urnfield culture
545:
539:Milograd culture
536:
527:
521:
512:
503:
494:
488:
479:
470:
383:
364:
360:
348:
340:
336:
311:Belgian language
283:Venetic language
234:Belgian language
207:another language
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2197:
2196:
2192:
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2186:
2142:Iron Age Europe
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2102:
2064:
1345:
1307:
1269:Gothic alphabet
1161:Norse mythology
1097:
1051:
1034:
1029:
999:
992:Wolfgang Meid,
981:
964:
960:
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847:
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807:
783:
779:
770:
766:
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738:
734:
730:
707:Dutch mythology
693:
623:
607:La Tène culture
603:Jastorf culture
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543:
541:
534:
532:
525:
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519:
517:
510:
508:
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499:
492:
490:
486:
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482:Jastorf culture
477:
475:
468:
434:
411:Jastorf culture
390:Peter Schrijver
321:. According to
242:
236:
230:
158:, far-northern
144:cultural region
117:
106:
100:
97:
60:"Nordwestblock"
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Pre-Roman Gaul
2154:
2149:
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2139:
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2121:
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2118:
2107:
2104:
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2100:
2095:
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2057:
2052:
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2037:
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2031:
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1995:
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1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:Thracian Goths
1724:
1719:
1714:
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1704:
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1123:
1118:
1113:
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1078:Roman Iron Age
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1039:
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1005:
998:
997:
990:
982:
980:
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958:
937:
910:
882:
873:
845:
821:~ Old Frisian
805:
777:
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749:
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729:
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689:
622:
619:
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293:") or generic
232:Main article:
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211:Belgian region
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951:
948:, 2006, p67.
947:
944:Leo Verhart.
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1396:Anglo-Saxons
1386:Adrabaecampi
1369:Bucinobantes
1111:Architecture
993:
986:
966:
961:
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885:
876:
864:
848:
843:, pp. 11–28.
828:
822:
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793:Lubotsky, A.
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473:Nordic group
438:
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419:Old Frankish
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371:Proto-Celtic
354:
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307:Old European
278:
243:
217:
215:
196:
132:
130:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1836:Nahanarvali
1759:Hilleviones
1672:Frisiavones
1540:Cananefates
1530:Burgundians
1441:Banochaemae
1291:Anglo-Saxon
1242:Anglo-Saxon
1208:Anglo-Saxon
1191:Anglo-Saxon
1174:Anglo-Saxon
985:Hans Kuhn,
977:, NUGI 644.
569:Elp culture
415:Weser–Rhine
343:Grimm's law
263:inheritance
152:Netherlands
148:prehistoric
101:August 2023
2131:Categories
2055:Vinoviloth
1843:Marcomanni
1826:Helveconae
1804:HeaĂ°obards
1774:Istvaeones
1764:Ingaevones
1749:Hermunduri
1717:Ostrogoths
1707:Greuthungi
1585:Chattuarii
1411:Angrivarii
1406:Ampsivarii
1374:Lentienses
1203:Literature
1093:Viking Age
865:Filologija
861:KovaÄŤec A.
817:On Gothic
728:References
646:Hermunduri
238:See also:
71:newspapers
2050:Vidivarii
2045:Victohali
2035:Vangiones
1968:Thuringii
1873:Nuithones
1769:Irminones
1732:Visigoths
1722:Thervingi
1682:Gambrivii
1635:Dulgubnii
1630:Dauciones
1580:Chasuarii
1520:Brondings
1446:Bastarnae
1436:Baiuvarii
1416:Armalausi
1379:Raetovari
1313:Languages
1281:Symbology
1141:Folklore
1136:Festivals
833:volume 58
650:Cheruscii
634:Batavians
621:Roman era
449:Rhineland
388:Linguist
376:becoming
353:from PIE
291:Tyrsenian
275:hydronymy
255:loanwords
247:substrate
216:The term
199:Hans Kuhn
192:Iron Ages
2116:Category
2023:Hasdingi
2008:Usipetes
1988:Tubantes
1973:Toxandri
1953:Tencteri
1928:Suarines
1913:Sicambri
1908:Semnones
1888:Reudigni
1858:Mattiaci
1848:Marsacii
1799:Lombards
1789:Lacringi
1784:Juthungi
1615:Corconti
1600:Cherusci
1575:Charudes
1555:Chaedini
1525:Bructeri
1510:Bateinoi
1481:Eburones
1476:Condrusi
1471:Caeroesi
1466:Atuatuci
1401:Ambrones
1364:Brisgavi
1359:Alemanni
1237:Paganism
1126:Clothing
1121:Calendar
1068:Germania
923:(1989),
855:(2013) “
815:(2003) “
787:(1997) “
697:Ambrones
691:See also
678:Usipetes
672:"). The
662:Tencteri
658:Sicambri
557:Atlantic
367:p-Celtic
303:Illyrian
271:toponymy
222:Iron Age
2040:Varisci
2028:Silingi
2018:Vandals
1993:Tulingi
1983:Triboci
1978:Treveri
1958:Teutons
1948:Taifals
1923:Sitones
1863:Nemetes
1821:Helisii
1794:Lemovii
1712:Gutones
1645:Firaesi
1640:Favonae
1620:Cugerni
1610:Cobandi
1565:Chamavi
1560:Chaemae
1550:Casuari
1545:Caritni
1515:Betasii
1486:Paemani
1421:Auiones
1286:Warfare
1264:Scripts
1232:Numbers
1056:History
935:, p. 87
627:Tacitus
573:tumulus
459:p. 53).
426:Mallory
297:of the
184:England
156:Belgium
85:scholar
2060:Warini
2013:Vagoth
1998:Tungri
1963:Thelir
1943:Swedes
1938:Sunici
1903:Saxons
1898:Rugini
1831:Manimi
1816:Diduni
1754:Heruli
1692:Gepids
1677:Frisii
1655:Franks
1605:Cimbri
1595:Chauci
1590:Chatti
1503:Nervii
1498:Morini
1456:Belgae
1451:Batavi
1426:Avarpi
1391:Angles
1351:Groups
1301:Viking
1247:Gothic
1225:Gothic
1131:Family
973:
952:
931:
903:]
863:(ed.)
859:”. In
839:
823:megith
795:(ed.)
791:”. In
674:Belgae
642:Chatti
638:Belgae
592:Celtic
561:Nordic
544:
537:
535:
528:
526:
520:
513:
511:
504:
502:
495:
493:
487:
480:
478:
471:
469:
355:*(s)p-
341:, via
319:Italic
315:Celtic
301:type (
299:centum
287:Raetic
188:Bronze
162:, and
160:France
137:German
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1933:Suebi
1918:Sciri
1893:Rugii
1883:Quadi
1868:Njars
1853:Marsi
1811:Lugii
1779:Jutes
1744:Harii
1739:Gutes
1697:Goths
1687:Geats
1625:Danes
1570:Chali
1491:Segni
1431:Baemi
1274:Runes
1259:Rings
1252:Norse
1220:Names
1213:Norse
1196:Norse
1179:Norse
905:(PDF)
899:[
819:magaĂľ
654:Salii
565:Rhine
265:from
176:Meuse
168:Somme
92:JSTOR
78:books
2003:Ubii
1650:Fosi
1535:Buri
971:ISBN
950:ISBN
929:ISBN
869:HAZU
837:ISBN
664:and
559:and
457:EIEC
439:The
351:*sp-
273:and
201:and
190:and
180:Elbe
178:and
172:Oise
131:The
64:news
1878:Osi
1186:Law
1116:Art
1043:of
382:/p/
374:*kĘ·
363:/p/
359:/p/
347:/p/
339:/b/
335:/b/
305:, "
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