849:
1307:
1143:
4785:
42:
895:. Diarmait refusing to accept his fate sailed from Ireland on the 1 August for Bristol with his daughter Aoife and sought help from Henry II in regaining his kingship. Henry gave Diarmait permission to recruit forces and authorised his subjects to help Diarmait, in return for Diarmait swearing loyalty to Henry. Among other benefits, a loyal Diarmait restored to power would allow the fleet of Dublin to be used in Anglo-Norman campaigns against the Welsh and Scots.
989:
794:(1152). These reforms, intended to tighten attitudes towards marriage, clerical celibacy, the sacramental system, and control of church lands and offices, "would demand the abandonment of features of Gaelic society going back to pre-Christian times and of practises which had been accepted for centuries by the church in Ireland." Implementing the reforms was slow and difficult.
1650:("Saxons" or "English"). In consequence, it is apparent that contemporaries regarded the incomers as English, regardless of their actual mother tongue, ethnicity or geographic origin. In the nineteenth century, however, during a period of intense and sensitive political debate, the term was dropped by historians and replaced with ahistorical terms. In modern historiography on
930:(Hy Kinsella) in 1167 with one knight, Richard FitzGodebert, and a small number of soldiers. He smoothly resumed power as chief and awaited the arrival of his allies. King RuaidrĂ and TigernĂĄn confronted him with a small force and there was a skirmish at Killistown. Diarmait gave hostages to RuaidrĂ and a hundred ounces of gold to TigernĂĄn, and FitzGodebert left Ireland.
980:, one of whom was his son. However, Diarmait apparently sought to use his Anglo-Norman allies to make himself High King. Shortly after the Ferns agreement, Maurice FitzGerald landed at Wexford with at least 10 knights, 30 mounted archers and 100-foot archers. In a show of strength, Maurice and Diarmait marched an army north and laid waste to the hinterland of Dublin.
1134:. The Normans killed hundreds of soldiers, many of whom were resting or bathing, and seized supplies. Following this defeat, the Irish army withdrew. In the meantime, FitzStephen had surrendered to the Norse-Irish at Carrick. When they learned that Strongbow was on his way, they burnt Wexford and withdrew to a nearby island with FitzStephen as a hostage.
1734:
1155:
had gone to
Ireland with Henry's permission, to restore Diarmait to the kingship, and that whatever he had gained in Ireland was "by the grace and favour of Henry, and was at his disposal". In July, before the siege of Dublin, Henry granted Strongbow most of the land he had gained and honored him with the post of "royal constable in Ireland".
1056:
law, with
Diarmait having two wives, as well as sons and other daughters. It is suggested that Strongbow's succession was justified in English law by having AoĂfe's mother deemed to be his only legitimate wife, leaving AoĂfe as his only legitimate heir. Furthermore, Strongbow's succession was not justified in
1154:
King Henry apparently feared that
Strongbow would set up an independent kingdom in Ireland, which could control the Irish Sea and interfere in English affairs. In early 1171, Henry ordered that his subjects return to his realm or all their possessions would be seized. Strongbow reminded Henry that he
1055:
Diarmait returned to Ferns and died there suddenly in May 1171. Strongbow then claimed
Leinster, as Diarmait had promised Strongbow he would inherit the kingdom upon his death, as his son-in-law through AoĂfe. However, Strongbow would not have been deemed Diarmait's heir under either Irish or English
1378:
Norman power in
Ireland seemed to be disintegrating, and in the words of Gerald de Barri, "the entire population of Ireland took the opportunity of this disorder to rise with one consent against the English". Shortly after the Norman defeat at Thurles, the Norse-Irish of Waterford rose up and killed
1168:
recounts that the meeting was friendly, while Gerald of Wales pictures the king's anger gradually subsiding until a friendly agreement was reached. Strongbow's actions may have been only a catalyst for Henry's intervention. Historian Peter Crooks writes that, "No less than his predecessors, Henry II
1008:
at
Baginbun and plundered the surrounding countryside. They were then besieged by a much larger force of Irish and Norse-Irish. The outnumbered Anglo-Normans drove a large herd of cattle into the opposing army. In the ensuing havoc, the Normans routed the besiegers, killing up to 500 and capturing
1016:
with at least 200 knights and 1,000 soldiers. They met with
Raymond's force and assaulted Waterford. The walls were eventually breached and there followed fierce fighting in the streets, in which 700 defenders were killed. Diarmait and the other Norman commanders then arrived in Waterford, where
1129:
With Dublin and
Carrick under siege, Strongbow and his council agreed to negotiate. Strongbow proposed that if the Anglo-Normans were allowed to keep what they had conquered, they would acknowledge RuaidrĂ as their overlord. RuaidrĂ responded that he would only allow the Normans to keep Dublin,
1550:
Rivalries grew amongst the
Normans in their desire for land. This led them to manipulate the "factious Gaelic political system", backing competing Gaelic lords to undermine their own Norman rivals. Despite a king in this time being seen as symbol of justice and arbiter, Henry II seems to have
1494:
Another economic effect was the widespread usage of coinage, originally introduced by the
Vikings. In the late 1180s, during John's lordship, the first Norman coins in Ireland were minted. Other mints operated in the major towns, with De Courcy in Ulster even minting coins in his own name.
1490:
The arrival of the Normans altered the agricultural landscape of Ireland. Elements that appear afterwards include: large-scale hay-making; cultivated pears and cherries; larger white-fleeced breeds of sheep; and the introduction of various animals such as rabbits, perch, pike and carp.
1081:
launched a devastating attack on Norman-held Waterford. At about the same time, a Norse-Gaelic army, in a fleet of at least 60 ships, landed outside Dublin. Led by Ascall, they tried to re-take the town, but were repulsed by de Cogan's forces. Ascall was captured and publicly executed.
1020:
The Normans and Diarmait held a council of war at Waterford and agreed to take Dublin. High King RuaidrĂ encamped a large army near Dublin to intercept them. As well as troops from Connacht, it included troops from Breffny (led by King TigernĂĄn), Meath (led by King MĂĄel Sechlainn), and
1180:
were also shipped over, should he need to assault the Norman-held towns, or others such as Cork and Limerick. This was the first time a reigning King of England had set foot on Irish soil, and marked the beginning of England's claim to sovereignty in Ireland. Henry led his army to
1076:
Shortly after Diarmait's death, the Anglo-Normans came under attack, both from within Leinster and from outside. Diarmait was succeeded as ruler of UĂ Ceinnselaig (his home territory) by his brother Murchad, who opposed Strongbow along with other Leinster rulers. The Irish of
1429:
wrote that "the military commanders left there by him for the government of this subjugated province, desirous either of booty or fame, by degrees extended the boundaries allotted to them". In April 1176, a large Anglo-Norman army from Dublin marched north into what is now
1498:
Whether as a direct consequence of the Normans or not, the commoner's independence decreased in both Norman and Gaelic areas. Where once they could serve more than one lord or even transfer from one lord to another, they were now unfree tenants bound to the land.
2381:
At §T1171.12: "Henry arrived in Ireland at Waterford a week before Samhain, and Diarmaid Mac Carthaigh, king of Desmond, submitted to him. Thence he went to Dublin and received the kingship of Leinster and of the men of Meath, Brefne, Oriel and Ulster."
1200:. Fifteen Irish kings and chiefs submitted to Henry, likely in the hope that he would curb unprovoked Norman expansion into their territories. Those who did not submit included RuaidrĂ (the High King and king of Connacht) and the kings of Meath and the
1121:
sent his best troops out of Wexford to help the Anglo-Norman garrison in Dublin. The remaining garrison in Wexford was then attacked and forced out of the town. The Normans fled to a military encampment at nearby Carrick, where they were besieged. The
1513:
De Courcy, who had conquered Ulaid, instigated a large-scale program of ecclesiastic patronage from 1179. This included the building of new abbeys and priories. He formally reburied in Downpatrick the recently "found" bodies of three prominent Irish
839:
writes that Ireland was "barbaric" in Bernard's eyes because it "had retained its own culture and had remained outside the Latin secular world". This depiction of Ireland and the Irish became established as the mainstream view throughout Europe.
1265:; as that kingdom had not been conquered this meant that Henry would let de Lacy hold it if he could conquer it. In early 1172, Henry allowed de Lacy to take royal troops into Meath, where they plundered and burned the monastic towns of
1434:. This was part of Oriel, a kingdom meant to be free from encroachment under the treaty. However, the Irish of Oriel forced the Anglo-Normans to retreat and killed up to 500 of their soldiers. That summer, the forces of Oriel and the
1379:
the Norman garrison of 200 soldiers. RuaidrĂ gathered an army that included contingents from Connacht, Meath, Breffny, Oriel, Ulster, and the Northern UĂ NĂ©ill, along with their kings. It marched into Meath, destroying the castles at
1510:. From 1169 until the mid-fourteenth century, castles were mostly associated with Norman lordships and formed the basis of new settlements. Not until after 1205, during the reign of king John, was a royal castle built in Ireland.
953:. However, Donnchad withdrew his forces to safety. Prendergast then announced he was withdrawing from Ireland with his 200 men, but Diarmait would not let them set sail from Wexford. In response, Prendergast offered his men as
976:: Diarmait was acknowledged as king of Leinster, in return for acknowledging RuaidrĂ as his overlord and agreeing to send his foreign allies away permanently. To ensure compliance, Diarmait agreed to give RuaidrĂ
1414:. The treaty divided Ireland into two spheres of influence: Henry was acknowledged as overlord of the Norman-held territory, and RuaidrĂ was acknowledged as overlord of the rest of Ireland. RuaidrĂ also swore
1044:âstormed the town and took it. Ascall and his followers fled in their ships but vowed to re-take the town. Strongbow and Diarmait then launched "a devastating campaign" through Meath and into Breffny, burning
1363:(Donal Cavanagh), attacked Strongbow's forces in Leinster, killing 200 men. Around the same time, an Irish army from Thomond and Connacht, led by Domnall Ua Briain (Donal O'Brian), forced the Normans out of
827:, or an equivalent, which purported to grant Henry II papal authority to intervene in Ireland, such as by conquest. Salisbury had been inspired in his views on the Irish by the "Life of Malachy", written by
1438:, under Cenél nEógain (Kinel Owen), invaded Meath, led by King Mael Sechlainn Mac Lochlainn. They destroyed the castle at Slane and forced the Anglo-Normans to abandon Galtrim, Kells, and Derrypatrick.
1425:
However, the Windsor Treaty soon fell apart. Henry was "unable or unwilling" to rein in the Anglo-Norman lords, and RuaidrĂ was unable to control all of the Irish kings. Contemporary English historian
1068:(Donal Cavanagh) backed Strongbow, perhaps because he felt it gave his family their best chance of holding on to power. Strongbow gave Domnall jurisdiction over his Irish subjects in most of Leinster.
1004:
landed at Bannow Bay with at least 10 knights and 70 archers. This was the advance guard for Strongbow's army and was to be the springboard for an assault on Waterford. Raymond's force occupied an old
1551:
fostered inter-Norman rivalry, possibly as a means to rein in the power of his subordinates in Ireland so they posed him no threat. This was exemplified in 1172 by Henry II's granting of the Irish
835:. This hagiography, written within a year of Malachy's death in 1148, depicted the Irish, in fact highly Christianised, in exaggerated terms as barbaric, semi-pagan and in need of reform. Historian
647:
of England in 1066, the Normans became aware of the role Ireland played in providing refuge and assistance to their enemies. They also contemplated the conquest of Ireland. It is recorded in the
545:. The Normans' success has been attributed to military superiority and castle-building, the lack of a unified opposition from the Irish and the support of the church for Henry's intervention.
533:
to Henry. The treaty soon collapsed: Norman lords continued to invade Irish kingdoms and the Irish continued to attack the Normans. In 1177, Henry adopted a new policy. He declared his son
945:, which surrendered after two days. They then raided and plundered the territories of north Leinster, which had refused to submit to Diarmait. They also raided the neighbouring kingdom of
1238:
The Irish church hierarchy also submitted to Henry, believing his intervention would bring greater political stability. Henry "used the church as a vehicle of conquest". He organised the
1258:. The synod sought to bring Irish church practices into line with those of England, and new monastic communities and military orders (such as the Templars) were introduced into Ireland.
557:
was made up of several over-kingdoms, which each comprised several lesser kingdoms. At the top was the High King, who received tribute from the other kings but did not rule Ireland as a
1000:: "Josce, Jew of Gloucester, owes 100 shillings for an amerciament for the moneys which he lent to those who against the king's prohibition went over to Ireland." In May of that year,
1418:
to Henry and agreed to pay him a yearly tribute in cow hides, which RuaidrĂ could levy from throughout his kingdom. A Connacht-based annalist reported the treaty in triumphal terms: "
1250:, sent letters to the Irish bishops, telling them to accept Henry as their overlord in accordance with the oaths sworn by its kings, or face ecclesiastical censure. He ratified the
1356:
was interrupted by a Norse-Irish fleet from Cork. After a naval engagement, the Normans withdrew to Waterford. FitzGerald then returned to Wales, due to the death of his father.
1110:
941:
and 360 archers. This force merged with about 500 men led by Diarmait. They set about conquering Leinster and the territories Diarmait had claimed sovereignty over. First they
1391:
landed at Wexford with at least 30 knights, 100 mounted soldiers and 300 archers. When this army arrived at Dublin and reinforced the garrison there, RuaidrĂ's army withdrew.
762:. For six months in 1165, the fleet of Dublin, which was under the control of Dermot MacMurrough, was used to aid Henry II's forces in an abortive campaign in north Wales.
707:' account says De Montgomery used his troops to aid O'Brien in Ireland and hoping to succeed his father-in-law as king, but had to flee after his hosts turned against him.
4752:
1529:
Whilst some Irish kings had charters recording transactions to monasteries before the arrival of the Normans, charters for all land transactions would become commonplace.
1273:. Henry also made Dublin available for the freemen of Bristol to colonise. Many of the Norse-Irish inhabitants were forced to re-settle outside the walls, at what became
514:
to reform the Irish church. Many Irish kings also submitted to him, likely in the hope that he would curb Norman expansion, but Henry granted the unconquered kingdom of
1102:
448:, who sought their help in regaining his kingship. They achieved this within weeks and raided neighbouring kingdoms. This military intervention was sanctioned by King
1422:
came out of England from the son of the Empress, having with him the peace of Ireland, and the kingship thereof, both Foreigner and Gael, to RuaidrĂ Ua Conchobair".
1352:, by both land and sea - even though, as their king had submitted to Henry, the kingdom should have been exempt from attack. The Norman raid on the monastic town of
1646:", contemporary sources virtually never use "Norman" in an Irish context. Irish sources usually describe the men as "foreigners" and "grey foreigners", or else as
3603:
1090:
703:
in 1100 and sought Irish aid. De Montgomery married O'Brien's daughter and obtained the assistance of his fleet, but was still forced to flee to Ireland in 1102.
4700:
3623:
1482:
Over the following months, the Anglo-Normans invaded the kingdoms of Desmond, Thomond, and Connacht, while John de Courcy continued his conquest of east Ulster.
166:
746:. The fruits of this alliance saw Malcolm cede parts of Scotland to England in 1157 and make peace with Somerled in 1160. In Ireland, Mac Lochlainn invaded the
430:
claiming lordship over most of the other kings. The Anglo-Norman invasion was a watershed in Ireland's history, marking the beginning of more than 800 years of
1586:
of Meath united to invade Connacht on behalf of O'Connor in 1200, de Courcy and de Lacy became enemies. After several battles, de Lacy was granted de Courcy's
3720:
1669:. While the leaders and knights were Anglo-Normans, most of the footsoldiers and settlers were probably in fact Anglo-Saxons, and the language they spoke was
997:
490:
In October 1171, King Henry landed with a large army to assert control over both the Anglo-Normans and the Irish. This intervention was supported by the
4705:
1052:, and several other monastic towns. In response to these violations of the Ferns agreement, RuaidrĂ executed three hostages, including Diarmait's son.
1086:
537:
to be the "Lord of Ireland" (i.e. claiming the whole island) and authorised the Norman lords to conquer more land. The territory they held became the
3716:
661:, is stated as having said "For the conquest of this land, I will gather all the ships of my kingdom, and will make of them a bridge to cross over".
1452:
left Dublin with a force of about 22 knights and 500 soldiers. De Courcy swiftly marched north, into the kingdom of Ulaid, and captured the town of
711:
states it was only after the Normans imposed a trade embargo on Ireland that the situation died down and the O'Brien-de Montgomery alliance ended.
1130:
Wexford, and Waterford. This was unacceptable to Strongbow. A Norman sortie slipped out of Dublin and made a surprise attack on RuaidrĂ's camp at
676:
as a provision. The Anglo-Norman clergy strongly backed the proposal. The plans came to nothing, allegedly due to opposition from his mother, the
4562:
1726:
1329:
for negotiations. During these negotiations, there was a dispute, and de Lacy's men killed Ua Ruairc. His head was then impaled over the gate of
1085:
A great army, led by RuaidrĂ, surrounded Dublin. It comprised troops from most of the Irish kingdoms: contingents from Connacht, Breffny (led by
1176:
On 17 October 1171, King Henry landed at Waterford with a large army of at least 500 mounted knights and 4,000 men-at-arms and archers. Several
3782:
1536:
had been used by some Anglo-Normans in Ireland, a charter drawn up by John in 1210 introduced the principle of it being applied to Ireland.
1375:, Domnall Ua Briain's forces defeated a contingent of Strongbow's army, killing thousands and forcing him to abandon the march to Limerick.
4734:
529:
acknowledged Henry as overlord of the conquered territory and RuaidrĂ as overlord of the remainder of Ireland, with RuaidrĂ also swearing
3901:
3325:
3237:
1192:
The Norman lords affirmed their loyalty to Henry and handed over the territory they had conquered to him. He let Strongbow hold Leinster
159:
1456:. The Ulaid, led by king Ruaidrà Mac Duinnsléibe (Rory MacDunleavy), tried to re-take the town but were repelled after a fierce battle.
922:
in marriage and the kingship of Leinster upon Diarmait's death. He promised Robert and Maurice the town of Wexford and two neighbouring
4748:
1606:. A year later, Irishmen assisted de Courcy in wasting the north-west after his brother had been killed by an Irishman in his company.
17:
2460:
3669:
3547:
1242:, at which Irish church leaders acknowledged him as their "temporal overlord". This may have been due to their realisation that the
1009:
70. These captives were then executed: the Normans broke their limbs before beheading them and throwing their bodies off the cliff.
657:
had lived for two more years (until 1089) "he would have conquered Ireland by his prudence and without any weapons". William's son,
4567:
3203:
2387:
1325:
Shortly after Henry left Ireland, Hugh de Lacy invaded Meath and was confronted by TigernĂĄn Ua Ruairc. The two leaders met on the
964:
In response, High King RuaidrĂ led an army into Leinster to confront Diarmait and the Normans. The army included contingents from
4739:
3763:
3552:
381:
4839:
3913:
3797:
3457:
1288:â condemned Henry's military intervention, describing it as an unlawful "hostile invasion" and "conquest". A poem in the Welsh
1126:
went on for two months. There were several skirmishes, but the Irish army apparently sought to starve the city into surrender.
911:
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152:
132:
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231:
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821:. He called for Norman involvement in Ireland to reform its "barbaric and impious" people. This resulted in the papal bull
809:, who felt the Irish church could handle its own affairs. This did not go down well with the Anglo-Norman clergy. In 1155
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Hickey, Raymond (2005). Dublin English: Evolution and Change. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 196â198. ISBN 90-272-4895-8.
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King Henry held a council at Oxford in May 1177, which marked a change of policy towards Ireland. He declared his son
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1298:
felt obliged to refute what he called the "vociferous complaints that the kings of England hold Ireland unlawfully".
1158:
By September 1171, Henry had decided to lead a military expedition to Ireland, and summoned Strongbow to meet him at
926:. Under Irish law, Diarmait had no right to do this. Having secured their help, he returned to his home territory of
4824:
4743:
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3342:
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1695:
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1294:
describes Henry "crossing the salt sea to invade the peaceful homesteads of Ireland", causing "war and confusion".
770:
Some of the initiative for political and military intervention came from Anglo-Norman church leaders â especially
279:
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4007:
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there. Strongbow responded in early 1174 by marching an army into Thomond and advancing towards Limerick. At the
1164:
1654:, historians differ in describing the Anglo-Norman invasion as being carried out by "Normans" or the "English".
996:
By 1170, Strongbow appears to have been funded financially for his invasion by a Jewish merchant by the name of
4012:
3908:
3582:
3562:
3517:
3215:
1475:. Henry also encouraged the Anglo-Norman lords to conquer more territory. He granted the kingdom of Thomond to
1254:
and purported to give Henry dominion over Ireland, to ensure religious reform and ensure the Irish paid their
471:. Diarmait died in May 1171 and Strongbow claimed Leinster, which Diarmait had promised him. Led by High King
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4849:
3990:
3699:
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Perros, Helen (1995). "Crossing the Shannon Frontier: Connacht and the Anglo-Normans". In T. B. Barry (ed.).
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871:, was acknowledged as High King of Ireland by most of the Irish kings. He led a coalitionâthat included
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3080:(2008). "Chapter 2: Diarmait Mac Murchada and the Coming of the Anglo-Normans". In Art Cosgrove (ed.).
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In 1175, the Anglo-Normans rebuilt their castles in Meath and raided or "laid waste" the province from
950:
857:
735:
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369:
1502:
The Normans also instigated the widespread building of castles by aristocrats, a key component of the
1173:, wrote that Henry wanted to have "the glory of such a famous conquest" and its proceeds for himself.
961:. However, Prendergast refused to fight his former companions, and he soon left Ireland with his men.
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in the east. They also hanged the Irish king of Meath, Magnus Ua MĂĄel Sechlainn (Manus O'Melaghlin).
1353:
1216:
1182:
813:, Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and good friends with the recently elected Anglo-Norman
715:
445:
327:
4415:
1614:
In contemporary or near-contemporary sources, the invaders are overwhelmingly described as English.
949:, defeating the forces of king Donnchad Mac Gilla Patraic (Donagh MacGillapatrick) in the battle of
787:
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4814:
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Duffy, SeĂĄn (2007). "Henry II and England's Insular Neighbours". In Christopher Harper-Bill (ed.).
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Duffy, SeĂĄn (2007). "Henry II and England's Insular Neighbours". In Christopher Harper-Bill (ed.).
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then claimed sovereignty. The Anglo-Normans claimed the invasion was sanctioned by the papal bull
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1463:(aged ten) to be "Lord of Ireland", and made plans for him to become king of all Ireland when he
1368:
1232:
1159:
1025:(led by King Murchad Ua Cerbaill). The Normans and Diarmait bypassed them by travelling over the
942:
683:
There were contacts between the Irish and Normans well before 1169. The Norman lord of Pembroke,
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to Donnchad of Ossory, which Donnchad accepted. He used these mercenaries to temporarily subdue
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It is assumed that the invaders were called English because they came from lands controlled by
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Henry left Ireland on 17 April 1172, setting sail from Wexford. Some English writers â such as
1208:
stated that the kings' submissions to Henry II were in two stages; firstly in Waterford by the
1201:
1123:
1113:), and Leinster (led by Diarmait's brother Murchad). A Norse-Gaelic fleet of 30 ships, sent by
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1189:, which he had in mind as the venue for a church council. Henry then led his army to Dublin.
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In early 1173, many of the Anglo-Norman leaders left Ireland to fight for King Henry in the
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1185:, the site of an important monastery, and chose the site for a castle. He then moved on to
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1638:" in only one particular line. Despite the modern employment of terms such as "Normans", "
1445:
as his new representative in Ireland. He was replaced the following year by Hugh de Lacy.
1036:(Ascall MacRannall). On 21 September, while talks were ongoing, a force of Normansâled by
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The English in the Twelfth Century: Imperialism, National Identity, and Political Values
498:. At the time, Irish marriage laws conflicted with those of the broader Church, and the
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3394:
3390:
3308:
3252:
2612:
2383:
1658:
1651:
1545:
1442:
1388:
1345:
1311:
1247:
1224:
1212:
1118:
1078:
1041:
1001:
907:
876:
747:
739:
719:
700:
633:
616:
ruling elite, and they came to view their Celtic neighbours as inferior and barbarous.
600:
created a limited settlement between the Norman conquerors and Scotland, with lands in
375:
333:
309:
176:
1348:
returned later that year, he led a successful plundering raid into the kingdom of the
4695:
4625:
4345:
4207:
4072:
3978:
3928:
3843:
3704:
3618:
3168:
3164:
3142:
3118:
3104:(2008). "Chapter 4: Overlord Becomes Feudal Lord, 1172â1185". In Art Cosgrove (ed.).
3063:
3044:
3025:
2604:
1988:
1587:
1519:
1419:
1372:
1026:
946:
919:
884:
810:
669:
637:
625:
562:
522:. After Henry's departure in 1172, fighting between the Normans and Irish continued.
468:
387:
273:
214:
144:
4201:
3938:
927:
4554:
4534:
4355:
4310:
3684:
3365:
3347:
3234:
2983:
2596:
1579:
1575:
1552:
1255:
1243:
1220:
969:
937:
Bay, on the south coast of County Wexford, with a force of at least 40 knights, 60
892:
880:
868:
779:
759:
755:
608:
and established their own semi-independent lordships there. According to historian
515:
499:
495:
452:. In return, Diarmait had sworn loyalty to Henry and promised land to the Normans.
297:
237:
613:
487:
were also attacked. However, the Normans managed to hold most of their territory.
4654:
4582:
4577:
4407:
4285:
4212:
3853:
3537:
3512:
3156:
2464:
2391:
1952:
1315:
1295:
1239:
1114:
1057:
1005:
806:
783:
771:
704:
677:
644:
612:, after the Norman conquest, an imperialist attitude emerged among England's new
609:
592:
between 1066 and 1075, with all earldoms thereafter held by Normans, as were all
582:
511:
303:
4789:
4685:
4524:
4512:
4290:
3353:
3337:
3287:
3092:(2008). "Chapter 3: Allies and an Overlord, 1169â1172". In Art Cosgrove (ed.).
1670:
1643:
1631:
1472:
1449:
1049:
1037:
814:
798:
791:
731:
554:
542:
423:
267:
116:
111:
52:
1591:
972:, and Dublin, each led by their respective kings. An agreement was reached at
4803:
4340:
4173:
4047:
3522:
3507:
3133:
Flanagan, Marie Therese (2005). "Anglo-Norman Invasion". In Duffy, S. (ed.).
2608:
1639:
1627:
1595:
1515:
1464:
1431:
1330:
1045:
828:
558:
405:
726:. After becoming king of England in December 1154, Henry II had allied with
494:, who saw it as a means of ensuring Irish religious reform, and a source of
4494:
4430:
4425:
4335:
4318:
4143:
4082:
3572:
3557:
3101:
3089:
3077:
2453:
1678:
1626:, a source which uses the term "English" about eighty times, whilst using "
1603:
1410:
On 6 October 1175, Henry II of England and High King RuaidrĂ agreed to the
1326:
1169:
was happy to add Ireland to his empire." An English historian of the time,
1013:
899:
836:
823:
782:. Irish church leaders had legislated for reform, notably at the synods of
418:
1599:
1022:
561:, though it had a common culture and legal system. The five port towns of
437:
In May 1169, Anglo-Norman mercenaries landed in Ireland at the request of
4631:
4544:
4243:
4187:
4148:
3409:
1666:
1507:
1453:
1380:
1285:
1177:
1131:
954:
938:
818:
574:
467:
towns of Dublin and Waterford, and Strongbow married Diarmait's daughter
464:
41:
2616:
4725:
4248:
4158:
4122:
4112:
3918:
1674:
1533:
1266:
1197:
933:
On 1 May 1169, Robert FitzStephen and Maurice de Prendergast landed at
665:
507:
4369:
1566:, the Normans in Ireland were divided in their allegiance. De Courcy,
992:
A map showing the locations of Bannow, Baginbun, Wexford and Waterford
672:, Henry discussed plans to invade Ireland and grant it to his brother
502:
had not been fully implemented. Henry granted Strongbow Leinster as a
4757:
4478:
4262:
4117:
4092:
4067:
3492:
3138:
2600:
1904:
1503:
1274:
1032:
When they reached Dublin, Diarmait began negotiations with its king,
593:
570:
480:
4443:
4163:
1899:
Crooks, Peter (2005). "Anglo-Irish Relations". In SeĂĄn Duffy (ed.).
1064:, and could only be passed on through the male line. Diarmait's son
988:
958:
4669:
4602:
4267:
4153:
4097:
3502:
2088:
1467:. The territory held by the Anglo-Normans thus became known as the
1399:
1364:
1270:
1061:
965:
727:
578:
1349:
1246:
were not compatible with Gaelic society. Pope Adrian's successor,
4587:
4572:
4471:
4258:
4238:
3212:
3181:
1635:
1523:
1395:
1094:
977:
923:
778:â who wanted to control the Irish church and fully implement the
601:
566:
503:
484:
409:
1578:(who remained loyal to the English king), joined forces against
4457:
4450:
4295:
4228:
4087:
3106:
A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169â1534
3094:
A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169â1534
3082:
A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169â1534
2712:
Duffy, SeĂĄn (2003). "John and Ireland". In S. D. Church (ed.).
1415:
1384:
934:
530:
1727:"The Irish Church, Its Reform and the English Invasion review"
1479:
and granted Desmond to Robert FitzStephen and Miles de Cogan.
664:
In September 1155, King Henry II of England held a council at
604:
exchanged for peace. Over the following decades, Norman lords
4507:
4077:
1106:
879:(Breffny), Diarmait Ua Maelsechlainn (Dermot O'Melaghlin) of
805:
had its claims to primacy over the Irish church dismissed by
1539:
1193:
1405:
475:(Rory O'Conor), a coalition of most of the Irish kingdoms
408:
gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land in
4195:
2043:
1562:
During Lord John's 1193â1194 revolt against his brother
455:
In 1170, there were further Norman landings, led by the
3624:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
3115:
Irish Society, Anglo-Norman Settlers, Angevin Kingship
2423:
From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta: England 1066â1215
2404:
2402:
2400:
174:
2134:
A History of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1922
1620:
almost always describes them as English; so too does
3354:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2458:"Pope Adrian's Bull 'Laudabiliter' and Note Upon It"
1559:, to counterbalance Strongbow's domain in Leinster.
699:. De Montgomery and his family had rebelled against
619:
2397:
1590:. De Courcy rebelled and took refuge in the Irish
3717:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
1642:" (itself an eighteenth-century construct), and "
1196:and declared Dublin, Wexford and Waterford to be
1071:
1029:, forcing RuaidrĂ's army to abandon their plans.
27:12th-century invasion of Ireland by Anglo-Normans
4801:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1826:
1775:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 42â43, 145.
1673:, which is evident by the surviving dialects of
1485:
1441:Strongbow died in May 1176, and Henry appointed
4563:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2492:Lordship in Medieval Ireland: Image and Reality
2295:
983:
852:"Henry authorizes Dermod to levy forces", from
742:, to put pressure on the new king of Scotland,
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2089:Ruth Dudley Edwards; Bridget Hourican (2005).
1938:
1936:
1137:
817:, made an "extraordinary intervention" at the
404:took place during the late 12th century, when
3197:
2835:
2833:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
1878:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1017:Strongbow married Diarmait's daughter, AĂfe.
160:
2796:
2755:
2753:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2076:The British Isles: A History of Four Nations
1957:. Oxford University Press 1993. pp. 303â304.
1954:From Domesday book to Magna Carta, 1087â1216
1929:. Oxford University Press. pp. 218â219.
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1855:
1758:Ireland's History: Prehistory to the Present
887:, and several Leinster princesâwhich ousted
3326:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2879:
2877:
2780:
2743:
2741:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2524:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2362:
2360:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2235:
2233:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2100:
1987:. New York: Longman Inc. pp. 332â333.
1965:
1963:
1933:
1927:The Struggle for Mastery: Britain 1066â1284
1817:
1788:
1359:In late 1173, Diarmait Mac Murchada's son,
943:besieged the Norse-Irish seaport of Wexford
918:. Diarmait promised Strongbow his daughter
4749:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
3204:
3190:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2762:
2416:
2414:
2384:UCC translation accessed on 7 January 2017
2247:
2245:
2078:. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
2044:Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X., eds. (1967).
1841:
1797:
1770:
1301:
167:
153:
2750:
2716:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 225â227.
2705:
2684:
2649:Colony & Frontier in Medieval Ireland
2642:
2640:
2623:
2587:M. (1901). "Annals of the Four Masters".
2552:
2540:
2063:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
1924:
1911:
1864:
722:, had been on good terms with the future
4568:Association football in Northern Ireland
3112:
2874:
2738:
2664:
2519:
2507:
2357:
2314:
2302:
2258:
2230:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2109:
2097:
2058:
1960:
1779:
1755:
1540:Inter-Norman feuding and Irish alliances
1305:
1141:
987:
847:
426:was made up of several kingdoms, with a
3764:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
3057:
2420:
2411:
2242:
2073:
1985:The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042â1216
1665:, and not because they were culturally
1526:âand commissioned a "Life of Patrick".
1406:Treaty of Windsor and Council of Oxford
1333:. Strongbow also invaded and plundered
758:, and in 1161 gave MacMurrough eastern
506:, declared the Norse-Irish towns to be
14:
4802:
3100:
3088:
3076:
2646:
2637:
2577:. Geography Publications, 2006. p. 144
2131:
1982:
1898:
1737:from the original on 26 September 2021
4033:
3823:
3644:
3250:
3185:
3129:(For "Anglo-Norman", read "English".)
3041:Brian Boru and the Battle of Clontarf
3038:
2711:
2489:
2366:
1832:
1215:, and then in Dublin by the kings of
765:
148:
1724:
687:(d. 1118â22), was the son-in-law of
3117:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2469:A History of Ireland and Her People
2093:. Psychology Press. pp. 33â34.
2048:. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 370.
1062:succession to kingship was elective
843:
48:The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife
24:
3793:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
3568:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
3366:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
3211:
2974:pp. 153 n. 45, 157â158, 157 n. 62.
2651:. A&C Black. pp. 118â119.
2586:
1837:. Boydell Press. pp. 132â133.
1773:The English in the Twelfth Century
1012:On 23 August, Strongbow landed at
636:may have included troops from the
94:Most of Ireland absorbed into the
25:
4871:
3578:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
3135:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia
2494:. Four Courts Press. p. 165.
1971:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia
1901:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia
1718:
620:Early Norman designs and contacts
4783:
3747:Tallest buildings and structures
3113:Flanagan, Marie Therese (1989).
2690:Early Medieval Ireland, 400â1200
1696:Norman conquest (disambiguation)
402:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
194:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
40:
35:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
3006:
2993:
2977:
2965:
2949:
2933:
2913:
2897:
2862:
2842:
2729:
2720:
2696:
2678:
2655:
2580:
2568:
2531:
2498:
2483:
2474:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2375:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2149:
2140:
2125:
2082:
2067:
2052:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1976:
1945:
1892:
1623:The Song of Dermot and the Earl
1165:The Song of Dermot and the Earl
1162:while the army was assembling.
3583:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
3062:. Cambridge University Press.
2714:King John: New Interpretations
2255:. Macmillan Press, 1997. p. 66
1973:. Routledge, 2005. pp. 776â779
1764:
1760:. A & C Black. p. 59.
1749:
1609:
1387:, before advancing on Dublin.
1072:Irish counteroffensive of 1171
596:after 1096. In parallel, the
13:
1:
4840:Battles involving the Normans
3645:
2988:In Search of Ireland's Heroes
2421:Daniell, Christopher (2013).
2371:. Boydell Press. p. 138.
2369:Henry II: New Interpretations
1835:Henry II: New Interpretations
1756:Campbell, Kenneth L. (2013).
1711:
1568:Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath
1506:they brought to Ireland, and
1486:Cultural and economic effects
606:conquered much of south Wales
548:
4648:Northern Ireland flags issue
3824:
3599:List of conflicts in Ireland
3343:Southern Ireland (1921â1922)
2575:Kildare: History and Society
2425:. Routledge. pp. 65â66.
984:Arrival of Strongbow in 1170
904:Richard FitzGilbert de Clare
883:(Meath), the Norse-Irish of
463:. They seized the important
461:Richard "Strongbow" de Clare
7:
4860:Military history of Ireland
4034:
3619:Gaelic clothing and fashion
3251:
2046:The Course of Irish History
2007:Downham (2017), pp. 241â242
1684:
1532:Whilst elements of English
1337:, but failed to subdue it.
1146:"Henry at Waterford", from
1138:Arrival of Henry II in 1171
1111:King Magnus Mac Duinnsléibe
906:(also known as Strongbow),
10:
4876:
4810:Norman invasion of Ireland
3108:. Oxford University Press.
3096:. Oxford University Press.
3084:. Oxford University Press.
3022:Cambridge University Press
2809:Duffy (2005), pp. 106â109.
2253:Ireland in the Middle Ages
2061:A Short History of Ireland
1543:
1367:and destroyed Strongbow's
736:Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn
585:and had their own rulers.
18:Norman Conquest of Ireland
4835:Battles involving Ireland
4779:
4678:
4616:
4553:
4493:
4406:
4354:
4309:
4276:
4221:
4186:
4136:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4029:
3964:
3867:
3836:
3832:
3819:
3729:
3657:
3653:
3640:
3591:
3379:
3263:
3259:
3246:
3222:
2692:. Routledge. p. 289.
2091:An Atlas of Irish History
1925:Carpenter, David (2003).
1771:Gillingham, John (2000).
1706:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1691:Irish War of Independence
1594:. In 1196, de Courcy and
1582:. Although de Courcy and
441:(Dermot MacMurragh), the
382:Silken Thomas's Rebellion
189:
122:
105:
58:
39:
34:
2793:Duffy (2005), pp. 66â68.
2390:22 February 2013 at the
2299:Martin (2008), pp. 80â85
2146:Martin (2008), pp. 71â72
2136:. Routledge. p. 64.
2034:Martin (2008), pp. 68â69
2025:Martin (2008), pp. 65â66
2016:Martin (2008), pp. 64â65
1889:Martin (2008), pp. 57â60
1814:Duffy (2005), pp. 15â16.
1661:and were vassals of the
1572:Cathal Crobderg O'Connor
1291:Black Book of Carmarthen
1117:, blockaded Dublin bay.
1103:King Murchad Ua Cerbaill
776:Archbishop of Canterbury
750:, forced the submission
714:From at least 1144, the
4825:12th century in Ireland
4740:Prostitution (Republic)
3155:
3132:
3058:Downham, Clare (2017).
3012:
2971:
2959:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2907:
2903:
2894:pp. 151â155, 152 n. 36.
2891:
2887:
2883:
2868:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2132:Curtis, Edmund (2013).
2059:Ranelagh, John (1994).
1471:and formed part of the
1369:motte-and-bailey castle
1302:After Henry's departure
1261:Henry granted Meath to
891:(Dermot MacMurragh) as
624:It is thought that the
432:British rule in Ireland
4830:12th-century conflicts
3609:List of Irish kingdoms
3102:Martin, Francis Xavier
3090:Martin, Francis Xavier
3078:Martin, Francis Xavier
2777:Duffy (2005), pp. 7â9.
2408:Flanagan (2005), p. 30
2074:Kearney, Hugh (2012).
1983:Barlow, Frank (1988).
1322:
1151:
1148:A Chronicle of England
993:
916:Maurice de Prendergast
875:(Tiernan O'Rourke) of
860:
854:A Chronicle of England
581:were inhabited by the
238:Sieges of DĂșn Gaillmhe
178:Norman wars in Ireland
123:Commanders and leaders
4716:Mass media (Republic)
4660:National coat of arms
3548:IRA Northern Campaign
2839:Duffy (2005), p. 161.
2827:Duffy (2005), p. 101.
2818:Duffy (2005), p. 776.
2759:Martin (2008), p. 112
2735:Martin (2008), p. 115
2726:Martin (2008), p. 110
2702:Martin (2008), p. 108
2661:Martin (2008), p. 105
2634:Martin (2008), p. 104
2565:Martin (2008), p. 103
2549:Martin (2008), p. 102
2537:Martin (2008), p. 100
2490:Doran, Linda (2007).
2463:9 August 2017 at the
1861:Duffy (2014), p. 263.
1823:Duffy (2014), p. 260.
1794:Duffy (2014), p. 259.
1309:
1282:William of Canterbury
1150:(1864) by James Doyle
1145:
991:
889:Diarmait mac Murchada
865:RuaidrĂ Ua Conchobair
851:
709:William of Malmesbury
655:William the Conqueror
650:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
553:In the 12th century,
492:Roman Catholic Church
473:RuaidrĂ Ua Conchobair
439:Diarmait mac Murchada
203:Duncormac and Wexford
138:RuaidrĂ Ua Conchobair
4855:Invasions of Ireland
4850:Invasions by England
4638:County coats of arms
4530:List of Irish people
3604:List of Irish tribes
3454:Cromwellian conquest
3440:Plantation of Ulster
3371:Ireland (since 1922)
3039:Duffy, Sean (2014).
2747:Duffy (2007), p. 148
2675:Duffy (2007), p. 140
2528:Martin (2008), p. 99
2516:Duffy (2007), p. 139
2504:Martin (2008), p. 94
2480:Martin (2008), p. 96
2444:Martin (2008), p. 92
2435:Martin (2008), p. 58
2354:Martin (2008), p. 88
2345:Martin (2008), p. 89
2336:Crooks (2005), p. 27
2327:Martin (2008), p. 87
2311:Martin (2008), p. 80
2269:Martin (2008), p. 86
2239:Martin (2008), p. 79
2227:Martin (2008), p. 78
2218:Martin (2008), p. 77
2209:Martin (2008), p. 76
2200:Martin (2008), p. 75
2188:Martin (2008), p. 74
2176:Martin (2008), p. 73
2122:Martin (2008), p. 71
2106:Martin (2008), p. 70
1785:Duffy (2005), p. 92.
1701:Plantation of Ulster
1617:Expugnatio Hibernica
1320:Expugnatio Hibernica
1204:. Against this, the
833:Bernard of Clairvaux
803:church of Canterbury
697:High King of Ireland
685:Arnulf de Montgomery
479:, while Norman-held
84:Anglo-Norman victory
4845:Henry II of England
4753:in Northern Ireland
4744:in Northern Ireland
4485:Legendary creatures
4398:Traditional singing
4234:Saint Patrick's Day
3869:Republic of Ireland
3798:Tourist attractions
3783:ROI–UK border
3768:of Northern Ireland
3721:in Northern Ireland
3553:IRA Border Campaign
3528:War of Independence
3498:Second Great Famine
3483:Act of Union (1800)
3435:Flight of the Earls
3292:Lordship of Ireland
3227:Republic of Ireland
2161:Jewish Encyclopedia
1951:Austin Lane Poole.
1469:Lordship of Ireland
1427:William of Newburgh
1361:Domhnall CaomhĂĄnach
1206:Annals of Tigernach
1171:William of Newburgh
1091:King MĂĄel Sechlainn
1034:Ascall mac Ragnaill
998:Josce of Gloucester
674:William FitzEmpress
598:Treaty of Abernethy
539:Lordship of Ireland
510:, and arranged the
450:Henry II of England
414:monarchs of England
96:Lordship of Ireland
4790:Ireland portal
4108:Skirts and kidneys
3614:List of High Kings
3533:Anglo-Irish Treaty
3473:First Great Famine
3458:Settlement of 1652
3430:Tyrone's Rebellion
3420:Desmond Rebellions
3309:Kingdom of Ireland
3141:. pp. 17â19.
3018:Ireland: A History
2589:All Ireland Review
1942:Martin, pp. 58â59.
1852:Martin, pp. 56â57.
1677:in Dublin and the
1546:Normans in Ireland
1448:In February 1177,
1443:William FitzAldelm
1389:Raymond FitzGerald
1346:Raymond FitzGerald
1323:
1312:Raymond FitzGerald
1248:Pope Alexander III
1152:
1119:Robert FitzStephen
1042:Raymond FitzGerald
1002:Raymond FitzGerald
994:
912:Maurice FitzGerald
908:Robert FitzStephen
873:TigernĂĄn Ua Ruairc
861:
766:Role of the church
748:Kingdom of Breifne
720:Dermot MacMurrough
634:Battle of Clontarf
4797:
4796:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4182:
4181:
4073:Bacon and cabbage
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
3892:Foreign relations
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3742:Notable buildings
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3165:The Boydell Press
3124:978-0-198-22154-8
3050:978-0-7171-6207-9
3031:978-0-521-19720-5
2972:Gillingham (2000)
2960:Gillingham (2000)
2944:Gillingham (2000)
2928:Gillingham (2000)
2908:Gillingham (2000)
2892:Gillingham (2000)
2869:Gillingham (2000)
2857:Gillingham (2000)
2686:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
1592:kingdom of Tyrone
1588:earldom of Ulster
1436:Northern UĂ NĂ©ill
1420:Cadla Ua Dubthaig
1412:Treaty of Windsor
1373:Battle of Thurles
1342:Revolt of 1173â74
1244:Gregorian Reforms
1202:Northern UĂ NĂ©ill
1101:), Oriel (led by
1099:Domnall Ua Briain
1089:), Meath (led by
1066:Domnall CĂĄemĂĄnach
1027:Wicklow Mountains
867:(Rory O'Connor),
811:John of Salisbury
780:Gregorian Reforms
670:Robert of Torigni
638:Duchy of Normandy
632:army in the 1014
590:conquered England
527:Treaty of Windsor
397:
396:
352:CruachĂĄn BrĂ Eile
232:John's expedition
183:
143:
142:
101:
100:
16:(Redirected from
4867:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4465:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
4053:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4031:
4030:
3966:Northern Ireland
3944:
3934:
3924:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3641:
3518:Home Rule crisis
3348:Northern Ireland
3261:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3235:Northern Ireland
3206:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3152:
3128:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3060:Medieval Ireland
3054:
3035:
3014:Bartlett, Thomas
3000:
2997:
2991:
2984:Carmel McCaffrey
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2937:
2931:
2917:
2911:
2901:
2895:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2794:
2791:
2778:
2775:
2760:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2635:
2632:
2621:
2620:
2601:10.2307/20545251
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2550:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2514:
2505:
2502:
2496:
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2472:
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2395:
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2355:
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2328:
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2300:
2297:
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2256:
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2240:
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2207:
2201:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2177:
2174:
2165:
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2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
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2123:
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2107:
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2080:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1890:
1887:
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1859:
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1839:
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1786:
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1777:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1725:Johnston, Elva.
1722:
1580:William de Burgh
1576:King of Connacht
1553:kingdom of Meath
1477:Philip de Braose
902:agreed to help:
893:king of Leinster
869:king of Connacht
844:Landings of 1169
756:king of Connacht
716:king of Leinster
689:Murtough O'Brien
500:Gregorian Reform
457:Earl of Pembroke
446:King of Leinster
370:Cluain Immorrais
358:Ros Mhic ThriĂșin
184:
181:
179:
169:
162:
155:
146:
145:
60:
59:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4820:1170s conflicts
4815:1160s conflicts
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4784:
4782:
4767:
4735:outside Ireland
4706:Historic houses
4674:
4655:Irish Wolfhound
4626:Brighid's Cross
4612:
4583:Gaelic handball
4578:Gaelic football
4549:
4520:Hiberno-Normans
4489:
4402:
4350:
4305:
4286:Hiberno-English
4272:
4217:
4178:
4132:
4038:
4017:
3960:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3863:
3854:Ulster loyalism
3828:
3807:
3725:
3649:
3628:
3587:
3513:Dublin lock-out
3449:Confederate War
3400:Norman invasion
3387:Battles of Tara
3375:
3331:1801–1923
3319:1691–1800
3314:1536–1691
3302:1169–1536
3255:
3242:
3218:
3210:
3175:
3149:
3125:
3070:
3051:
3032:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2956:Bartlett (2010)
2954:
2950:
2940:Flanagan (2005)
2938:
2934:
2924:Flanagan (2005)
2920:Bartlett (2010)
2918:
2914:
2904:Bartlett (2010)
2902:
2898:
2888:Flanagan (2005)
2884:Bartlett (2010)
2882:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2853:Flanagan (2005)
2849:Bartlett (2010)
2847:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2797:
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2781:
2776:
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2679:
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2624:
2585:
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2573:
2569:
2564:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2465:Wayback Machine
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2398:
2392:Wayback Machine
2380:
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2204:
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2110:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2057:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1923:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1731:The Irish Times
1723:
1719:
1714:
1687:
1663:king of England
1612:
1584:Hugh II de Lacy
1548:
1542:
1488:
1408:
1398:in the west to
1316:Gerald de Barri
1310:A depiction of
1304:
1296:Gerald de Barri
1240:synod of Cashel
1140:
1124:siege of Dublin
1115:Godred Olafsson
1074:
1006:promontory fort
986:
846:
807:Pope Eugene III
768:
705:Orderic Vitalis
693:king of Munster
678:Empress Matilda
668:. According to
645:Norman Conquest
622:
614:French-speaking
610:John Gillingham
551:
512:synod of Cashel
477:besieged Dublin
422:. At the time,
412:over which the
398:
393:
185:
177:
175:
173:
131:
90:
76:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4873:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4795:
4794:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4701:Heritage Sites
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4651:
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4622:
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4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:Irish diaspora
4522:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4513:Gaelic Ireland
4505:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4256:
4254:Rose of Tralee
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:List of dishes
4059:
4057:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3979:D'Hondt method
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3940:Seanad Ăireann
3936:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3680:Extreme points
3677:
3672:
3670:Climate change
3667:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:1803 Rebellion
3485:
3480:
3478:1798 Rebellion
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Williamite War
3460:
3451:
3445:1641 Rebellion
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Spanish Armada
3422:
3417:
3415:Tudor conquest
3412:
3407:
3405:Bruce campaign
3402:
3397:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3350:(1921âpresent)
3345:
3340:
3338:Irish Republic
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3297:800–1169
3288:Gaelic Ireland
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3153:
3147:
3130:
3123:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3069:978-1107651654
3068:
3055:
3049:
3043:. Gill Books.
3036:
3030:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2976:
2964:
2948:
2932:
2912:
2896:
2873:
2861:
2841:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2795:
2779:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2704:
2695:
2677:
2663:
2654:
2636:
2622:
2579:
2567:
2551:
2539:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2497:
2482:
2473:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2410:
2396:
2374:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2313:
2301:
2271:
2257:
2241:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2148:
2139:
2124:
2108:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2051:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1993:
1975:
1959:
1944:
1932:
1910:
1891:
1877:
1875:Martin, p. 62.
1863:
1854:
1840:
1825:
1816:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1763:
1748:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1671:Middle English
1644:Cambro-Normans
1611:
1608:
1596:Niall MacMahon
1544:Main article:
1541:
1538:
1487:
1484:
1473:Angevin Empire
1450:John de Courcy
1407:
1404:
1303:
1300:
1139:
1136:
1073:
1070:
1038:Miles de Cogan
985:
982:
928:UĂ Ceinnselaig
845:
842:
815:Pope Adrian IV
799:Synod of Kells
767:
764:
738:, king of the
732:Lord of Argyll
621:
618:
555:Gaelic Ireland
550:
547:
543:Angevin Empire
541:, part of the
424:Gaelic Ireland
395:
394:
392:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
340:Ăth an Urchair
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
283:
280:Tooreencormick
277:
271:
265:
262:Creadran Cille
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
228:
227:
225:
219:
218:
212:
206:
199:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:
172:
171:
164:
157:
149:
141:
140:
135:
125:
124:
120:
119:
117:Gaelic Ireland
114:
112:Angevin Empire
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
53:Daniel Maclise
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4872:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4792:
4791:
4778:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Public houses
4756:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4014:
4013:Peace process
4011:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3943:(upper house)
3941:
3937:
3935:
3933:(lower house)
3931:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Republicanism
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Peace process
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:The Emergency
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Easter Rising
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:Fenian Rising
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Early history
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3176:
3174:0-85115-732-7
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:Gillingham, J
3154:
3150:
3148:0-415-94052-4
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3020:. Cambridge:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2658:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:Hull, Eleanor
2450:
2441:
2432:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2251:Duffy, SeĂĄn.
2248:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1996:
1994:0-582-49504-0
1990:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1969:Duffy, SeĂĄn.
1966:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1907:. p. 27.
1906:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1791:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1652:Irish history
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:Anglo-Normans
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1605:
1604:English Oriel
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:, along with
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:feudal system
1500:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:County Armagh
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:Dublin Castle
1328:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:(led by King
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:King TigernĂĄn
1083:
1080:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
990:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Marcher Lords
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
855:
850:
841:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
788:RĂĄth Breasail
785:
781:
777:
773:
763:
761:
757:
753:
752:Rory O'Connor
749:
745:
741:
740:Cenél nEógain
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
651:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:unitary state
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
415:
411:
407:
406:Anglo-Normans
403:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:Fiodh an Ătha
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
224:
223:Post-invasion
221:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
188:
180:
170:
165:
163:
158:
156:
151:
150:
147:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
126:
121:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
104:
97:
93:
88:
87:
83:
80:
79:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
50:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4781:
4751: /
4742: /
4733: /
4711:Homelessness
4630:
4598:Road bowling
4593:Martial arts
4540:Ulster Scots
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4421:Mythological
4368:
4328:
4301:Ulster Scots
4261: /
4200:
4128:Three-in-One
3939:
3930:DĂĄil Ăireann
3929:
3919:
3877:Constitution
3766: /
3737:Architecture
3719: /
3592:Other topics
3573:Celtic Tiger
3558:The Troubles
3456: /
3447: /
3399:
3393: /
3389: /
3290: /
3278:Protohistory
3160:
3137:. New York:
3134:
3114:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3059:
3040:
3017:
3007:Bibliography
2995:
2987:
2979:
2967:
2951:
2946:pp. 152â153.
2935:
2930:pp. 152â153.
2915:
2899:
2871:pp. 151â154.
2864:
2859:pp. 151â153.
2844:
2823:
2814:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2657:
2648:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2533:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2377:
2368:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2252:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2090:
2084:
2075:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1984:
1978:
1970:
1953:
1947:
1926:
1900:
1894:
1857:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1741:26 September
1739:. Retrieved
1730:
1720:
1681:of Wexford.
1679:Yola dialect
1656:
1647:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1561:
1557:Hugh de Lacy
1549:
1531:
1528:
1512:
1508:round towers
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1458:
1447:
1440:
1424:
1409:
1393:
1377:
1358:
1339:
1327:Hill of Ward
1324:
1319:
1289:
1279:
1263:Hugh de Lacy
1260:
1252:Laudabiliter
1251:
1237:
1191:
1178:siege towers
1175:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1128:
1084:
1075:
1054:
1031:
1019:
1011:
995:
963:
932:
897:
862:
853:
837:F. X. Martin
824:Laudabiliter
822:
796:
769:
713:
682:
663:
648:
642:
623:
588:The Normans
587:
552:
524:
520:Hugh de Lacy
489:
454:
436:
419:Laudabiliter
417:
401:
399:
364:Tragh-Bhaile
328:Dysert O'Dea
244:Ballyshannon
193:
106:Belligerents
46:
29:
4731:Place names
4608:Rugby union
4503:Anglo-Irish
4388:Instruments
4244:The Twelfth
4208:Set dancing
4008:LGBT rights
3914:LGBT rights
3844:Nationalism
3410:Black Death
2942:pp. 17â18;
2926:pp. 17â18;
2890:pp. 17â18;
2855:pp. 17â18;
1667:Anglo-Saxon
1610:Terminology
1465:came of age
1454:Downpatrick
1286:Ralph Niger
1256:tax to Rome
1132:Castleknock
968:, Breffny,
955:mercenaries
939:men-at-arms
858:James Doyle
831:'s friend,
819:Roman Curia
790:(1111) and
691:(d. 1119),
583:Norse-Irish
465:Norse-Irish
316:2nd Athenry
286:Ăth an Chip
256:Magh Slécht
250:1st Athenry
182:(1169â1542)
89:Territorial
66:1169 â 1177
51:(1854), by
4804:Categories
4632:ClĂĄirseach
4535:Travellers
4393:Rock music
4376:Folk music
4311:Literature
4113:Soda bread
3996:Government
3923:parliament
3920:Oireachtas
3897:Government
3837:Ideologies
3468:Penal Laws
3359:since 1922
3273:Prehistory
2595:(10): 72.
1712:References
1675:Fingallian
1534:common law
1198:crown land
856:(1864) by
744:Malcolm IV
666:Winchester
659:William II
643:After the
594:bishoprics
549:Background
508:crown land
322:Loch Rasca
292:Moiry Pass
4763:Squatting
4479:Fomorians
4408:Mythology
4278:Languages
4263:Halloween
4239:Bealtaine
4222:Festivals
4213:Stepdance
4118:Spice Bag
4103:Irish fry
4093:Colcannon
4068:Barmbrack
3991:Education
3949:President
3887:Education
3803:Transport
3778:Provinces
3700:Mountains
3675:Coastline
3647:Geography
3538:Civil War
3493:Tithe War
3139:Routledge
2609:2009-2415
2157:"Ireland"
1905:Routledge
1602:attacked
1564:Richard I
1275:Oxmantown
1058:Irish law
863:In 1166,
571:Waterford
525:The 1175
481:Waterford
428:High King
384:(1534â35)
240:(1230â47)
133:Strongbow
4721:Monastic
4686:Calendar
4670:Shamrock
4665:Red Hand
4603:Rounders
4268:Wren Day
4202:Sean-nĂłs
4154:Guinness
4098:Drisheen
3974:Assembly
3956:Taxation
3859:Unionism
3826:Politics
3759:Counties
3503:Land War
3395:Clontarf
3391:Glenmama
3265:Timeline
3159:(2000).
3016:(2010).
2688:(2013).
2617:20545251
2461:Archived
2388:Archived
1735:Archived
1685:See also
1634:", and "
1632:Flemings
1400:Drogheda
1365:Kilkenny
1271:Killeigh
1217:Leinster
1160:Pembroke
1109:(led by
978:hostages
966:Connacht
951:Achad Ăr
924:cantreds
898:Several
786:(1101),
772:Theobald
728:Somerled
724:Henry II
653:that if
630:Leinster
579:Limerick
376:Knockdoe
334:Faughart
310:Skerries
129:Henry II
71:Location
4691:Castles
4618:Symbols
4588:Hurling
4573:Camogie
4472:Firbolg
4458:Immrama
4451:Echtrai
4381:session
4364:Ballads
4341:Theatre
4330:Gaeilge
4324:Fiction
4259:Samhain
4174:Whiskey
4048:Cuisine
4036:Culture
3986:Economy
3882:Economy
3690:Islands
3665:Climate
3658:Natural
3253:History
3213:Ireland
2962:p. 153.
2958:p. 34;
2922:p. 34;
2906:p. 34;
2886:p. 34;
2851:p. 34;
2471:(1931).
2467:, from
1659:England
1636:Normans
1524:Columba
1516:Patrick
1514:saintsâ
1396:Athlone
1354:Lismore
1344:. When
1225:Breffny
1213:Desmond
1210:king of
1194:in fief
1183:Lismore
1095:Thomond
1079:Desmond
1046:Clonard
1014:Passage
877:Bréifne
829:Malachy
797:At the
701:Henry I
602:Cumbria
567:Wexford
504:fiefdom
485:Wexford
443:deposed
410:Ireland
388:Belahoe
274:Callann
215:Thurles
91:changes
75:Ireland
4696:Cinema
4495:People
4444:Aos SĂ
4431:Ulster
4426:Fenian
4416:Cycles
4346:Triads
4336:Poetry
4319:Annals
4296:Shelta
4249:LĂșnasa
4229:Imbolc
4164:PoitĂn
4144:Coffee
4137:Drinks
4088:Coddle
3754:Cities
3705:Rivers
3695:Loughs
3380:Events
3238:topics
3230:topics
3216:topics
3171:
3145:
3121:
3066:
3047:
3028:
2990:. p. 3
2910:p. vx.
2615:
2607:
1991:
1648:Saxain
1628:French
1520:Brigit
1416:fealty
1385:Duleek
1335:Offaly
1233:Ulster
1187:Cashel
1107:Ulster
959:LoĂgis
947:Ossory
935:Bannow
914:, and
885:Dublin
801:, the
784:Cashel
734:, and
626:Dublin
577:, and
563:Dublin
531:fealty
390:(1539)
378:(1504)
372:(1406)
366:(1399)
360:(1394)
354:(1385)
348:(1330)
342:(1329)
336:(1318)
330:(1318)
324:(1317)
318:(1316)
312:(1316)
306:(1315)
300:(1315)
298:Connor
294:(1315)
288:(1270)
282:(1262)
276:(1261)
270:(1260)
264:(1257)
258:(1256)
252:(1249)
246:(1247)
234:(1185)
217:(1174)
211:(1171)
209:Dublin
205:(1169)
81:Result
4726:Names
4679:Other
4643:Flags
4555:Sport
4508:Gaels
4436:Kings
4370:CĂ©ilĂ
4356:Music
4291:Irish
4188:Dance
4149:Cream
4083:Champ
4078:Boxty
4001:local
3902:local
3788:Towns
3773:Ports
3730:Human
3685:Fauna
2613:JSTOR
1600:Oriel
1350:DĂ©isi
1314:from
1229:Oriel
1221:Meath
1060:, as
1050:Kells
1023:Oriel
974:Ferns
970:Meath
920:AoĂfe
792:Kells
760:Meath
516:Meath
496:taxes
469:AoĂfe
304:Kells
4545:Yola
4159:Mist
4123:Stew
4056:Food
3710:list
3169:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2605:ISSN
1989:ISBN
1743:2021
1630:", "
1522:and
1461:John
1383:and
1381:Trim
1284:and
1269:and
1267:Fore
1231:and
1040:and
881:MĂde
695:and
575:Cork
535:John
483:and
400:The
268:Down
63:Date
4196:Jig
4169:Tea
3909:Law
2597:doi
1598:of
1555:to
1318:'s
1105:),
1093:),
518:to
4806::
3167:.
3163:.
3024:.
2986:.
2876:^
2832:^
2798:^
2782:^
2764:^
2752:^
2740:^
2666:^
2639:^
2625:^
2611:.
2603:.
2591:.
2554:^
2542:^
2521:^
2509:^
2456:.
2413:^
2399:^
2394:).
2359:^
2316:^
2304:^
2274:^
2260:^
2244:^
2232:^
2193:^
2181:^
2169:^
2159:.
2111:^
2099:^
1962:^
1935:^
1913:^
1903:.
1880:^
1866:^
1843:^
1799:^
1733:.
1729:.
1574:,
1518:,
1277:.
1235:.
1227:,
1223:,
1219:,
1048:,
910:,
774:,
754:,
730:,
718:,
680:.
640:.
573:,
569:,
565:,
459:,
434:.
3205:e
3198:t
3191:v
3177:.
3151:.
3127:.
3072:.
3053:.
3034:.
2619:.
2599::
2593:2
2386:(
2163:.
1997:.
1745:.
628:-
168:e
161:t
154:v
20:)
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