359:. While Nim's quality of life improved at the Black Beauty Ranch, Nim lived primarily in isolation inside a pen. He began to show hostility that included throwing TVs and killing a dog. Nim's behavior and overall well-being improved when other chimpanzees, several from the LEMSIP, joined Nim inside his pen after about a decade at the Black Beauty Ranch. Nim continued to show signs of the sign language he learned decades ago whenever a former trainer at the Institute for Primate Studies went to visit him.
304:" and efficiently defend against it. He also shares the Gardners' view that the process of acquiring language skills through natural social interactions gives substantially better results than behavioral conditioning. Fouts argues, based on his own experiments, that pure conditioning can lead to the use of language as a method mainly of getting rewards rather than of raising communication abilities. Fouts later reported, however, that a community of ASL-speaking chimpanzees (including
235:, estimated that with more standard criteria, Nim's true vocabulary count was closer to 25 than 125. However, other students who cared for Nim longer than Petitto disagreed with her and with the way that Terrace conducted his experiment. Critics assert that Terrace used his analysis to destroy the movement of ape-language research. Terrace argued that none of the chimpanzees were using language, because they could learn signs but could not form them syntactically as language.
351:. At LEMSIP, Nim was confined to a wire cage, slated to be used for hepatitis vaccine studies. Technicians caring for the chimpanzees noted that Nim and other chimpanzees from the Institute continued to make sign-language gestures. After efforts to free him, Nim was purchased by the Black Beauty Ranch, operated by The Fund for Animals, the group led by
228:
articulated" system, in which signs are formed for objects and states and then combined syntactically, in ways that determine how their meanings will be understood. For example, "man bites dog" and "dog bites man" use the same set of words but because of their ordering will be understood by speakers of
English as denoting very different meanings.
336:
with
Terrace. Nim retreated back to a depressed state after Terrace, who was never to return again, left. Nim developed friendships with several of the workers at the Institute of Primate Studies, and learned a few more signs, including a sign named "stone smoke time now" which indicated that Nim wanted to smoke
162:
from his teachers in order to get a reward but did not understand the language nor could he create sentences; Nim used random patterns until receiving a reward. Mainly, Terrace claimed that he had noticed that Nim mimicked the signs used moments before by his teacher, which
Terrace, by his own words,
153:
As part of a study intended to challenge
Chomsky's thesis that only humans have language, beginning at two weeks old, Nim was raised by a family in a home environment by human surrogate parents. The surrogate parents already had a human child of their own. At the age of two, Nim was removed from his
335:
When
Terrace made his one and only visit to see Nim after a year at the Institute of Primate Studies, Nim sprung to Terrace immediately after seeing him, visibly shaking with excitement. Nim also showed the progress he had made during Project Nim, as he immediately began conversing in sign language
533:
about the Nim study, explores the story (and the wealth of archival footage) to consider ethical issues, the emotional experiences of the trainers and the chimpanzee, and the deeper issues the experiment raised. This documentary (produced by BBC Films, Red Box Films, and
Passion Films) opened the
227:
While Nim did learn 125 signs, Terrace concluded that he had not acquired anything the researchers were prepared to designate worthy of the name "language" (as defined by Noam
Chomsky) although he had learned to repeat his trainers' signs in appropriate contexts. Language is defined as a "doubly
273:
Sebeok also made pointed comparisons of Washoe with Clever Hans. Some evolutionary psychologists, in effect agreeing with
Chomsky, argue that the apparent impossibility of teaching language to non-human animals is indicative that the ability to use language is an innately human development.
29:
167:
studies, including
Project Nim, were based on misinformation from the chimpanzees, which he also only noticed and examined in such a manner at and after said moment of realization. Terrace's work remains controversial today, with no clear consensus among psychologists and
242:. Nim's use of language was strictly pragmatic, as a means of obtaining an outcome, unlike a human child's, which can serve to generate or express meanings, thoughts or ideas. There was nothing Nim could be taught that could not equally well be taught to a
315:
The controversy is still not fully resolved, in part because the financial and other costs of carrying out language-training experiments with apes make replication studies difficult to mount. The definitions of both
290:, who initiated the Washoe Project. The Gardners argued that Terrace's approach to training, and the use of many different assistants, did not harness the chimpanzee's full cognitive and linguistic resources.
269:
In my opinion, the alleged language experiments with apes divide into three groups: one, outright fraud; two, self-deception; three, those conducted by
Terrace. The largest class by far is the middle one.
154:
surrogate parents and taken to Columbia University due to perceived behavioral difficulties. The project was similar to an earlier study by R. Allen and Beatrix Gardner in which another chimpanzee,
332:, where he struggled to adapt after being treated like a human child for the first decade of his life. He had also never previously met another chimpanzee and had to get used to them.
186:
Project Nim was an attempt to go further than Project Washoe. Terrace and his colleagues aimed to use more thorough experimental techniques, and the intellectual discipline of the
216:
Attention was particularly focused on Nim's ability to make different responses to different sequences of signs and to emit different sequences in order to communicate different
344:
158:, was raised like a human child. After reviewing the results, Terrace concluded that Nim, who at this point was housed at Columbia University, mimicked symbols of the
163:
had not noticed throughout the duration of the entire study but only moments before thinking of greenlighting the study as a success. Terrace further argued that all
250:. The researchers therefore questioned claims made on behalf of Washoe, and argued that the apparently impressive results may have amounted to nothing more than a "
2098:
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herself) was spontaneously using this language as a part of their internal communication system. They have even directly taught ASL signs to their children (
2128:
312:) without human help or intervention. This means not only that they can use the language but that it has become a significant part of their lives.
753:
However objective analysis of our data, as well as those obtained by other studies, yielded no evidence of an ape's ability to use a grammar.
1983:
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Herbert Terrace at Columbia University, was conceived in the early 1970s as a challenge to Chomsky's thesis that only humans have language.
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Terrace's skeptical approach to the claims that chimpanzees could learn and understand sign language led to heated disputes with
224:
project. Terrace, however, was skeptical of Project Washoe and, according to the critics, went to great lengths to discredit it.
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Nim's longest "sentence" was the 16-word-long "Give orange me give eat orange me eat orange give me eat orange give me you."
238:
Terrace and his colleagues concluded that the chimpanzee did not show any meaningful sequential behavior that rivaled human
538:. The film was released in theaters on July 8, 2011 by Roadside Attractions, and was released on DVD on February 7, 2012.
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320:" and "imitation" as well as the question of how language-like Nim's performance was has remained controversial.
296:, of the Washoe Project, also claims that Project Nim was poorly conducted because it did not use strong enough
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When Terrace ended the experiment, Nim was transferred back to the Institute for Primate Studies in
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208:(ASL), would shed light on the way language is acquired and used by humans. Project Nim, headed by
2015:
1188:
662:
283:
220:. However, the results, according to Fouts, were not as impressive as had been reported from the
1117:
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Wade, N. (1980). "Does man alone have language? Apes reply in riddles, and a horse says neigh".
737:
1998:
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659:, a 1994 novel about a chimpanzee living with a family in the 1970s learning sign language
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Terrace, H. S. (1979). "How Nim Chimpsky Changed My Mind". Ziff-Davis Publishing Company.
667:
348:
305:
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128:
717:
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Seidenberg, M. S.; Pettito, L.A. (1979). "Signing behavior in apes: A critical review".
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Terrace, Herbert; Petitto, L. A.; Sanders, R. J.; Bever, T. G. (November 23, 1979).
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Since 98.7% of the DNA in humans and chimps is identical, some scientists (but not
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All quotations appear in the original article by Terrace and colleagues.
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Pinker, S.; Bloom, P. (1990). "Natural language and natural selection".
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254:" effect, not to mention a relatively informal experimental approach.
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142:. Within the context of a scientific study, Chimpsky was named as a
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Nim died on March 10, 2000, at the age of 26, from a heart attack.
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204:) believed that a chimpanzee raised in a human family, and using
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The story of Nim and other language-learning animals is told in
347:(LEMSIP), a pharmaceutical animal testing laboratory managed by
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Berger, Joseph (July 3, 2011). "Chasing a Namer lost to Time".
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and investigator of nonhuman communication systems, who wrote:
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regarding the extent to which great apes can learn language.
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Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates
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Silent Partners: The Legacy of the Ape Language Experiments
547:
Silent Partners: The Legacy of the Ape Language Experiments
696:
150:, who posits that humans are "wired" to develop language.
1176:
1038:"Sundance: Roadside Attractions To Release 'Project Nim'"
143:
899:
Why Chimpanzees Can't Learn Language and Only Humans Can
767:
The Simian Tongue: The Long Debate about Animal Language
968:"'Project Nim': A Chimp's Very Human, Very Sad Life"
560:
581:
2090:
600:Terrace, H. S.; Singer, P. (November 24, 2011).
944:Next of Kin: My Conversations with Chimpanzees
257:Critics of primate linguistic studies include
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2099:Individual apes involved in language studies
1984:Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute
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942:Fouts, Roger; Mills, Stephen Tukel (1998).
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769:. University of Chicago Press. p. 320.
116:(November 19, 1973 – March 10, 2000) was a
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563:Nim Chimpsky: The Chimp Who Would Be Human
135:with the linguistic analysis headed up by
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2129:Individual primates in the United States
1021:. Sundance Film Festival. Archived from
120:and the subject of an extended study of
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323:
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1036:Fleming, Mike Jr. (January 27, 2011).
833:
817:"The Chimp That Learned Sign Language"
773:
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878:. Interviewed by Matt Aames Cucchiaro
33:Nim Chimpsky pictured washing dishes.
916:. Vol. 208. pp. 1349–1351.
911:
558:
343:The Institute later sold Nim to the
848:
602:"Can Chimps Converse?: An Exchange"
13:
552:
14:
2140:
1102:
931:. Vol. 13. pp. 707–784.
188:experimental analysis of behavior
851:"Project Nim — The Untold Story"
586:. Vol. 7. pp. 177–215.
1994:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
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699:"Can an ape create a sentence"
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1:
1336:Kasakela chimpanzee community
946:. William Morrow Paperbacks.
929:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
873:"On the Myth of Ape Language"
674:
365:
277:
231:One of Terrace's colleagues,
1376:Mitumba chimpanzee community
901:. Columbia University Press.
897:Terrace, Herbert S. (2019).
7:
871:Chomsky, Noam (2007–2008).
613:
519:
16:Chimpanzee research subject
10:
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2078:Human–animal communication
1204:List of fictional primates
1194:List of individual monkeys
512:Longest recorded quotation
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1199:Monkeys and apes in space
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886:– via chomsky.info.
131:. The project was led by
93:
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73:
58:
50:
38:
26:
765:Radick, Gregory (2007).
606:New York Review of Books
529:, a documentary film by
300:to avoid comparison to "
246:using the principles of
2016:Koko: A Talking Gorilla
1189:List of individual apes
1080:Linden, Eugene (1987).
876:(e-mail correspondence)
663:List of individual apes
591:Terrace, H. S. (1979).
210:behavioral psychologist
2114:Individual chimpanzees
1999:The Gorilla Foundation
1780:American Sign Language
1126:"Official website for
726:10.1126/science.504995
536:Sundance Film Festival
271:
214:
206:American Sign Language
160:American Sign Language
974:. NPR. July 20, 2011.
449:Banana Nim banana Nim
374:Three-sign quotations
267:
198:
2063:Animal communication
1140:on January 20, 2011.
1084:. Ballantine Books.
567:. New York: Bantam.
458:Banana me eat banana
443:Four-sign quotations
324:Retirement and death
248:operant conditioning
170:cognitive scientists
2124:Columbia University
1953:Maurice K. Temerlin
1948:Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
1484:Charles the Gorilla
1114:ling.ohio-state.edu
784:"A chimp named Nim"
718:1979Sci...206..891T
473:Eat drink eat drink
464:Drink eat drink eat
461:Drink Nim drink Nim
129:Columbia University
86:Cause of death
23:
2109:2000 animal deaths
2104:1973 animal births
2024:The Mind of an Ape
1943:Francine Patterson
1764:Great ape language
1459:Alfred the Gorilla
1175:Notable non-human
1019:sundance.bside.com
993:Hess 2008, p. 296.
849:Terrace, Herbert.
836:The New York Times
788:Independent Reader
595:. New York: Knopf.
506:Tickle me Nim play
182:Project Nim (film)
133:Herbert S. Terrace
21:
2086:
2085:
2068:Primate cognition
1968:William M. Fields
1963:Tetsuro Matsuzawa
1931:
1930:
1773:to non-human apes
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1729:
1120:on June 25, 2003.
1025:on July 21, 2012.
984:Hess 2008, ch. 11
794:on April 13, 2008
743:on April 22, 2012
712:(4421): 891–902.
559:Hess, E. (2008).
491:Me eat drink more
482:Grape eat Nim eat
476:Eat grape eat Nim
452:Banana eat me Nim
233:Laura-Ann Petitto
103:
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69:November 19, 1973
45:Common chimpanzee
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2073:Animal cognition
1977:Research centers
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1707:Nonja (Malaysia)
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1110:"'Test' results"
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485:Grape eat me Nim
479:Eat me Nim drink
467:Drink eat me Nim
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1063:"Project Nim"
1058:
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620:Alex (parrot)
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574:9780553803839
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543:Eugene Linden
539:
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497:Me gum me gum
496:
494:Me eat me eat
493:
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488:Me Nim eat me
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434:Tickle me eat
433:
431:Tickle me Nim
430:
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410:Grape eat Nim
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259:Thomas Sebeok
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19:
2119:Noam Chomsky
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
1989:Elgin Center
1857:Nim Chimpsky
1856:
1391:Nim Chimpsky
1390:
1138:the original
1133:
1130:documentary"
1127:
1118:the original
1113:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1047:December 18,
1045:. Retrieved
1042:Deadline.com
1041:
1031:
1023:the original
1018:
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943:
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882:February 13,
880:. Retrieved
866:
858:appstate.edu
857:
844:
835:
829:
820:
796:. Retrieved
792:the original
787:
766:
760:
752:
745:. Retrieved
738:the original
709:
705:
670:(chimpanzee)
655:
645:(chimpanzee)
605:
592:
583:
562:
546:
540:
524:
523:
515:
422:More eat Nim
389:Drink me Nim
380:Apple me eat
369:
361:
342:
334:
327:
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292:
281:
272:
268:
256:
237:
230:
226:
215:
202:Noam Chomsky
199:
192:
185:
165:ape-language
152:
148:Noam Chomsky
146:on linguist
140:Thomas Bever
113:
109:
105:
104:
98:Noam Chomsky
89:Heart attack
79:(2000-03-10)
22:Nim Chimpsky
18:
2043:(2011 film)
2040:Project Nim
2035:(1997 book)
2032:Next of Kin
2027:(1983 book)
2019:(1978 film)
1958:Roger Fouts
1936:Researchers
1834:Chimpanzees
1529:John Daniel
1366:Macaco Tião
1351:Little Mama
1326:Jo Mendi II
1243:Chimpanzees
1128:Project Nim
747:November 2,
627:(orangutan)
531:James Marsh
526:Project Nim
428:Play me Nim
425:Nut Nim nut
419:Me more eat
407:Give me eat
392:Eat Nim eat
302:Clever Hans
298:methodology
294:Roger Fouts
263:semiotician
261:, American
252:Clever Hans
194:Roger Fouts
176:Project Nim
125:acquisition
94:Named after
2093:Categories
1910:Orangutans
1824:Panbanisha
1677:Joe Martin
1639:Orangutans
1341:Kokomo Jr.
1233:Panbanisha
675:References
649:Panbanisha
416:Me Nim eat
413:Hug me Nim
401:Eat me eat
398:Eat me Nim
395:Eat Nim me
366:Quotations
278:Objections
180:See also:
118:chimpanzee
65:1973-11-19
1692:Ken Allen
1629:Willie B.
1604:Snowflake
1584:Pattycake
1499:Gargantua
1469:Binti Jua
1406:Panpanzee
798:March 31,
639:(gorilla)
584:Cognition
338:marijuana
1882:Gorillas
1451:Gorillas
1296:Gregoire
651:(bonobo)
633:(bonobo)
614:See also
545:'s book
520:In media
330:Oklahoma
318:language
218:meanings
114:Chimpsky
2051:Related
1923:Chantek
1895:Michael
1806:Bonobos
1785:Yerkish
1667:Chantek
1652:Ah Meng
1599:Shabani
1564:Michael
1509:Harambe
1416:Santino
1276:Bubbles
1215:Bonobos
972:NPR.org
914:Science
821:NPR.org
714:Bibcode
706:Science
625:Chantek
240:grammar
196:wrote:
40:Species
1872:Washoe
1847:Loulis
1796:taught
1717:Sandra
1662:Bonnie
1594:Samson
1544:Kokomo
1534:Jumoke
1479:Bokito
1441:Washoe
1431:Travis
1426:Sultan
1401:Pankun
1396:Oliver
1356:Loulis
1331:Julius
1281:Cheeta
1261:Azalea
1088:
950:
734:504995
732:
668:Washoe
656:Jennie
571:
310:Loulis
306:Washoe
244:pigeon
222:Washoe
156:Washoe
2008:Media
1900:Ndume
1862:Sarah
1819:Nyota
1814:Kanzi
1722:Tonda
1697:Manis
1687:Karta
1682:Karen
1672:Jenny
1647:Abang
1619:Trudy
1614:Titus
1609:Timmy
1579:Ozzie
1574:Ndume
1554:Massa
1549:Louis
1524:Jenny
1519:Jambo
1494:Fatou
1464:Babec
1421:Sarah
1316:Jimmy
1311:Jiggs
1286:Congo
1266:Bonzo
1256:Ayumu
1228:Nyota
1223:Kanzi
854:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
702:(PDF)
631:Kanzi
534:2011
357:Texas
355:, in
284:Allen
1890:Koko
1867:Viki
1852:Lucy
1842:Lana
1624:Toto
1589:Pogo
1569:Nico
1539:Koko
1514:Ivan
1489:Colo
1474:Bobo
1436:Viki
1411:Sami
1381:Moja
1361:Lucy
1346:Lana
1321:Jinx
1291:Enos
1177:apes
1086:ISBN
1049:2014
948:ISBN
884:2021
800:2008
749:2011
730:PMID
643:Lucy
637:Koko
569:ISBN
286:and
106:Neam
74:Died
59:Born
54:Male
1918:Azy
1712:Sam
1657:Azy
1559:Max
1306:Ham
1301:Gua
722:doi
710:206
593:Nim
349:NYU
144:pun
127:at
110:Nim
51:Sex
2095::
1251:Ai
1132:.
1112:.
1065:.
1040:.
1017:.
970:.
856:.
819:.
808:^
786:.
775:^
751:.
728:.
720:.
708:.
704:.
683:^
604:.
549:.
340:.
112:"
1756:e
1749:t
1742:v
1168:e
1161:t
1154:v
1094:.
1069:.
1051:.
956:.
860:.
838:.
823:.
802:.
724::
716::
608:.
577:.
316:"
108:"
67:)
63:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
