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130:. However, the quality of writing that could be achieved with these pens was inferior to that of reed pens. Metallic nibs were made up through the 18th-century as one-off, craftsman-made luxury items. In the early 1800s, Wise in Britain, and Peregrine Williamson in the United States were the first recorded makers of steel pens as their primary occupation. It was not until the 1820s, when John Mitchell, Josiah Mason and others set up a factory in
594:
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108:
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28:
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generally smaller than in a broad nib, though there are some very broad nibs that would be considered a stub nib. In a stub nib, the corners are more rounded than in a sharp broad nib used for decorative writing. This is because stub nibs on steel pens were invented as a reaction to the sharp and scratchy nature of the early pointed steel pens, and are intended to be for rapid and easy writing.
215:
the widened slit onto the writing surface. Lighter pressure produces less flexing of the tines, creating thinner strokes. The finest hairline strokes are created on the upstrokes and sideways strokes. Due to the shape of the pointed nib, thick lines can only be produced on downstrokes. If too much pressure is applied to the pen on an upstroke, the nib tines are likely to dig into the paper.
400:, as well as a breather hole of varying shape. The breather hole allows air into the feed, and back up to the sac. The breather hole also acts as a stress relieving point, preventing the nib from cracking longitudinally from the end of the slit as a result of repeated flexing during use. Adding distance between the breather hole and the nib tip adds elasticity or flexibility to the nib.
445:
441:
length of the tines determines how far they can spread under pressure; shorter tines make a stiffer nib. Fifth, the alloy used can affect stiffness: as mentioned before, gold is considered superior for its flex compared to steel. Moreover, purer gold (18k and 21k) is softer than most lower gold concentration (14k) alloys.
271:
consistent angle to the line of writing. For italic writing, that can be 45°. For general cursive, traditionally with a stub dip pen, they would hold the pen at 0°, or parallel to the line of writing. The best advice is to experiment and see which angle seems more pleasing with your style of writing.
142:
nibs, that their popularity took off. The metal nib retains a sharp point or edge much longer than the quill, which wears out more quickly and requires much skill to sharpen. Metal nibs are also easily manufactured to have different properties for different purposes. Also, they can now be attached to
503:
Users are often cautioned not to lend or borrow fountain pens as the nib "wears in" at an angle unique to each individual person. A different user is likely to find that a worn-in nib does not write satisfactorily in their hand and, furthermore, creates a second wear surface, ruining the nib for the
436:
is given to nibs in several ways. First, thickness of the nib metal changes flex. When the nib alloy has been pressed thick it will result in a hard nib, while thinly pressed nibs are more flexible. Nibs can be pressed so that they are thinner at the tip and thicker at the feed to mitigate stiffness
262:
Many of the early steel stub nibs were marketed to professions who had a need to write large amounts of text rapidly, without caring if the text was finely written or not. Names such as Judge's Quill, or
Probate Pen or Lawyer's Pen all point to the legal profession as a major type of customer. There
420:
Broader nibs are used for less precise emphasis, with the benefit of a greater level of ink shading and/or sheen on less absorbent paper. Finer nibs (e.g., EF and F) may be used for intricate corrections and alterations, at the expense of shading and sheen. Oblique, reverse oblique, stub and italic
175:
The broad nib, also called broad-edge or chisel-edge, is the older of the two nib types. It is rigid and has a flat edge. The pen is usually held at a constant angle to the horizontal; different scripts require different nib angles. Thick and thin strokes are created by varying the direction of the
467:
Nowadays, stiff nibs are the norm as people exchange between fountain pens and other writing modes. These more closely emulate the ballpoint pens modern users are experienced with. Despite being rigid and firm, the idea that steel nibs write "horribly" is a misconception. More flexible nibs can be
370:
Gold and most steel and titanium nibs are tipped with a hard, wear-resistant alloy that typically includes metals from the platinum group. These metals share qualities of extreme hardness and corrosion resistance. The tipping material is often called "iridium", but there are few if any, nib or pen
266:
One finds stub nibs most often today on fountain pens. These are usually measured in millimeters. (common sizes range from .9mm up to 1.1 or 1.5mm, though one can find others outside of this range) On fountain pens, the difference between a broad nib and a stub nib can get even murkier with all of
214:
The pointed nib is flexible and comes to a sharp point rather than a broad edge. Thick and thin strokes are achieved by varying the amount of pressure on the nib. Thick lines are created on downstrokes by pushing down on the nib, causing the nib tines to splay and allowing more ink to flow through
440:
Nibs pressed into more deeply convex curves, or into three or five faceted curves, will be stiffer than flatter nibs. Third, the "breather hole" size, shape, and position alter the stiffness. Heart-shaped holes will improve flex as they widen, while round, small holes stiffen the pen. Fourth, the
258:
A stub nib usually lies somewhere between a broad and a pointed nib. The stub nib comes to a flat point, like a broad nib, and pulling the pen down will create a wider line than a line drawn across, again, like a broad nib. The main differences are in matters of degree. In a stub nib, the nib is
270:
A stub nib can be a good choice if one hopes to achieve modulation in line (thick and thin) you can get with a flexible nib, but if they also want the smoother and easier action of a monoline (non-flexible) nib. To write with a stub nib, just as you do with a broad nib, you try and hold it at a
463:
Furthermore, competition between the major pen brands such as Parker and
Waterman, and the introduction of lifetime guarantees, meant that flexible nibs could no longer be supported profitably. In countries where this rivalry was not present to the same degree, for example the UK and Germany,
93:, known as the calamus, allowing more writing time between ink dippings. The quill was in common use until the early 19th century and the advent of the metal nib. For business purposes, the quill was fairly quickly overtaken; however, it remains popular for personal use and for artistic work.
499:
Other styles of fountain pen nibs include hooded (e.g., Parker 51, Parker 61, 2007 Parker 100, Lamy 2000, and Hero 329), inlaid (e.g., Sheaffer Targa or
Sheaffer P.F.M) or integral Nib (Parker T-1 and Falcon, Pilot Myu 701), which may also be ground to have different writing characteristics.
407:
pens may have several slits in the nib to increase ink flow and help distribute it evenly across the broad point. Nibs divided into three "tines" are commonly known as music nibs. This is because their line, which can be varied from broad to fine, is suited for writing musical scores.
387:
are used instead, generally as an alloy, shaped into tiny pellets which are soldered or welded onto a nib tip prior to cutting the nib slit and grinding the tip into its final shape. Untipped steel and titanium points will wear more rapidly due to abrasion by the paper.
267:
the variations ranging from what's often called an Italic nib, which tends to have sharper corners like a traditional broad dip nib, to a
Cursive Italic or some such variation with more rounded corners to facilitate smooth and continuous writing.
222:
in the early 19th century, high demand for nibs coupled with steel manufacturing processes eventually led to the mass production of the steel nib. Pointed nibs also led to the development of newer styles of penmanship such as the
416:
Although the most common nibs end in a round point of various sizes (extra fine, fine, medium, broad), various other nib shapes are available. Examples of this are oblique, reverse oblique, stub, italic and 360-degree nibs.
84:
and remained the main writing tool of the West for nearly a thousand years until the 17th century. Quills are fashioned by cutting a nib into the end of a feather obtained from a fairly large bird, such as a
306:
According to Mathur et al., "the modern fountain pen nib may be traced back to the original gold nib which had a tiny fragment of ruby attached to form the wear-point." Following the discovery of the
471:
Good quality nibs that have been used appropriately are long lasting, often lasting longer than the lifetime of the original owner. Many vintage pens with decades-old nibs can still be used today.
282:. In an interview with the Paris Review he reveals that he wrote the entire transcript of his 3000+ page history of the Civil War with an Esterbrook #313 Probate Pen, a rather broad stub dip pen.
59:
which comes into contact with the writing surface in order to deposit ink. Different types of nibs vary in their purpose, shape and size, as well as the material from which they are made.
460:). By the 1940s, writing preferences had shifted towards stiffer nibs that could withstand the greater pressure required for writing through carbon paper to create duplicate documents.
468:
easily damaged by ballpoint users who write with excessive pressure. Ideally, a fountain pen's nib glides across the paper using the ink as a lubricant and requires no pressure.
475:
89:, traditionally from its left wing. A quill has the advantage of being more durable and more flexible than a reed pen, and it can also retain ink in the hollow shaft of the
425:
purposes or for general handwritten compositions. The line width of a particular nib may vary based on its country of origin; Japanese nibs are often thinner in general.
504:
original user. This, however, is not a point of concern in pens with modern, durable tipping material, as these pens take many years to develop any significant wear.
452:
Fountain pens dating from the first half of the 20th century are more likely to have flexible nibs, suited to the favored handwriting styles of the period (e.g.,
959:
263:
were also other professions, like
Chancellors or Congressional personnel which imply people who needed to write a lot, and to write it quickly and easily.
218:
Pointed nibs originated in the 17th century and were initially created by hand from quills in a similar fashion to broad-edge nibs. Towards the end of the
902:
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250:. Although any pointed nib can be used for drawing, there are nibs available that resemble writing nibs but are specially designed for pen drawing.
167:
Pen nibs come in a variety of different shapes and sizes for different purposes but can be split into two main types: broad nibs and pointed nibs.
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346:, although gold's corrosion resistance is less of an issue than in the past because of better stainless steel alloys and less corrosive inks.
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is a less common metal used for making nibs. Gold is considered the optimum metal for its flexibility and its resistance to
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One modern example of someone using a stub nib for rapid, and most certainly, extensive writing was the author
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or to give a more controlled flex. Second, the curve of the nib determines in part how stiff the nib will be.
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manufacturers that used tipping alloys containing iridium metal since the mid-1950s. The metals
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The nib usually has a tapering slit cut down its centre, to convey the ink down the nib by
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Many writing styles have developed over the centuries with the broad nib, including the
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823:"1809 Advertisement for New York City stationer who sold both Wise and Williamson pens"
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The whole nib narrows to a point where the ink is transferred to the paper. Broad
143:
and removed from holders, allowing one to switch between nibs with relative ease.
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322:, "a small quantity of iridium was isolated and used on the iridium-tipped gold
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of a liquid in contact with it such that it spreads over the surface.
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805:"Peregrine Williamson: Inventor, Businessman, and Pioneer Pen Maker"
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1152:"Filling Systems: Overview of How They Work and How to Fill Them"
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The Steel Pen: Writing, History and the
History of How we Write
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Detail of a
Visconti stainless steel fountain pen nib and feed
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scripts during the 17th and 18th centuries, as well as the
206:'s Foundational Hand, developed in the early 20th century.
1721:
1532:
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Various line width and style iterations of Lamy Z 50 nibs
358:, which is the ability of a solid surface to reduce the
1501:
1487:: The history of the steel dip nib in the United States
744:"A Brief History of Writing Instruments" by Mary Bellis
238:
Pointed pens are also used by artists and drafters for
1020:
Developments and
Changes in Science Based Technologies
1012:
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118:
Metal nibs have their origins as far back as ancient
326:
nibs of the 1830s". Today, nibs are usually made of
1016:
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1497:Notes for Richard Binder’s Nib Smoothing Workshop
1017:Mathur, P.; Mathur, K.; Mathur, S. (2014-03-06).
334:alloys, with the most popular gold content being
1892:
1259:"Nibs II: Beyond the Basics with Specialty Nibs"
650:Music nib on an "OMAS Filarmonica" fountain pen
1392:"How to Collect and Buy Vintage Fountain Pens"
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1334:
1332:
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769:"Pen History: Prehistory and the Craft Era"
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787:"Additional Evidence for Early Metal Pens"
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490:The Integral Nib of a Parker 50 (Falcon)
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354:Further gold plating provides favorable
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26:
18:
1207:"To the Point: Making Music with a Pen"
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713:List of pen types, brands and companies
494:
1893:
995:Piepenbring, Dan (November 17, 2014).
859:"Pen History: The Early Years – 1830s"
841:"Pen History: The Early Years – 1820s"
674:Nib unit prepared for mounting the nib
662:Fountain pen nib unit feed and housing
1505:
1310:"Rethinking The Value of Steel Nibs"
285:
1863:List of types, brands and companies
391:
13:
1493:, writing and pen museum (Archive)
1442:
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1364:
1307:
1256:
1230:
1204:
1149:
1078:"Steel vs. Gold Fountain Pen Nibs"
1050:
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194:scripts (and their variants), the
23:A diagram of a typical pointed nib
14:
1912:
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960:"Esterbrook # 239 Chancellor Pen"
1445:"Design Features: Integral Nibs"
1419:"To the Point: Nibz 'n the Hood"
1129:"How can we talk about Iridium?"
903:"Esterbrook # 312 Judge's Quill"
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448:Mabie Todd Swan flexible 14k nib
163:Pointed nib, flexed and unflexed
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1367:"To the Point: Steal the Steel"
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464:flexible nibs are more common.
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1475:, calligraphy and vintage pens
942:"Esterbrook #339 Lawyer's Pen"
924:"Esterbrook # 313 Probate Pen"
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1:
1053:"To the Point: Nib Materials"
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122:and were made of metals like
1481:at Birmingham Heritage forum
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7:
756:"History 101: Pens and Ink"
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1023:. Partridge. p. 128.
734:on Colonial Williamsbourgh
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878:, 12 February 1889, p.331
626:Various fountain pen nibs
536:C. Brandauer & Co. ad
302:Tip of a fountain pen nib
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1181:"How Fountain Pens Work"
978:"Spencerian Pen Company"
758:, Daily Kos, 16 Nov 2013
686:Nib unit fully assembled
614:Fountain pen nib anatomy
310:of metals which include
96:
67:
31:Quill pen and ink bottle
278:, the historian of the
1127:Mottishaw, J. (1999).
1103:"Where's the Iridium?"
964:The Esterbrook Project
946:The Esterbrook Project
928:The Esterbrook Project
907:The Esterbrook Project
876:The American Stationer
587:Geo. W. Hughes n° 1163
491:
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16:Writing point of a pen
1768:Ballpoint pen artwork
1449:Richard Binder's Pens
1423:Richard Binder's Pens
1371:Richard Binder's Pens
1314:Richard Binder's Pens
1263:Richard Binder's Pens
1237:Richard Binder's Pens
1211:Richard Binder's Pens
1156:Richard Binder's Pens
1057:Richard Binder's Pens
982:Advertisement Gallery
489:
477:
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421:nibs may be used for
301:
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235:in the 19th century.
220:Industrial Revolution
192:Carolingian minuscule
162:
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110:
80:across Europe by the
30:
22:
1783:Birmingham pen trade
1778:Counterfeit banknote
1396:The Art of Manliness
1340:"Fountain Pen Guide"
1233:"Nibs I: The Basics"
997:"Tools of the Trade"
703:Birmingham pen trade
495:Different nib styles
338:and 18 carat (75%).
202:, and more recently
1773:Ballpoint pen knife
1491:Birmingham Pen Room
1344:Gentleman's Gazette
1284:"Grading Flex Nibs"
1179:(21 January 2011).
1398:. 19 November 2015
1185:Explain That Stuff
829:. 1809. p. 3.
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454:Copperplate script
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280:American Civil War
225:English Round Hand
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1873:Mechanical pencil
1443:Binder, Richard.
1417:Binder, Richard.
1365:Binder, Richard.
1308:Binder, Richard.
1257:Binder, Richard.
1231:Binder, Richard.
1205:Binder, Richard.
1150:Binder, Richard.
1051:Binder, Richard.
1030:978-1-4828-1398-2
458:Spencerian script
286:Fountain pen nibs
248:technical drawing
233:Spencerian script
82:Early Middle Ages
39:is the part of a
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478:Hooded nib of a
398:capillary action
392:Capillary action
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732:"The Quill Pen"
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522:Perry & Co.
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429:Nib flexibility
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360:surface tension
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336:14 carat (58⅓%)
328:stainless steel
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204:Edward Johnston
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138:to manufacture
113:Perry & Co.
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863:The Steel Pen
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1815:Pen spinning
1810:Pen painting
1735:Fountain pen
1694:
1562:Demonstrator
1473:Blam! Design
1452:. Retrieved
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746:on About.com
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49:fountain pen
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1836:Calligraphy
1685:Ink blotter
1602:highlighter
1133:The PENnant
1107:The Nibster
708:Calligraphy
434:Flexibility
405:calligraphy
366:Nib tipping
356:wettability
350:Nib plating
229:Copperplate
210:Pointed nib
200:Renaissance
196:Italic Hand
188:Blackletter
1841:Cartooning
1805:Penmanship
1788:Pen Museum
1644:Rollerball
1288:VintagePen
1082:Pen Heaven
719:References
549:Esterbrook
132:Birmingham
53:ball point
1856:Lettering
1820:Retipping
1745:Iron gall
1730:Alizarine
1664:Technical
1612:permanent
1597:dry erase
1552:Ballpoint
602:nibs card
381:ruthenium
344:corrosion
312:ruthenium
240:sketching
171:Broad nib
155:Broad nib
147:Nib types
1895:Category
1707:Penknife
1700:flex nib
1577:Fountain
692:See also
385:tungsten
340:Titanium
254:Stub nib
181:medieval
176:stroke.
78:reed pen
1880:Narayam
1829:Related
1800:Pen gun
1750:Stark's
1690:Inkwell
1634:Rastrum
1567:Digital
1454:27 July
1428:26 July
1402:27 July
1376:26 July
1350:27 July
1319:27 July
1293:26 July
1268:26 July
1242:26 July
1216:26 July
1190:27 July
1161:26 July
1112:26 July
1087:26 July
1062:26 July
698:Dip pen
600:Gillott
508:Gallery
377:rhenium
324:dip pen
320:iridium
244:mapping
198:of the
136:England
103:Dip pen
91:feather
63:History
45:dip pen
1868:Pencil
1851:Inking
1846:Comics
1712:Pounce
1659:Stylus
1649:Ruling
1592:Marker
1547:Active
1027:
551:models
373:osmium
316:osmium
184:Uncial
128:bronze
124:copper
57:stylus
1761:Other
1740:India
1629:Quill
1624:Qalam
1607:paint
1587:Light
1557:Brush
1540:Types
140:steel
120:Egypt
97:Metal
87:goose
74:quill
68:Quill
41:quill
1901:Pens
1722:Inks
1654:Skin
1639:Reed
1533:Pens
1456:2016
1430:2016
1404:2016
1378:2016
1352:2016
1321:2016
1295:2016
1270:2016
1244:2016
1218:2016
1192:2016
1163:2016
1139:(2).
1137:XIII
1114:2016
1089:2016
1064:2016
1025:ISBN
480:Hero
456:and
383:and
332:gold
318:and
246:and
227:and
190:and
126:and
72:The
1695:Nib
1582:Gel
1572:Dip
482:Pen
330:or
55:or
37:nib
1897::
1617:UV
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