92:. Stairwells, shafts, elevators, and the like, tend to contribute to the stack effect, while interior partitions, floors, and fire separations can mitigate it. Especially in case of fire, the stack effect needs to be controlled to prevent the spread of smoke and fire, and to maintain tenable conditions for occupants and firefighters. While natural ventilation methods may be effective, such as air outlets being installed closer to the ground, mechanical ventilation is often preferred for taller structures or in buildings with limited space. Smoke extraction is a key consideration in new constructions and must be evaluated in design stages.
154:
Consequently, it rises from lower levels to upper levels through penetrations between floors. This presents a situation where floors underneath the neutral axis of the building have a net negative pressure, whereas floors above the neutral axis have a net positive pressure. The net negative pressure on lower floors can induce outdoor air to infiltrate the building through doors, windows, or ductwork without backdraft dampers. Warm air will attempt to exfiltrate the building envelope through floors above the neutral axis.
171:
162:, electric and water risers). Once the conditioned air reaches the bottom floors underneath the neutral axis, it exfiltrates the building envelopes through unsealed openings such as through dampers, curtainwall, etc. The exfiltrating air on floors underneath the neutral axis will induce outdoor air to infiltrate the building envelope through unsealed openings.
71:
Since buildings are not totally sealed (at the very minimum, there is always a ground level entrance), the stack effect will cause air infiltration. During the heating season, the warmer indoor air rises up through the building and escapes at the top either through open windows, ventilation openings,
157:
Mechanical refrigeration equipment provides sensible and latent cooling during summer months. This reduces the dry-bulb temperature of the air within the building relative to the outdoor ambient air. It also decreases the specific volume of the air contained within the building, thereby reducing the
115:
Some buildings are designed with strategically placed openings at different heights to induce the stack effect where cool air enters through low-level windows or vents, and warm air escapes through higher-level openings like skylights, roof vents, or clerestory windows. This vertical movement of air
153:
Two regimes of stack effect can exist in buildings: normal and reverse. Normal stack effect occurs in buildings which are maintained at a higher temperature than the outdoor environment. Warm air within the building has a low density (or high specific volume) and exhibits a greater buoyancy force.
197:
Before the development of large volume fans, mines were ventilated using the stack effect. A downcast shaft allowed air into the mine. At the foot of the upcast shaft a furnace was kept continuously burning. The shaft (commonly several hundred yards deep) behaved like a chimney and air rose
182:
gases having large temperature differences with the ambient outside air. Furthermore, an industrial flue gas stack typically provides little obstruction for the flue gas along its length and is, in fact, normally optimized to enhance the stack effect to reduce fan energy requirements.
127:
common in Middle
Eastern architecture, which capture and direct cooler breezes into the building while expelling hot air to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. Contemporary sustainable buildings often make use of the stack effect along with related non-electric techniques like
54:
resulting from temperature and moisture differences. The result is either a positive or negative buoyancy force. The greater the thermal difference and the height of the structure, the greater the buoyancy force, and thus the stack effect. The stack effect can be useful to drive
107:, as a result of which 72 people died. The latter of these was in part exacerbated by the stack effect, when a cavity between the outer aluminium cladding and the inner insulation inadvertently formed a chimney and drew the fire upwards.
144:
profile of a building. By carefully designing the building's structure, orientation and ventilation paths, architects can leverage the stack effect to reduce reliance on mechanical cooling systems and improve overall energy efficiency.
76:
in the base of the building, drawing cold air in through either open doors, windows, or other openings and leakage. During the cooling season, the stack effect is reversed, but is typically weaker due to lower temperature differences.
212:) is the driving force for the stack effect and it can be calculated with the equations presented below. The equations apply only to buildings where air is both inside and outside the buildings. For buildings with one or two floors,
321:
1081:
551:) flow rate induced by the stack effect can be calculated with the equation presented below. The equation applies only to buildings where air is both inside and outside the buildings. For buildings with one or two floors,
575:
is the distance from the openings at the neutral pressure level (NPL) of the building to either the topmost openings or the lowest openings. Reference explains how the NPL affects the stack effect in high-rise buildings.
224:
is the distance from the openings at the neutral pressure level (NPL) of the building to either the topmost openings or the lowest openings. Reference explains how the NPL affects the stack effect in high-rise buildings.
673:
206:
There is a pressure difference between the outside air and the air inside the building caused by the difference in temperature between the outside air and the inside air. That pressure difference (
2677:
967:
Resolving Stack Effect
Problems in a High-Rise Office Building by Mechanical Pressurization | date=September 2017| access-date=2020-08-01 | Jung-yeon Yu; Kyoo-dong Song; and Dong-woo Cho
174:
The stack effect in chimneys: the gauges represent absolute air pressure and the airflow is indicated with light grey arrows. The gauge dials move clockwise with increasing pressure.
1073:
95:
The stack effect can also exacerbate the spreading of fire, especially in tall buildings where design flaws allow the formation of unwanted drafts. Examples include
579:
For flue gas stacks or chimneys, where air is on the outside and combustion flue gases are on the inside, the equation will only provide an approximation. Also,
228:
For flue gas stacks and chimneys, where air is on the outside and combustion flue gases are on the inside, the equations will only provide an approximation and
158:
buoyancy force. Consequently, cool air will travel vertically down the building through elevator shafts, stairwells, and unsealed utility penetrations (i.e.,
2627:
889:
This equation assumes that the resistance to the draft flow is similar to the resistance of flow through an orifice characterized by a discharge coefficient
1042:
2657:
2798:
240:
1334:
1016:
88:, the stack effect can create significant pressure differences that must be given design consideration and may need to be addressed with mechanical
2672:
1217:
2165:
1414:
2667:
2599:
1174:"Evaluation of airflow and thermal comfort in buildings ventilated with wind catchers: Simulation of conditions in Yazd City, Iran"
597:
123:
The stack effect is used both in traditional buildings and modern green architecture. Examples of traditional usage include the
2472:
2632:
2594:
116:
creates a natural ventilation system that can significantly reduce indoor temperatures. Combining the stack effect with
2455:
2497:
2210:
1746:
1475:
1314:
1566:
2647:
2461:
1841:
1050:
1405:
1249:
935:
1362:
120:, where airflow moves across the building from one side to the other, can enhance the overall cooling effect.
2793:
2788:
2609:
2553:
2548:
2125:
1653:
186:
Large temperature differences between the outside air and the flue gases can create a strong stack effect in
129:
17:
178:
The stack effect in industrial flue gas stacks is similar to that in buildings, except that it involves hot
2170:
1721:
1642:
1601:
137:
72:
or unintentional holes in ceilings, like ceiling fans and recessed lights. The rising warm air reduces the
991:
2513:
2315:
1826:
1761:
1679:
1591:
1455:
1133:"Optimizing stack ventilation in low and medium-rise residential buildings in hot and semi-humid climate"
1131:
Rezadoost
Dezfuli, Raziyeh; Bazazzadeh, Hassan; Taban, Mohsen; Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad (2023-12-01).
490:
460:
2662:
2543:
2250:
2015:
1859:
1378:
1367:
1104:
89:
1173:
1132:
2715:
2574:
2538:
2340:
1970:
1925:
1853:
1705:
1648:
2762:
2584:
2280:
1880:
1659:
1550:
1535:
1224:
2803:
2757:
2682:
2604:
2533:
2477:
2409:
2305:
2220:
2130:
2095:
1571:
1172:
Hosseini, S. H.; Shokry, E.; Ahmadian
Hosseini, A. J.; Ahmadi, G.; Calautit, J. K. (2016-12-01).
2747:
2709:
2589:
2300:
1731:
2767:
2445:
2404:
2120:
1791:
1611:
1383:
2569:
2559:
2503:
2440:
2335:
1915:
1864:
1430:
786:
433:
100:
73:
8:
2435:
2425:
2399:
2185:
1847:
1756:
1726:
1626:
1596:
1490:
1450:
920:
104:
60:
56:
980:, Daniel Madrzykowski and Stephen Kerber, National Institute of Standards and Technology
2698:
2642:
2579:
2356:
2235:
2230:
2020:
1831:
1816:
1398:
1279:
976:
2808:
2270:
2225:
1980:
1975:
1905:
1801:
1637:
1440:
1310:
1193:
1154:
945:
910:
117:
85:
1250:"Educational Package Ventilation - Lecture 3 : Mechanical (forced) ventilation"
2737:
2492:
2487:
2070:
1776:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1581:
1185:
1144:
737:
316:{\displaystyle \Delta P=Cah{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{T_{o}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{i}}}{\bigg )}}
2732:
2704:
2346:
2260:
2255:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2110:
2050:
1965:
1950:
1771:
1766:
1741:
1736:
1606:
1530:
930:
548:
141:
96:
1149:
2482:
2379:
2155:
2135:
2100:
2035:
1955:
1796:
1786:
1695:
1545:
1515:
1470:
1465:
925:
43:
1372:
1189:
964:
2782:
2564:
2415:
2310:
2275:
2045:
2040:
1995:
1990:
1836:
1811:
1806:
1781:
1751:
1621:
1520:
1500:
1480:
1391:
1197:
1158:
1017:"Grenfell Tower final death toll: police say 71 lives lost as result of fire"
915:
866:
519:
473:
355:
133:
1130:
46:, or other purposefully designed openings or containers, resulting from air
38:
is the movement of air into and out of buildings through unsealed openings,
2742:
2420:
2320:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2215:
2150:
2030:
2000:
1940:
1935:
1910:
1821:
1700:
1616:
1540:
1510:
59:
in certain climates, but in other circumstances may be a cause of unwanted
198:
through it drawing fresh air down the downcast stack and around the mine.
2752:
2394:
2351:
2325:
2265:
2245:
2240:
2115:
2075:
2060:
2005:
1930:
1900:
1895:
1711:
1576:
1495:
940:
563:
is the flow area of the openings. For multi-floor, high-rise buildings,
503:
477:
124:
81:
51:
1363:
Stack Effect: When
Buildings Act Like Chimneys -- Green Building Advisor
2508:
2430:
2361:
2330:
2205:
2175:
2105:
2055:
2025:
2010:
1985:
1890:
1690:
1586:
1505:
1445:
218:
is the height of the building. For multi-floor, high-rise buildings,
2467:
2145:
2140:
2090:
2065:
1920:
1716:
1368:
National
Research Council Canada - CBD-104 Stack Effects in Buildings
1304:
1171:
191:
159:
2450:
2384:
1885:
1685:
1485:
1460:
1435:
187:
47:
1960:
1632:
1043:"Met Police Statement. Update: Grenfell Tower fire investigation"
992:"Smoke Simulation: Heat and Smoke Extraction for Building Design"
706:= stack effect draft (draught in British English) flow rate, m/s
170:
39:
832:= discharge coefficient (usually taken to be from 0.65 to 0.70)
726:= discharge coefficient (usually taken to be from 0.65 to 0.70)
2637:
2389:
2195:
1945:
408:
368:
1413:
2652:
2085:
668:{\displaystyle Q=CA{\sqrt {2gh{\frac {T_{i}-T_{o}}{T_{i}}}}}}
372:
2160:
2080:
904:
179:
50:. Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor
1259:. IDES_EDU / Intelligent Energy Europe. 28 October 2011
680:
328:
600:
243:
1074:"The fatal mistake made in the Grenfell Tower fire"
1307:AM10 Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings
1305:Steve Irving; Brian Ford; David Etheridge (2010).
667:
315:
165:
148:
1035:
308:
264:
2780:
1335:"Stack Effect Ventilation in Different Climates"
1332:
591:is the height of the flue gas stack or chimney.
234:is the height of the flue gas stack or chimney.
110:
842:= gravitational acceleration, 32.17 ft/s
1399:
1342:Journal of Building Energy & Environment
1105:"Stack Effect Strategies for Tropical Homes"
1277:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1065:
965:http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/10/1731/pdf
907:(heating, ventilation and air conditioning)
795:
689:
442:
337:
2799:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2166:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1415:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1406:
1392:
1286:. National Institute of Building Sciences
1148:
2600:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1242:
1204:
169:
1328:
1326:
1071:
14:
2781:
1102:
2473:Programmable communicating thermostat
1387:
812:= stack effect draft flow rate, ft/s
585:is the cross-sectional flow area and
569:is the flow area of the openings and
534:= absolute inside temperature, in °R
101:King's Cross underground station fire
2595:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1323:
1126:
1124:
459:= available pressure difference, in
423:= absolute inside temperature, in K
354:= available pressure difference, in
1137:Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
518:= absolute outside temperature, in
407:= absolute outside temperature, in
24:
2456:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1333:Boonyaputthipong, Chumnan (2018).
1284:WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide
1215:
1178:Energy for Sustainable Development
557:is the height of the building and
244:
25:
2820:
2498:Standard temperature and pressure
2211:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1747:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1476:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1356:
1121:
1084:from the original on 14 June 2017
1567:Absorption-compression heat pump
1072:Griffin, Andrew (14 June 2017).
763:= average inside temperature, K
2462:Normal temperature and pressure
1842:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1298:
1271:
1218:"Natural Ventilation Lecture 2"
542:
166:In flue gas stacks and chimneys
149:Normal and reverse stack effect
66:
1165:
1096:
1009:
984:
970:
958:
936:Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station
881:= outside air temperature, °R
865:= average inside temperature,
384:= atmospheric pressure, in Pa
13:
1:
2610:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2554:Building information modeling
2549:Building services engineering
2126:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1654:Demand controlled ventilation
1602:Building insulation materials
1278:Andy Walker (2 August 2016).
1049:. 6 July 2017. Archived from
951:
776:= outside air temperature, K
111:Usefulness in passive cooling
2171:High-pressure cut-off switch
1722:Ice storage air conditioning
1643:Dedicated outdoor air system
7:
2514:Thermostatic radiator valve
2316:Thermostatic radiator valve
1827:Underfloor air distribution
1762:Radiant heating and cooling
1680:Energy recovery ventilation
1592:Automobile air conditioning
1456:Domestic energy consumption
1150:10.1016/j.csite.2023.103555
1103:Holder, Hugh (2020-11-20).
898:
872:
856:
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
798:
767:
754:
744:
730:
720:
710:
700:
692:
525:
509:
496:
489:= atmospheric pressure, in
483:
466:
453:
445:
414:
398:
394:= height or distance, in m
388:
378:
361:
348:
340:
10:
2825:
2663:Institute of Refrigeration
2544:Architectural technologist
2016:Electrostatic precipitator
880:
864:
851:
841:
831:
821:
811:
775:
762:
749:
738:gravitational acceleration
735:
725:
715:
705:
533:
517:
501:
488:
471:
458:
422:
406:
393:
383:
366:
353:
2725:
2716:Volatile organic compound
2691:
2618:
2575:Environmental engineering
2539:Architectural engineering
2522:
2370:
2341:Ultra-low particulate air
1926:Automatic balancing valve
1873:
1854:Variable refrigerant flow
1706:Heat recovery ventilation
1649:Deep water source cooling
1559:
1421:
1190:10.1016/j.esd.2016.09.005
852:= height or distance, ft
502:= height or distance, in
2763:Template:Home automation
2585:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2281:Solar-assisted heat pump
1881:Air conditioner inverter
1660:Displacement ventilation
1551:Vapour pressure of water
1536:Thermal destratification
978:NIST Technical Note 1618
750:= height or distance, m
201:
2758:World Refrigeration Day
2605:Refrigerant reclamation
2534:Architectural acoustics
2478:Programmable thermostat
2410:Clean air delivery rate
2306:Thermal expansion valve
2221:Pressurisation ductwork
2131:Ground source heat pump
1572:Absorption refrigerator
1374:Stack effect simulation
2748:Glossary of HVAC terms
2710:Sick building syndrome
2590:Mechanical engineering
2301:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1732:Mixed-mode ventilation
669:
547:The draft (draught in
317:
190:for buildings using a
175:
2768:Template:Solar energy
2446:Intelligent buildings
2405:Carbon dioxide sensor
1792:Room air distribution
1612:Central solar heating
1280:"Natural Ventilation"
670:
318:
173:
2794:Chemical engineering
2789:Building engineering
2570:Duct leakage testing
2560:Deep energy retrofit
2504:Thermographic camera
2441:Infrared thermometer
1916:Air source heat pump
1865:Water heat recycling
1431:Air changes per hour
787:U.S. customary units
598:
434:U.S. customary units
241:
2436:HVAC control system
2426:Home energy monitor
2400:Building automation
2186:Inverter compressor
1848:Variable air volume
1757:Passive ventilation
1727:Kitchen ventilation
1627:Constant air volume
1597:Autonomous building
1257:www.energiazero.org
1230:on 12 February 2020
921:Solar updraft tower
138:evaporative cooling
105:Grenfell Tower fire
84:with a well-sealed
57:natural ventilation
2699:Indoor air quality
2643:ASTM International
2580:Hydronic balancing
2357:Wood-burning stove
2236:Radiator reflector
2021:Evaporative cooler
1832:Underfloor heating
1817:Thermal insulation
1023:. 16 November 2017
665:
313:
176:
97:Kaprun tunnel fire
82:high-rise building
27:Concept in physics
2776:
2775:
2692:Health and safety
2271:Scroll compressor
2226:Process duct work
1981:Convection heater
1976:Condensing boiler
1906:Air-mixing plenum
1802:Solar combisystem
1638:Cross ventilation
1441:Building envelope
946:Cross ventilation
911:Ventilation shaft
885:
884:
780:
779:
663:
661:
538:
537:
427:
426:
304:
284:
118:cross ventilation
16:(Redirected from
2816:
2738:Building science
2493:Smart thermostat
2488:Room temperature
2071:Fireplace insert
1777:Radon mitigation
1675:Electric heating
1670:District heating
1665:District cooling
1582:Air conditioning
1408:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1223:. Archived from
1222:
1216:Magyar, Zoltán.
1213:
1202:
1201:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
988:
982:
974:
968:
962:
796:
740:, 9.81 m/s
690:
674:
672:
671:
666:
664:
662:
660:
659:
650:
649:
648:
636:
635:
625:
614:
443:
338:
322:
320:
319:
314:
312:
311:
305:
303:
302:
290:
285:
283:
282:
270:
268:
267:
134:earth sheltering
63:or fire hazard.
61:air infiltration
21:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2733:ASHRAE Handbook
2721:
2705:Passive smoking
2687:
2620:
2614:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2372:
2366:
2347:Whole-house fan
2261:Run-around coil
2256:Reversing valve
2201:Mechanical room
2191:Kerosene heater
2181:Infrared heater
2111:Gasoline heater
2051:Fan filter unit
1966:Condensate pump
1951:Centrifugal fan
1869:
1772:Radiant heating
1767:Radiant cooling
1742:Passive cooling
1737:Microgeneration
1607:Central heating
1555:
1531:Thermal comfort
1423:
1417:
1412:
1373:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1170:
1166:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1078:The Independent
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1053:on 20 June 2018
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
990:
989:
985:
975:
971:
963:
959:
954:
931:Inco Superstack
901:
877:
861:
772:
759:
716:= flow area, m
655:
651:
644:
640:
631:
627:
626:
624:
613:
599:
596:
595:
549:British English
545:
530:
514:
419:
403:
307:
306:
298:
294:
289:
278:
274:
269:
263:
262:
242:
239:
238:
204:
168:
151:
142:passive cooling
140:to enhance the
130:ground coupling
113:
69:
44:flue-gas stacks
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2804:Thermodynamics
2801:
2796:
2791:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Psychrometrics
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2448:
2443:
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2156:Heating system
2153:
2148:
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2136:Heat exchanger
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
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2101:Gas compressor
2098:
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2088:
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2078:
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2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
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1956:Ceramic heater
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1797:Solar air heat
1794:
1789:
1787:Renewable heat
1784:
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1754:
1749:
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1696:Forced-air gas
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1546:Thermodynamics
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1518:
1516:Psychrometrics
1513:
1508:
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1471:Gas compressor
1468:
1466:Fluid dynamics
1463:
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1357:External links
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36:chimney effect
26:
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2621:organizations
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2565:Duct cleaning
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2442:
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2419:
2417:
2416:Control valve
2414:
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2336:Turning vanes
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
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2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
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2311:Thermal wheel
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
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2279:
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2276:Solar chimney
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2046:Fan coil unit
2044:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Cooling tower
1989:
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1812:Solar heating
1810:
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1807:Solar cooling
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1782:Refrigeration
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1521:Sensible heat
1519:
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1509:
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1502:
1501:Noise control
1499:
1497:
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1481:Heat transfer
1479:
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1316:9781903287569
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916:Solar chimney
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790:
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719:
713:
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555:
550:
531:
524:
521:
515:
508:
505:
499:
495:
492:
486:
482:
479:
475:
472:= 0.0188, in
469:
465:
462:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
440:
437:
435:
431:
430:
420:
413:
410:
404:
397:
391:
387:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:= 0.0342, in
364:
360:
357:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:
326:
325:
299:
295:
291:
286:
279:
275:
271:
259:
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250:
247:
237:
236:
235:
233:
232:
226:
223:
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217:
216:
211:
210:
199:
195:
194:for heating.
193:
189:
184:
181:
172:
163:
161:
155:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
121:
119:
108:
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102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
64:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Natural Draft
2743:Fireproofing
2527:and services
2523:Professions,
2421:Gas detector
2321:Trickle vent
2296:Smoke damper
2291:Smoke canopy
2286:Space heater
2216:Plenum space
2151:Heating film
2031:Exhaust hood
2001:Dehumidifier
1941:Blast damper
1936:Barrier pipe
1911:Air purifier
1822:Thermosiphon
1701:Free cooling
1617:Chilled beam
1541:Thermal mass
1526:Stack effect
1525:
1511:Particulates
1491:Infiltration
1422:Fundamental
1345:
1341:
1306:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1283:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1256:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1181:
1177:
1167:
1140:
1136:
1112:. Retrieved
1109:Architropics
1108:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1077:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1046:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:The Guardian
1020:
1011:
1000:. Retrieved
998:. 2019-04-23
995:
986:
977:
972:
960:
891:
890:
888:
873:
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
785:
768:
755:
745:
731:
721:
711:
701:
679:
587:
586:
581:
580:
578:
571:
570:
565:
564:
559:
558:
553:
552:
546:
543:Induced flow
526:
510:
497:
484:
467:
454:
432:
415:
399:
389:
379:
362:
349:
327:
230:
229:
227:
220:
219:
214:
213:
208:
207:
205:
196:
185:
177:
156:
152:
122:
114:
94:
80:In a modern
79:
70:
67:In buildings
35:
32:stack effect
31:
29:
2753:Warm Spaces
2395:Blower door
2373:and control
2371:Measurement
2352:Windcatcher
2326:Trombe wall
2266:Sail switch
2246:Refrigerant
2241:Recuperator
2116:Grease duct
2076:Freeze stat
2061:Fire damper
1931:Back boiler
1901:Air ionizer
1896:Air handler
1860:Ventilation
1712:Hybrid heat
1577:Air barrier
1496:Latent heat
1348:(1): 24–29.
1234:12 February
1027:16 November
941:Windcatcher
822:= area, ft
125:wind towers
90:ventilation
52:air density
2783:Categories
2509:Thermostat
2431:Humidistat
2362:Zone valve
2331:TurboSwing
2206:Oil heater
2176:Humidifier
2106:Gas heater
2056:Fan heater
2026:Evaporator
2011:Economizer
1986:Compressor
1891:Air filter
1874:Components
1691:Forced-air
1587:Antifreeze
1560:Technology
1506:Outgassing
1446:Convection
1143:: 103555.
1114:2024-08-07
1002:2019-07-04
952:References
2619:Industry
2468:OpenTherm
2146:Heat pump
2141:Heat pipe
2091:Fume hood
2066:Fireplace
1971:Condenser
1921:Attic fan
1717:Hydronics
1309:. CIBSE.
1263:4 October
1198:0973-0826
1159:2214-157X
638:−
287:−
245:Δ
192:fireplace
160:hydronics
2809:Buoyancy
2726:See also
2451:LonWorks
2385:Aquastat
2251:Register
2231:Radiator
1886:Air door
1686:Firestop
1486:Humidity
1461:Enthalpy
1451:Dilution
1436:Bake-out
1424:concepts
1184:: 7–24.
1082:Archived
996:SimScale
899:See also
681:SI units
329:SI units
188:chimneys
103:and the
86:envelope
74:pressure
48:buoyancy
40:chimneys
2525:trades,
2096:Furnace
1961:Chiller
1633:Coolant
1379:YouTube
1290:1 April
1088:16 June
802:
799:where:
696:
693:where:
449:
446:where:
344:
341:where:
2678:SMACNA
2638:ASHRAE
2458:(MERV)
2412:(CADR)
2390:BACnet
2343:(ULPA)
2196:Louver
2121:Grille
1996:Damper
1946:Boiler
1844:(VCRS)
1645:(DOAS)
1313:
1196:
1157:
1057:6 July
136:, and
2718:(VOC)
2712:(SBS)
2701:(IAQ)
2658:CIBSE
2653:BSRIA
2556:(BIM)
2500:(STP)
2464:(NTP)
2086:Freon
1856:(VRF)
1850:(VAV)
1708:(HRV)
1682:(ERV)
1656:(DCV)
1629:(CAV)
1338:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
202:Cause
2673:LEED
2633:AMCA
2628:AHRI
2161:HEPA
2081:Flue
2006:Duct
1311:ISBN
1292:2020
1265:2019
1236:2020
1194:ISSN
1155:ISSN
1090:2017
1059:2017
1029:2017
905:HVAC
180:flue
30:The
2683:UMC
2668:IIR
2648:BRE
2041:Fan
1377:on
1186:doi
1145:doi
1047:MPS
491:psi
461:psi
34:or
2785::
1344:.
1340:.
1325:^
1282:.
1255:.
1206:^
1192:.
1182:35
1180:.
1176:.
1153:.
1141:52
1139:.
1135:.
1123:^
1107:.
1080:.
1076:.
1045:.
1019:.
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