1021:
direct military attack, the Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwater......the Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwaters.......diversion of both the
Hasbani and the Banias to the Yarmouk.....According to neutral assessments, the scheme was only marginally feasible; it was technically difficult and expensive......Political considerations cited by the Arabs in rejecting the 1955 Johnston Plan were revived to justify the diversion scheme. Particular emphasis was placed on the Carrier's capability to enhance Israel's capacity to absorb immigrants to the detriment of Palestinian refugees. In response, Israel stressed that the National Water Carrier was within the limits of the Johnston Plan......the Arabs started work on the Headwater Diversion project in 1965. Israel declared that it would regard such diversion as an infringement of its sovereign rights. According to estimates, completion of the project would have deprived Israel of 35% of its contemplated withdrawal from the upper Jordan, constituting one-ninth of Israel's annual water budget.......In a series of military strikes, Israel hit the diversion works. The attacks culminated in April 1967 in air strikes deep inside Syria. The increase in water-related Arab-Israeli hostility was a major factor leading to the June 1967 war.
272:, holding about 1.5 million m³ of water, which allow suspended matter in the water to settle to the bottom, thus cleaning the water. The second reservoir is separated from the sedimentation pond by a dam and has a capacity of 4.5 million m³. Here the inflow of water from the pumping stations and open canals is regulated against the outflow into the closed pipeline. The amount allowed through depends on water demand. A special canal bypasses the reservoirs allowing water to travel straight through the carrier. Before entering the closed pipeline, final tests are performed on the water in the carrier, with chemicals added to bring the water to drinking standards. At the end of the filtration process the water enters the
52:
44:
36:
28:
20:
350:. The book became a bestseller, and important in swaying the debate within the Truman administration concerning immigrant absorptive capacity and the Negev as part of Israel. His book served as the basis for a detailed water resource plan which was prepared by James Hayes, an engineer from the USA, who proposed utilizing all water sources in Israel (2 km per annum) for irrigation and the production of electricity. This would involve diverting part of the
186:
144:
was forecast that by the year 2010, 80% of the
National Carrier would be directed more at providing drinking water. The reasons for the increased demand for drinking water were twofold. First, Israel saw rapid population growth, primarily in the center of the country which increased the demand for water. As the standard of living in the country rose, there was increased domestic water use. As a result of the 1994
482:. The sinkholes form as a result of the receding shoreline, where a thick layer of underground salt is left behind. When fresh water arrives in the form of heavy rains, it dissolves the salt as it sinks into the ground, forming an underground cavity, which eventually collapses under the weight of the surface ground layer.
261:– the Beit Netofa Canal. The Beit Netofa Canal takes the water 17 kilometers and was built with an oval base due to the clay soil through which it runs. The width of the canal is 19.4 meters, the bottom is 12 meters wide and it is 2.60 meters deep, with the water flowing through it at a height of 2.15 meters.
201:
The pipeline is composed of nine pipes which are joined by an internal cable threaded through them. Each of these pipes includes twelve concrete pipes, each five meters long and three meters wide. As these pipes were cast, they were encased in steel pipes, sealed at the ends and floated out onto the
143:
The
National Water Carrier was inaugurated in 1964, with 80% of its water being allocated to agriculture and 20% for drinking water. As time passed, increasing amounts were consumed as drinking water, and by the early 1990s, the National Carrier was supplying half of the drinking water in Israel. It
86:
in the north of the country to the highly populated center and the arid south and to enable efficient use of water and regulation of the water supply in the country. It is about 130 kilometers (81 mi) long. Up to 72,000 cubic meters (19,000,000 U.S. gal; 16,000,000 imp gal)
193:
Water first enters the
National Water Carrier through a several hundred meter long pipeline which is submerged under the northern part of Sea of Galilee. The water passes into a reservoir on the shore and then travels to a pumping station (initially called "Eshed Kinrot" or "Eshed Kinnarot", later
1020:
The initial diversion capacity of the
National Water Carrier without supplementary booster pumps was 320 million m3, well within the limits of the Johnston Plan. ......Shortly before completion of the Israeli Water Carrier in 1964, an Arab summit conference decided to try to thwart it. Discarding
418:
would be divided between Israel (40%), Jordan (45%) and Syria and
Lebanon (15%). Each country would keep its right to utilize the water flowing within its borders, if it caused no harm to a neighboring country. Whilst this plan was accepted as fair by Arab water experts, it later floundered as a
168:. This has lessened the country's reliance on the National Water Carrier and has allowed it to significantly reduce the amount of water pumped from the Sea of Galilee in an effort to restore and improve the lake's ecological environment, especially in face of severe droughts affecting the lake's
477:
appearing in the area, which have even damaged the highway built in 2010 supposedly built to a "sinkhole-proof" design. The sinkholes are due to the decline in the water level of the Dead Sea, as of 2021 at an annual rate of more than a metre, which is attributed to the battle for scarce water
485:
The surface of the Sea has shrunk by about 33% since the 1960s, which is partly attributed to the much-reduced flow of the Jordan River since the construction of the
National Water Carrier project, and the amount of water from the rains reaching the Dead Sea has diminished even further since
453:
that would have prevented Israel from using a major portion of its water allocation, sharply reducing the capacity of the carrier. This project and Israel's subsequent physical attack on those diversion efforts in 1965 were factors which played into regional tensions culminating in the 1967
366:
which would become a national water reservoir, of about one billion cu.m. volume (one quarter of the Sea of
Galilee's volume). An electricity generating station would be located at the reservoir's outlet, from where the water would flow into an open canal to
172:
in previous years. It was expected that in 2016 only about 25,000,000 cubic metres (880,000,000 cu ft) of water would be drawn from the lake for
Israeli domestic water consumption, down from more than 300,000,000 cubic metres
379:
would be channeled into Lake
Kinneret, in order to prevent a rise in its salinity which could come about as a result of the diversion of the River Jordan, and that a joint Israeli-Jordanian dam about 5 km east of kibbutz
252:
which is designed to lift water an additional 115 meters (377 ft). Water then enters the Ya’akov Tunnel which is 850 m (2,790 ft) long and 3 meters in diameter. This flows under hills near the village of
305:
The initial idea of a National Water Carrier followed the proposal of several solutions for the water problems of Palestine put forward before the establishment of Israel in 1948. Early ideas appeared in the 1902 book
268:, completed in 2007-2008 by Mekorot, the fourth largest in the world, is located at the southwestern edge of the Beit Netofa Valley. The water first passes through two large reservoirs. The first of these is a
225:. This runs along a mountainside for most of its 17 km (11 mi) route. When full, the water in the canal is 2.7 meters (8.9 ft) deep and flows purely by gravity apart from where two deep
156:
As of 2016, water from the Sea of Galilee was supplying approximately 10% of Israel's drinking water needs. In the previous years, the Israeli government had undertaken extensive investments in water
119:
While early plans were made before the establishment of the state of Israel, detailed planning began after Israeli independence in 1948. The construction of the project, originally known as the
384:
would be constructed. The Hayes plan was designed to be implemented in two stages over a 10-year period, but never materialised due to its economic infeasibility and lack of cooperation by
494:, a joint Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian environmental group, has estimated that the annual flow into the Dead Sea from the Jordan is as of 2021 less than 100,000,000 cubic metres (3.5
1052:
265:
343:
249:
206:
245:
123:, started in 1953, during the planning phase, long before the detailed final plan was completed in 1956. The project was designed by Tahal and constructed by
983:
Nasser, too, assured the American undersecretary of state, Philip Talbot, that the Arabs would not exceed the water quotas prescribed by the Johnston plan.
234:
1060:
202:
lake. A winged star-shaped cap is mounted in a vertical section of the underwater pipe to allow water to be taken in from all directions.
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102:. Building the carrier was a considerable technical challenge as it traverses a wide variety of terrain and elevations. Most of the
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on the shore of the lake where four horizontal pumps lift the water into three pipes which subsequently join to form the
863:
347:
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525:
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651:
407:
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213:, a 2,200-meter (7,200 ft) long pressure-resistant steel pipe, which raises the water from -213 meters below
1053:
Fossil Water Reserves - Israel - from two hundred billion (10) to "several hundred billion" cubic meters of water
789:
868:
428:
145:
1109:
362:, from where it would be "dropped" to produce electricity. Water would also be carried from Tel Hai to the
836:
371:, which, whilst travelling south would collect water from wadis and streams, including the waters of the
148:, among other items, Israel agreed to transfer 50 million cubic metres of water annually to Jordan.
498:
10 cu ft) of water, compared with former flows of between 1,200,000,000 cubic metres (4.2
450:
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419:
result of increasing tensions in the region, but was later seriously considered by Arab leaders.
222:
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765:
959:
802:
87:
of water can flow through the carrier each hour, totalling 1.7 million cubic meters in a day.
921:
890:
491:
339:
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and transfers the water from the Jordan Canal to the open canal crossing which crosses the
103:
406:
between 1954 and 1957, developed another water plan for Israel, which became known as the
8:
841:
713:
608:
584:
358:. This water which would be further transported by a dam and canal to the area south of
725:
363:
258:
165:
51:
248:. Here, the second pumping station in the course of the Water Carrier is located, the
1002:
965:
961:
Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964-1967: The Coming of the Six-Day War
864:"When Ambiguity in Treaty Design Becomes Destructive: A Study of Transboundary Water"
403:
381:
319:
95:
31:
Water flows from the pressure pipe above the Sea of Galilee into the Hukok open canal
318:
for irrigation purposes and channeling sea water for producing electricity from the
1042:
891:"Turning Water into Fire: the Jordan River as the Hidden Factor in The Six Day War"
717:
580:
346:, published in 1944. It was developed with human and financial assistance from the
307:
128:
161:
996:
917:"The Dead Sea is disappearing, leaving behind a landscape shattered by sinkholes"
157:
99:
63:
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473:, on the western coast of the Dead Sea, has been subject to a large number of
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and Jordan valleys to a canal which ran parallel to the Jordan River and the
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39:
Water flows from the Hukok open canal into the inverted siphon in Nahal Amud
925:. Cinematography: Alon Farago and Abu Saada; Graphics: Andres Gomez Isaza.
438:
434:
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237:). To overcome these obstacles, water is carried through inverted siphons.
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230:
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676:[The Kinneret's Red Line has Turned into Jordan's Problem].
82:, completed in 1964. Its main purpose is to transfer water from the
998:
Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East; Alternative Strategies
474:
470:
327:
285:
803:
Jewish Americans and political participation: a reference handbook
185:
1046:
700:"Controversial Waters: Exploitation of the Jordan River, 1950-80"
359:
254:
124:
135:, at a cost of about 420 million Israeli lira (at 1964 values).
446:
385:
368:
91:
79:
837:"Drought and Israeli Policy Threaten West Bank Water Security"
151:
90:
The carrier consists of a system of giant pipes, open canals,
442:
226:
75:
816:"Israel's Appropriation of Arab Water: An Obstacle to Peace"
23:
The Hukok Canal, an open canal of the National Water Carrier
462:, which contain some of the sources of the Sea of Galilee.
458:. In the course of the war, Israel captured from Syria the
106:
in Israel are integrated with the National Water Carrier.
139:
Agriculture, drinking water, Jordan's share (1964-1990s)
652:"Developments related to the Middle East Peace Process"
502:
10 cu ft) and 1,300,000,000 cubic metres (4.6
1001:. United Nations University Press. pp. 287–297 .
314:
in which he talked about utilizing the sources of the
177:
10 cu ft) pumped annually a decade earlier.
131:, and was completed in June 1964 under Prime Minister
127:. It was started during the tenure of Prime Minister
338:
An earlier water development scheme was proposed by
217:to +44 meters. From here, the water flows into the
994:
861:
465:
1091:
834:
895:The Middle East Review of International Affairs
755:. Mekorot homepage. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
402:Eric Johnston, the water envoy of US President
164:infrastructure in the country, while promoting
449:. In 1964, Syria attempted construction of a
910:
908:
114:
1045:by Shmuel Kantor, former chief engineer of
964:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 101.
189:The National Water Carrier near Beit Netofa
152:Since 2015 (after large-scale desalination)
957:
813:
674:"הקו האדום של הכנרת נהפך לבעיה של הירדנים"
16:Israeli cross country water supply network
1043:Description of the National Water Carrier
905:
988:
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531:Water politics in the Jordan River basin
490:started pouring into the sinkholes. The
276:, which transports it 86 km to the
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240:The canal transfers the water into the
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433:Since its construction, the resulting
244:, a 1 hm operational reservoir in the
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516:Water supply and sanitation in Israel
1025:The text of the book is also posted
671:
622:
543:
295:
60:The National Water Carrier of Israel
951:
927:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
631:"Inside the National Water Carrier"
229:intersect the course of the canal (
67:
13:
578:
441:has been a source of tension with
348:American Zionist Emergency Council
198:, co-founder of Mekorot in 1937).
14:
1126:
1049:, Israel's national water company
1036:
629:Waldoks, Ehud Zion (2008-02-18).
526:Water politics in the Middle East
47:The inverted siphon in Nahal Amud
1100:National Water Carrier of Israel
790:Central Water Filtration Factory
398:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
391:
121:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
55:National Water Carrier of Israel
882:
855:
835:Lendman, Stephen (2008-07-18).
828:
807:
795:
766:"Eshkol Water Filtration Plant"
466:Receding Dead Sea and sinkholes
375:. Hayes also asserted that the
783:
758:
743:
644:
597:
422:
1:
1029:on the UN University website.
915:Tlozek, Eric (10 June 2021).
889:Seliktar, Ofira (June 2005).
869:Global Environmental Politics
536:
429:War over Water (Jordan River)
333:
300:
266:Eshkol Water Filtration Plant
146:Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace
581:"The National Water Carrier"
7:
995:Murakami, Masahiro (1995).
862:Fischhendler, Itay (2008).
672:Amit, Hagai (1 June 2016).
509:
10:
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426:
410:. In this, water from the
395:
344:Palestine, Land of Promise
109:
1076:32.7745750°N 35.2539250°E
944:
722:10.1080/00263209308700934
698:Reguer, Sara (Jan 1993).
115:Planning and construction
1105:Infrastructure in Israel
605:"National Water Carrier"
451:Headwater Diversion Plan
180:
752:The Founding of Mekorot
322:near Haifa through the
250:Tzalmon Pumping Station
1081:32.7745750; 35.2539250
705:Middle Eastern Studies
607:. JAFI. Archived from
478:resources in the very
194:renamed "Sapir" after
190:
56:
48:
40:
32:
24:
506:10 cu ft).
207:Sapir Pumping Station
205:Water travels to the
188:
54:
46:
38:
30:
22:
714:Taylor & Francis
492:EcoPeace Middle East
340:Walter C. Lowdermilk
246:Nahal Tzalmon valley
1110:Interbasin transfer
1072: /
958:Gat, Moshe (2003).
842:Global Policy Forum
585:University of Haifa
278:Yarkon-Negev system
435:diversion of water
364:Beit Netofa Valley
270:sedimentation pond
259:Beit Netofa Valley
191:
166:water conservation
57:
49:
41:
33:
25:
1008:978-92-808-0858-2
971:978-0-275-97514-2
749:Naor, Mordechai.
404:Dwight Eisenhower
320:Mediterranean Sea
296:Alternative plans
280:near the city of
242:Tzalmon Reservoir
74:) is the largest
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633:. Jerusalem Post
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579:Kantor, Shmuel.
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129:David Ben-Gurion
100:pumping stations
98:and large scale
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72:HaMovil HaArtzi
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1064:32°46′28.47″N
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392:Johnston Plan
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356:Hasbani River
354:water to the
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609:the original
599:
588:. Retrieved
488:flash floods
484:
469:
439:Jordan River
432:
416:Yarmuk River
412:Jordan River
401:
373:Yarkon River
352:Litani River
342:in his book
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316:Jordan River
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241:
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219:Jordan Canal
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196:Pinhas Sapir
192:
170:intake basin
162:desalination
155:
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118:
89:
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68:המוביל הארצי
59:
58:
1079: /
735:18 December
480:arid region
456:Six-Day War
423:Controversy
324:Beit She'an
290:Petah Tikva
282:Rosh HaAyin
158:reclamation
133:Levi Eshkol
104:water works
78:project in
1094:Categories
875:2008-11-28
848:2008-11-28
821:2013-11-18
775:30 October
658:2008-02-20
637:2008-04-05
615:2008-03-01
590:2008-02-20
537:References
427:See also:
334:Hayes plan
308:Altneuland
301:Herzl plan
231:Nahal Amud
221:, an open
96:reservoirs
977:17 August
716:: 53–90.
678:TheMarker
475:sinkholes
437:from the
215:sea level
922:ABC News
792:(Hebrew)
510:See also
471:Ein Gedi
328:Dead Sea
286:Tel Aviv
1047:Mekorot
1014:15 July
932:19 June
730:4283541
683:12 June
360:Tel Hai
255:Eilabun
125:Mekorot
110:History
92:tunnels
1005:
968:
945:Quotes
728:
583:. the
447:Jordan
386:Jordan
369:Rafiah
80:Israel
64:Hebrew
726:JSTOR
712:(1).
443:Syria
227:wadis
223:canal
181:Route
76:water
1027:here
1016:2013
1003:ISBN
979:2022
966:ISBN
934:2021
901:(2).
777:2018
737:2021
685:2016
654:. UN
445:and
414:and
288:and
233:and
173:(1.1
160:and
718:doi
310:by
1096::
1018:.
981:.
919:.
907:^
897:.
893:.
866:.
839:.
768:.
724:.
710:29
708:.
702:.
545:^
388:.
330:.
292:.
94:,
70:,
66::
936:.
899:9
878:.
851:.
824:.
779:.
739:.
720::
687:.
661:.
640:.
618:.
593:.
504:×
500:×
496:×
175:×
62:(
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