603:, a young man who had grown up amongst Aboriginal people in the areas of the Swan and Helena Valleys, was able to capture the perpetrator due to his knowledge of the local tribespeople. As a result, in August 1840 Drummond was rewarded with the title of Inspector in the newly formed Native Police. The Western Australian Native Police was smaller than those of other colonies in that usually only 2 or 3 mounted aboriginal constables were attached to the White officer. It was also different in that the officers were given monetary rewards for capturing wanted people and that they were placed under the control of the Native Protector. However, extrajudicial killings by the police upon Aboriginal people still occurred during the 1840s. The force also became less formalised in its command structure to the point where, in 1854, Drummond concurrently held the positions of Native Protector, magistrate and Superintendent of Police in the
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2120:, shot one of his troopers dead and flogged another after one of them attempted to poison them. He was also charged for chaining up an Aboriginal woman by her legs continuously for a month. All charges were thrown out. In the second case, Inspector Frederick Wheeler was charged after a prolonged and brutal flogging of an Aboriginal man, who later died from peritonitis at the Belyando barracks. Public incidents like these forced the government into a commission of enquiry in regards to ameliorating the condition of Aboriginal people. After some initial research, the commission requested a grant of £1600 from parliament to implement reserves for the Indigenous population. Parliament quickly denied these funds and in 1878 the commission was wound up.
974:
1440:
1906:
1624:, blamed the incident on Jesse Gregson, a local property manager who had previous to the attack went out and conducted a punitive mission with the aid of a detachment of Native Police under the command of A. M. G. Patrick against Aboriginal people in the area. In his own diaries, Gregson reveals that he accidentally shot Patrick in the leg during this preliminary dispersal. Gregson and other squatters were involved in the initial punitive raids after the massacre, with Lieutenant Cave being the first Native Police officer on the scene not long after. He was soon joined by officers
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investigating the death of a White man at Baker's station, threatened and watched four
Aboriginal people residing on the property into making confessions. While they were being escorted to prison, they escaped, and after refusing to surrender, one was shot dead. The other three managed to escape but were found at Euston where two more were shot dead. Their hands were cut off and presented as proof of their demise. Perry also dispersed a large congregation of Aboriginal people assembled at the Murray-Darling junction. When investigating another murder of a White man near
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of information were released. It revealed that Walker arrived at the inquiry completely drunk and surrounded by nine of his black troopers. The troopers were denied entry, and after an attempt to continue with proceedings, the inebriation of Walker forced an adjournment to the inquiry which was later quickly and conveniently abandoned altogether. An attempt by 2nd Lieut. Irving to confront Walker, resulted in the ex-Commandant drawing a sword against him. Eventually, Walker wandered off and was subsequently dismissed from the Native Police. He was later apprehended at
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530:. They worked under their own officers such as Cowan, Walsh and Dana while also under the authority of Commissioners like Smythe, Bingham, Powlett and McDonald. In 1843 and 1844, Commissioner Smythe led large punitive missions with forces including Native Police along the Moira area of the Murray, down Mitta Mitta creek and along the Edward River. Other collisions also occurred near Tongala. Further down the Murray, punitive operations were also conducted near McLeod's station in 1846, Lake Bael Bael in 1846 and around
33:
854:). Logan and Jack who were both previously employed in the Border Police, were given the rank of corporal. Although most of the subsequent operations of this force over the following 60 years occurred in what is now Queensland, Native Police were stationed in various parts of New South Wales and patrolling continued there until at least 1868. These areas included Kempsey/Macleay River, Grafton/Ballina (Clarence River), Murrumbidgee, Lower Darling/Albert and Upper Darling/Paroo regions.
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295:, established a private native constabulary to augment a small garrison of soldiers. These black constables, such as Jonathan and William, were involved in dispensing lethal summary justice to Aboriginal people accused of murdering a company employee, and were also permitted to shoot armed runaway convicts. Parry was later officially accused of offering rewards on the heads of certain Aboriginal people, which he unequivocally denied. By 1841, the new superintendent
1403:
382:
2340:
1636:
1171:
1477:
198:
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2216:
2075:
2411:
1850:
2941:; Queensland Legislative Assembly Votes & Proceedings 1861 p 386pp, "Report from the Select Committee on the Native Police Force and the condition of the aborigines generally"; Feilberg, Carl Adolf (anonymous): "The Way We Civilise; Black and White; The Native Police: – A series of articles and letters Reprinted from the 'Queenslander'", Brisbane, G and J. Black, Edward Street, December 1880, 57 pages; Richards, Jonathan:
931:, assumed command of the Native Police operations. Marshall, with the native troopers and contingents of armed stockmen, conducted punitive raids at Tieryboo, Wallan, Booranga and Copranoranbilla Lagoon, shooting Aboriginal people and destroying their camps. This resulted in an inquiry by the local Crown Lands Commissioner and a vaguely worded official reminder from the NSW Attorney General to only shoot in "extreme cases".
2013:"Just as daylight was breaking we heard volley after volley of rifles. Jack said the black trackers had got on to a mob of wild blacks. We went over the next day and found the niggers camp, they must have been a hundred strong. There were two large fires still alight where the trackers had burnt the dead bodies. We were very lucky the trackers were ahead of us and cleaned this bit of country of the blacks"
336:, which was a mounted force of armed convicts under the command of a commissioner, and the other was to trial a force of armed and mounted Aboriginal police under the command of White officers. By 1840, the Border Police became the main replacement for the NSW Mounted Police along the frontier, while the Native Police Corps, as the Aboriginal force was known, was limited initially to one division in the
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1738:
1387:(like Fraser Island previously) was a safehaven for natives that should be breached. 2nd Lieutenant R. G. Walker organised a seaborne punitive expedition that included several troopers, 2nd Lieut. W. D. T. Powell and local squatters J. Landsborough and Ranken. The mission was a failure and despite shooting two Aboriginal people in a canoe, Curtis Island was deemed dangerously populated.
2323:. For most Aboriginal people in the colony of Queensland, this meant that they faced a reduced likelihood of being shot but also had almost all aspects of their lives controlled by the government. Even though Meston recommended the immediate disbanding of the Native Police, this aspect was rejected with Native Police units continuing to operate out of a number of barracks on the
1504:, in addition to retaining his role as Commandant of the Native Police, also became the Inspector General of Police in the new colony. Under this new administration, the Native Police had even fewer checks and balances than it had previously. Morisset appointed new officers such as A. M. G. Patrick, A. F. Matveieff, J. T. Baker, as well as his own brother Rudolph S. Morisset.
1158:, where the troopers conducted an early morning raid on Aboriginal people sleeping on the slopes near Black Head. This resulted in at least 30-40 deaths and many wounded. Complaints were made to the government about the massacre but no action was taken. Edric Morisset later became Commandant of the Native Police based in Brisbane and was replaced on the Clarence by 2nd Lieut.
1162:. A few years later when a Clarence River squatter was asked if he thought any Aboriginal criminals were still at large, he simply replied "No, I think they are dead." The Native Police were officially withdrawn from the area in 1859. Sub-Inspector Galbraith was dismissed in 1863 for the accidental shooting death of a native girl while out "routing the blacks" near Grafton.
1431:. The second was the so-called "Browne's" death squad that consisted of a posse of twelve local squatters which killed around 90 Aboriginal people. The last was the group associated with William Fraser, who had most of his family killed in the Hornet Bank massacre. This group killed around 40 Aboriginal people, some of which were buried beside a lagoon on Juandah creek.
538:(Maidan's Punt) became bases for Native Police operations. A Wemba Wemba man managed to kill a trooper near Swan Hill. He, in the company of another aboriginal man, approached a Native Police camp and induced one of the Aboriginal troopers to go fishing. After walking about half a mile, they held the trooper down and excised his kidney fat, leaving him to die.
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warriors attacked the Native Police barracks at Rannes, killing three troopers of R. G. Walker's division. Mt. Larcom station was also attacked around this time, resulting in the deaths of five station-hands. Multiple punitive missions were conducted by John Murray and R. G. Walker's sections after these attacks, including one which went north of the
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fled in all directions. Later in 1864, there is a record of the murderer named Blue Shirt being captured and handcuffed to the stirrup of a horse belonging to a Native Police trooper. The horse subsequently become frightened and kicked him to death. Names of some of the troopers posted to the
Macleay region include Carlo, Quilt, Paddy and Dundally.
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signs that this force was engaged in anything but general punitive expeditions, commonly performed as deadly daybreak attacks on
Aboriginal camps. All signs are that the force generally took no prisoners at the frontier and in the few cases on record when this did happen these prisoners were on record as having been shot during attempts to escape.
436:'s cooperation for the proposal was important for its success, and after deliberation he backed the initiative and even proposed himself for enlistment. He donned the uniform and enjoyed the status of parading through the camp, but was careful to avoid active duty as a policeman to avoid a conflict of interest between his duties as a Wurundjeri
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operations and
Commandant Walker subsequently allowed his division to track down other groups of Badtjala without him. This group followed the local Aboriginal people across to the east coast where they "took to the sea". The force returned to Maryborough in early January 1852 and Captain Currie received a reward of £10 for his contribution.
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who stayed away were consequently regarded as potential enemies and were at high risk of being targeted in punitive missions. Walker's measure of success was the resulting increase in land values. These first actions of the Native Police reduced to great effect
Aboriginal resistance against squatters in the Macintyre and Condamine regions.
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Ningi warriors. Many of them were shot but of the eight troopers with
Williams, one was killed and two were seriously wounded. Seven "station blacks" were shot dead at Couyar by Native Police, Lieut. Wheeler shot several innocent Aboriginal people at Dugandan, Lieut. John Murray conducted a massacre in the Wide Bay area and officers
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private posse of ten armed
Aboriginal men and six Whites was then organised under de Villiers which also did not produce the woman. The rumour of the White woman was proved false, but the results for the Gunai were devastating. Tyers estimated that the two punitive groups killed at least 50 Aboriginal people and wounded many more.
1231:
Mountain in the
Macleay region. It was reported as a double murder mystery. Local Aboriginal Left-Handed Billy solved the case by stating that there was a Native Police camp at Nulla Nulla and these two people were some of its victims. Billy offered to take the authorities and show them the other places where people were shot.
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Commissioner for Crown Lands, who would then seek out and capture or destroy the dissident groups and individuals. In addition to Native Police, the
Commissioner also had the troopers of the Border Police and NSW Mounted Police as well as armed volunteer settlers at his disposal to conduct punitive raids on Aboriginal people.
84:, which later evolved into the Queensland Native Police force. This force massacred thousands of Aboriginal people under the official euphemism of "dispersal", and is regarded as one of the most conspicuous examples of genocidal policy in colonial Australia. It existed until around 1915, when the last Native Police camps in
1694:. The role of Commandant of the Native Police was abolished and the title of Lieutenant was replaced with Inspector. Although these changes to the Native Police appeared to give the force a more civilian role, in reality it remained an instrument of enforcing imperial control in the colony. The new Commissioner,
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gunfight. An orphaned child was taken after the skirmish and delivered to local Towal Creek squatter John Warne to look after. The native police involved in such raids used to strip naked and would wear red headbands to distinguish them from the "wild blacks", so as to prevent shooting each other by mistake.
2233:, that the Native police shot "over 100 blacks" from 1883 to 1885 on that pastoral lease alone. Frank Hann, his property manager Jack Watson and Frank Shadforth on the neighbouring Lilydale station also shot large numbers of Aboriginal people in this region themselves. A visitor to Lawn Hill described how
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police troopers went out after the murderers. Again another battle ensued and in the end there were a great number of dead and wounded
Dunghutti. The creek where this occurred was named Waterloo Creek (halfway between Dyke River and Georges Creek) as a result of the carnage. Four prisoners were taken.
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from New Zealand also being employed. In 1930, the Native Police subdued a riot amongst the Chinese workers which saw one trooper killed and 18 labourers injured. During World War II many troopers remained loyal to the British and conducted espionage operations while Nauru was under Japanese control.
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in the far north. Aboriginal people in this area had murdered at least eight men. When the Native police encountered about 300 attacking Aboriginal people, a sharp engagement occurred, killing five troopers. In 1894, the Aboriginal head man responsible for the murder of Bill Baird was captured. After
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to conduct a thorough research report into the condition of Aboriginal people in the colony. Meston recommended the often discussed proposal of segregating Aboriginal people from White society and forcibly detaining them on isolated reserves. This report was largely accepted by the government and led
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people attacked a Native Police camp which resulted in the death of a Native Police officer. Sub-Inspector Marcus Beresford was also beaten to death and several of his troopers wounded. A massacre perpetrated by the Native Police were afterwards conducted, but in the following year the Kalkadoon were
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barracks as "wives". Inspector Marlow, who had replaced Inspector Powell at Bowen in 1863, continued his work of "clearing the blacks" off the land after returning from this foundation expedition to Townsville. Earlier on in that year, Marlow had also provided a Native Police escort for the voyage of
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In addition to the official government Native Police response, there were at least three other private militias formed in the Dawson River area to conduct wholesale killings of Aboriginal people. The first was the private native police formed by ex-commandant Frederick Walker. This group consisted of
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being brutally suppressed, the military response was merciless. Officer W. D. T. Powell was the first Native Police officer to arrive and immediately tracked down and killed at least eight Aboriginal people. Multiple punitive missions conducted in the subsequent months under Powell, Carr and Moorhead
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under the command of the local Commissioner for Crown Lands. The need for native troopers in this region was soon deemed superfluous and the government dissolved this detachment in 1857. However, the Murrumbidgee was still utilised as a recruitment area for troopers to fight in Queensland with Lieut.
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Walker found most of the squatters in the region thought the Native Police existed to shoot down the natives so they would not have to. Walker advocated a method of "bringing in" the Aboriginal people, allowing them onto pastoral stations, where they could obtain a lawful means of a livelihood. Those
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in 1813. He proved to be a valuable asset to the government there in tracking down bushrangers. He later became a renegade and was himself tracked down and shot in the groin by another Hawkesbury aboriginal named Teague. Teague was sent by Hawkesbury settler Edward Luttrell to capture Musquito on the
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Both Aboriginal and European offenders were brought to justice by these men, but on the Eyre Peninsula the Aboriginal people were largely ineffectual as they were in unfamiliar territory, while on the Murray the majority of the troopers abandoned the force to work on nearby farms and did not return.
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dispersed a large number of Aboriginal people following the killing of pastoralist Edmund Watson, with Urquhart being speared in the leg during this operation. In the rainforest areas of far north eastern coast, the dispersals also continued. Naturalist Robert Grant observed a number of massacres by
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pursued murder charges against Nichols and his troopers. While the seven troopers were kept in prison on remand for some time, the charges against Nichols were quickly thrown out due to a lack of evidence. Nichols was dismissed from the force, and some detachments of Native Police were disbanded and
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The size of the Native Police expanded further in 1854 to 10 Divisions. Commandant Walker was suspended from duty in September and the inquiry, to be held in Brisbane, was set for December. The inquiry was closed to the public and the report was kept secret for two years and even then only fragments
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Nulla Nulla barracks appears to have closed in 1865 when Henry Sauer bought the property and turned it into a dairy farm. In 1885, 36.4 hectares of the property was gazetted as an Aboriginal Reserve. In 1902 the skeletons of a woman and child with shot holes in their skulls were found on Taylors Arm
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man called Doughboy who had murdered a sawyer named Dan Page. In 1860, Poulden was soon called out again to capture Aboriginal criminals who had laid siege to Mrs McMaugh at Nulla Nulla Creek. Poulden and his six troopers tracked them up Five Day Creek to the ranges where several were killed after a
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that ‘uncivilized men’ enlisted ‘in defence of order’ would ‘become the victims of their own zeal’. It was disbanded briefly in January 1838 but reorganised in April of the same year with their new headquarters in Jolimont where the MCG carpark is now situated. Due to funding problems, the force was
63:
The Aboriginal men within the Native Police were routinely recruited from areas that were very distant from the locations in which they were deployed. This would ensure they would have little familiarity with the local people they were employed to shoot and would also reduce desertions. However, due
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with the Native Police and armed volunteers of locals and Australian officials being mobilised. This force, using sub-machine guns and other firearms, opened fire on the Chinese workers killing two and wounding sixteen. Around 50 of the workers were arrested and two of these were bayoneted to death
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in New South Wales. Sub-Inspector W. R. O. Hill described one of these patrols. Hill saw one of Aboriginal troopers named Vick carrying a four-year-old son of an aboriginal man who "had been deservedly shot". The boy spat in the eye of the trooper who then killed the boy by smashing his head into a
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Not long after this, at the request of prominent station manager John Vaughan McMaugh, the Belgrave Flat Native Police barracks was moved to Nulla Nulla station near Bellbrook. After some cedar cutters were hacked to death and others had their skulls smashed in during an ambush, stockmen and native
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Morisset was given warrants for the arrest of some Aboriginal people who worked as shearers at Newton Boyd. After arriving in the area on a borrowed horse, he wanted to capture them while they were working in the wool shed. When they saw they police they ran, with two being shot and three captured.
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was attacked by local Aboriginal people. A Chinese workman named Ah Leong was killed and Mary, her baby and another workman named Ah Sam escaped in a large iron boiling pot which was quickly improvised into a makeshift raft. It was assumed that the three were later killed by Aboriginal people from
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and sub-Inspector E. B. Kennedy. This unit of Native Police conducted around four dispersals on this journey resulting in the deaths of at least 24 Aboriginal men. An unknown number of women and children were killed but it is recorded that 15 females were abducted by the troopers and taken back to
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In evidence given at the 1861 Select Committee report on the Native Police, Lieutenant Carr gave many other examples of shootings of Aboriginal people in the area. Likewise, in the still unconquered Pine Rivers region just north of Brisbane, Lieut. Williams' patrol was attacked by around 300 Ningi
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working peacefully on this pastoral station were subsequently killed. As a result of this, Dempster was suspended for 3 months. It appears that neither Johnson nor Dempster faced any legal repercussions. Sgt. Skelton also led a number of dispersals across the Dawson River area and down to Ukabulla
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had been abducted by a Gunai clan. Outraged sensibility among the colonists demanded both the rescue of the supposed damsel and the wholesale punishment of the natives involved. A special Native Police mission was organised in September 1846 under HEP Dana that failed to produce the White woman. A
68:
in some units was high. As the troopers were Aboriginal, this benefited the colonists by minimising both the troopers' wages and the potential for Aboriginal revenge attacks against White people. It also increased the efficiency of the force as the Aboriginal troopers possessed incredible tracking
51:
troopers under the command of White officers appointed by colonial governments. These units existed in various forms in colonial Australia during the nineteenth and, in some cases, into the twentieth centuries. From temporary base camps and barracks, Native Police were primarily used to patrol the
2017:
A journalist in Cooktown recalled how Douglas' troopers would make notches on the stocks of their rifles for every person they killed in the "nigger raids". One had 25 notches of which nine were added in a week. In an example of another massacre, Stanhope O'Connor and his troopers killed about 30
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Cecil Hill's brother, W. R. O. Hill, was also a Native Police officer and in 1867 he and his troopers were accused of killing up to ten Aboriginal people. In the same year, Native Police under the command Inspector Frederick Wheeler together with a number of armed pastoralists, perpetrated a very
1358:
With increased attacks around this time and reports of discharged troopers conducting armed robberies around the region, squatters began to call for an immediate re-strengthening of the Native Police. A select committee inquiry into improving the Native Police was implemented and in late 1856 the
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provided assistance with this dispersal by attaching his own private native troopers to the corps. This augmented party killed 14 Aboriginal people. In revenge, these Aboriginal people then attacked Elliot's new pastoral run at Nine Mile on the Fitzroy River, killing one person and wounding three
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In 1863, Senior Constable Nugent took control of the Native Police at Nulla Nulla. In September 1864, he and his troopers were involved in a mission that ranged from Georges Creek, Lagoon Creek and then up Five Day Creek to Moy Buck Mountain. When the Aboriginal camp was discovered the Aboriginal
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John Murray returning to the area as late as 1865 to enlist local Aboriginal men. In 1864, Murray visited the region bringing with him the remaining four living troopers from Walker's first recruitment in 1848. After 15 years service, one of them was lucky enough to be reunited with his father in
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involving the forces being split into 3 groups to surround and engage Aboriginal people residing in the estuary area. The Native Police Corps then continued upstream along the river. The brutality of these Gippsland Aboriginal men is demonstrated by the Protector Thomas being able to describe how
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era, they were also used to patrol goldfields and search for escaped prisoners. They were provided with uniforms, firearms, food rations and a rather dubious salary. However, the lure of the goldfields, poor salary and Dana's eventual death in 1852 led to the official disintegration of his Native
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massacres committed by the Queensland Native Police in close cooperation with settlers antagonistic to the presence of Aboriginal people on or near their runs. Continued newspaper focus on incidents, an increasingly influential social criticism, and the shifting of the colonial frontier into the
1507:
The Native Police operated in Queensland was the longest-operating force of its kind in colonial Australian history. It was arguably also the most controversial. Its mode of operation cannot by any standard be classified as "law enforcement". From the period 1859 onward to the 1890s there are no
1446:
Another government inquiry in Sydney was ordered in July 1858 which concluded with the recommendation that "there is no alternative but to carry matters through with a strong hand and punish with necessary severity all future outrages". New officers were appointed including Frederick Wheeler and
464:
During its existence, there were three main areas of activity of this corps: Portland Bay, Murray River, and Gippsland. Divisions of the Native Police would be deployed to these areas in the winter of each year until 1852 and spend the rest of the year mostly garrisoned at the Narre Narre Warren
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station 2nd Lieut. Ross with local squatter Boulton carried out several punitive missions killing at least 10 Aboriginal people. Trooper desertions continued to be a problem in this area and containment of aboriginal resistance was problematic. A large attack on Eurombah station resulted in the
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were shot at along the way and the boat seized. The force landed on the west coast of the island where the divisions split up to scour the region. During the night a group of Aboriginal men attempted to surprise Marshall's section resulting in two Aboriginal men being shot. Bad weather hampered
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In 1851, Commandant Walker with his newly appointed officers Richard Purvis Marshall, George Fulford, Doolan and Skelton conducted wide-ranging and frequent operations resulting in many dispersals and summary killings. Dispersals of large numbers of Aborigines occurred at Dalgangal, Mary River,
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area, Charles Hansen and Andrew Zillman, experimented with allocating rations to displaced Aboriginal people instead of shooting them. They found that the trial was a success with an almost complete reduction in the spearing of cattle and settler casualties. Leading officials of the Queensland
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in August 1855 with an escort of 35 people including four Native Police troopers and four "Burnett boys". Once arrived, he obtained the protective services of a local Fitzroy River clan led by "King Harold" which Archer utilised to "restrain the outside blacks". In July 1856, Richard E. Palmer
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was promoted to Commandant but was soon discharged from the position after complaining of the trooper reductions. With the force in a weakened state, aboriginal resistance became more bold. In September 1855, in retaliation against two previous dispersals and for the stealing of women, Gangulu
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The mid-1860s was a period of great expansion of European colonisation into the coastal and inland areas of north-eastern Australia. All these areas were inhabited by local Indigenous communities and the restructured, re-enhanced Native Police had a major role in the elimination of Aboriginal
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detachment in Queensland. Seymour recognised the importance of the Native Police in the colonisation of Aboriginal lands, and was focused on improving and expanding its capabilities. Seymour remained in the commanding role of the Native Police for thirty years, a period in which around 20,000
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and shot a large number of Aboriginal people with the aid of a man named Johnson who was the superintendent of the property. Johnson also shot dead a White storeperson in a "friendly fire" incident during this dispersal. Dempster, having fallen sick, then allowed Johnson to take charge of his
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was appointed to the 4th Division, Lieut. Blandford to the 3rd Division and Sergeants Skelton, Pincolt and Richard A. Dempster were also appointed as officers in charge of other divisions. The Traylan barracks on the Burnett River near the now-abandoned site of Ceratodus, north of present-day
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By 1890, atrocities by the Native Police were coming under increased scrutiny from members of the public and the press. A. J. Vogan's novel 'Black Police', published in that year, was closely based on incidents that Vogan said he saw or investigated in 1888–1889. The book included stories of
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but this was manned by only several veteran troopers. This barracks finally closed in 1929. Native police still officially had a role in Queensland until at least the 1960s with unarmed troopers being assigned to maintain control in Aboriginal isolation and detention facilities such as the
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After about a year, Billibellary resigned from the Native Police Corps when he found that it was to be used to capture and kill other natives. He did his best from then on to undermine the corps and as a result many native troopers deserted and few remained longer than three or four years.
2009:, Aulaire Morisset, George Townsend, Lionel Tower, Tom Coward and Stanhope O'Connor amongst others, conducted regular "dispersals" throughout the 1870s at these sites. In an 1876 first-hand description of one of these Native Police dispersals, Palmer River prospector Arthur Ashwin writes:
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The main duty of the Native Police was to be deployed to areas around the Port Phillip region where Aboriginal resistance to European colonisation was unable to be controlled by armed settlers. Once in these areas, the troopers and their officers were placed under the command of the local
2555:
Eventually, F. J. Gillen, Telegraph Stationmaster and Justice of the Peace at Alice Springs, received instructions from the Government to investigate the matter and report to the Attorney-General. Gillen found Willshire responsible for ordering the killings. At the conclusion of Gillen's
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By the late 1850s the jurisdiction of the native troopers had transferred from the Crown Lands department to the Native Police proper, with E. M. Lockyer and A. T. Perry being appointed 2nd Lieutenants for the Lower Darling and Albert districts respectively. Perry and his troopers, while
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In October 1837, Christian Ludolph Johannes de Villiers was appointed to command the first official Native Police troopers from their station at Nerre Nerre Warren, in spite of warnings against the use of native police from the House of Commons Select Committee on Aborigines based on the
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in South Australia in 1844. Likewise, South Australian police forces at the same time were used to investigate the rape of an aboriginal boy named Syntax near Portland. The officer involved found that when the boy tried to shoot a man named Robertson, he was shot by the Native Police.
2143:. Sub-Inspector Kaye was speared through the heart and killed in a desperate defensive action by an Aboriginal man. Many Indigenous people were killed following this incident. Some fled the shootings by going to another town in Gilberton and sought protection with the police there.
1923:, to which he emphatically denied. Johnstone also prevented a number of Aboriginal people near the Whyandot station from helping shepherds lambing. Johnstone and his troopers allegedly committed numerous massacres at various places along the coast following the killing of Whites at
2407:, made some unique recordings of the operations of the Native Police based at Turn Off Lagoon. From 1895 to 1899, Oscar produced a number of drawings depicting Native Police troopers shooting tribal Aboriginal people either as they were running away or as they were tied to trees.
955:
people). It was not until late December 1851 that the force was ready to search Fraser Island. Walker, Marshall, Doolan with their three divisions of troopers, together with local landholders the Leith Hay brothers and Mr Wilmot set out down the Mary River aboard Captain Currie's
894:
where the "Fitzroy Downs blacks" were routed and another group were "compelled to fly" from the area. One of these skirmishes was described as a dawn raid on an Aboriginal encampment where around 100 native people were killed and two Native Police troopers were fatally injured.
99:. The colonial Western Australian government also initiated a formal Native Police force in 1840 under the command of John Nicol Drummond. Other privately funded native police systems were also occasionally used in Australia, such as the native constabulary organised by the
1248:. This force was involved in arresting European sly-grog sellers. At the same time, Commissioner for Crown Lands for the Albert District, G. M. Perry, had organised another six Native Police troopers based at Moorana, an administrative town that used to exist just west of
189:, a letter congratulating him on his efforts. In this letter, Brisbane outlines his desire to give "rewards to the natives who assisted in the police" and advised Morisset that he had "directed £50 subject to detailed accounts of its expenditure" to be at his disposal.
3857:"No. LII. An Act for applying certain sums arising from the Revenue receivable in New South Wales, to the service thereof, for the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-nine; and for further appropriating the said Revenue. [Assented to, 16th June, 1848.]"
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was in a similar situation as the eastern colonies in that the regular Mounted Police force were proving expensive and increasingly ineffectual in subduing resisting Aboriginal people. This culminated in 1840 with the murders of a White woman and her child in York.
103:
in the 1830s. Native Police forces were also officially implemented in the Papua and New Guinea territories administered by colonial Queensland and Australian governments from 1890 until the 1970s. The Australian government also organised a Native Police force on
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tribes and was made up of 60 members, three-quarters of whom were "natives". There were two goals in such a force: to make use of the indigenous peoples' tracking abilities, as well as to assimilate the Aboriginal troopers into White society. Both La Trobe and
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previously used. From the early 1870s, the Native Police were becoming a more effective unit of law-enforcement, especially when considering the fact that they would sometimes come up against Aboriginal groups utilising more short-ranged weaponry like spears,
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while in custody. The Native Police trooper who bayoneted the prisoners was charged but later acquitted on grounds that the wounds were "accidentally received." The governments of the Soviet Union and China made official complaints against Australia at the
1757:
sent sub-Inspector Oscar Pescher and his troopers to conduct a series of reprisal raids in the district. Pescher's detachment was later reinforced by officers Blakeney and Bailey and their 12 troopers, the combined forces effecting a large massacre in the
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Toomcul, Goondiwindi and at various places along the Maranoa River. Governor Fitzroy noted in the 1851 end of year report that a great many blacks were killed, however no official action was taken to change the aggressive functioning of the Native Police.
630:
areas for a number of gold prospectors that had been murdered by the local Aboriginal people. The search team seized two Aboriginal informers, and when they tried to escape, they were shot by the native police. As late as the 1920s, native constables or
144:
are a closer comparison. Before the creation of the first official Native Police forces, there were some informal and privately funded examples of utilising Aboriginal men as enforcers of land claims by European settlers during European colonisation.
2351:
Many Native Police troops in this period were decommissioned or redeployed as unarmed trackers to work with regular police. Also, a considerable number of mission stations were utilised to assist in providing food for local Aboriginal populations.
837:
area, was appointed as the first Commandant of this Native Police force. Walker recruited 14 native troopers from four different language groups along the Murrumbidgee, Murray, and Edwards Rivers areas. These first troopers were Jack, Henry (both
2050:
also were discovered around this time and as in the north-east of the colony, Native Police barracks were soon constructed. In 1871, sub-Inspector Denis McCarthy and his unit shot dead 17 local Aboriginal people who had murdered Mr. Corbett near
1098:
imported both native and White troopers from Victoria to shoot Aboriginal people as a collective punishment. His force drove a camp of people, most of them older women and children, across the Edward River, fatally wounding 2 women and a child.
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In the southwest of the colony many additional dispersals of Aboriginal people in the 1870s occurred at the hands of the Native Police. After the killings of pastoralists such as Welford, Maloney and Dowling, Native Police based at places like
1527:
decrying the government's policies towards its Aboriginal inhabitants, in particular the use of Native Police. He ran a major campaign in the newspapers in 1880, culminating in December of that year with the publication of a pamphlet entitled
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became barracks for the Native Police. Ex-Commandant Walker wrote several letters to the Attorney General admonishing the murders of innocent Aboriginal people including that of Tommy Hippi, Tahiti and the massacre of Aboriginal people at a
2552:. In 1891, two Aboriginal men were 'shot whilst attempting to escape'. The deaths were noticed and the South Australian Register called for an Enquiry to establish whether or not police had been justified in killing the two Aboriginal men.
486:
at the Crawford River, Mt Eckersley, Victoria Range and at Mt Zero. Upon return to Melbourne one of the troopers stated about an incident in which 17 Aboriginal men had been killed by the corps. One of the Native Police troopers stated
1367:, Francis Allman, Evan Williams, Frederick Carr and Charles Phibbs were appointed. In May 1857, the vacant position of Commandant was filled by E. N. V. Morisset and the headquarters of the Native Police was shifted from Traylan to
1689:
In 1864, all sections of police enforcement in Queensland underwent a major restructuring. Administration of the police, including that of the paramilitary Native Police, became centralised in Brisbane under the command of the
1239:
During this period the Lower Darling district extended from near the confluence of the Murrumbidgee with the Murray, up to the Darling and north to near the confluence of the Warrego. The Albert region was the area west of the
2159:. Sub-Inspector Hervey Fitzgerald led a series of reprisal raids in which "tenfold vengeance has been exacted". It was later discovered that Mrs Watson, her baby and Ah Sam had drifted onto a nearby island and died of thirst.
1260:, Perry had the ring leader tied to a tree and shot dead as an example in "keeping the blacks quiet". It appears that the Native Police units were dissolved in the Lower Darling and Albert Districts by the early 1860s.
562:. The closeness of the Border Police and the Native Police is demonstrated by officer Windredge who was employed in both forces in Gippsland. In 1845 and 1846, Tyers led extensive punitive raids with his forces around
1089:
As Walker's force originated in this area, native troopers from outside this region were utilised to punish Aboriginal resistance in the Murrumbidgee. For instance, in 1852, after the murder of an American worker at
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had 40 pairs of ears taken from Aboriginal people shot in reprisals and nailed them to the walls of his residence. Hann himself was wounded in a violent encounter on Lawn Hill station with the Aboriginal outlaw,
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on 10 May 1849, the force checked the aggressions of the local Aboriginal people, and when trying to capture six Aboriginal men charged with murder, there were "some lives lost". They were then deployed to the
2302:, opted to expand the funding of the rationing experiment. As a result, the Native Police budget was dramatically reduced with only 45 troopers and a handful of officers being employed in 1895. 1895 also saw
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where the first Aboriginal attack occurred 100 miles below Fort Bourke at a place called Moanna, resulting in at least 5 natives being killed by the troopers. In 1849 he mobilised his force north beyond the
1268:
Lieutenant Perry occasionally sent several native troopers into the Upper Darling areas to accompany official expeditions into the area. A police station was established at Tintinalogy between Menindee and
331:
which was a corps of mounted soldiers that since 1825 operated as the main enforcers of colonial rule in frontier areas. Officials looked at cheaper alternatives and came up with two solutions. One was the
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replaced with normal police units. The operations of the Native Police, however, still continued relatively unabated for the rest of the 1880s with the force receiving more modern weaponry in the form of
1244:. (By the late 1870s this had changed significantly). In late 1853, Stephen Cole, the Commissioner for Crown Lands for the Lower Darling district had organised six troopers for his Native Police based in
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barracks at Belgrave Flat near Belgrave Falls just west of Kempsey. In 1859, 2nd Lieut. Richard Bedford Poulden (sometimes written as Poulding) was deployed to Belgrave Flat with his troopers from the
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massacre of October 1884 is widely regarded as the turning point of the Native Police from which a gradual reduction in the force began. Sub-Inspector William Nichols, who was involved in the earlier
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deaths of six station workers. Officers Ross, Powell and E. N. V. Morisset led subsequent deadly punitive raids. Ross was suspended due to neglect of duty for allowing the Eurombah attack to occur.
8360:
Refer to Wilson, W. R. A Force Apart, PhD Thesis, NT University 2000 and The Establishment of, and Operations by The Northern Territory Native Police 1884–1891, Journal of NT History, No 7, 1996
2355:
In 1893, a very large group consisting of 20 Native Police troopers led by sub-Inspector Charles Savage, together were sent to investigate the murders of Charles Bruce and Captain Rowe near the
2183:. This dispersal came to be known as the conflict of Battle Mountain. Urquhart and his troopers stayed in the area on continuous patrol killing more Aboriginal people for a further nine weeks.
1414:
station resulted in the death of eleven settlers. This was, at the time, the largest loss of life suffering by European settlers in conflicts on the Australian frontier and with the concurrent
502:
Although 1843 appears to be the year of the largest casualties from the corps in this region, operations in other years up to 1847 resulted in further mass fatalities namely at Lake Learmonth,
983:
The year 1852 saw further recruitment and expansion of the Native Police to eight divisions. Forty-eight new troopers were signed up mostly from the northern inland rivers of NSW. Lieutenant
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The force appears to have had a limited role in frontier conflict as much of the violence during the period of colonisation had already subsided in the regions in which they were stationed.
1069:. Two men accompanying them were killed by Aboriginal people and as a consequence, the 1st Division of Native Police under Commandant Walker was sent into the area. Additionally, Lieutenant
821:
looming, a new source of cheap and effective troopers were required to subdue resistance along the ever-extending frontier. The need was especially apparent in the north as conflict between
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barracks. He led a patrol to Irvinebank which resulted in two Aboriginal males being captured and shot dead, followed by the slaughter of an old man, two women and child. The government of
1632:, and together they conducted a number of shooting patrols. The Queensland Governor estimated that up to 300 Aboriginal people were indiscriminately killed in these retaliative operations.
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opened up, causing a massive influx of prospectors and miners. Native Police camps were quickly established in these areas to punish unreservedly any Aboriginal resistance. Sub-Inspectors
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947:. Three Native Police officers, Commissioner Bidwill and squatter Edmund B. Uhr were present, issuing warrants against a number of Aboriginal men accused of murder and felony. The nearby
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investigation, Willshire was suspended, arrested and charged with murder. He became the first Northern Territory police officer charged with this offence. He was subsequently acquitted.
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accompanied this force and partook in their actions. Officers Bligh and Moorhead at the same time patrolled the stations adjoining the scrubs in the region. Gwambegwine and Kinnoul near
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In 1881 there were reports of some notable incidents of murder. In February, sub-Inspector George Dyas was speared and clubbed to death by Aboriginal people near the isolated town of
256:
and Jemmy Jackass would track down the runaways, disable them with spears or firearms, strip them and return them to the soldiers for payment of blankets, tobacco, clothing and corn.
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1680:
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indicated he was willing to underwrite the costs in 1842. A significant factor in the restoration of the force was the successful capture of five Tasmanian aboriginal people near
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In 1857 it was abolished as a distinct corps, although a few Aboriginal constables continued to be employed from time to time at certain remote police stations. Also, Aboriginal
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later conducting operations in that region. The Queensland government budget for the force in 1862 was £14,541 which allowed for 17 officers, 11 NCOs, 7 cadets and 134 troopers.
56:
against Aboriginal people. The Native Police proved to be a brutally destructive instrument in the disintegration and dispossession of Indigenous Australians. Armed with rifles,
4956:"Reuss & Browne's map of New South Wales and part of Queensland shewing the relative positions of the pastoral runs, squattages, districts, counties, towns, reserves &c"
2501:: 3 constables and 2 horses. The six officers were all European, while the twenty-three constables were all Aboriginal, all being issued with standard police arms and uniforms.
2067:
at least 100 local tribespeople were allegedly shot down by the detachment of sub-Inspector Moran. In 1876, two detachments of Native police under the command of Sub-Inspectors
421:, expected that the men would give up their traditional way of life when exposed to the discipline of police work. To their disappointment, troopers continued to participate in
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Report from the Select Committee on the Native Police Force and the Condition of the Aborigines Generally together with the proceedings of the Committee and minutes of evidence
2765:
Report from the Select Committee on the Native Police Force and the Condition of the Aborigines Generally together with the proceedings of the Committee and minutes of evidence
1865:
expand the operations of the Native Police. Not only were the numbers of troopers and officers increased but their weaponry also became more modernised. Long range, large bore
6843:
1915:
Also that year, allegations that Johnstone conducted massacres along the coast north of Cardwell during reprisal raids for the killing of the captain of a shipwrecked vessel
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they killed one man, two women and six children, returning with fragments of their flesh to eat, or returning with the mummified severed hands of the defeated as trophies.
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region, which was suffering from Aboriginal raids. On 24 December 1860, Lieutenant Wheeler and six of his Aboriginal troopers went to John Hardies' out station located at
456:
Other more minor duties of the native police included searching for missing persons, carrying messages, and escorting dignitaries through unfamiliar territory. During the
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area was slowing pastoral expansion. As a result, the NSW government passed legislation in 1848 to fund a new section of Native Police based upon the Port Phillip model.
2434:
and a large investigation ensued. The officer in charge, constable John Hoole was acquitted of any wrongdoing but was transferred and soon after forced into retirement.
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south of Callandoon. Native Police were also employed tracking down Chinese coolie labourers who had run away from the stations of powerful squatter capitalists such as
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region. He thought this was a "retrograde step" as he viewed the Aboriginal problem is this area as minor. But under pressure from powerful squatters in the area like
2097:, often assisted by stockmen. For example, sub-Inspector Armstrong dispersed a camp in the Cheviot Range, sub-Inspector Gilmour did likewise near the future towns of
465:
barracks. Winter was chosen as the period of active duty as the target Aboriginal people were more sedentary in the colder periods and therefore much easier to find.
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manager, Thomas Perry, this unit shot a large number of Aboriginal people in that region. Indiscriminate dispersals also followed the spearing of Harry Shadforth at
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1206:. In addition to performing patrolling duties, he also came for the purpose of recruiting more troopers. In 1859 he conducted a raid on Aboriginal people living at
1050:
described the operations of Lieutenants Marshall and John Murray along the Burnett River as "taking and shooting hosts of murderers, never stopping, never tiring".
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and Lyndon Poingdestre attacked a large number of Aboriginal people displaying "determined resistance" at Creen Creek after they had attacked a telegraph station.
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3796:"No. 27. " An Act further to restrain the unauthorised " occupation of Crown Lands, and to provide " the means of defraying the expense of a "Border Police.""
8668:, chapter in 'Passionate Histories: Myth, memory and Indigenous Australia' Aboriginal History Monograph 21, September 2010. Edited by Frances Peters-Little,
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in 1897. Constables Richard Alford and Timothy Lyne were in charge of these troopers at this time. An Aboriginal boy named Oscar who was kidnapped from the
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and shot dead three Aboriginal males. The subsequent newspaper coverage pushed the Queensland Government into organising an inquiry into the Native Police.
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ranking over a group of 11 other Aboriginal men in a paramilitary force that was to be sent to Tasmania to fight against the Aboriginal people there in the
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organised a large combined force of 17 troopers under Phibbs, Carr and G. P. M. Murray with a month's rations to scour the Upper Dawson area. The explorer
1186:. Squatters in the area had recently placed official requests for a section to be garrisoned on the Macleay. The Native Police camp was located at the old
272:
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After the dismissal of Frederick Walker, the force entered a period of poor funding and uncertainty. Many troopers either deserted or were discharged.
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Native police were called upon to take part in operations in the Victorian Western District in 1843. Operations in this year included attacks upon the
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and into the river in broad daylight. Bligh received a special ceremony and a commemorative sword from the citizens of that town for his exploits.
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in whatever method he deemed appropriate and a massacre of Aboriginal people conducted by the police and armed stockholders at Bootenal swamp near
1351:. Powell went first to this area and constructed a Native Police barracks. This was the first habitable dwelling erected by European colonists in
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8003:
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The Native Mounted Police expanded in the early 1880s. By 1882 Commissioner Seymour had 184 officers and troopers in this force at his disposal.
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3512:
1765:
In December 1864, an Aboriginal Native police officer under the command of sub-Inspector Thomas Coward's unit killed eight Aboriginal people at
1749:, Inspector Cecil Hill was assassinated in a surprise revenge attack. Hill was the first Native Police officer in Australia to be killed in the
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4878:
3308:
3824:
2474:." The little corps, under the command of Mounted Police Corporal John Cusack (1809–1887), sailed for Port Lincoln on the government schooner
52:
often vast geographical areas along the colonial frontier in order to conduct raids against aboriginals or tribes that had broken the law and
8795:
5702:
Queensland. Parliament. Legislative Assembly. Select Committee on Native Police Force and the Condition of the Aborigines Generally. (1861),
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Queensland. Parliament. Legislative Assembly. Select Committee on Native Police Force and the Condition of the Aborigines Generally. (1861),
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established a Native Police Force. Six Aboriginal men were recruited in November 1884. Aged between 17 and 26 years of age, they came from
2512:
were employed as needed, but were not sworn police constables. In 1884 a native police scheme was revived by the South Australia Police in
3576:
8661:, eds Bain Attwood and S. G. Foster. National Museum of Australia, Canberra, 2003, pp. 63–75 'Frontier Conflict' Dec. 2001 14 pages.
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2466:. Later that year a newspaper reported, "A dozen powerful natives, chiefly of the Moorundee tribe , have been selected to be sent to the
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being shot dead. A traveller at the time described how some Aboriginal "refugees" of these upper Dawson River conflicts had encamped at
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tree. Although Hill flogged the trooper as punishment, as Hill stated, it showed "the savage instinct will come out in the aboriginal."
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2255:
region in the late 1880s. He obtained two Aboriginal children after one of these massacres, one of which was a boy who he took back to
3977:
The Wallabadah manuscript : the early history of the northern districts of New South Wales : recollections of the early days
3443:
2283:
3386:
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over this incident. The Native Police was eventually replaced with a civilian police force once Nauru became self-governing in 1966.
1809:, aided by the detachments of sub-Inspectors John Bacey Isley and Ferdinand Tompson, also continued his punitive missions around the
491:"Captain say big one stupid catch them very good shoot them, you blackfellows, no shoot them me hand cuff you and send you to jail."
8604:
Dillon, Paul, Inside the Killing Fields Hornet Bank, Cullin-la-Ringo & The Maria Wreck, Connor Court Publishing, Brisbane 2020.
2549:
1978:. In 1875, sub-Inspector H. M. Chester even managed to lead his troops in a number of pillaging raids of native villages along the
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from German control in late 1914. The Germans had set up their own Native Police force on the island with the troopers being from
2430:
were shown the remains of four local Aboriginal men shot dead by Native Police in a surprise attack. Reports reached Commissioner
635:
as they by then were called, aided White officers and stockmen in massacres of Aboriginal people. A famous example of this is the
495:
With reduced reports of attacks in the Western District following two years of policing, two new troopers were signed up from the
228:
also used armed Aboriginal men from the Sydney region such as Pigeon and Tommy to assist in his roving parties to capture or kill
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1138:
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where an ex-trooper named Priam and a number of others were shot dead. Dempster then traveled to Ogilvie's Wachoo station near
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5367:. Vol. 8, no. 52. Queensland. 30 December 1882. p. 5 (The Capricornian ILLUSTRATED CHRISTMAS SUPPLEMENT 1882.)
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3984:
3419:
3058:
2747:
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In 1854, Sub Lieut. Dempster who was initially stationed as a sergeant at Grafton with Morisset was ordered to travel to the
8601:
Dillon, Paul, The Murder of John Francis Dowling and the Massacre of 300 Aborigines, Connor Court Publishing, Brisbane 2019.
6070:
The black police of Queensland : reminiscences of official work and personal adventures in the early days of the colony
7590:
4426:"Rivers of blood : massacres of the Northern Rivers Aborigines and their resistance to the White occupation 1838–1870"
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1651:
Elsewhere in the colony, Lieutenant Wheeler and his detachment of Native police killed eight innocent Aboriginal people at
1565:. Their wailing for their dead kept him awake at night and many had gunshot wounds, some being crippled by their injuries.
2225:
Examples of the further conflict include reports by sub-Inspector James Lamond, based at the Carl Creek barracks near the
2548:, Undoolya and Macumba. The Native Police became notorious for their violent activities, especially under the command of
1798:
1616:' newly formed pastoral station, resulting in the deaths of nineteen white settlers. One of the survivors, cricketer and
1070:
1011:
984:
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and swords, they were also deployed to escort surveying groups, gold convoys and groups of pastoralists and prospectors.
2116:
In 1876, two officers in the force were charged with murder. In the first case, Sub-Inspector John Carroll stationed at
8820:
3861:
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3617:
1745:
In May 1865, after leading a shooting raid upon a camp of Aboriginal people at Pearl Creek near the modern day town of
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3544:
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2242:. In this shoot-out, Flick killed Native Police sub-Inspector Alfred Wavell before dying of wounds himself. Near the
1962:, who had previously murdered many Aboriginal people as a drover, led his troopers in massacres against the mainland
973:
522:
The Native Police deployed to this region operated over a large area that included forays across the Murray into the
95:
set up a short-lived Native Police force in 1852, which was re-established in 1884 and deployed into what is now the
7978:
7508:
4439:
1769:, while sub-Inspector Reginald Uhr with the aid of his troopers and local pastoralists killed a large number around
581:
around Boisdale and on the MacAllister River. There was a large punitive operation in late 1846 at the mouth of the
1187:
1141:
he relented even though the section did not have enough horses. Morisset and his 12 troopers were stationed on the
1134:
814:
551:
375:
333:
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who commanded the exterminating operations of the Native Police for thirty years, replaced with the more moderate
813:
From 1839 the main frontier policing force in this colony were divisions of mounted convict soldiers known as the
550:
began in 1843 with the appointment of Commissioner Tyers to the region. Tyers had command of a permanent force of
319:, employed at least one Aboriginal constable who captured murderers and gangs of armed bushrangers in the region.
8130:
6156:. Vol. IV, no. 179. Queensland, Australia. 21 April 1864. p. 1 (Maryborough Chronicle, SUPPLEMENT)
1932:
1774:
1439:
1081:, felt so unsafe that he established the camp in an area close to the coast, two miles away from any freshwater.
288:
284:
224:
promise of a whaleboat as payment. Teague never received the boat and Musquito was hanged in 1825. In the 1830s,
100:
2387:, the last operational barracks in this region was at Turn Off Lagoon near to where the modern-day community of
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Walker returned to Deniliquin in July 1850 to recruit 30 new troopers in order to enable an expansion into the
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2482:. It was confidently expected they would be usefully employed in protection of the settlers in that district.
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custodianship of the land. For example, in April 1864 the first surveying group to assess the future site of
1211:
154:
17:
1667:, the lands commissioner for the Leichhardt district, utilised two detachments of Native Police. Lieutenant
8825:
7971:
Vogan, A. J. (Arthur James); Vogan, A. J. (Arthur James), 1859–1948. Slave map of modern Australia (1890),
2600:
In 1948, Chinese guano mining workers went on strike over pay and conditions. The Administrator for Nauru,
1928:
1722:
1717:
1664:
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6212:. No. 37. Queensland, Australia. 20 December 1864. p. 1 (Supplement to the Rockhampton Bulletin)
1588:. In a separate incident, Bligh also chased and shot dead some Aboriginal people along the main street of
4871:
3488:
Large Variety of Duties of the Native Police – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)
2647:
2597:
After the war, the island and its Native Police returned to being under Anglo-Australian administration.
2490:
2463:
2059:, sub-Inspector Eglinton pursued a number of Aboriginal people following the killing of four drovers. At
1501:
1452:
1146:
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At the same time, more regular combined Native and Border Police operations resulted in mass killings of
396:, the headquarters was at the Aboriginal Protectorate Station at Nerre Nerre Warren, near to present day
349:
6889:
1975:
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to ensure a strong garrison at the fledgling settlement there. The surveyor sent to mark out Gladstone,
988:
Eidsvold, was established while the other major barracks, besides Callandoon, was at Wondai Gumbal near
8598:
Dillon, Paul, Frederick Walker Commandant of the Native Police, Connor Court Publishing, Brisbane 2018.
3336:"Salutary Lessons: Native Police and the 'Civilising' Role of Legalised Violence in Colonial Australia"
2740:
Invasion and resistance : Aboriginal-European relations on the North Queensland frontier 1861–1897
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still able to kill the well-known pastoralist James Powell at Calton Hills. In response, sub-Inspector
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1420:
1384:
1364:
1344:
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3404:
When the Wattles Bloom Again: The Life and Times of William Barak, Last Chief of the Yarra Yarra Tribe
1046:, Frederick Keen, Samuel Crummer, Francis Nicoll and Frederick Walker's brother Robert G. Walker. The
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had obtained a million acre land acquisition. In the early 1830s, the superintendent of the company,
186:
3596:
Western District Clashes Imposing Peace – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)
3472:
1553:, a two-hour stand up battle between Lieutenant Carr's Native Police and the "Dawson blacks" led by
6742:
6667:
4435:
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4026:. Vol. XXXII, no. 4708. 16 June 1852. p. 1 (Supplement to the Sydney Morning Herald)
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Dana's Native Police Corps (1842–1853) – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)
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1998:
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1010:(also near Surat) where Mandandanji leader Bussamarai was killed. Collisions also occurred between
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292:
264:
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at Cape Bedford. Very soon after committing this mass-killing, O'Connor and his unit were sent to
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region. With these fresh reinforcements, he created four divisions of Native Police, one based at
392:
was selected to command the corps in 1842. Except for a brief period where the corps was based at
6892:
Gold to grass : the reminiscences of Arthur C. Ashwin, 1850–1930, prospector and pastoralist
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2113:. Other officers such as Cheeke, Dunne and Stafford led further missions throughout this decade.
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The disbanding of the Native Police – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)
1773:. The Aboriginal Native police, under the command of Officer Rogers shot six in self defence at
509:
The Native Police based at Portland Bay were ordered to conduct operations across the border at
8774:, an online exhibition of images and transcripts of documents at Public Record Office Victoria.
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2572:. These quickly changed allegiance to the British and were utilised maintaining order over the
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2047:
1862:
1814:
1695:
1683:
1652:
1359:
control of the Native Police was transferred from the Inspector General of Police in Sydney to
997:
916:
790:
636:
48:
5593:) between March and December 1880 and in the form of a pamphlet. see also L. E. Skinner, pp27
5505:. Vol. CXL, no. 4, 541 (METROPOLITAN ed.). Victoria. 18 January 1936. p. 4
1905:
8648:
RACE RELATIONS IN COLONIAL QUEENSLAND: A HISTORY OF EXCLUSION, EXPLOITATION AND EXTERMINATION
8635:
Dillon, Paul, Kanaka Boats is A-Comin’ Pacific Island Labourers in Queensland by Paul Dillon
3459:
2637:
2485:
The Native Police were soon extended, the strength in 1856 being:- Murray District (based at
2388:
2361:
2294:
2226:
2163:
1874:
1830:
1826:
1573:
1368:
1360:
1335:
1324:
1299:
1103:
1074:
1047:
992:. Sgt. Dempster was responsible for several large scale dispersals in 1852. The first was at
834:
818:
757:
738:
555:
401:
371:
337:
229:
182:
129:
73:
8782:
A series of articles and letters Reprinted from the 'Queenslander' (Brisbane, December 1880)
7074:"How unearthing Queensland's 'native police' camps gives us a window onto colonial violence"
5526:"1858 Report from the Select Committee on the Murders by the Aborigines on the Dawson River"
2105:. Sub-Inspectors Gough and Kaye led a lengthy mission of dispersals from Bluff Station near
1729:. Marlow's troopers here also "dispersed" and "rather cut up" some local Aboriginal people.
366:
again dissolved in 1839. These issues delayed reformation of the corps until Superintendent
8403:
8297:"NO. 5.— STRENGTH OF THE NATIVE POLICE FORCE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ON THE 31ST DECEMBER. 1855"
8151:
8078:
7738:
7447:
7419:
7335:
7251:
6937:
6645:
6589:
6533:
6477:
4341:
3439:
2431:
2400:
2344:
2311:
2287:
2200:
2156:
2038:
region, sub-Inspector Robert Little was regularly dispersing groups of native inhabitants.
2023:
2019:
1920:
1802:
1778:
1766:
1726:
1562:
1493:
1411:
1395:
1129:
In 1853, Walker reluctantly deployed the 5th Section of the Native Police under 2nd Lieut.
908:
341:
241:
220:
77:
53:
8621:
Dillon, Paul, Fraser Island Massacre Vrai ou Faux, Connor Court Publishing, Brisbane 2022.
3383:
2280:
eventually had some effect on changing the Queensland government's policy of "dispersal".
72:
The first government-funded force was the Native Police Corps, established in 1837 in the
8:
8830:
7594:. Vol. VII, no. 437. Northern Territory, Australia. 25 February 1882. p. 3
7223:
7195:
7167:
6870:
6232:
5942:
4257:
3744:
2652:
2632:
2462:
formed the South Australian Native Police Force in 1852 at the specific direction of the
2396:
2324:
2196:
2140:
2098:
2094:
1983:
1955:
1899:
1838:
1609:
1569:
1419:
killed at least 70 Aboriginal people. These shootings were blatantly indiscriminate with
1363:
who was the Government Resident in Brisbane. New officers such as Moorhead, Thomas Ross,
600:
397:
296:
4513:"1858 Report from the select committee on murders by the aborigines on the Dawson River"
943:
On 18 February 1851, a meeting of magistrates was held at the newly established town of
8764:
6965:
6180:
5629:"'Wholesale massacre': Carl Feilberg exposed the ugly truth of the Australian frontier"
4685:
4285:
4229:
3355:
2793:
2622:
2605:
2509:
2380:
2277:
2273:
2252:
2117:
2064:
2056:
1948:
1790:
1154:
This resulted in a government inquiry. The other significant punitive raid occurred in
1054:
632:
559:
125:
96:
7648:. Vol. XII, no. 611. New South Wales, Australia. 9 September 1884. p. 3
5946:. Vol. XII, no. 787. New South Wales, Australia. 30 November 1861. p. 3
1711:
left Bowen with the armed protection of eight troopers under the command of Inspector
1568:
In 1860, a number of settlers sent letters requesting Lieutenant Wheeler's aid in the
8748:
8687:
8636:
8625:
8608:
8570:
8567:
IN THE NAME OF THE LAW: William Willshire and the policing of the Australian Frontier
8342:
8216:
8203:
7993:
7948:
7835:
7822:
7797:
7713:
7700:
7391:
6908:
6895:
6798:
6686:
6673:
6397:
5598:
4430:
4369:
3993:
3980:
3574:
Western District Clashes – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)
3540:
3415:
3407:
3359:
3175:
2934:
2901:
2871:
2846:
2800:
2743:
2715:
2687:
2569:
2513:
2365:
2247:
2219:
2176:
2086:
1940:
1810:
1584:
and Rudolph Morisset indiscriminately shot "station blacks" on properties around the
1428:
1423:
reporting shooting down three unarmed Aboriginal women while they were running away.
1119:
1002:
952:
595:
1801:
and Charles Blakeney headed sweeping destructive raids on the local people north of
1410:
Not long after, on 27 October 1857, a combined Aboriginal offensive on neighbouring
69:
skills, which were indispensable in the often poorly charted and difficult terrain.
8517:
8339:
Out of the silence : the history and memory of South Australia's frontier wars
7920:
7892:
7864:
7766:
7672:
7618:
7534:
7279:
7049:
7021:
6890:
Ashwin, Arthur C. (Arthur Cranbrook); Bridge, Peter J. (Peter John), 1943– (2002),
6617:
6561:
6449:
5501:
5391:
5363:
3772:
3347:
3095:
2459:
2438:
2315:
2110:
1794:
1759:
1523:
1517:
1065:. Squatters Holt and Hay pursued an overland path to the taking up of lands toward
367:
7952:. Vol. XIII, no. 17. New South Wales, Australia. 6 June 1931. p. 17
7199:. Vol. I, no. 116 (HOME ed.). Adelaide. 5 December 1923. p. 11
5974:. Vol. XVI, no. 1208. Queensland, Australia. 23 December 1861. p. 3
5282:
4108:. Vol. VII, no. 327. Queensland, Australia. 18 September 1852. p. 2
3351:
3054:
1698:, took up the position after resigning from the role of commanding officer of the
1375:. However, even with this reorganisation, strong indigenous resistance continued.
8650:, third edition Brisbane 1993 (first edition publ. Sydney, 1975), 456 pages, ill.
7538:. Vol. XXXI, no. 816. Victoria, Australia. 19 November 1881. p. 24
6565:. Vol. LXI, no. 10, 47. Queensland, Australia. 4 August 1899. p. 7
5918:. Vol. XVII, no. 1453. Queensland, Australia. 4 October 1862. p. 2
4205:. Vol. XI, no. 934. New South Wales, Australia. 15 June 1853. p. 4
3710:
3602:
3580:
3534:
3516:
3494:
3390:
2589:
2525:
2392:
2256:
2204:
1861:
moved further into the north and the west of the colony, so too did Commissioner
1825:
and his troopers massacred around 60–100 native people in series of raids around
1585:
1383:
After an aboriginal ambush at Miriam Vale near Gladstone, it was determined that
1331:
1320:
1207:
1078:
1027:
912:
891:
886:
882:
670:
607:
area. This situation gave Drummond complete freedom to subdue the natives around
563:
92:
91:
Native Police were also utilised by other Australian colonies. The government of
81:
8026:. Vol. VII, no. 38. Queensland, Australia. 13 October 1897. p. 19
6100:. Vol. XVII, no. 1585. Queensland, Australia. 12 March 1863. p. 3
4179:. Vol. XXXIV, no. 4987. 11 May 1853. p. 2 (Supplement to the SMH)
3748:. Vol. XLV, no. 8, 576. Western Australia. 14 December 1929. p. 5
2593:
400:
about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south-east of Melbourne. The force made use of
327:
In the late 1830s, the NSW government found it was having trouble financing the
322:
32:
8555:
GOOD MEN AND TRUE: THE ABORIGINAL POLICE OF THE PORT PHILLIP DISTRICT 1837–1853
7924:. Vol. XLII, no. 8089. Queensland, Australia. 19 July 1889. p. 6
7868:. Vol. 15, no. 45. Queensland, Australia. 9 November 1889. p. 27
7676:. Vol. 10, no. 43. Queensland, Australia. 25 October 1884. p. 22
7227:. Vol. I, no. 12 (HOME ed.). Adelaide. 6 August 1923. p. 10
6128:. Vol. IV, no. 214. Queensland, Australia. 9 November 1864. p. 2
6002:. Vol. XVII, no. 1368. Queensland, Australia. 27 June 1862. p. 2
4054:. Vol. XIII, no. 7336. Victoria, Australia. 15 August 1850. p. 2
2795:
Good Men and True: The Aboriginal Police of the Port Phillip District 1837–1853
2610:
2479:
2471:
2450:
gave a description of these native police on his visit to Palm Island in 1957.
2002:
1866:
1732:
1660:
1073:
and the 3rd Division with the troopers of Sgt. Doolan were deployed by ship to
920:
666:
619:
312:
245:
216:
141:
8618:
Dillon, Paul, The Irvinebank Massacre, Connor Court Publishing, Brisbane 2021.
8146:
8101:
8073:
8045:
7943:
7896:. Vol. XLII, no. 8039. Queensland, Australia. 20 May 1889. p. 6
7641:
7529:
7386:
7358:
7302:
7218:
7190:
7162:
7134:
6988:
6960:
6932:
6765:
6737:
6668:
Johnstone, Robert Arthur; Johnstone-Need, J. W. (James Walter), 1906– (1984),
6336:
6308:
6280:
6147:
6119:
6021:
5937:
5810:
5496:
4929:
4819:
4790:
4764:
4626:
4486:
4252:
4045:
3856:
3795:
3704:
Gippsland Clashes – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)
3309:"Proposal for the regulations for the formation of an Aboriginal Police Corps"
3223:
3195:
2985:
271:. The detachment was to be headed by the commissary officer at Port Macquarie
8789:
8581:
OUT OF THE SILENCE: The history and memory of South Australia's frontier wars
8512:
8454:
8426:
8398:
8370:
8296:
8268:
8240:
8017:
7915:
7887:
7859:
7816:
7761:
7667:
7613:
7557:
7274:
7044:
7016:
6612:
6584:
6556:
6500:
6444:
6416:
6364:
6252:
6203:
6175:
5782:
5754:
5674:
5582:
5551:
5440:
5414:
5386:
5358:
5302:
5253:
5225:
5197:
5169:
5141:
5113:
5085:
5029:
5001:
4973:
4903:
4845:
4736:
4708:
4680:
4652:
4598:
4460:
4373:. Vol. IX, no. 211. Ballarat, Victoria. 3 September 1864. p. 4
4364:
4308:
4280:
4224:
4170:
4127:
4073:
4017:
3912:
3767:
3739:
3674:
2541:
2419:
2260:
2243:
2209:
2151:
2035:
1971:
1902:
and surrounding islets, in response to the alleged murders of two fishermen.
1613:
1512:
1485:
1456:
1241:
1203:
1179:
948:
877:
826:
510:
389:
153:
Armed Aboriginal men were used to capture runaway convicts in the region and
7733:
7585:
6640:
6528:
6472:
6091:
5993:
5965:
5909:
5866:
5838:
5726:
5648:
5468:
5421:. Vol. XVI, no. 1205. Victoria. 28 July 1856. p. 3 (EVENING.)
5330:
5057:
4955:
4538:
4336:
4101:
3884:
2128:
8669:
7442:
7414:
7330:
7246:
7025:. Vol. 5, no. 24. Queensland, Australia. 14 June 1879. p. 15
5633:
4852:. Vol. XXI, no. 2559. New South Wales. 11 October 1864. p. 3
4198:
2498:
2467:
2384:
2364:
station in 1896, the Native Police found many of the local tribe dead from
2328:
2299:
2263:, the notable Aboriginal who fought for the British Empire in World War I.
2147:
2090:
1994:
1936:
1818:
1699:
1558:
1277:
1155:
902:
847:
822:
623:
604:
578:
433:
299:
still employed black constables, but their duties may have been limited to
174:
8175:
6670:
Spinifex and wattle : reminiscences of pioneering in North Queensland
5206:. Vol. XCIII, no. 26, 972. Adelaide. 26 January 1928. p. 10
1935:, sub-Inspector George Nowlan led his troopers in a dispersal against the
1833:
sub-Inspector Frederick Murray also conducted several large "dispersals".
381:
275:, but the colonial authorities disbanded the unit before it was deployed.
8561:
On the Native Police in South Australia (Northern Territory) (1884–1891)
8493:(6 ( 1 Jan. 1949)), Sydney: Pacific Publications, 1949, nla.obj-330063007
7972:
7502:
4425:
4261:. Vol. III, no. 112. New South Wales. 12 August 1852. p. 9
3096:"Papers relating to Colonel and Mrs Emily Morisset, 1822-1838 Appendix A"
2520:, below), and the operations of this force were similar to the notorious
2427:
2356:
1858:
1806:
1770:
1712:
1656:
1640:
1605:
1536:
has played a big part in disseminating Feilberg's work in recent years.
1352:
1348:
1305:
1281:
1199:
1142:
1066:
1062:
1006:
924:
851:
843:
627:
582:
483:
479:
437:
393:
225:
133:
37:
7143:. Vol. II, no. 25. South Australia. 1 November 1876. p. 6
6774:. No. 3473. New South Wales, Australia. 2 September 1878. p. 2
6068:
1402:
8765:
Defending Victoria – Aboriginal People in the Victorian Colonial Forces
6993:
6184:. No. 4, 308. New South Wales, Australia. 2 August 1865. p. 8
4493:. Vol. 20, no. 59. New South Wales. 7 October 1922. p. 3
3825:"The Native Police at Callandoon, A Blueprint for Forced Assimilation?"
2601:
2521:
2447:
2339:
2230:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2106:
2102:
2031:
1987:
1963:
1708:
1663:, resulting in the deaths of thirteen Aboriginal males. In April 1861,
1427:
ten ex-Native Police troopers which conducted missions as far south as
1102:
By 1853, 12 troopers of Native Police were officially stationed in the
1091:
1058:
873:
674:
503:
496:
429:
422:
405:
202:
162:
137:
85:
8482:
7171:. No. 245. New South Wales, Australia. 25 August 1906. p. 10
5875:. Vol. XIV, no. 830. Queensland. 21 February 1860. p. 4
3280:
Accounts and Papers: Correspondence relative to emigration, NSW, Vol 6
3266:
Accounts and Papers, Correspondence relative to Emigration, NSW. Vol 6
3133:
3030:
1635:
1539:
1476:
1170:
197:
5791:. Vol. VI, no. 313. Queensland. 28 December 1860. p. 3
5703:
5339:. Vol. X, no. 503. Queensland. 29 September 1855. p. 2
2763:
2486:
2437:
By 1909, the only functional Native Police barracks remaining was at
2404:
2239:
2027:
1979:
1947:
schooner. The Ngaro who survived fled in canoes to the mainland near
1883:
1621:
1355:. It was on the south side of the river at the end of Albert Street.
1270:
1215:
1195:
1095:
1015:
885:
to conduct missions to police the out-stations. Once arriving on the
839:
547:
531:
268:
248:
penal settlements were regularly used to recapture escaped convicts.
178:
157:
sometimes appeared at public functions with a bodyguard of uniformed
65:
47:
were specialised mounted military units consisting of detachments of
6746:. No. 2895. Queensland, Australia. 21 September 1878. p. 3
3974:
2403:
area by Native Police and brought to work at Rocklands station near
2371:
2215:
2074:
506:, the Eumeralla area and at Captain Firebrace's Mt Vectis property.
6373:. No. 1005. Queensland, Australia. 26 December 1868. p. 2
5735:. Vol. XII, no. 644. Queensland. 24 April 1858. p. 2
5655:. Vol. XIV, no. 845. Queensland. 27 March 1860. p. 2
5066:. Vol. XII, no. 590. Queensland. 1 August 1857. p. 3
4547:. Vol. XVIII, no. 1688. Brisbane. 11 July 1863. p. 3
3970:
3968:
2954:
2410:
1967:
1927:
and during the 1873 North Queensland exploratory expedition led by
1849:
1746:
1378:
1023:
457:
409:
362:
249:
212:
206:
158:
116:
The general template for native police forces in Australia was the
64:
to the excessively violent nature of the work, the rate of trooper
57:
7303:"Charge of Murder against Inspector Wheeler, of the Native Police"
5763:. Vol. III, no. 144. Queensland. 29 June 1858. p. 3
5560:. Vol. VI, no. 377. Queensland. 9 August 1861. p. 3
5477:. Vol. XII, no. 630. Queensland. 6 March 1858. p. 2
923:, and one roving division. While Walker was away, the squatter at
8435:(HOME ed.). Western Australia. 22 September 1945. p. 11
8197:
7367:. No. 3081. Queensland, Australia. 6 October 1883. p. 2
5311:. Vol. I, no. 15. Queensland. 8 January 1856. p. 3
4345:. Vol. X, no. 1467. Tasmania. 14 August 1865. p. 2
3893:. Vol. III, no. 154. Queensland. 26 May 1849. p. 4
3252:
In the Service of the Company: Letters of Sir Edward Parry. Vol 2
1870:
1595:
1511:
Danish-born Australian journalist and Indigenous rights advocate
1465:
527:
253:
8607:
Dillon, Paul, Queensland Native Police, The First Twenty Years,
8336:
8177:"A Question of Necessity" : The Native Police in Queensland
7311:. No. 1104. Queensland, Australia. 29 April 1876. p. 3
6969:. No. 9, 875. Victoria, Australia. 10 March 1879. p. 4
5449:. Vol. I, no. 26. Queensland. 25 March 1856. p. 3
3965:
2945:, St Lucia Queensland 2008, 308 pages incl. ill. and appendixes.
1679:
374:
in 1840 by local Aboriginal men who were attached to a party of
7742:. Vol. XXXIX, no. 8, 377. 14 November 1884. p. 5
7395:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 2054. 12 February 1881. p. 8
6997:. No. 1, 156. Victoria, Australia. 7 March 1879. p. 3
6593:. No. 1502. Queensland, Australia. 9 March 1872. p. 2
6509:. No. 727. Queensland, Australia. 14 March 1867. p. 2
6394:
Professional savages : captive lives and western spectacle
5847:. Vol. XV, no. 1039. Brisbane. 4 June 1861. p. 2
5819:. Vol. I, no. 20. Queensland. 4 April 1861. p. 4
5395:. Vol. 29, no. 23. Queensland. 6 June 1903. p. 9
2585:
2577:
1782:
1554:
1550:
1460:
1108:
1019:
989:
961:
951:
was being used as a sanctuary for these Aboriginal people (the
569:
In late 1846 and early 1847, a rumour began that a shipwrecked
558:
augmented with a seasonal deployment of native police based at
535:
8200:
Edward Koiki Mabo : his life and struggle for land rights
7451:. Vol. XXXVI, no. 7, 417. 19 October 1881. p. 3
6537:. Vol. XXII, no. 3, 162. 29 November 1867. p. 3
6425:. No. 426. Queensland, Australia. 8 April 1865. p. 3
6345:. No. 56. Queensland, Australia. 24 April 1867. p. 2
6261:. No. 469. Queensland, Australia. 18 July 1865. p. 2
5122:. Vol. XXXIX, no. 6141. 10 February 1858. p. 11
4136:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 6057. 4 November 1857. p. 2
1604:
which occurred on 17 October 1861. Aboriginal people from the
1557:, resulted in Carr being wounded and Baulie and fifteen other
846:), Alladin, Paddy, Larry, Willy, Walter, Tommy Hindmarsh (all
108:
during its administration of the island from 1923 until 1968.
8684:
FRONTIER HISTORY REVISITED – QUEENSLAND AND THE 'HISTORY WAR'
8666:
THE COUNTRY HAS ANOTHER PAST: QUEENSLAND AND THE HISTORY WARS
7770:. Vol. XXVII, no. 489. 7 February 1885. p. 227
6649:. Vol. XXVII, no. 4, 638. 10 August 1872. p. 5
5262:. Vol. XXIII, no. 4109. 14 December 1859. p. 2
5150:. Vol. XXXIX, no. 6152. 23 February 1858. p. 3
4633:. No. 9712. New South Wales. 1 September 1950. p. 3
3726:
A Colonial Pioneer: The Life and Times of John Nicol Drummond
2581:
2565:
1879:
1500:, becoming a self-governing British colony in December 1859.
1038:
In 1853 several new Sub-Lieutenants were appointed including
523:
323:
Port Phillip District and surrounds (later known as Victoria)
300:
121:
117:
105:
8698:
THE SECRET WAR. A TRUE HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND'S NATIVE POLICE
8054:. Vol. XXXV, no. 5064. 16 December 1893. p. 3
6317:. No. . Queensland, Australia. 20 March 1867. p. 2
5234:. Vol. XXIII, no. 3839. 26 January 1859. p. 2
5038:. Vol. XVII, no. 2259. 12 December 1853. p. 3
4607:. Vol. XXXIII, no. 4806. 8 October 1852. p. 3
4317:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 5855. 10 March 1857. p. 5
4289:. No. 830. New South Wales. 8 September 1853. p. 2
3683:. Vol. XVI, no. 1979. 19 September 1843. p. 4
2943:
The Secret War. A True History of Queensland's Native Police
2375:
Drawing by Aboriginal boy Oscar of a Native Police dispersal
1737:
1733:
The killing of Inspector Cecil Hill and subsequent massacres
1302:, charged with the embezzlement of £100 and sent to Sydney.
7423:. Vol. XXXVI, no. 7, 345. 27 July 1881. p. 5
7255:. Vol. XXXIII, no. 3, 747. 22 May 1879. p. 3
7219:"(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.) THE STORY OF JOHN CONRICK, PIONEER"
5170:"REPORT ON THE ABORIGINES OF THE MURRAY AND LAKE DISTRICTS"
5094:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 5934. 13 June 1857. p. 4
4982:. Vol. XVII, no. 2205. 10 October 1853. p. 3
4233:. No. 908. New South Wales. 8 December 1853. p. 8
3941:"Letters Received Colonial Secretary from Frederick Walker"
3865:. No. 68. 27 June 1848. p. 26 (VICTORIAE REGINAE)
1889:
8719:
POLICE OF THE PASTORAL FRONTIER – NATIVE POLICE, 1849–1859
8593:
CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE: Queensland's frontier killing times
7622:. Vol. XXIII, no. 393. 7 April 1883. p. 548
7339:. Vol. XXXIV, no. 4, 072. 9 June 1880. p. 3
6066:
5178:. Vol. XXIII, no. 3909. 18 April 1859. p. 5
4936:. No. 1920. New South Wales. 22 March 1902. p. 9
4082:. Vol. XXIX, no. 4175. 3 October 1850. p. 7
2931:
People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days
2251:
the Native Police during his scientific expedition to the
1182:
with six troopers and set up a Native Police station near
8155:. No. 9, 317. Brisbane. 30 September 1902. p. 7
6481:. Vol. XXII, no. 3, 337. 9 June 1868. p. 3
3921:. Vol. XXVII, no. 4081. 15 June 1850. p. 3
3232:. New South Wales, Australia. 26 November 1926. p. 6
3204:. New South Wales, Australia. 12 November 1926. p. 3
2497:: 1 sergeant, 1 corporal, 7 constables, 8 horses; and at
2414:
Native Police detachment at Turn Off Lagoon barracks 1898
1951:
and were further pursued by Sgt Graham and his troopers.
8110:. Vol. XXXVI, no. 5446. 4 June 1896. p. 5
7817:
Creaghe, Emily Caroline; Monteath, Peter, 1961- (2004),
7364:
Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser
7308:
Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser
4850:
The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
4717:. Vol. XL, no. 6610. 15 August 1859. p. 2
4689:. No. 3041. New South Wales. 4 July 1861. p. 8
4203:
The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
3229:
Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser
3201:
Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser
2990:
Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser
2493:): 2 inspectors, 2 corporals, 13 constables, 16 horses;
1837:
large massacre of native people at Goulbulba Hills near
1471:
1194:
area in Queensland. Poulden was previously an Ensign in
903:
Expansion to Maranoa, Burnett, Dawson and Wide Bay areas
215:
was a Hawkesbury Aboriginal man who was exiled first to
8705:
FRONTIER JUSTICE. A History of the Gulf Country to 1900
8107:
Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald And General Advertiser
8051:
Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald And General Advertiser
7283:. Vol. XI, no. 60. 7 October 1876. p. 32
7135:"A SKIRMISH WITH ABORIGINES AT CREEN CREEK, QUEENSLAND"
6286:
Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald And General Advertiser
6027:
Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald And General Advertiser
5898:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 129–134.
5755:"THE NORTH AUSTRALIAN. IPSWICH, TUESDAY, JUNE 29, 1858"
2343:
Native Police with constables Bateman and Whiteford at
1894:
In 1872, in the far north of the colony sub-Inspectors
1530:
The Way We Civilise: Black and White: The Native Police
833:, a station manager and court official residing in the
240:
Up until at least the 1830s, Aboriginal men around the
7053:. Vol. VI, no. 284. 15 July 1871. p. 10
6621:. Vol. VII, no. 333. 22 June 1872. p. 9
6506:
Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser
6422:
Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser
6370:
Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser
6258:
Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser
6209:
Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser
6153:
Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser
6125:
Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser
5816:
Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser
5595:
Police of the Pastoral Frontier. Native Police 1849–59
5010:. Vol. XXXV, no. 5285. 4 May 1854. p. 5
4745:. Vol. XLI, no. 6839. 9 May 1860. p. 12
1468:
courthouse after they were found not guilty of crime.
1306:
Period of decline, Expansion to the Fitzroy River area
7275:"Serious Changes against an ex-Native Police Officer"
6289:. Vol. VI, no. 801. 20 July 1867. p. 3
6030:. Vol. IV, no. 481. 29 June 1865. p. 4
3334:
Nettelbeck, Amanda; Ryan, Lyndall (27 October 2017).
2584:
deposits. By the 1920s the troopers were mostly from
1234:
968:
872:
This force was consolidated and trained by Walker at
842:), Geegwaw, Jacky Jacky, Wygatta, Edward, Logan (all
8712:
UP RODE THE TROOPERS: The Black Police in Queensland
6941:. No. 2, 013. Brisbane. 1 April 1879. p. 3
6795:
Footprints Along the Cape York Sand BeachesPaperback
5788:
The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser
5760:
The North Australian, Ipswich And General Advertiser
5683:. Queensland, Australia. 19 February 1861. p. 4
5680:
The North Australian, Ipswich And General Advertiser
5557:
The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser
5523:
5446:
The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser
5308:
The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser
4491:
Casino and Kyogle Courier and North Coast Advertiser
1919:
were raised in parliament by the Queensland Premier
1898:
and Richard Crompton undertook a sweeping search of
111:
8542:On the Native Police Corps of Victoria (1842–1853)
7974:
The black police : a story of modern Australia
7819:
The diary of Emily Caroline Creaghe : explorer
4824:
The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate
4814:
4812:
4795:
The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate
4769:
The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate
2536:In 1884, the South Australian Police Commissioner,
8173:
8082:. No. 6757. Brisbane. 13 June 1894. p. 4
6453:. Vol. I, no. 23. 7 July 1866. p. 8
2792:
2259:and raised in Scottish tradition. This boy became
2179:, his troopers tracked down a group of around 150
1600:The violence of the early 1860s culminated in the
1488:criticising the use of Native Police in Queensland
566:, up the Avon River and down to the Lakes region.
8646:Evans, Raymond in Evans, Saunders, & Cronin:
8587:On Queensland's Native Police Force (1848–1897):
7694:
5419:Portland Guardian and Normanby General Advertiser
2929:Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, pp 87–90
2298:government, in particular the Colonial Secretary
2199:killings, was stationed with his troopers at the
1844:
1789:was leading killings of Aboriginal groups around
1674:
642:
425:and in ritual fighting, although not in uniform.
8787:
8728:, London, Hutchinson & Co., 1890, 392 pages.
8595:, Allan & Unwin Sydney 2013, 258 pages, ill.
6391:
5284:Forty-Five Years Experiences in North Queensland
4809:
3622:. Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia.
3340:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
2368:when they mistook the poison for baking powder.
2146:Later that same year Mary Watson, the wife of a
2041:
1379:Attacks at Miriam Vale, Eurombah and Hornet Bank
1292:
473:
8463:. Queensland, Australia. 2 July 1949. p. 1
7699:(Rev. and enl. ed.), Angus and Robertson,
7566:. No. 13, 641. 19 December 1881. p. 8
7500:
6230:
5581:editorials and articles authored and edited by
3975:Telfer, William; Milliss, Roger, 1934– (1980),
3224:"Early Days Of Port Stephens: A Runaway's Fate"
2334:
2266:
1347:and his troopers, to set up the first store at
8816:Law enforcement agencies of indigenous peoples
6868:
5910:"The Late Massacre of Blacks at the Cabulture"
4910:. New South Wales. 19 February 1902. p. 2
4661:. No. 13, 941. 4 December 1882. p. 1
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3333:
3292:
2564:Australian and British forces took command of
1596:The Cullin-la-ringo massacre and its aftermath
1532:which reprinted many of the pieces. Historian
1001:division and lead it to Yamboukal (modern-day
8806:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Australia
8726:THE BLACK POLICE: A STORY OF MODERN AUSTRALIA
6872:New Guinea: what I did and what I saw. Vol II
6051:
4599:"To the Editors of the Sydney Morning Herald"
4467:. New South Wales. 3 November 1914. p. 6
4423:
4253:"(To The Editor's of the Freeman's Journal.)"
3172:Place of Banishment, Port Macquarie 1818-1832
2162:In January 1883, near the mining township of
2123:
1703:Aboriginal people were killed by this force.
1061:and at Swanson's Yabba station at the top of
919:station, one at Wide Bay–Burnett, one in the
817:. However, in the late 1840s with the end of
348:were made from as early as 1837 when Captain
8659:Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience
8624:Dillon, Paul, Bêche-de-mer and the Binghis,
8569:, Kent Town SA 2007, 227 pages, illustrated
8221:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8198:Loos, Noel; Mabo, Edward, 1936–1992 (1996),
7998:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7840:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7718:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6913:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6691:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6148:"JOURNAL OF AN EXPEDITION TO BUCKINGHAM BAY"
6022:"FIRST REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF POLICE"
3998:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2992:. New South Wales. 30 August 1927. p. 6
2955:Robert Foster and Amanda Nettelbeck (2007).
2845:. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
2391:is now located. In 1896 after the murder of
2046:The Etheridge goldfields in the vicinity of
1976:crew of a ship were murdered by other people
1954:Further north at Somerset on the tip of the
1033:
622:was sent on a search expedition through the
8337:Foster, Robert; Nettelbeck, Amanda (2012),
7787:
7785:
6792:
6342:Mackay Mercury And South Kennedy Advertiser
6314:Mackay Mercury And South Kennedy Advertiser
4771:. New South Wales. 28 April 1928. p. 6
4567:"Correspondence from Frederick Walker 1854"
4393:"Correspondence from Frederick Walker 1853"
3424:
3378:
3376:
2643:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
1343:from Gladstone, escorted by sub-Lieutenant
235:
80:. From 1848 another force was organised in
8225:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8163:– via National Library of Australia.
8118:– via National Library of Australia.
8090:– via National Library of Australia.
8062:– via National Library of Australia.
8034:– via National Library of Australia.
8002:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7960:– via National Library of Australia.
7932:– via National Library of Australia.
7904:– via National Library of Australia.
7876:– via National Library of Australia.
7844:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7778:– via National Library of Australia.
7750:– via National Library of Australia.
7684:– via National Library of Australia.
7656:– via National Library of Australia.
7646:Glen Innes Examiner and General Advertiser
7630:– via National Library of Australia.
7602:– via National Library of Australia.
7574:– via National Library of Australia.
7546:– via National Library of Australia.
7507:, Royal Historical Society of Queensland,
7459:– via National Library of Australia.
7431:– via National Library of Australia.
7403:– via National Library of Australia.
7375:– via National Library of Australia.
7347:– via National Library of Australia.
7319:– via National Library of Australia.
7291:– via National Library of Australia.
7263:– via National Library of Australia.
7235:– via National Library of Australia.
7207:– via National Library of Australia.
7179:– via National Library of Australia.
7151:– via National Library of Australia.
7061:– via National Library of Australia.
7033:– via National Library of Australia.
7005:– via National Library of Australia.
6977:– via National Library of Australia.
6949:– via National Library of Australia.
6917:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6782:– via National Library of Australia.
6754:– via National Library of Australia.
6695:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6657:– via National Library of Australia.
6629:– via National Library of Australia.
6601:– via National Library of Australia.
6573:– via National Library of Australia.
6545:– via National Library of Australia.
6517:– via National Library of Australia.
6489:– via National Library of Australia.
6461:– via National Library of Australia.
6433:– via National Library of Australia.
6381:– via National Library of Australia.
6353:– via National Library of Australia.
6325:– via National Library of Australia.
6297:– via National Library of Australia.
6269:– via National Library of Australia.
6220:– via National Library of Australia.
6192:– via National Library of Australia.
6164:– via National Library of Australia.
6136:– via National Library of Australia.
6108:– via National Library of Australia.
6047:
6045:
6038:– via National Library of Australia.
6010:– via National Library of Australia.
5982:– via National Library of Australia.
5954:– via National Library of Australia.
5926:– via National Library of Australia.
5883:– via National Library of Australia.
5855:– via National Library of Australia.
5827:– via National Library of Australia.
5799:– via National Library of Australia.
5771:– via National Library of Australia.
5743:– via National Library of Australia.
5663:– via National Library of Australia.
5620:
5568:– via National Library of Australia.
5513:– via National Library of Australia.
5485:– via National Library of Australia.
5457:– via National Library of Australia.
5429:– via National Library of Australia.
5403:– via National Library of Australia.
5375:– via National Library of Australia.
5347:– via National Library of Australia.
5319:– via National Library of Australia.
5270:– via National Library of Australia.
5242:– via National Library of Australia.
5214:– via National Library of Australia.
5186:– via National Library of Australia.
5158:– via National Library of Australia.
5130:– via National Library of Australia.
5102:– via National Library of Australia.
5074:– via National Library of Australia.
5046:– via National Library of Australia.
5018:– via National Library of Australia.
4990:– via National Library of Australia.
4944:– via National Library of Australia.
4918:– via National Library of Australia.
4860:– via National Library of Australia.
4834:– via National Library of Australia.
4826:. New South Wales. 28 July 1928. p. 6
4805:– via National Library of Australia.
4797:. New South Wales. 14 July 1928. p. 6
4779:– via National Library of Australia.
4753:– via National Library of Australia.
4725:– via National Library of Australia.
4697:– via National Library of Australia.
4669:– via National Library of Australia.
4641:– via National Library of Australia.
4615:– via National Library of Australia.
4555:– via National Library of Australia.
4501:– via National Library of Australia.
4475:– via National Library of Australia.
4381:– via National Library of Australia.
4353:– via National Library of Australia.
4325:– via National Library of Australia.
4297:– via National Library of Australia.
4269:– via National Library of Australia.
4241:– via National Library of Australia.
4213:– via National Library of Australia.
4187:– via National Library of Australia.
4144:– via National Library of Australia.
4116:– via National Library of Australia.
4102:"To the Editor of the Moreton Bay Courier"
4090:– via National Library of Australia.
4062:– via National Library of Australia.
4034:– via National Library of Australia.
4002:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3929:– via National Library of Australia.
3901:– via National Library of Australia.
3873:– via National Library of Australia.
3812:– via National Library of Australia.
3784:– via National Library of Australia.
3756:– via National Library of Australia.
3691:– via National Library of Australia.
3240:– via National Library of Australia.
3212:– via National Library of Australia.
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2836:
2737:
2186:
2132:Skirmish with Native Police at Creen Creek
1777:, sub-Inspector Aubin doing likewise near
1659:and his Native police was attacked in the
1515:wrote many articles and editorials in the
1263:
128:. However, the more compact forces of the
3804:. No. 405. 6 April 1839. p. 393
3644:
3169:
3131:
2933:, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001
2891:
2889:
2887:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
1280:in Queensland conducted patrols down the
27:Colonial military force used in Australia
7782:
6712:"Narrative of the North East Expedition"
6056:. Brisbane: Lux Mundi. pp. 180–181.
5415:"OUTRAGE BY DISCHARGED NATIVE POLICEMEN"
3528:
3526:
3373:
2705:
2703:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2409:
2370:
2338:
2314:. Also in that year, Tozer commissioned
2282:
2246:in the extreme far north, sub-Inspector
2214:
2127:
2073:
1993:At this time the northern goldfields at
1904:
1890:Far North Queensland & Torres Strait
1848:
1736:
1678:
1634:
1538:
1475:
1438:
1401:
1276:As late as 1868, Native Police based at
1169:
1165:
1118:
972:
960:schooner. Aboriginal people in a stolen
861:
380:
352:proposed legislation for its formation.
196:
31:
8579:Robert Foster & Amanda Nettelbeck:
8565:Amanda Nettelbeck & Robert Foster:
7791:
6396:, University of New South Wales Press,
6042:
5597:, University of Queensland Press, 1975
4627:"History of Macleay And Early Pioneers"
4154:
3723:
3648:The Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina
2969:
2914:
2895:
2840:
2517:
185:, commandant of the colonial forces at
14:
8788:
8721:, Brisbane, St Lucia, 1975, 455 pages.
7071:
6176:"MASSACRE OF THE BLACKS IN QUEENSLAND"
3615:
3135:John Batmans diary from March 3rd 1830
3079:
3014:
2884:
2865:
2813:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2733:
2731:
2709:
1986:' journey to the uncolonised southern
1647:and Walter Compigne with Trooper Billy
344:. Requests for the establishment of a
8700:, St Lucia Queensland 2008, 308 pages
8521:. Brisbane. 5 October 1949. p. 4
8128:
7511:from the original on 18 December 2018
7482:from the original on 18 December 2018
7115:from the original on 16 December 2018
7084:from the original on 16 December 2018
6718:from the original on 16 December 2018
6709:
5626:
3776:. No. 9. 9 June 1927. p. 36
3532:
3523:
3154:
2712:The destruction of Aboriginal society
2700:
2670:
2531:
2293:In 1889, two police officials in the
1472:Formation of the colony of Queensland
857:
8679:(pamphlet, see external links below)
8483:"Chinese Lose Nauru and Manus Cases"
7591:Northern Territory Times and Gazette
7191:"THE STORY OF JOHN CONRICK, PIONEER"
5893:
5280:
4487:"Seventy-Five Years on the Richmond"
3979:, New South Wales University Press,
3626:from the original on 11 October 2017
3440:"Good Men and True. 1986 PhD Thesis"
3437:
3406:, Published by S. W. Wiencke, 1984,
3254:. ANU Press. 2003. pp. 196–197.
3116:
3052:
2790:
2478:on 29 December 1852, for service on
1434:
1202:, and was the great-grandson of the
650:Native Police (NSW and QLD division)
589:
192:
148:
8811:Indigenous counterinsurgency forces
7981:from the original on 6 January 2019
7072:Wallis, Lynley (4 September 2018).
6766:"Hunting up Aboriginal Desperadoes"
6067:Kennedy, E. B. (Edward B.) (1902),
5291:from the original on 30 April 2012.
4579:from the original on 24 August 2017
4405:from the original on 24 August 2017
3822:
3446:from the original on 25 August 2017
3061:from the original on 13 August 2017
2779:
2728:
468:
385:Native Police of Port Phillip, 1850
24:
8537:
8202:, University of Queensland Press,
8132:Thirty Years in Tropical Australia
7501:Hillier, Alan J (1 January 1994),
7469:
7443:"The Murder of Sub-inspector Kaye"
6237:. Melbourne: E. W. Cole. pp.
6231:Fetherstonhaugh, Cuthbert (1917).
5532:from the original on 4 August 2017
4519:from the original on 4 August 2017
3953:from the original on 8 August 2017
3862:New South Wales Government Gazette
3801:New South Wales Government Gazette
3655:from the original on 5 August 2012
2453:
2360:the murder of Donald MacKenzie at
2018:Aboriginal people to the north of
1943:after they hijacked and burnt the
1235:Lower Darling and Albert Districts
1114:
969:Consolidation of the Native Police
173:In 1824, at the conclusion of the
25:
8842:
8801:History of Indigenous Australians
8758:
7734:"ALLEGED SLAUGHTER OF ABORIGINES"
7247:"Native Police Duty in the North"
7102:
5675:"SHOOTING OF BLACKS AT FASSIFERN"
5627:Daley, Paul (21 September 2018).
4884:from the original on 9 March 2017
4442:from the original on 25 July 2018
3553:from the original on 30 July 2017
3315:from the original on 29 July 2017
2321:Aboriginal Protection Act of 1897
2155:the McIvor River to the north of
1022:and with Walker's forces and the
825:and Aboriginal people toward the
112:Early prototypes of native police
8796:History of Australia (1788–1850)
8550:, Port Melbourne 1993, 290 pages
8505:
8475:
8447:
8419:
8391:
8363:
8354:
8330:
8317:
8289:
8261:
8233:
8191:
8167:
8139:
8122:
8102:"The Murder of Donald Mackenzie"
8094:
8066:
8038:
8010:
7964:
7936:
7908:
7880:
7852:
7810:
7754:
7726:
7688:
7660:
7634:
7606:
7578:
7550:
7522:
7504:The native police under scrutiny
7494:
7463:
7435:
7407:
7379:
7351:
7323:
7295:
7267:
7239:
7211:
7183:
7155:
7127:
7096:
7065:
7037:
7009:
6981:
6953:
6925:
6883:
6875:. London: Sampson Low. pp.
6862:
6836:
6810:
6786:
6758:
6730:
6703:
6661:
6633:
6605:
6577:
6549:
6521:
6493:
6465:
6437:
6409:
6385:
6357:
6329:
6301:
6273:
6245:
6224:
6196:
6168:
6140:
6112:
6084:
6060:
6014:
5986:
5958:
5930:
5902:
5887:
5859:
5831:
5803:
5775:
5747:
5719:
5695:
5667:
5641:
5617:, Allan & Unwin Sydney 2013.
5572:
5544:
5517:
5489:
5461:
5433:
5407:
5379:
5351:
5323:
4539:"CLARENCE AND RICHMOND DISTRICT"
3701:Public Records Office Victoria,
3675:"MORE AGGRESSIONS BY THE BLACKS"
3593:Public Records Office Victoria,
3571:Public Records Office Victoria,
3507:Public Records Office Victoria,
3485:Public Records Office Victoria,
3382:Public Records Office Victoria,
3174:. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger.
2034:. In the late 1870s, around the
938:
703:Queensland Mounted Native Police
517:
355:
278:
8583:, Kent Town SA 2012, 233 pages.
7944:"THE END of a HUMAN EXPERIMENT"
6710:Dalrymple, George Elphinstone.
5387:"ROCKHAMPTON IN THE EARLY DAYS"
5295:
5274:
5254:"CAPTAIN CRAWFORD'S EXPEDITION"
5246:
5218:
5190:
5162:
5134:
5106:
5078:
5050:
5022:
4994:
4966:
4948:
4922:
4896:
4864:
4838:
4783:
4757:
4729:
4701:
4673:
4645:
4619:
4591:
4572:. State Library of Queensland.
4559:
4531:
4505:
4479:
4453:
4417:
4398:. State Library of Queensland.
4385:
4357:
4329:
4301:
4273:
4245:
4217:
4191:
4171:"WIDE BAY THE BURNETT DISTRICT"
4163:
4148:
4120:
4094:
4066:
4038:
4010:
3946:. State Library of Queensland.
3933:
3905:
3877:
3849:
3816:
3788:
3760:
3732:
3717:
3695:
3667:
3651:. M. L. Hutchinson, Melbourne.
3638:
3609:
3587:
3565:
3501:
3479:
3396:
3327:
3301:
3286:
3272:
3258:
3244:
3216:
3188:
3163:
3148:
3125:
3110:
3088:
3073:
3057:. Queensland Historical Atlas.
3046:
3023:
3008:
2978:
2963:
2948:
2843:Police of the Pastoral Frontier
2841:Skinner, Leslie Edward (1975).
1785:. Further north, sub-Inspector
1084:
289:Australian Agricultural Company
181:, Governor Brisbane sent Major
101:Australian Agricultural Company
8655:ACROSS THE QUEENSLAND FRONTIER
8135:. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
7642:"WHOLESALE MASSACRE OF BLACKS"
6933:"THE QUEENSLAND NATIVE POLICE"
6052:Orsted-Jensen, Robert (2011).
5287:. Brisbane: H. Pole & Co.
4872:"Kempsey Shire Heritage Study"
4465:Clarence and Richmond Examiner
3157:The State of the Colony of NSW
2859:
2799:. Melbourne University Press.
2755:
2628:First Nations Police (Ontario)
2308:Queensland Police Commissioner
1845:Further expansion in the 1870s
1741:Dispersal of Aboriginal people
1692:Queensland Police Commissioner
1675:1864 restructure of the police
1628:, Morehead and the Commandant
1449:George Poultney Malcolm Murray
798:Queensland Police Commissioner
787:Queensland Police Commissioner
643:New South Wales and Queensland
461:Police Corps in January 1853.
13:
1:
8277:. 30 December 1852. p. 2
8241:"THE FIRE IN GRENFELL-STREET"
8023:The North Queensland Register
7614:"The Murder of Mr. Beresford"
7140:The Illustrated Adelaide News
7105:"What are the frontier wars?"
3352:10.1080/03086534.2017.1390894
3019:. University of Hawaii Press.
3002:National Library of Australia
2986:"Early Days of Port Stephens"
2900:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
2663:
2042:West and Southwest Queensland
1293:Dismissal of Frederick Walker
474:Portland Bay-Western District
8735:, Melbourne 1981, 303 pages.
8557:, Melbourne 1988, 308 pages.
8379:. 21 January 1915. p. 8
8305:. 2 February 1856. p. 3
8249:. 2 December 1852. p. 3
7530:"THE LIZARD ISLAND MASSACRE"
4930:"THE TAYLOR'S ARM SKELETONS"
3539:. Aboriginal Studies Press.
3035:, Pacific Publications, 1931
2870:. Adelaide: Crawford House.
2335:Operations from 1890 to 1905
2267:Changing of policy from 1890
1929:George Elphinstone Dalrymple
1723:George Elphinstone Dalrymple
1665:George Elphinstone Dalrymple
546:Native Police operations in
541:
7:
8714:, St Lucia 1990, 211 pages.
8707:, St Lucia 2005, 316 pages.
8174:Richards, Jonathan (2005),
7586:"The Lizard Island Tragedy"
7558:"THE LIZARD ISLAND TRAGEDY"
7331:"The Aboriginal Commission"
7078:The Conversation, Australia
4461:"BLACKS AND EARLY DWELLERS"
3159:. Vol. 1. p. 117.
2791:Fels, Marie Hansen (1988).
2682:Richards, Jonathan (2008).
2648:United States Indian Police
2616:
2550:Constable William Willshire
2464:South Australian Government
2379:Toward the border with the
1131:Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset
1124:Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset
1094:, Sergeant O'Halloran from
1053:New barracks were built at
1044:Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset
802:William Edward Parry-Okeden
769:Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset
746:Inspector General of Police
735:Inspector General of Police
306:
168:
10:
8847:
8771:Tracking the Native Police
7695:Fysh, Hudson, Sir (1950),
7476:Wallis Heritage Consulting
6869:D'Albertis, Luigi (1880).
6844:"Thursday Island (Waiben)"
6054:Frontier History Revisited
5611:Frontier History Revisited
5524:NSW Legislative Assembly.
5030:"NAVIGATION OF THE MURRAY"
4974:"NAVIGATION OF THE MURRAY"
4737:"THE MACLEAY RIVER BLACKS"
4365:"COUNCIL OF CRESWICKSHIRE"
3714:. Accessed 2 November 2008
3616:Tolmer, Alexander (1882).
3606:. Accessed 2 November 2008
3584:. Accessed 2 November 2008
3498:, accessed 2 November 2008
3393:, accessed 2 November 2008
2418:While travelling near the
2124:Intense conflict 1880–1884
2026:to help in the capture of
1853:A section of Native Police
1451:and in August, Commandant
1365:Walter David Taylor Powell
8821:Pre-Separation Queensland
8731:Wright, Judith Arundell:
8460:Townsville Daily Bulletin
8407:. 10 May 1930. p. 10
8376:The Sydney Morning Herald
8302:South Australian Register
8274:South Australian Register
8246:South Australian Register
7563:The Sydney Morning Herald
6797:, Aboriginal Studies Pr,
6392:Poignant, Roslyn (2004),
5727:"The Moreton Bay Courier"
5609:; Ørsted-Jensen, Robert:
5259:South Australian Register
5231:South Australian Register
5175:South Australian Register
5147:The Sydney Morning Herald
5119:The Sydney Morning Herald
5091:The Sydney Morning Herald
5035:South Australian Register
5007:The Sydney Morning Herald
4979:South Australian Register
4904:"A DOUBLE MURDER MYSTERY"
4742:The Sydney Morning Herald
4714:The Sydney Morning Herald
4658:The Sydney Morning Herald
4604:The Sydney Morning Herald
4314:The Sydney Morning Herald
4176:The Sydney Morning Herald
4155:Collins, Patrick (2002).
4133:The Sydney Morning Herald
4079:The Sydney Morning Herald
4074:"ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE"
4023:The Sydney Morning Herald
3918:The Sydney Morning Herald
3680:The Sydney Morning Herald
3645:Beveridge, Peter (1889).
3515:28 September 2007 at the
3293:O'Sullivan, John (1979).
3268:. 1842. pp. 103–104.
3015:Kituai, A. I. K. (1998).
2896:Bottoms, Timothy (2013).
2079:Alexander Douglas-Douglas
2007:Alexander Douglas-Douglas
1725:to establish the town of
1618:Australian rules football
1498:colony of New South Wales
1034:Deployment to Port Curtis
797:
786:
775:
764:
753:
745:
734:
723:
712:
707:
697:
689:
681:
662:
654:
649:
526:region right down to the
447:
311:Also in the 1830s, Major
252:men such as Bob Barrett,
8745:ONLY KILLERS AND THIEVES
8717:Skinner, Leslie Edward:
8018:"HOW THE BLACKS ARE FED"
7762:"The Irvinebank Murders"
6743:The Daily Northern Argus
6672:, J. W. Johnstone-Need,
5497:"JUANDAH TO HORNET BANK"
4281:"WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7"
4051:The Melbourne Daily News
3709:4 September 2008 at the
3520:Accessed 2 November 2008
3170:McLachlan, Iaen (1988).
2658:White Woman of Gippsland
2592:with some local men and
2559:
1751:Australian frontier wars
1602:Cullin-la-ringo massacre
876:before traveling to the
265:non-commissioned officer
236:Newcastle/Port Macquarie
45:Australian native police
8682:Ørsted-Jensen, Robert:
8487:Pacific Islands Monthly
8129:White, Gilbert (1918).
8074:"Murder of Prospectors"
7359:"The Police Department"
7045:"Country News, by Mail"
5872:The Moreton Bay Courier
5732:The Moreton Bay Courier
5708:, Fairfax and Belbridge
5653:The Moreton Bay Courier
5474:The Moreton Bay Courier
5336:The Moreton Bay Courier
5331:"Domestic Intelligence"
5281:Hill, W. R. O. (1907).
5063:The Moreton Bay Courier
4765:"A Week on the Macleay"
4106:The Moreton Bay Courier
3890:The Moreton Bay Courier
3724:Pashley, A. R. (2002).
3032:Pacific Islands Monthly
2970:Pashley, A. R. (2002).
2866:Palmer, Alison (2000).
2768:, Fairfax and Belbridge
2714:. Canberra: ANU Press.
2538:William John Peterswald
2187:The Irvinebank massacre
1910:Robert Arthur Johnstone
1896:Robert Arthur Johnstone
1869:gradually replaced the
1821:of the colony, officer
1787:Robert Arthur Johnstone
1406:Native Police dispersal
1312:Richard Purvis Marshall
1264:Upper Darling and Paroo
929:Richard Purvis Marshall
728:Richard Purvis Marshall
534:in 1850. Swan Hill and
419:Protector of Aborigines
8548:BLACK LAND, WHITE LAND
7792:Roberts, Tony (2005).
6613:"LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY"
6585:"Murder Near Cardwell"
6097:The Courier (Brisbane)
5999:The Courier (Brisbane)
5994:"LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY"
5971:The Courier (Brisbane)
5915:The Courier (Brisbane)
5613:and Bottoms, Timothy:
5605:; Richards, Jonathan:
4424:Medcalf, Rory (1993),
4128:"PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS"
3619:Reminiscences, Vol. II
3601:16 August 2008 at the
3536:Scars in the Landscape
3493:28 August 2008 at the
3467:Cite journal requires
3098:. State Library of NSW
3080:Turbet, Peter (2011).
2957:In the Name of the Law
2415:
2376:
2348:
2319:to the passing of the
2304:David Thompson Seymour
2290:
2222:
2133:
2081:
2069:William Edington Armit
2015:
1912:
1875:double-barreled rifles
1863:David Thompson Seymour
1854:
1742:
1696:David Thompson Seymour
1686:
1684:David Thompson Seymour
1648:
1608:area, near modern-day
1546:
1489:
1484:(1880), a pamphlet by
1443:
1407:
1175:
1126:
980:
869:
819:convict transportation
791:David Thompson Seymour
637:Forrest River massacre
386:
340:of the colony, around
273:George James MacDonald
209:
205:and resistance leader
41:
8724:Vogan, Arthur James:
8427:"Two Heroes of Nauru"
8180:, Griffith University
7668:"MR. POWELL'S MURDER"
6848:Queensland Government
6822:Queensland Government
5894:Reid, Gordon (1982).
5615:Conspiracy of Silence
4791:"Peeps into the Past"
3579:27 March 2011 at the
3295:Mounted Police in NSW
3155:Bigge, J. T. (1822).
2898:Conspiracy of Silence
2710:Rowley, C.D. (1970).
2638:History of Queensland
2580:labourers mining the
2413:
2374:
2342:
2286:
2218:
2131:
2077:
2011:
1908:
1852:
1740:
1682:
1638:
1542:
1479:
1442:
1405:
1361:John Clements Wickham
1174:Native Police trooper
1173:
1166:Kempsey/Macleay River
1122:
1104:Murrumbidgee District
1048:Sydney Morning Herald
976:
865:
758:John Clements Wickham
739:William Colburn Mayne
384:
338:Port Phillip District
230:indigenous Tasmanians
200:
183:James Thomas Morisset
74:Port Phillip District
35:
8739:Fictional depiction
8733:THE CRY FOR THE DEAD
8696:Richards, Jonathan:
8553:Fels, Marie Hansen:
8404:The Brisbane Courier
7916:"NORTHERN MAIL NEWS"
7739:The Brisbane Courier
7448:The Brisbane Courier
7420:The Brisbane Courier
7336:The Brisbane Courier
7252:The Brisbane Courier
7017:"NORTHERN MAIL NEWS"
6961:"MASSACRE OF BLACKS"
6793:Nonie Sharp (2000),
6738:"(From the Courier)"
6646:The Brisbane Courier
6590:Rockhampton Bulletin
6534:The Brisbane Courier
6478:The Brisbane Courier
5142:"LOWER MURRUMBIDGEE"
5114:"LOWER MURRUMBIDGEE"
4309:"LOWER MURRUMBIDGEE"
3438:Fels, M. H. (1986).
3402:Shirley W. Wiencke,
3117:Lowe, David (1994).
3084:. pp. 163, 268.
3053:Richards, Jonathan.
2432:William Parry-Okeden
2347:barracks around 1898
2312:William Parry-Okeden
2288:William Parry-Okeden
2095:punitive expeditions
1921:Arthur Hunter Palmer
1823:Wentworth D'Arcy Uhr
1817:areas. While in the
1630:John O'Connell Bligh
1582:John O'Connell Bligh
1544:John O'Connell Bligh
1494:colony of Queensland
1160:John O'Connell Bligh
1040:John O'Connell Bligh
780:John O'Connell Bligh
315:a magistrate in the
54:punitive expeditions
36:Native Police unit,
8826:Paramilitary police
8779:The Way We Civilise
8677:THE WAY WE CIVILISE
8513:"Nauru, New Guinea"
8341:, Wakefield Press,
8046:"Outrage by Blacks"
6894:, Hesperian Press,
6641:"CRUELTY TO BLACKS"
6529:"The Native Police"
5839:"THE NATIVE POLICE"
5811:"THE NATIVE POLICE"
5783:"CORONER'S INQUEST"
5585:and printed in the
5579:The Way We Civilize
5552:"THE NATIVE POLICE"
5441:"THE NATIVE POLICE"
3885:"COLONIAL EXTRACTS"
3837:on 12 February 2014
3745:The West Australian
3740:"BLAZING THE TRAIL"
3533:Clark, Ian (1995).
3282:. 1842. p. 86.
2742:, Boolarong Press,
2738:Loos, Noel (2017),
2653:Victorian gold rush
2633:History of Victoria
2470:district to act as
2426:and anthropologist
2397:Wollogorang Station
2325:Cape York Peninsula
2306:, the long serving
1956:Cape York Peninsula
1900:Hinchinbrook Island
1496:separated from the
1482:The Way We Civilise
754:Government Resident
749:John McLerie (1856)
601:John Nicol Drummond
594:In the late 1830s,
346:Native Police Corps
136:and the Kaffir and
8591:Bottoms, Timothy:
8529:– via Trove.
8471:– via Trove.
8443:– via Trove.
8415:– via Trove.
8387:– via Trove.
8313:– via Trove.
8285:– via Trove.
8257:– via Trove.
8147:"Aboriginals Shot"
7860:"JOE FLICK AT BAY"
7821:, Corkwood Press,
7472:"Woolgar Massacre"
6966:Geelong Advertiser
6850:. 26 November 2014
6824:. 26 November 2014
6281:"THE BLACK POLICE"
6092:"KENNEDY DISTRICT"
5691:– via Trove.
5198:"GOLD ESCORT DAYS"
4820:"The Days of Yore"
4157:Goodbye Bussamarai
3389:1 May 2007 at the
3082:The First Frontier
3017:My Gun, My Brother
2972:A Colonial Pioneer
2959:. Wakefield Press.
2623:Aboriginal tracker
2606:state of emergency
2532:Northern Territory
2518:Northern Territory
2416:
2381:Northern Territory
2377:
2349:
2291:
2278:British New Guinea
2274:Northern Territory
2253:Atherton Tableland
2223:
2134:
2082:
1933:Cumberland Islands
1913:
1855:
1753:. Chief Inspector
1743:
1687:
1649:
1547:
1490:
1444:
1408:
1328:including Elliot.
1198:who fought in the
1176:
1149:10 miles south of
1127:
981:
870:
858:Initial deployment
387:
329:NSW Mounted Police
210:
126:East India Company
97:Northern Territory
42:
40:, Queensland, 1864
8753:978-1-91159-003-3
8641:978-0-9946381-6-8
8630:978-0-9946381-4-4
8613:978-0-9946381-3-7
8575:978-1-86254-748-3
8501:– via Trove
8348:978-1-74305-039-2
8209:978-0-7022-2905-3
7888:"QUEENSLAND NEWS"
7828:978-1-876247-14-0
7796:. St Lucia: UQP.
7706:978-0-207-12112-8
7392:Adelaide Observer
7163:"Old Barces Days"
6901:978-0-85905-284-9
6804:978-0-85575-230-9
6679:978-0-9590470-0-4
6403:978-0-86840-743-2
5943:Freeman's Journal
5896:A Nest of Hornets
5058:"NEW SOUTH WALES"
4431:The Northern Star
4337:"NEW SOUTH WALES"
4258:Freeman's Journal
3986:978-0-86840-168-3
3768:"POLICE ARRESTED"
3420:978-0-9590549-0-3
3196:"SUMMARY JUSTICE"
3121:. pp. 10–11.
2868:Colonial Genocide
2749:978-1-925522-60-0
2686:. St Lucia: UQP.
2514:Central Australia
2366:arsenic poisoning
2248:Frederic Urquhart
2220:Frederic Urquhart
2177:Frederic Urquhart
2093:went on numerous
1941:Whitsunday Island
1797:, while officers
1502:E. N. V. Morisset
1435:After Hornet Bank
1339:travelled to the
1005:) where a lot of
958:Margaret and Mary
808:
807:
596:Western Australia
590:Western Australia
221:Van Diemen's Land
219:in 1805, then to
193:Van Diemen's Land
149:Hawkesbury/Nepean
16:(Redirected from
8838:
8675:Feilberg, Carl:
8672:and John Docker.
8664:Evans, Raymond:
8653:Evans, Raymond:
8546:Canon, Michael:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8518:The Courier-Mail
8509:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8367:
8361:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8334:
8328:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8220:
8212:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8143:
8137:
8136:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8014:
8008:
8007:
7997:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7921:Morning Bulletin
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7893:Morning Bulletin
7884:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7865:The Capricornian
7856:
7850:
7849:
7839:
7831:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7794:Frontier Justice
7789:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7767:The Queenslander
7758:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7717:
7709:
7697:Taming the north
7692:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7673:The Capricornian
7664:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7619:The Queenslander
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7535:The Australasian
7526:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7470:Wallis, Lynley.
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7280:The Queenslander
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7168:The World's News
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7050:The Queenslander
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7022:The Capricornian
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6989:"THE KELLY GANG"
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6912:
6904:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6690:
6682:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6618:The Queenslander
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6562:Morning Bulletin
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6450:The Queenslander
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6417:"ROCKINGHAM BAY"
6413:
6407:
6406:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6049:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5624:
5618:
5591:The Queenslander
5589:(and its weekly
5587:Brisbane Courier
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5502:The Australasian
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5392:The Capricornian
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5364:The Capricornian
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4653:"Family Notices"
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4434:(2nd ed.),
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4159:. St Lucia: UQP.
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4046:"EDWARD'S RIVER"
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3989:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3830:. Archived from
3829:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3773:The Queenslander
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3613:
3607:
3591:
3585:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3530:
3521:
3505:
3499:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3435:
3422:
3400:
3394:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3119:Forgotten Rebels
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2946:
2927:
2912:
2911:
2893:
2882:
2881:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2838:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2788:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2679:
2546:Charlotte Waters
2460:Alexander Tolmer
2316:Archibald Meston
2212:rifles in 1884.
2111:Glengyle Station
1999:Hodgkinson River
1984:Luigi D'Albertis
1760:Expedition Range
1524:The Queenslander
1518:Brisbane Courier
1416:Indian Rebellion
1214:. He captured a
1014:'s troopers and
909:Wide Bay–Burnett
867:Frederick Walker
831:Frederick Walker
717:Frederick Walker
701:The Black Police
693:Mounted Infantry
647:
646:
615:was the result.
469:Frontier clashes
368:Charles La Trobe
350:William Lonsdale
293:Sir Edward Parry
21:
8846:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8786:
8785:
8761:
8747:, London,2008,
8743:Howarth, Paul:
8703:Roberts, Tony:
8540:
8538:Further reading
8535:
8534:
8524:
8522:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8496:
8494:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8466:
8464:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8438:
8436:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8410:
8408:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8380:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8355:
8349:
8335:
8331:
8322:
8318:
8308:
8306:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8280:
8278:
8269:"Native Police"
8267:
8266:
8262:
8252:
8250:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8196:
8192:
8183:
8181:
8172:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8145:
8144:
8140:
8127:
8123:
8113:
8111:
8100:
8099:
8095:
8085:
8083:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8057:
8055:
8044:
8043:
8039:
8029:
8027:
8016:
8015:
8011:
7991:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7969:
7965:
7955:
7953:
7942:
7941:
7937:
7927:
7925:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7899:
7897:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7871:
7869:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7815:
7811:
7804:
7790:
7783:
7773:
7771:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7745:
7743:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7693:
7689:
7679:
7677:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7651:
7649:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7625:
7623:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7569:
7567:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7541:
7539:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7514:
7512:
7499:
7495:
7485:
7483:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7452:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7426:
7424:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7398:
7396:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7370:
7368:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7314:
7312:
7301:
7300:
7296:
7286:
7284:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7258:
7256:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7230:
7228:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7172:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7103:Booth, Andrea.
7101:
7097:
7087:
7085:
7070:
7066:
7056:
7054:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7028:
7026:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6970:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6944:
6942:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6888:
6884:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6749:
6747:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6721:
6719:
6708:
6704:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6666:
6662:
6652:
6650:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6624:
6622:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6568:
6566:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6456:
6454:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6428:
6426:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6390:
6386:
6376:
6374:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6348:
6346:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6320:
6318:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6290:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6234:After Many Days
6229:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6076:
6074:
6065:
6061:
6050:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6005:
6003:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5938:"Intercolonial"
5936:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5848:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5820:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5764:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5736:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5711:
5709:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5625:
5621:
5577:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5533:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5263:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5151:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5086:"Native Police"
5084:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5013:
5011:
5002:"LOWER DARLING"
5000:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4846:"UPPER MACLEAY"
4844:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4709:"MACLEAY RIVER"
4707:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4018:"NATIVE POLICE"
4016:
4015:
4011:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3973:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3823:Copland, Mark.
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3722:
3718:
3711:Wayback Machine
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3610:
3603:Wayback Machine
3592:
3588:
3581:Wayback Machine
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3547:
3531:
3524:
3517:Wayback Machine
3506:
3502:
3495:Wayback Machine
3484:
3480:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3425:
3401:
3397:
3391:Wayback Machine
3381:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3168:
3164:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3138:
3132:Batman, John.,
3130:
3126:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3055:"Native Police"
3051:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3013:
3009:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2968:
2964:
2953:
2949:
2928:
2915:
2908:
2894:
2885:
2878:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2839:
2814:
2807:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2619:
2590:Gilbert Islands
2562:
2534:
2526:New South Wales
2456:
2454:South Australia
2393:Cresswell Downs
2337:
2269:
2257:New South Wales
2205:Samuel Griffith
2189:
2126:
2044:
1966:people and the
1892:
1847:
1755:G. P. M. Murray
1735:
1677:
1645:G. P. M. Murray
1626:G. P. M. Murray
1598:
1586:Conondale Range
1474:
1437:
1421:W. D. T. Powell
1381:
1369:Cooper's Plains
1345:W. D. T. Powell
1334:had arrived in
1308:
1295:
1266:
1237:
1208:Christmas Creek
1168:
1139:William Forster
1117:
1115:Grafton/Ballina
1087:
1079:Francis MacCabe
1036:
1028:Gordon Sandeman
971:
941:
913:Augustus Morris
905:
892:Condamine River
887:Macintyre River
883:MacIntyre River
860:
811:
702:
671:New South Wales
645:
592:
564:Lake Wellington
544:
520:
476:
471:
450:
358:
325:
317:Goulburn region
309:
281:
238:
201:Tracker-turned-
195:
171:
151:
134:southern Africa
114:
93:South Australia
82:New South Wales
76:of what is now
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8844:
8834:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8784:
8783:
8775:
8767:
8760:
8759:External links
8757:
8756:
8755:
8737:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8710:Rosser, Bill:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8680:
8673:
8662:
8651:
8644:
8633:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8596:
8585:
8584:
8577:
8559:
8558:
8551:
8539:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8504:
8474:
8446:
8432:The Daily News
8418:
8390:
8362:
8353:
8347:
8329:
8323:Clyne, R. E.,
8316:
8288:
8260:
8232:
8208:
8190:
8166:
8138:
8121:
8093:
8065:
8037:
8009:
7977:, Hutchinson,
7963:
7949:Smith's Weekly
7935:
7907:
7879:
7851:
7827:
7809:
7802:
7781:
7753:
7725:
7705:
7687:
7659:
7633:
7605:
7577:
7549:
7521:
7493:
7462:
7434:
7406:
7378:
7350:
7322:
7294:
7266:
7238:
7210:
7182:
7154:
7126:
7095:
7064:
7036:
7008:
6980:
6952:
6924:
6900:
6882:
6861:
6835:
6809:
6803:
6785:
6757:
6729:
6702:
6678:
6660:
6632:
6604:
6576:
6548:
6520:
6501:"PORT DENISON"
6492:
6464:
6436:
6408:
6402:
6384:
6356:
6328:
6300:
6272:
6244:
6223:
6195:
6167:
6139:
6111:
6083:
6059:
6041:
6013:
5985:
5966:"PORT DENISON"
5957:
5929:
5901:
5886:
5858:
5830:
5802:
5774:
5746:
5718:
5694:
5666:
5640:
5619:
5607:The Secret War
5571:
5543:
5516:
5488:
5460:
5432:
5406:
5378:
5350:
5322:
5294:
5273:
5245:
5217:
5189:
5161:
5133:
5105:
5077:
5049:
5021:
4993:
4965:
4947:
4921:
4908:Queanbeyan Age
4895:
4863:
4837:
4808:
4782:
4756:
4728:
4700:
4672:
4644:
4618:
4590:
4558:
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3586:
3564:
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3522:
3500:
3478:
3469:|journal=
3423:
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2913:
2906:
2883:
2876:
2858:
2851:
2812:
2805:
2778:
2754:
2748:
2727:
2720:
2699:
2692:
2684:The Secret War
2668:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2611:United Nations
2561:
2558:
2533:
2530:
2480:Eyre Peninsula
2472:Mounted Police
2455:
2452:
2336:
2333:
2268:
2265:
2188:
2185:
2125:
2122:
2043:
2040:
2003:Normanby River
1997:, Cape River,
1970:people of the
1891:
1888:
1846:
1843:
1734:
1731:
1676:
1673:
1661:Maranoa Region
1597:
1594:
1534:Henry Reynolds
1480:Front page of
1473:
1470:
1453:Edric Morisset
1436:
1433:
1380:
1377:
1332:Charles Archer
1321:Charles Archer
1307:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1265:
1262:
1236:
1233:
1167:
1164:
1135:Clarence River
1116:
1113:
1086:
1083:
1035:
1032:
970:
967:
940:
937:
921:Maranoa Region
904:
901:
859:
856:
850:), and Yorky (
809:
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685:British Empire
683:
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667:British Empire
664:
660:
659:
656:
652:
651:
644:
641:
620:Maitland Brown
591:
588:
543:
540:
519:
516:
499:area in 1845.
493:
492:
475:
472:
470:
467:
449:
446:
415:William Thomas
378:and soldiers.
357:
354:
324:
321:
313:Edmund Lockyer
308:
305:
280:
277:
246:Port Macquarie
237:
234:
217:Norfolk Island
194:
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155:John Macarthur
150:
147:
124:armies of the
113:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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8325:Colonial Blue
8320:
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8264:
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8152:The Telegraph
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8097:
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8079:The Telegraph
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6968:
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6940:
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6938:The Telegraph
6934:
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6371:
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6310:
6309:"ROCKHAMPTON"
6304:
6288:
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6282:
6276:
6260:
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5868:
5867:"MARYBOROUGH"
5862:
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5608:
5604:
5603:0-7022-0977-5
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5583:Carl Feilberg
5580:
5575:
5559:
5558:
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5531:
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5504:
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5498:
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5420:
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5393:
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5360:
5359:"ROCKHAMPTON"
5354:
5338:
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5332:
5326:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5298:
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5286:
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4934:Macleay Argus
4931:
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4628:
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4225:"PORT CURTIS"
4220:
4204:
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4199:"Sydney News"
4194:
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2689:
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2542:Alice Springs
2539:
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2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
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2461:
2458:Commissioner
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:
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2424:Gilbert White
2421:
2420:Wenlock River
2412:
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2261:Douglas Grant
2258:
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2244:Batavia River
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
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2213:
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2210:Martini-Henry
2206:
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2198:
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2158:
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2152:Lizard Island
2150:fisherman at
2149:
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2036:Mossman River
2033:
2030:, the famous
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:Torres Strait
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:Frank Jardine
1957:
1952:
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1946:
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1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Snider rifles
1864:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:. Lieutenant
1654:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:Horatio Wills
1611:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:In 1860 near
1545:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1513:Carl Feilberg
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1486:Carl Feilberg
1483:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1457:A. C. Gregory
1454:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1385:Curtis Island
1376:
1374:
1371:just west of
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:Fitzroy River
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Fitzroy River
1313:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Darling River
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Earl of Devon
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Border Police
1185:
1181:
1180:Macleay River
1172:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
986:
979:
975:
966:
963:
959:
954:
950:
949:Fraser Island
946:
939:Fraser Island
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
900:
896:
893:
888:
884:
879:
878:Darling River
875:
868:
864:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
827:Darling Downs
824:
820:
816:
815:Border Police
810:Military unit
803:
800:
796:
792:
789:
785:
781:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
661:
658:1848 – c.1915
657:
653:
648:
640:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
587:
584:
580:
575:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Border Police
549:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:Murray Region
515:
512:
511:Mount Gambier
507:
505:
500:
498:
490:
489:
488:
485:
481:
466:
462:
459:
454:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
404:men from the
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Henry EP Dana
383:
379:
377:
376:Border Police
373:
369:
364:
356:Establishment
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:Border Police
330:
320:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Port Stephens
279:Port Stephens
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
208:
204:
199:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Cape Regiment
127:
123:
119:
109:
107:
102:
98:
94:
89:
88:were closed.
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
67:
61:
59:
55:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Native Police
8778:
8770:
8744:
8738:
8732:
8725:
8718:
8711:
8704:
8697:
8686:, Brisbane.
8683:
8676:
8670:Ann Curthoys
8665:
8658:
8654:
8647:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8566:
8560:
8554:
8547:
8541:
8523:. Retrieved
8516:
8507:
8495:, retrieved
8490:
8486:
8477:
8465:. Retrieved
8458:
8455:"NAURU RIOT"
8449:
8437:. Retrieved
8430:
8421:
8409:. Retrieved
8402:
8399:"NAURU RIOT"
8393:
8381:. Retrieved
8374:
8365:
8356:
8338:
8332:
8324:
8319:
8307:. Retrieved
8300:
8291:
8279:. Retrieved
8272:
8263:
8251:. Retrieved
8244:
8235:
8199:
8193:
8182:, retrieved
8176:
8169:
8157:. Retrieved
8150:
8141:
8131:
8124:
8112:. Retrieved
8105:
8096:
8084:. Retrieved
8077:
8068:
8056:. Retrieved
8049:
8040:
8028:. Retrieved
8021:
8012:
7983:, retrieved
7973:
7966:
7954:. Retrieved
7947:
7938:
7926:. Retrieved
7919:
7910:
7898:. Retrieved
7891:
7882:
7870:. Retrieved
7863:
7854:
7818:
7812:
7793:
7772:. Retrieved
7765:
7756:
7744:. Retrieved
7737:
7728:
7696:
7690:
7678:. Retrieved
7671:
7662:
7650:. Retrieved
7645:
7636:
7624:. Retrieved
7617:
7608:
7596:. Retrieved
7589:
7580:
7568:. Retrieved
7561:
7552:
7540:. Retrieved
7533:
7524:
7513:, retrieved
7503:
7496:
7484:. Retrieved
7475:
7465:
7453:. Retrieved
7446:
7437:
7425:. Retrieved
7418:
7409:
7397:. Retrieved
7390:
7387:"QUEENSLAND"
7381:
7369:. Retrieved
7362:
7353:
7341:. Retrieved
7334:
7325:
7313:. Retrieved
7306:
7297:
7285:. Retrieved
7278:
7269:
7257:. Retrieved
7250:
7241:
7229:. Retrieved
7222:
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7194:
7185:
7173:. Retrieved
7166:
7157:
7145:. Retrieved
7138:
7129:
7117:. Retrieved
7108:
7098:
7086:. Retrieved
7077:
7067:
7055:. Retrieved
7048:
7039:
7027:. Retrieved
7020:
7011:
6999:. Retrieved
6992:
6983:
6971:. Retrieved
6964:
6955:
6945:21 September
6943:. Retrieved
6936:
6927:
6891:
6885:
6871:
6864:
6852:. Retrieved
6847:
6838:
6826:. Retrieved
6821:
6812:
6794:
6788:
6776:. Retrieved
6771:Evening News
6769:
6760:
6748:. Retrieved
6741:
6732:
6720:. Retrieved
6705:
6669:
6663:
6651:. Retrieved
6644:
6635:
6623:. Retrieved
6616:
6607:
6595:. Retrieved
6588:
6579:
6567:. Retrieved
6560:
6557:"ST. HELENS"
6551:
6539:. Retrieved
6532:
6523:
6511:. Retrieved
6504:
6495:
6483:. Retrieved
6476:
6467:
6455:. Retrieved
6448:
6439:
6427:. Retrieved
6420:
6411:
6393:
6387:
6375:. Retrieved
6368:
6359:
6347:. Retrieved
6340:
6331:
6319:. Retrieved
6312:
6303:
6291:. Retrieved
6284:
6275:
6263:. Retrieved
6256:
6247:
6233:
6226:
6214:. Retrieved
6207:
6198:
6186:. Retrieved
6179:
6170:
6158:. Retrieved
6151:
6142:
6130:. Retrieved
6123:
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6095:
6086:
6075:, retrieved
6069:
6062:
6053:
6032:. Retrieved
6025:
6016:
6004:. Retrieved
5997:
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5969:
5960:
5948:. Retrieved
5941:
5932:
5920:. Retrieved
5913:
5904:
5895:
5889:
5879:17 September
5877:. Retrieved
5870:
5861:
5851:17 September
5849:. Retrieved
5842:
5833:
5823:17 September
5821:. Retrieved
5814:
5805:
5795:17 September
5793:. Retrieved
5786:
5777:
5767:17 September
5765:. Retrieved
5758:
5749:
5739:17 September
5737:. Retrieved
5730:
5721:
5712:17 September
5710:, retrieved
5704:
5697:
5685:. Retrieved
5678:
5669:
5659:17 September
5657:. Retrieved
5652:
5649:"(Untitled)"
5643:
5634:The Guardian
5632:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5564:17 September
5562:. Retrieved
5555:
5546:
5536:16 September
5534:. Retrieved
5519:
5509:17 September
5507:. Retrieved
5500:
5491:
5481:17 September
5479:. Retrieved
5472:
5463:
5453:12 September
5451:. Retrieved
5444:
5435:
5425:12 September
5423:. Retrieved
5418:
5409:
5397:. Retrieved
5390:
5381:
5369:. Retrieved
5362:
5353:
5343:11 September
5341:. Retrieved
5334:
5325:
5315:11 September
5313:. Retrieved
5306:
5297:
5283:
5276:
5264:. Retrieved
5257:
5248:
5236:. Retrieved
5229:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5203:The Register
5201:
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5173:
5164:
5152:. Retrieved
5145:
5136:
5124:. Retrieved
5117:
5108:
5096:. Retrieved
5089:
5080:
5068:. Retrieved
5061:
5052:
5040:. Retrieved
5033:
5024:
5012:. Retrieved
5005:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4977:
4968:
4959:
4950:
4938:. Retrieved
4933:
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4907:
4898:
4886:. Retrieved
4866:
4854:. Retrieved
4849:
4840:
4828:. Retrieved
4823:
4799:. Retrieved
4794:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4768:
4759:
4747:. Retrieved
4740:
4731:
4719:. Retrieved
4712:
4703:
4691:. Retrieved
4684:
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4656:
4647:
4635:. Retrieved
4630:
4621:
4609:. Retrieved
4602:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4542:
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4507:
4495:. Retrieved
4490:
4481:
4469:. Retrieved
4464:
4455:
4444:, retrieved
4429:
4419:
4407:. Retrieved
4387:
4375:. Retrieved
4368:
4359:
4347:. Retrieved
4340:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4312:
4303:
4291:. Retrieved
4284:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4256:
4247:
4237:11 September
4235:. Retrieved
4228:
4219:
4209:10 September
4207:. Retrieved
4202:
4193:
4183:10 September
4181:. Retrieved
4174:
4165:
4156:
4150:
4140:10 September
4138:. Retrieved
4131:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4105:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4077:
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4049:
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4021:
4012:
3976:
3955:. Retrieved
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3916:
3907:
3895:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3860:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3832:the original
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3799:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3771:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3743:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3702:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3678:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3647:
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3618:
3611:
3594:
3589:
3572:
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3535:
3508:
3503:
3486:
3481:
3460:cite journal
3448:. Retrieved
3403:
3398:
3363:. Retrieved
3346:(1): 47–68.
3343:
3339:
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3303:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3265:
3260:
3251:
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3227:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3199:
3190:
3171:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3139:, retrieved
3134:
3127:
3118:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3090:
3081:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3048:
3037:, retrieved
3031:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3000:– via
2994:. Retrieved
2989:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2930:
2897:
2867:
2861:
2842:
2794:
2770:, retrieved
2764:
2757:
2739:
2711:
2683:
2604:, imposed a
2599:
2576:and Chinese
2563:
2554:
2535:
2507:
2503:
2499:Port Augusta
2484:
2475:
2468:Port Lincoln
2457:
2436:
2417:
2385:Gulf Country
2378:
2354:
2350:
2329:Gulf Country
2300:Horace Tozer
2292:
2270:
2224:
2201:Nigger Creek
2190:
2166:, the local
2161:
2148:beche-de-mer
2145:
2138:
2135:
2115:
2091:Thargomindah
2083:
2045:
2016:
2012:
1995:Palmer River
1992:
1953:
1945:Louisa Maria
1944:
1937:Ngaro people
1925:Green Island
1916:
1914:
1893:
1859:pastoralists
1857:As European
1856:
1835:
1819:Gulf Country
1805:. Inspector
1764:
1744:
1705:
1700:British Army
1688:
1650:
1599:
1578:
1567:
1548:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1491:
1481:
1445:
1425:
1409:
1392:Dawson River
1389:
1382:
1357:
1330:
1309:
1296:
1278:Thargomindah
1275:
1267:
1254:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1212:Frederickton
1192:Upper Dawson
1177:
1156:East Ballina
1128:
1101:
1088:
1085:Murrumbidgee
1052:
1037:
982:
957:
942:
933:
906:
897:
871:
848:Barababaraba
835:Murrumbidgee
812:
617:
605:Champion Bay
593:
576:
568:
545:
521:
508:
501:
494:
477:
463:
455:
451:
442:
434:Billibellary
427:
388:
359:
345:
326:
310:
282:
263:was given a
258:
239:
211:
177:against the
175:Bathurst War
172:
152:
115:
90:
71:
62:
44:
43:
29:
8525:17 February
8497:17 February
8467:17 February
8439:17 February
8411:17 February
8383:17 February
8327:, p120-121.
8309:23 February
8281:23 February
8253:23 February
7774:30 December
7746:30 December
7680:30 December
7652:25 November
7626:30 December
7598:18 December
7570:18 December
7542:18 December
7515:18 December
7486:18 December
7455:18 December
7427:18 December
7415:"Cloncurry"
7399:18 December
7371:18 December
7343:17 December
7315:16 December
7287:16 December
7259:17 December
7231:17 December
7203:17 December
7175:17 December
7119:16 December
7088:16 December
7057:16 December
7001:16 December
6973:16 December
6854:22 February
6828:22 February
6778:16 December
6750:16 December
6722:15 December
6653:16 December
6625:16 December
6597:16 December
6569:15 December
6541:15 December
6513:14 December
6485:14 December
6457:13 December
6429:13 December
6377:13 December
6349:13 December
6321:13 December
6293:13 December
6265:13 December
6253:"MELBOURNE"
6216:13 December
6188:13 December
6160:10 December
6073:, J. Murray
5950:10 December
5844:The Courier
4544:The Courier
4342:The Mercury
4112:9 September
3897:8 September
3659:9 September
2444:Palm Island
2428:Walter Roth
2422:, Reverend
2357:Ducie River
2327:and in the
2235:Jack Watson
2061:Bladensburg
2055:. North of
1982:as part of
1807:John Marlow
1799:John Murray
1771:Natal Downs
1713:John Marlow
1657:John Marlow
1641:John Marlow
1639:Inspectors
1612:, attacked
1606:Nogoa River
1590:Maryborough
1412:Hornet Bank
1373:Maryborough
1353:Rockhampton
1349:Rockhampton
1286:Fort Bourke
1282:Paroo River
1200:Crimean War
1143:Orara River
1071:John Murray
1067:Port Curtis
1063:Yabba Falls
1012:John Murray
1007:Mandandanji
994:Wallumbilla
985:John Murray
978:John Murray
945:Maryborough
925:Goondiwindi
852:Yorta Yorta
844:Wemba Wemba
804:(1895–1905)
793:(1864–1895)
782:(1861–1864)
771:(1857–1861)
760:(1856–1857)
741:(1855–1856)
730:(1854–1855)
719:(1848–1854)
698:Nickname(s)
628:Roebuck Bay
583:Snowy River
571:white woman
556:Eagle Point
484:Jardwadjali
480:Gunditjmara
438:ngurungaeta
423:corroborees
394:Merri Creek
372:Westernport
261:Bob Barrett
226:John Batman
38:Rockhampton
8831:Wurundjeri
8790:Categories
8184:19 January
8159:19 January
8114:18 January
8086:18 January
8058:18 January
8030:18 January
7803:0702233617
6994:Avoca Mail
6337:"Untitled"
6204:"CLERMONT"
6181:The Empire
6132:9 December
6104:9 December
6077:9 December
5303:"BRISBANE"
4686:The Empire
4286:The Empire
4230:The Empire
3728:. Educant.
3181:0868063177
2877:1742233929
2852:0702209775
2721:0140214526
2664:References
2602:Eddie Ward
2570:New Guinea
2522:Queensland
2491:Wellington
2448:Eddie Mabo
2446:facility.
2231:Frank Hann
2193:Irvinebank
2172:Maithakari
2107:Birdsville
2103:Birdsville
2048:Georgetown
2032:bushranger
1988:New Guinea
1974:after the
1964:Yadhaykenu
1958:, officer
1939:living on
1884:boomerangs
1815:Proserpine
1709:Townsville
1653:Caboolture
1570:Broadsound
1284:as far as
1147:Braunstone
1092:Deniliquin
998:St. George
917:Callandoon
874:Deniliquin
776:Commandant
765:Commandant
724:Commandant
713:Commandant
708:Commanders
682:Allegiance
675:Queensland
504:Cape Otway
497:Port Fairy
430:Wurundjeri
428:As senior
406:Wurundjeri
402:Aboriginal
297:P. P. King
203:bushranger
163:Gandangara
86:Queensland
49:Aboriginal
7985:6 January
7956:6 January
7928:6 January
7900:6 January
7872:7 January
7147:8 January
7029:8 January
6818:"Hammond"
5469:"GAYNDAH"
5399:6 October
5371:6 October
5266:30 August
5238:30 August
5210:30 August
5182:30 August
5154:30 August
5126:30 August
5098:30 August
5070:30 August
5042:30 August
5014:30 August
4986:30 August
4681:"KEMPSEY"
4377:28 August
4349:28 August
4321:28 August
4293:28 August
4265:28 August
4086:10 August
4058:10 August
4030:10 August
3957:10 August
3687:25 August
3630:24 August
3450:25 August
3360:159915712
2495:Venus Bay
2487:Moorundee
2405:Camooweal
2389:Doomadgee
2362:Lakefield
2295:Herberton
2240:Joe Flick
2227:Lawn Hill
2181:Kalkadoon
2168:Kalkadoon
2164:Cloncurry
2109:north to
2053:Gilberton
2028:Ned Kelly
1980:Fly River
1931:. In the
1831:Hughenden
1827:Burketown
1718:Don River
1622:Tom Wills
1574:Fassifern
1336:Gracemere
1325:Gracemere
1300:Bromelton
1271:Wilcannia
1250:Wentworth
1216:Dunghutti
1196:56th Foot
1096:Moulamein
1075:Gladstone
1016:Kabi Kabi
927:station,
840:Wiradjuri
823:squatters
677:colonies)
624:La Grange
618:In 1865,
613:Greenough
609:Geraldton
554:based at
548:Gippsland
542:Gippsland
532:Swan Hill
398:Dandenong
342:Melbourne
303:culling.
269:Black War
259:In 1830,
242:Newcastle
179:Wiradjuri
140:Corps in
66:desertion
8217:citation
7994:citation
7979:archived
7836:citation
7714:citation
7509:archived
7480:Archived
7224:The News
7196:The News
7113:Archived
7082:Archived
6909:citation
6716:Archived
6687:citation
6473:"TAROOM"
6365:"MACKAY"
6034:25 March
6006:24 March
5978:24 March
5922:24 March
5530:Archived
5289:Archived
5226:"Review"
4940:6 August
4914:6 August
4888:6 August
4879:Archived
4856:6 August
4830:6 August
4801:6 August
4775:8 August
4749:6 August
4721:4 August
4693:4 August
4665:6 August
4637:6 August
4611:6 August
4583:4 August
4574:Archived
4551:4 August
4523:4 August
4517:Archived
4497:4 August
4471:4 August
4440:archived
4409:4 August
4400:Archived
4370:The Star
3994:citation
3948:Archived
3925:4 August
3869:4 August
3841:3 August
3808:4 August
3780:2 August
3752:2 August
3707:Archived
3653:Archived
3624:Archived
3599:Archived
3577:Archived
3551:Archived
3513:Archived
3491:Archived
3444:Archived
3387:Archived
3365:29 March
3313:Archived
3297:. Rigby.
3236:28 April
3208:28 April
3102:28 April
3065:5 August
3059:Archived
2617:See also
2588:and the
2510:trackers
2401:Cooktown
2345:Musgrave
2157:Cooktown
2024:Victoria
2020:Cooktown
2001:and the
1990:region.
1968:Kaurareg
1871:carbines
1803:Cardwell
1779:Morinish
1775:Glenmore
1767:Belyando
1747:Duaringa
1727:Cardwell
1620:founder
1563:Euthulla
1396:Eurombah
1258:Menindie
1024:Bigambul
953:Badtjala
633:trackers
560:Boisdale
458:goldrush
410:Bunurong
363:argument
307:Goulburn
250:Awabakal
213:Musquito
207:Musquito
187:Bathurst
169:Bathurst
159:Dharawal
78:Victoria
58:carbines
8643:, 2023.
8632:, 2022.
8615:, 2020.
8371:"NAURU"
6445:"BOWEN"
6120:"BOWEN"
4446:25 July
4436:Lismore
3913:"No. 2"
3557:30 July
3319:29 July
3141:30 July
3039:30 July
2996:30 July
2772:22 July
2528:corps.
2383:in the
2229:run of
2197:Woolgar
2141:Croydon
2099:Betoota
1880:waddies
1839:Emerald
1829:. Near
1781:and at
1610:Emerald
1466:Juandah
1390:On the
1184:Kempsey
1151:Grafton
1133:to the
663:Country
528:Wimmera
432:elder,
254:Biraban
8751:
8690:
8639:
8628:
8611:
8573:
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8206:
7825:
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6676:
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5687:7 June
5601:
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3418:
3410:
3358:
3178:
2937:
2904:
2874:
2849:
2803:
2746:
2718:
2690:
2586:Tuvalu
2578:coolie
2574:Kanaka
2476:Yatala
2118:Aramac
2065:Winton
2057:Boulia
1949:Mackay
1791:Mackay
1783:Yaamba
1669:Powell
1555:Baulie
1551:Yuleba
1461:Taroom
1246:Euston
1109:Echuca
1055:Rannes
1020:Widgee
990:Yuleba
962:dinghy
655:Active
536:Echuca
448:Duties
287:, the
142:Ceylon
6241:–274.
4960:Trove
4882:(PDF)
4875:(PDF)
4577:(PDF)
4570:(PDF)
4403:(PDF)
4396:(PDF)
3951:(PDF)
3944:(PDF)
3835:(PDF)
3828:(PDF)
3356:S2CID
2594:Māori
2582:guano
2566:Nauru
2560:Nauru
2516:(see
2087:Tambo
2063:near
1917:Maria
1811:Bowen
1559:Yiman
1429:Surat
1210:near
1059:Walla
1003:Surat
579:Gunai
524:Tumut
301:dingo
165:men.
138:Malay
122:sowar
118:sepoy
106:Nauru
8749:ISBN
8688:ISBN
8637:ISBN
8626:ISBN
8609:ISBN
8571:ISBN
8527:2020
8499:2020
8469:2020
8441:2020
8413:2020
8385:2020
8343:ISBN
8311:2020
8283:2020
8255:2020
8227:link
8223:link
8204:ISBN
8186:2019
8161:2019
8116:2019
8088:2019
8060:2019
8032:2019
8004:link
8000:link
7987:2019
7958:2019
7930:2019
7902:2019
7874:2019
7846:link
7842:link
7823:ISBN
7798:ISBN
7776:2018
7748:2018
7720:link
7701:ISBN
7682:2018
7654:2019
7628:2018
7600:2018
7572:2018
7544:2018
7517:2018
7488:2018
7457:2018
7429:2018
7401:2018
7373:2018
7345:2018
7317:2018
7289:2018
7261:2018
7233:2018
7205:2018
7177:2018
7149:2019
7121:2018
7109:NITV
7090:2018
7059:2018
7031:2019
7003:2018
6975:2018
6947:2018
6919:link
6915:link
6896:ISBN
6879:–40.
6856:2020
6830:2020
6799:ISBN
6780:2018
6752:2018
6724:2018
6697:link
6693:link
6674:ISBN
6655:2018
6627:2018
6599:2018
6571:2018
6543:2018
6515:2018
6487:2018
6459:2018
6431:2018
6398:ISBN
6379:2018
6351:2018
6323:2018
6295:2018
6267:2018
6218:2018
6190:2018
6162:2018
6134:2018
6106:2018
6079:2018
6036:2018
6008:2018
5980:2018
5952:2018
5924:2018
5881:2017
5853:2017
5825:2017
5797:2017
5769:2017
5741:2017
5714:2017
5689:2020
5661:2017
5599:ISBN
5566:2017
5538:2017
5511:2017
5483:2017
5455:2017
5427:2017
5401:2017
5373:2017
5345:2017
5317:2017
5268:2017
5240:2017
5212:2017
5184:2017
5156:2017
5128:2017
5100:2017
5072:2017
5044:2017
5016:2017
4988:2017
4942:2017
4916:2017
4890:2017
4858:2017
4832:2017
4803:2017
4777:2017
4751:2017
4723:2017
4695:2017
4667:2017
4639:2017
4613:2017
4585:2017
4553:2017
4525:2017
4499:2017
4473:2017
4448:2018
4411:2017
4379:2017
4351:2017
4323:2017
4295:2017
4267:2017
4239:2017
4211:2017
4185:2017
4142:2017
4114:2017
4088:2017
4060:2017
4032:2017
4004:link
4000:link
3981:ISBN
3959:2017
3927:2017
3899:2017
3871:2017
3843:2017
3810:2017
3782:2017
3754:2017
3689:2017
3661:2017
3632:2017
3559:2017
3541:ISBN
3473:help
3452:2017
3416:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3367:2022
3321:2017
3238:2023
3210:2023
3176:ISBN
3143:2017
3104:2023
3067:2017
3041:2017
2998:2017
2935:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2774:2017
2744:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2524:and
2489:and
2439:Coen
2276:and
2191:The
2170:and
2101:and
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