3997:
into debt crises that forced a tough choice on
Germany: rescue them, or risk seeing the euro currency zone dissolve. Under that pressure, Merkel's popularity sagged. Her disapproval numbers reached their peak of 43 percent in mid-2010. This was the political context at the time of Fukushima. And you can see why it forced a deep rethink on a profoundly risk-averse, formerly pro-nuclear chancellor. Germany has long been home to an active, mobilized movement against nuclear energy, much more so than other nuclear-using democracies. You can spend a lively evening with German friends discussing the sources of this movement's strength. Whatever the origin, however, the antinuclear movement offered a considerable political resource to a politician willing to use it. Many politicians had pondered this opportunity in the past, including Merkel's immediate predecessors. Merkel grasped it.
3124:
430:
755:
73:
586:
661:) ruled that the nuclear plant operators affected by the accelerated phase-out of nuclear power following the Fukushima disaster are eligible for "adequate" compensation. The court found that the nuclear exit was essentially constitutional but that the utilities are entitled to damages for the "good faith" investments they made in 2010. The utilities can now sue the German government under civil law. E.ON, RWE, and Vattenfall are expected to seek a total of €19
642:
3210:
3196:
485:
3168:
24:
3182:
1014:
922:
3136:
2011, when an order was issued for the immediate closure of the Biblis units. RWE complied with the decree by shutting Biblis-A immediately; however, as the plants were in compliance with the relevant safety requirements, the German government had no legal grounds for shutting them. The court ruled that the closure notice was illegal because RWE had not been given sufficient opportunity to respond to the order.
1050:
868:
1068:
978:
1156:
944:
1102:
996:
730:, said in an interview with the Funke Media Group that "Germany has the safest nuclear power plants worldwide and switching them off would be 'a dramatic mistake' with painful economic and ecological consequences." Other members of the Free Democratic Party have called for the nuclear power plants to be at least maintained as a precautionary measure in case they are needed in the future for power generation.
816:
1192:
1120:
886:
1210:
1084:
1174:
798:
1032:
904:
834:
850:
780:
1138:
962:
762:
1256:
363:
1246:
1239:
702:. The (former) operators of Germany's remaining three nuclear power plants as well as the three reactors that had been shut down in late 2021 (but not yet dismantled) commented that they are "open" to negotiations with the government as to extending the lifetime of those reactors or restarting those that were already shut down. On 21 August 2022, German Economy Minister
3104:
study found that lost nuclear electricity production has been replaced primarily by coal-fired production and net electricity imports. The social cost of this shift from nuclear to coal is approximately €3 to €8 billion annually, mostly from the eleven hundred additional deaths associated with exposure to the local air pollution emitted when burning
2866:) finalised a deal with nuclear power plant operators E.ON, EnBW, RWE, and Vattenfall over long-term nuclear waste disposal. Under the agreement, the four operators are freed of responsibility for storing radioactive waste; that responsibility is instead transferred to the state. In return, the operators will pay a total of €17.4
3996:
Merkel coasted on Schröder's work through those early years, with approval ratings in the 70s. But then her luck ran out. The 2008–09 financial crisis touched
Germany comparatively lightly, but it hit Germany's European trading partners hard. In 2010 and 2011, the countries of Southern Europe plunged
113:
While nuclear power was gradually phased out of the German power mix, Germany increased its use of fossil fuel energy by 7% over the period 2002–2022, with a massive increase in usage of natural gas and only modest reductions of coal power and oil power. By some estimates, Germany could have achieved
3103:
Some German manufacturers and energy companies have criticised the phase-out plans, warning that
Germany could face blackouts. While this did not happen, there has been an increase in voltage fluctuations, which has damaged industrial facilities and caused them to install voltage regulators. A 2020
2874:
billion (35.5%) to cover the eventuality that costs exceed current projections and that the interest accrued by the fund is lower than expected. The operators will be responsible for decommissioning and deconstructing their own nuclear power plants, as well as preparing their radioactive waste for
528:
On 30 May 2011, the German government announced a plan to shut down all nuclear reactors by 2022. Prior to the decision, Germany's renewable energy sector already provided 17% of
Germany's electricity and employed about 370,000 people. The decision to phase out nuclear power has been called the
94:
German nuclear power began with research reactors in the 1950s and 1960s, with the first commercial plant coming online in 1969. By 1990, nuclear power accounted for about a quarter of the electricity produced in the country. Nuclear power accounted for 13.3% of German electricity supply in 2021,
3135:
In March 2013, the administrative court for the German state of Hesse ruled that a three-month closure imposed by the government on RWE's Biblis A and B reactors as an immediate response to the
Fukushima Daiichi accident was illegal. The state ministry of the environment acted illegally in March
3139:
In 2022, Vox commented that "Germany’s decision to restart old coal plants rather than extend the life of its nuclear power facilities reflects a failure of environmental priorities", and NPR wrote, "Facing an energy crisis, Germans stock up on candles." The last three nuclear power plants in
696:, answered in an interview that he would be "open" to extending the life of the remaining three nuclear power plants but expressed skepticism as to the feasibility of and sense of such a move. Several newspapers called for a re-opening of the debate on the nuclear phaseout, including the
4018:
3736:
217:
opened in 1960. All of the German nuclear power plants that opened between 1960 and 1970 had, as in the rest of the world at that time, a power output of less than 1,000 MW and have now all closed down. The first almost fully commercial nuclear power plant started operating in 1969;
3152:—were shut down on 15 April 2023. In April 2023, several critics of nuclear power plant shutdowns argued that the switching off of nuclear power plants deprives Germany of a source of low-emission power and forces the country to continue using fossil fuels that contribute to
335:, synchronised with the grid in 1985. Six months later, a fuel pebble became lodged in the reactor core. After repairs, it was restarted and operated in July 1986, reaching full power in September 1986. It operated until September 1988 and was shut down in September 1989.
308:. The first criticality was attained in 1966, and the AVR was in operation for more than 22 years. Despite the fact that fuel feed and discharge system showed excellent availability, the AVR was shut down for political reasons in 1988. The AVR was designed to breed
4457:
163:. Soon thereafter, a "race" began between the soon-to-be belligerents of World War II to find military or civilian applications of the new technology. Hampered by infighting, lack of resources, mistakes, and the suspicion of Nazi authorities against "
4320:
4010:
3728:
3319:
4075:
2821:
Nuclear power plants take years to dismantle, and contaminated sites have to be cleared and declared free of radiation. One estimate puts the cost of dismantling
Germany's nuclear reactor sites at €18 billion, not counting the cost of
3076:
of several seconds duration, combined with a rise in frequency fluctuations. These were reportedly caused by network overloads due to the shutdown of nuclear power plants and an increase in wind power generation. VIK also fears that
561:
Before 2011, Germany was getting just under a quarter of its electricity from nuclear power. After the
Fukushima disaster, the following eight German nuclear power reactors were declared permanently shut down on 6 August 2011:
2974:: Three out of six cooling water pumps were switched off for a failed test. A fourth pump broke down due to a loss of electric power, and control of the reactor was lost. 10 fuel elements were slightly damaged before recovery.
406:
By 1992, a group of German and Swiss firms planned to proceed with the construction of the HTR-500, a design that made considerable use of the THTR-300 technology. But the politically hostile environment in the light of the
3064:. Critics of the German policy have called it a mistake to abandon nuclear power, claiming the only alternative to nuclear power was coal, and abandoning nuclear power was therefore contradictory to the goal of lowering CO
717:
On 5 September 2022, the
Federal Government announced that two of the three remaining nuclear power plants (Neckarwestheim and Isar 2) would operate beyond 31 December 2022 until April 2023 (cycle stretch out), while the
386:
reactors. The first four went online between 1973 and 1979. Greifswald 5 operated for less than a month before it was closed; the other three were cancelled during different stages of their build-up. In 1990, during the
4162:
3071:
The German nuclear industry has insisted that its shutdown would cause major damage to the country's industrial base. In 2012, member firms of the
Verband der Industriellen Energie- und Kraftwirtschaft (VIK) reported
6406:
508:. On 15 March, the German government announced that it would temporarily shut down 8 of its 17 reactors, i.e., all reactors that went online before 1981. Former proponents of nuclear energy, such as Angela Merkel,
351:. The Wyhl protests were an example of a local community challenging the nuclear industry through a strategy of direct action and civil disobedience. The police were accused of using unnecessarily violent means.
4312:
5330:
5188:
4396:
5766:
3316:
403:
design, construction was stopped, and the power station was never completed. In the 1990s, the three cooling towers that had been erected were demolished, and the area is an industrial estate today.
4067:
3048:
Germany decided on a phase-out in 2011. The phase-out was completed in 2023. The country has combined the phase-out with an initiative for renewable energy and wants to increase the efficiency of
4449:
4926:
4835:
4365:
4502:
2829:
No country has permanent storage sites for nuclear energy waste , and spent nuclear fuel is stockpiled in temporary locations. In
Germany, heavily contaminated spent fuel rods are stored in
5811:
5101:
3092:(about €55 billion for the next decade), on top of the €13 billion per year already devoted to subsidizing renewables. However, unofficial estimates of the ministry and of the
668:
As of March 2019, only seven nuclear plants had been left in operation and should be scheduled to be shut down and dismantled. As of early 2022, three plants remained for the final year.
5349:
4581:
6001:
5898:
496:
On 14 March 2011, in response to the renewed concern about the use of nuclear energy raised by the Fukushima incident in the German public and in light of upcoming elections in three
5642:
5280:
2770:
1217:
110:, the government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by 2022. Eight of the 17 operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following Fukushima.
6006:
5858:
6011:
3305:
5250:
3280:
4866:
3799:
3983:
222:
operated until 2005, when it was shut down by a phaseout decision of the government. The first stations with a power output of more than 1000 MW each were the two units of the
5928:
5888:
5751:
4289:
4228:
4192:
4154:
4554:
5991:
3974:"The West's Nuclear Mistake - No government that really regarded climate change as its top energy priority would close nuclear plants before the end of their useful lives"
5878:
5831:
5736:
4611:
4101:
3508:"What if Germany had invested in nuclear power? A comparison between the German energy policy the last 20 years and an alternative policy of investing in nuclear power"
5996:
5933:
5883:
5853:
5781:
4680:
3117:
4259:
3645:
4131:
5306:
3338:
689:
4426:
185:") that achieved criticality, let alone building a nuclear weapon. When the Americans took over the last German attempt at a research reactor during the war at
5327:
3085:
5184:
4388:
3355:
6490:
4804:
3563:
2870:
billion into a state-administered fund to finance the interim and final storage of nuclear waste. They will also pay an additional "risk surcharge" of €6.2
4532:
551:
following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy and would no longer build nuclear power plants anywhere in the world.
6427:
4951:
3675:
3294:
277:
long-term storage project. Today, there is a "ergebnisoffener" searching process over the whole country for the storage of the irradiated nuclear fuel.
5487:
4827:
3481:
4357:
4918:
6251:
4479:
4342:
5094:
5071:
3306:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120207200938/http://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/DE_20111216-PI-Die-Verantwortung-waechst?open&ccm=900010020010
645:
Gross generation of electricity by source in Germany from 1990 to 2020, which shows the shift from nuclear and coal to renewables and fossil gas
461:
by 2022, but the phase-out plan was initially delayed in late 2010, when during the chancellorship of centre-right Angela Merkel, the coalition
5450:
5346:
5131:
5040:
4573:
3947:
3619:
6105:
2883:
6256:
3855:
3705:
3273:
3422:
5272:
4662:
3277:
3096:(RWI), the German Energy Agency (DENA), the Federation of German Consumer Organisations (VZBV), and the government-owned development bank (
4719:
95:
supplied by six power plants. Three of these were switched off at the end of 2021, and the other three ceased operations by April 2023.
6060:
722:
was to be shut down as planned. However, on 10 October 2022, Scholz announced that all three would remain operating until 15 April 2023.
5246:
4494:
714:, subject to a stress test of Germany's electricity system. German public opinion was split on the issue of phasing out nuclear power.
520:
ever held in Germany, some 250,000 people protested on 26 March 2011, under the slogan "heed Fukushima – shut off all nuclear plants".
159:
conducted an experiment designed by Lise Meitner (who had already been driven into exile due to her Jewish ancestry), which led to the
4858:
3791:
5836:
4636:
3973:
327:
In 1965, before the AVR started operation, a basic design for a commercial demonstration HTGR reactor using thorium was started, the
5221:
4281:
4220:
4184:
3877:
237:
planned to build a nuclear power station on its grounds at Ludwigshafen to supply process steam. The project was withdrawn by BASF.
5597:
3825:
2242:
1057:
3917:
754:
547:, which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germany's existing nuclear power plants, announced that it would exit the
5010:
1269:
102:
has a long history dating back to the early 1970s and intensified following the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. After the March 2011
3060:
emissions by 40 percent compared with 1990 levels. Germany has become one of the leaders in the efforts to fulfil the
209:, nuclear power in Germany was first developed in the late 1950s. Only a few experimental reactors went online before 1960, and
6150:
5710:
5480:
5406:
4603:
4097:
6475:
6160:
4698:
3406:
462:
6480:
6441:
6027:
5973:
5786:
5384:
5366:
5162:
3641:
2879:
706:
said that Germany would not reverse the phase-out itself but that he was open to the idea of extending the lifespan of the
500:, Merkel declared a 3-month moratorium on the reactor lifespan extension passed in 2010. German engineering-industry giant
411:
as well as technical issues with the THTR-300 halted any effort. The technology is now being pursued by the Chinese as the
4251:
3769:
733:
In April 2024, there was a controversy related to the decommissioning of nuclear power plants in Germany. German magazine
558:
emissions by 40 percent and double our share of renewable energies, from about 17 percent today to then 35 percent".
6261:
6205:
5542:
4123:
3223:
1548:
875:
743:
had misled the public in 2022 and ignored the advice of experts who said nuclear facilities were still safe to operate.
77:
5557:
5302:
4740:
3335:
1829:
929:
296:
eaktor, AVR) to demonstrate the feasibility and viability of a gas-cooled, graphite-moderated high temperature reactor (
6452:
6447:
6210:
6110:
5612:
5607:
4418:
3149:
2391:
2318:
1074:
985:
450:
5532:
1470:
823:
412:
6528:
6485:
5893:
5562:
5473:
3243:
2953:
1868:
1227:
951:
537:
536:
characterised Merkel's decision as a political move to improve her approval ratings, which had sagged after the post-
59:
3084:
The cost of replacing Germany's nuclear power generation with renewable energy has been officially estimated by the
6085:
5658:
5617:
2469:
1109:
677:
517:
99:
34:
3317:
Handelsblatt.com: „Atomkraft konnte die Versprechungen nie einlösen“ – Deutschland beendet das Kernkraft-Zeitalter
6241:
6053:
4967:
Sovacool, Benjamin K. (August 2010). "A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia".
4896:
1232:
727:
665:
billion under separate suits. Six cases were registered with courts in Germany as of 7 December 2016.
466:
4796:
4045:
3555:
233:, but the project was dropped in 1962. Another attempt to site a reactor in a major city was made in 1967, when
5637:
5622:
5547:
5155:"The End of the Atomic Dream: One Year After Fukushima, the Shortfalls of Nuclear Energy Are Clearer Than Ever"
4524:
3667:
2971:
2731:
2542:
1587:
1199:
1127:
893:
698:
379:
371:
5587:
4948:
3291:
2162:
1039:
6420:
5958:
5602:
5429:
2428:
1091:
441:
in northern Germany on 8 November 2008. The banner reads "Only the risk is certain. Atomic power? No thanks!"
297:
219:
139:, German universities were the employers of some of the world's most renowned nuclear physicists, including
6200:
5868:
5848:
5527:
3238:
3120:(ICSID) to seek compensation from the German government for the premature shut-down of its nuclear plants.
3100:) put the cost several times higher, at about €250 billion ($ 340 billion) over the next decade.
3052:
in an effort to reduce its reliance on coal. According to the former German Minister for the Environment,
1431:
805:
650:
160:
2918:, which relies on German suppliers for the particle accelerator, which is in a sense the "heart" of every
6215:
5863:
5632:
5552:
5537:
3141:
2853:
2623:
1790:
1509:
1163:
911:
840:
719:
488:
Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following the March 2011
392:
3278:
https://www.energy-charts.info/charts/energy_pie/chart.htm?l=en&c=DE&year=2021&interval=year
554:
Merkel stated that Germany " only want to renounce nuclear energy by 2022, we also want to reduce our CO
305:
6046:
5943:
5938:
5913:
5771:
5703:
5592:
5522:
4765:
3026:
2899:
2844:
as a national facility for the permanent disposal of low- to medium-grade radioactive waste materials.
2201:
1355:
857:
787:
505:
489:
454:
434:
270:
223:
103:
5451:
The German federal ministry of environment, nature conservation and reactor safety about the phase-out
4098:"The thirteenth amendment to the Atomic Energy Act is for the most part compatible with the Basic Law"
6495:
6434:
6120:
5968:
5918:
5826:
5816:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5776:
5761:
5756:
5746:
5741:
5731:
5627:
5063:
3187:
2919:
2739:
2664:
2631:
2592:
2584:
2550:
2511:
2436:
2360:
2326:
2250:
2020:
1798:
1768:
1734:
1700:
1666:
1632:
1595:
1556:
1517:
1439:
1400:
1363:
1145:
6307:
5123:
5032:
3611:
6246:
6135:
6095:
5963:
5953:
5923:
5908:
5903:
5821:
5806:
5663:
5577:
5572:
5367:"Germany has shut down its last three nuclear power plants, and some climate scientists are aghast"
3253:
3145:
3128:
2051:
1978:
968:
933:
707:
680:
in 2022, German energy policy – which had up to that point relied on Russian imports (particularly
210:
206:
3847:
3697:
41:
6189:
6145:
5948:
5873:
5843:
5440:
3946:. Vol. 399, no. 8736. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4–10 June 2011. pp. 38–40.
3078:
118:
by retaining nuclear power during the period 2002–2022 and could have saved €696 billion on its
6505:
6470:
6413:
6357:
6220:
6183:
2922:
and whose reliability is the key issue to be solved before such systems can be commercialised.
470:
684:) to a large degree – was re-evaluated, including a temporary suspension of the controversial
469:
government decreed a 12-year delay of the schedule. This delay provoked protests, including a
6225:
6090:
5696:
3248:
3215:
2903:
2778:
2477:
2214:
2209:
2170:
2064:
2059:
1986:
1947:
1913:
1876:
1837:
1478:
458:
429:
424:
107:
3123:
391:, all eastern German nuclear power plants were closed due to flaws in safety standards. The
378:. It was of low power and operated from 1966 until 1990. The second to be commissioned, the
6500:
6322:
3519:
2784:
2132:
2100:
396:
388:
258:
4919:"Cutting-edge accelerator technologies are key to success for the MYRRHA research reactor"
8:
6115:
5411:
5210:
4221:"Germany's atomic phase-out: How to dismantle a nuclear power plant | DW | 11 March 2019"
3885:
3398:
3913:
3821:
3523:
3473:
3386:
3287:, which give 13.2% for 2017 and 24.8% for 2010, compared to 11.63% in 2017 according to
446:
4984:
3442:
2995:
2911:
504:
announced a complete withdrawal from the nuclear industry in 2011 as a response to the
408:
6292:
5434:
5002:
156:
6399:
6282:
6195:
6069:
5385:"After scrapping nuclear reactors, Germany to spend billions on new gas power plants"
4988:
4473:
4336:
3537:
3446:
3402:
3233:
3228:
2823:
735:
509:
497:
266:
194:
174:
119:
4313:"Atomkraftwerke in Deutschland: Habeck hält Laufzeitverlängerung für nicht sinnvoll"
3053:
6407:
Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social & Technological Case for Renewable Energy
4976:
4663:"German greens accused of lying over nuclear power safety to force plant shutdowns"
3907:
3905:
3903:
3527:
3434:
3394:
2830:
723:
240:
115:
72:
6342:
4714:
4712:
3532:
3507:
3450:
2906:
of high-level waste (primarily actinides, which account for most of the long-term
229:
In the early 1960s, there was a proposal to build a nuclear power station in West
6332:
6327:
6317:
6297:
5407:"Opinion - Data on the German retreat from nuclear energy tell a cautionary tale"
5353:
5334:
4955:
3342:
3323:
3298:
3284:
317:
182:
140:
5154:
4100:(Press release). Karlsruhe, Germany: Bundesverfassungsgericht. 6 December 2016.
3900:
2890:
billion would prove insufficient and that future taxpayers will carry the risk.
343:
In the early 1970s, large public demonstrations prevented the construction of a
245:
A closed nuclear fuel cycle was planned, starting with mining operations in the
6362:
6347:
6277:
5402:
5098:
4709:
3761:
3477:
3173:
3153:
3061:
3057:
548:
164:
4980:
4450:"Energieversorgung: Betreiber von Atomkraftwerken zeigen sich gesprächsbereit"
395:
in East Germany was to be the largest nuclear power station in Germany. After
6522:
6367:
4681:"German Green's minister Robert Habeck under fire over 2022 nuclear shutdown"
3541:
3438:
3201:
3089:
3073:
3049:
2967:
2907:
740:
703:
693:
685:
513:
344:
190:
84:
4389:"AKW: Atomkraftwerke doch nicht abschalten? So ginge es ohne russisches Gas"
4282:"German energy regulator suspends Nord Stream 2 certification, sets demands"
6372:
6337:
6312:
6155:
5688:
5465:
3978:
3848:"Rekord-Demos in Deutschland. Atomstreit trifft Koalition mit voller Wucht"
3292:
https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/CountryDetails.aspx?current=DE
3105:
478:
400:
375:
352:
214:
148:
136:
6382:
6377:
6352:
6302:
5517:
4949:
The Accidental Century – Prominent Energy Accidents in the Last 100 Years
2837:
1318:
769:
681:
321:
313:
309:
301:
262:
250:
152:
5441:"Germany says auf Wiedersehen to nuclear power, guten Tag to renewables"
4859:"German utilities buy out of nuclear waste liability for 23.6 bln euros"
2902:
inside Germany's borders, Germany is also involved in research into the
585:
6287:
5668:
5064:"The Latte Fallacy: German Switch to Renewables Likely to Be Expensive"
4495:"Bayern diskutiert über Laufzeitverlängerung des Kernkraftwerks Isar 2"
3969:
3113:
3109:
2841:
533:
186:
169:
4888:
3599:
Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy
3586:
Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy
2898:
While the official policy of Germany is to dispose of spent fuel in a
4797:"Nuclear reactor sites: Dismantle or fence off? | DW | 26 April 2016"
4041:
3556:"Wissenschaftsgeschichte: Hitlers Atombombe – warum es sie nicht gab"
3093:
2669:
2636:
474:
144:
6038:
4187:[Nuclear exit: corporations sue further – for information].
4068:"German utilities eligible for "adequate" nuclear exit compensation"
3387:"Green Energy and the Remaking of West German Politics in the 1970s"
641:
481:
demonstrations on 12 March attracted 100,000 people across Germany.
189:
in southwestern Germany, it was clear to the people involved in the
6125:
6100:
5567:
5273:"Atomausstieg: EU unterstützt Deutschland im Streit mit Vattenfall"
3756:
3754:
3371:
Hanneke Brooymans. France, Germany: A tale of two nuclear nations,
2999:
2694:
1600:
1181:
438:
328:
274:
246:
5095:"KfW to Provide 100 Billion Euros to Aid German Energy Transition"
484:
5582:
4574:"Bundesregierung will zwei AKW bis April 2023 als Reserve nutzen"
3195:
2441:
2092:
1368:
1003:
711:
544:
501:
356:
300:). In the early 1960s, it started the design and construction of
88:
4828:"Burying the atom: Europe struggles to dispose of nuclear waste"
3751:
241:
Attempts at developing a closed fuel-cycle and breeding reactors
6130:
5211:"The Private and External Costs of Germany's Nuclear Phase-Out"
3019:
2915:
230:
4637:"German government rejects new call to delay nuclear shutdown"
3002:
released radioactivity to 4 km surrounding the facility.
1255:
362:
254:
91:
from the 1960s until it was fully phased out in April 2023.
4699:"German ministers quizzed over nuclear phase out 'deception"
3939:
1245:
1238:
253:; uranium ore concentration, fuel rod filling production in
33:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
6165:
5673:
4555:"Why ultra-green Germany turned its back on nuclear energy"
3302:
3288:
2555:
2287:
383:
374:
was the first (mostly experimental) nuclear power plant in
348:
316:. Thorium-232 is over 100 times as abundant in the Earth's
234:
5303:"Court rules Biblis closure unlawful - World Nuclear News"
3118:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
3029:; contamination of the local area in the reactor building.
3822:"Nuclear backlash forces Merkel to rethink energy policy"
3423:"The implications of Fukushima: The European perspective"
3097:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2687:
2680:
2654:
2647:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2119:
2112:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1348:
1343:
1338:
280:
In 1959, 15 municipal electric companies established the
5185:"Grid Instability Has Industry Scrambling for Solutions"
4826:
Oroschakoff, Kalina; Solletty, Solletty (19 July 2017).
4572:
Grahn, Sarah Lena; Daniel, Isabelle (5 September 2022).
4124:"German utilities win compensation for nuclear phaseout"
2914:). An important research project underway in Belgium is
529:
swiftest change in political course since unification.
382:, was planned to house eight of the Russian 440 MW
366:
The ruins of the incomplete Stendal NPP reactor building
338:
257:; and reprocessing of the spent fuel in the never-built
1881:
355:
success at Wyhl inspired nuclear opposition throughout
4604:"Germany extends lifetime of remaining nuclear plants"
4185:"Atomausstieg: Konzerne klagen weiter – auf Auskunft"
4177:
3690:
6491:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
5460:
5347:
Facing an energy crisis, Germans stock up on candles
4720:"Germany shuts three of its last six nuclear plants"
4011:"The Year of Peril and Promise in Energy Production"
3729:"The Year of Peril and Promise in Energy Production"
3163:
130:
6428:
The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger
5455:
4825:
4252:"Factbox: How dependent is Germany on Russian gas?"
3962:
3094:
Rhenish-Westphalian Institute for Economic Research
3914:"Germany Decides to Abandon Nuclear Power by 2022"
3878:"German govt wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest"
3792:"Germany to shut down seven reactors temporarily"
3612:"Germany Reconsiders Reactor Lifespan Extensions"
6520:
6414:The Energy Imperative: 100 Percent Renewable Now
181:("uranium machine"—what the Americans called a "
4419:"Kohle- oder Atomenergie statt russischem Gas?"
4250:Eckert, Vera; Abnett, Kate (24 February 2022).
3420:
3393:, Oxford University Press, pp. 155–C6P88,
2833:on several temporary sites around the country.
2816:
594: Operating reactors, building new reactors
477:to the nearby nuclear plant in Neckarwestheim.
5152:
4850:
2847:
2836:Germany is preparing the former iron ore mine
624: Operating reactors, decided on phase-out
155:, and others. In 1938, Hahn and his colleague
44:to make improvements to the overall structure.
6054:
5704:
5481:
4525:"Germany rules out delay to nuclear phaseout"
3274:Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
1270:List of commercial nuclear reactors § Germany
200:
5718:
5495:
5456:Nuclear Engineering Society of Germany (KTG)
4478:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4341:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4249:
3932:
2860:
655:
600: Operating reactors, planning new build
589:Global status of nuclear deployment (2022):
6106:Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland
5247:"Why Vattenfall is taking Germany to court"
4941:
4571:
4155:"Nuclear plant operators continue lawsuits"
4090:
4008:
3726:
3512:International Journal of Sustainable Energy
418:
6061:
6047:
5711:
5697:
5488:
5474:
5328:A needed nuclear option for climate change
5124:"Nuclear Phaseout Is an 'Historic Moment'"
4794:
4147:
4060:
3824:. Germany: Deutsche Welle. 14 March 2011.
3505:
3474:"Merkel shuts down seven nuclear reactors"
2383:
2043:
1540:
516:, changed their positions. In the largest
6252:National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency
5461:German Nuclear Energy Association (KernD)
5061:
4856:
4448:Germany, Stuttgarter Zeitung, Stuttgart.
4311:Germany, Stuttgarter Zeitung, Stuttgart.
3642:"Nuclear safety worries spread to Europe"
3531:
3131:was taken out of service on 15 April 2023
1013:
921:
60:Learn how and when to remove this message
4995:
4966:
3122:
2858:On 19 October 2016, the German cabinet (
640:
606: No reactors, building new reactors
584:
483:
428:
361:
282:Association of Experimental Reactor GmbH
71:
5401:
4355:
4144:Provides a history of the nuclear exit.
4116:
3796:Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review
3336:Tagesschau.de: Nukleare Risiken bleiben
1049:
867:
540:bailout of southern Europe by Germany.
80:in Germany, which was shut down in 2015
6521:
6151:Nuclear reprocessing plant Wackersdorf
5104:from the original on 24 September 2011
5092:
5074:from the original on 23 September 2011
4960:
4741:"German reactor permanently shut down"
4386:
4358:"Atomkraft: Denkverbote? Nein, danke!"
4218:
3648:from the original on 21 September 2013
3591:
3471:
3465:
3025:The stop valve failed for a moment at
1067:
977:
459:final retreat from using nuclear power
6257:National Renewable Energy Action Plan
6161:Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH
6068:
6042:
5692:
5469:
5430:German Reactor Safety Authority (GRS)
5227:from the original on 12 November 2020
5062:Neubacher, Alexander (27 July 2011).
5043:from the original on 20 November 2022
5033:"Companies de-energised by blackouts"
4857:Wettengel, Julian (19 October 2016).
4790:
4788:
4786:
4631:
4629:
4614:from the original on 19 November 2022
4584:from the original on 5 September 2022
4214:
4212:
4210:
4104:from the original on 20 December 2016
4048:from the original on 11 February 2012
3940:"German Energy: Nuclear? Nein, danke"
3911:
3566:from the original on 20 February 2022
3384:
3356:Energy and Now, the Political Fallout
2994:Operator actions to dislodge damaged
943:
739:claimed that German Economy Minister
523:
339:Early opposition and reactor closures
211:an experimental nuclear power station
6481:History of the anti-nuclear movement
6442:World Nuclear Industry Status Report
5283:from the original on 4 February 2016
5253:from the original on 4 February 2016
5191:from the original on 2 November 2019
5093:Nicola, Stefan (19 September 2011).
5013:from the original on 12 January 2016
4929:from the original on 15 October 2022
4505:from the original on 15 October 2022
4492:
4460:from the original on 15 October 2022
4195:from the original on 8 December 2016
4134:from the original on 6 December 2016
4074:. Berlin, Germany. 6 December 2016.
4039:
3968:
3578:
3501:
3499:
1101:
630: Civil nuclear power is illegal
17:
6206:List of photovoltaic power stations
4766:"Germany shuts down Philippsburg 2"
4535:from the original on 21 August 2022
4447:
4310:
4161:. Berlin, German. 8 December 2016.
4021:from the original on 31 August 2021
3986:from the original on 6 January 2022
3739:from the original on 31 August 2021
3224:Energy policy of the European Union
2931:Nuclear power accidents in Germany
815:
193:that Germany had fallen behind the
78:Grafenrheinfeld Nuclear Power Plant
13:
6211:Renewable energy commercialization
6111:EnBW Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg AG
5340:
5165:from the original on 19 April 2012
4869:from the original on 28 March 2019
4838:from the original on 28 March 2019
4807:from the original on 28 March 2019
4795:Zimmermann, Nils (26 April 2016).
4783:
4626:
4231:from the original on 28 March 2019
4219:Wecker, Katharina (3 March 2019).
4207:
4130:. Bonn, Germany. 5 December 2016.
4042:"Power Reactor Information System"
3920:from the original on 31 March 2020
3828:from the original on 17 March 2011
3802:from the original on 16 March 2011
3772:from the original on 31 March 2020
3762:"Siemens to quit nuclear industry"
3720:
3708:from the original on 16 March 2011
3698:"AKW Neckarwestheim muss vom Netz"
3668:"Nuclear power? No thanks (again)"
3622:from the original on 15 March 2011
3399:10.1093/oso/9780197667712.003.0007
2880:German Renewable Energy Federation
1191:
1119:
885:
612: No reactors, new in planning
14:
6540:
6486:List of power stations in Germany
6476:The Greens–European Free Alliance
5435:"Germany split over green energy"
5423:
5003:"Germany split over green energy"
4899:from the original on 3 March 2022
4429:from the original on 4 March 2022
4399:from the original on 2 March 2022
4368:from the original on 2 March 2022
4323:from the original on 2 March 2022
4292:from the original on 2 March 2022
4262:from the original on 2 March 2022
3950:from the original on 24 June 2013
3858:from the original on 3 April 2011
3678:from the original on 29 June 2011
3496:
3427:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3244:List of power stations in Germany
1231:Nuclear power plants in Germany (
1209:
1083:
671:
131:Early nuclear research in Germany
6086:Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
5659:Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
5309:from the original on 27 May 2018
5153:Alexander Ochs (16 March 2012).
5134:from the original on 2 June 2011
4165:from the original on 4 July 2017
4078:from the original on 4 July 2017
3484:from the original on 15 May 2020
3208:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3000:thorium high-temperature reactor
2893:
2674:
2641:
2106:
1775:
1268:This section is an excerpt from
1254:
1244:
1237:
1208:
1190:
1173:
1172:
1154:
1136:
1118:
1100:
1082:
1066:
1048:
1030:
1012:
994:
976:
960:
942:
920:
902:
884:
866:
848:
832:
814:
797:
796:
778:
760:
753:
618: Operating reactors, stable
425:Nuclear phase-out § Germany
100:anti-nuclear movement in Germany
22:
5395:
5377:
5359:
5321:
5295:
5265:
5239:
5203:
5177:
5146:
5116:
5086:
5055:
5025:
4911:
4881:
4819:
4758:
4733:
4691:
4673:
4655:
4596:
4565:
4547:
4517:
4486:
4441:
4411:
4387:Wetzel, Daniel (1 March 2022).
4380:
4349:
4304:
4274:
4243:
4033:
4009:John Broder (10 October 2011).
4002:
3870:
3840:
3814:
3784:
3727:John Broder (10 October 2011).
3660:
3634:
3604:
3548:
3301:and 22.4% in 2010 according to
2107:Finished; never entered service
1776:Finished; never entered service
1155:
1031:
903:
833:
690:minister of economy and climate
269:was intended to be stored in a
259:nuclear fuel reprocessing plant
4493:Glas, Andreas (2 March 2022).
3912:Baetz, Juergen (30 May 2011).
3644:. Guardian UK. 12 March 2011.
3414:
3378:
3365:
3348:
3329:
3310:
3272:According to Energy Charts by
3266:
2972:Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant
995:
849:
779:
699:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
399:and due to concerns about the
380:Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant
372:Rheinsberg Nuclear Power Plant
177:never got close to building a
1:
6421:The Fourth Revolution: Energy
4947:Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009).
4191:(in German). Berlin, German.
3884:. 30 May 2011. Archived from
3533:10.1080/14786451.2024.2355642
3472:Knight, Ben (15 March 2011).
3421:Caroline Jorant (July 2011).
3259:
1137:
457:government decreed Germany's
445:During the chancellorship of
435:nuclear waste disposal centre
6262:Renewable Energy Sources Act
6201:Energy transition in Germany
4969:Journal of Contemporary Asia
4270:– via www.reuters.com.
3854:(in German). 26 March 2011.
3704:(in German). 14 March 2011.
3239:Energy transition in Germany
3086:German Ministry of Economics
3081:will be damaged by outages.
3043:
2925:
2817:Radioactive waste management
2790:Shut down/in decommissioning
2747:Shut down/in decommissioning
2600:Shut down/in decommissioning
2561:Shut down/in decommissioning
2446:Shut down/in decommissioning
2258:Shut down/in decommissioning
1994:Shut down/in decommissioning
1887:Shut down/in decommissioning
1742:Shut down/in decommissioning
1708:Shut down/in decommissioning
1674:Shut down/in decommissioning
1640:Shut down/in decommissioning
1606:Shut down/in decommissioning
1408:Shut down/in decommissioning
1374:Shut down/in decommissioning
961:
651:Federal Constitutional Court
161:discovery of nuclear fission
7:
6216:Renewable energy in Germany
3159:
2854:Nuclear Waste Disposal Fund
2848:Nuclear Waste Disposal Fund
761:
746:
720:Emsland Nuclear Power Plant
574:1, Kruemmel, Neckarwestheim
393:Stendal Nuclear Power Plant
331:. The HTGR, rated at 300 MW
10:
6545:
6453:Films about nuclear issues
6448:Books about nuclear issues
3385:Gross, Stephen G. (2023),
3056:, in 2020, this would cut
3027:Biblis Nuclear Power Plant
2900:deep geological repository
2886:, claim the total of €23.6
2851:
1267:
518:anti-nuclear demonstration
506:Fukushima nuclear disaster
490:Fukushima nuclear disaster
433:Anti-nuclear protest near
422:
271:deep geological repository
224:Biblis Nuclear Power Plant
201:First nuclear power plants
197:to a considerable degree.
125:
104:Fukushima nuclear disaster
6496:Nuclear-Free Future Award
6461:
6391:
6270:
6234:
6174:
6121:Free Republic of Wendland
6076:
6020:
5982:
5724:
5651:
5510:
5503:
4981:10.1080/00472331003798350
4356:Altenbockum, Jasper von.
3188:Nuclear technology portal
3108:. Swedish energy company
2920:accelerator-driven system
2622:
2468:
2317:
1977:
1867:
1586:
1354:
135:Prior to the takeover of
6529:Nuclear power in Germany
6242:Climate Action Plan 2050
6141:Nuclear power in Germany
6136:List of nuclear reactors
6096:Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival
5719:Nuclear energy in Europe
5664:Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival
5497:Nuclear power in Germany
5447:magazine, 12 August 2005
5218:Energy Institute at Haas
4889:"Aufgaben der BGE - BGE"
4863:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW)
4407:– via www.welt.de.
4376:– via www.faz.net.
4159:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW)
4072:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW)
3506:Emblemsvåg, Jan (2024).
3439:10.1177/0096340211414842
3297:17 November 2018 at the
3283:27 December 2021 at the
3254:Nuclear power by country
3129:Isar Nuclear Power Plant
3079:industrial control units
2963:Greifswald, East Germany
2405:Shut down/decommissioned
708:Isar Nuclear Power Plant
657:Bundesverfassungsgericht
649:On 5 December 2016, the
419:First phase-out proposal
207:industrialised countries
173:("uranium club") led by
6247:Energy Saving Ordinance
6146:Nuclear power phase-out
5356:, NPR, 20 December 2022
3601:, Longman, pp. 130–135.
3597:Wolfgang Rudig (1990).
3584:Wolfgang Rudig (1990).
2878:Critics, including the
726:, deputy leader of the
114:a 73% reduction in its
6506:Nuclear weapons debate
6471:Environmental movement
6358:Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake
6308:Siegwart Horst Günther
6221:Solar power in Germany
5767:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4954:21 August 2012 at the
4745:world-nuclear-news.org
4454:stuttgarter-zeitung.de
4317:stuttgarter-zeitung.de
3132:
2861:
688:pipeline. The German
678:Russia invaded Ukraine
656:
646:
638:
493:
442:
367:
306:Jülich Research Centre
81:
6226:Wind power in Germany
6184:100% renewable energy
6091:Anti-nuclear protests
5352:29 March 2023 at the
5333:29 March 2023 at the
5279:. 25 September 2015.
3768:. 18 September 2011.
3341:13 April 2023 at the
3322:13 April 2023 at the
3249:Nuclear energy policy
3216:European Union portal
3126:
3112:went in front of the
2991:Hamm-Uentrop, Germany
2904:nuclear transmutation
2402:Pressure tube reactor
1058:Mülheim‑Kärlich
644:
588:
570:B, Brunsbuettel, Isar
538:2008 financial crisis
487:
432:
365:
108:anti-nuclear protests
75:
6501:Nuclear power debate
5009:. 25 February 2005.
4925:. 17 February 2022.
4288:. 16 November 2021.
3916:. Associated Press.
3373:The Edmonton Journal
1228:class=notpageimage|
397:German reunification
389:German reunification
6116:E.ON Kernkraft GmbH
5983:States with limited
5412:The Washington Post
5337:, Vox, 12 July 2022
5037:Aggregates Business
4865:. Berlin, Germany.
4610:. 17 October 2022.
4128:Deutsche Welle (DW)
3972:(8 December 2021).
3524:2024IJSEn..4355642E
3050:fossil power plants
2950:(million 2006 US$ )
2932:
1242: Active plants
582:1, and Unterweser.
543:In September 2011,
288:rbeitsgemeinschaft
42:editing the article
5391:. 5 February 2024.
5187:. 16 August 2012.
4531:. 21 August 2022.
3133:
2930:
2912:spent nuclear fuel
647:
639:
524:Phase-out decision
494:
443:
409:Chernobyl disaster
368:
226:in 1974 and 1976.
82:
6514:
6513:
6400:The Atom Besieged
6283:Hildegard Breiner
6196:Energy transition
6070:Energy in Germany
6036:
6035:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5039:. 27 March 2012.
4770:energycentral.com
3798:. 15 March 2011.
3674:. 15 March 2011.
3618:. 14 March 2011.
3588:, Longman, p. 63.
3408:978-0-19-766771-2
3234:Energy transition
3229:Energy in Germany
3150:Neckarwestheim II
3041:
3040:
2831:Castor containers
2824:radioactive waste
2812:
2811:
1261:Unfinished plants
636: No reactors
532:Political writer
510:Guido Westerwelle
451:social democratic
267:radioactive waste
195:Manhattan project
175:Werner Heisenberg
120:energy transition
70:
69:
62:
35:layout guidelines
6536:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6040:
6039:
5725:Sovereign states
5713:
5706:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5583:Kalkar (SNR-300)
5508:
5507:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5417:
5416:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5373:. 18 April 2023.
5363:
5357:
5344:
5338:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5220:. January 2020.
5215:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4964:
4958:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4792:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4705:. 26 April 2024.
4695:
4689:
4688:
4687:. 26 April 2024.
4677:
4671:
4670:
4669:. 26 April 2024.
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4216:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4189:Der Tagesspiegel
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3909:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3608:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3449:. Archived from
3418:
3412:
3411:
3391:Energy and Power
3382:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3354:John Greenwald.
3352:
3346:
3333:
3327:
3314:
3308:
3270:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3016:17 December 1987
2933:
2929:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2689:
2682:
2656:
2649:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2121:
2114:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1276:
1275:
1258:
1248:
1241:
1212:
1211:
1194:
1193:
1176:
1175:
1158:
1157:
1140:
1139:
1122:
1121:
1104:
1103:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1052:
1051:
1034:
1033:
1016:
1015:
998:
997:
980:
979:
964:
963:
946:
945:
924:
923:
906:
905:
888:
887:
870:
869:
852:
851:
836:
835:
818:
817:
800:
799:
782:
781:
764:
763:
757:
724:Wolfgang Kubicki
664:
659:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
447:Gerhard Schröder
116:carbon emissions
65:
58:
54:
51:
45:
26:
25:
18:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6510:
6463:
6457:
6387:
6333:Rainer Moormann
6328:Irene Meichsner
6323:André Larivière
6318:Claudia Kemfert
6298:Hans-Josef Fell
6293:Hans-Peter Dürr
6266:
6230:
6176:
6170:
6078:
6072:
6067:
6037:
6032:
6016:
6002:Northern Cyprus
5984:
5978:
5899:North Macedonia
5720:
5717:
5687:
5678:
5647:
5598:Mülheim-Kärlich
5543:Grafenrheinfeld
5499:
5494:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5405:(10 May 2023).
5403:Ritchie, Hannah
5400:
5396:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5354:Wayback Machine
5345:
5341:
5335:Wayback Machine
5326:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5130:. 30 May 2011.
5122:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4965:
4961:
4956:Wayback Machine
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4793:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4643:. 12 April 2023
4635:
4634:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4570:
4566:
4561:. 19 July 2023.
4553:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4536:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4491:
4487:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4461:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4354:
4350:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4217:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4137:
4135:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4007:
4003:
3989:
3987:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3910:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3888:on 6 March 2016
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3560:www.spektrum.de
3554:
3553:
3549:
3504:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3383:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3353:
3349:
3343:Wayback Machine
3334:
3330:
3324:Wayback Machine
3315:
3311:
3299:Wayback Machine
3285:Wayback Machine
3271:
3267:
3262:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3088:at about €0.01/
3067:
3046:
2949:
2928:
2896:
2887:
2875:final storage.
2871:
2867:
2856:
2850:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2243:Mülheim-Kärlich
1549:Grafenrheinfeld
1309:
1304:
1299:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1007:
999:
991:
990:
989:
981:
973:
972:
971:
965:
957:
956:
955:
947:
939:
938:
937:
925:
917:
916:
915:
907:
899:
898:
897:
889:
881:
880:
879:
876:Grafenrheinfeld
871:
863:
862:
861:
853:
845:
844:
843:
837:
829:
828:
827:
819:
811:
810:
809:
801:
793:
792:
791:
783:
775:
774:
773:
765:
749:
674:
662:
637:
633:
631:
627:
625:
621:
619:
615:
613:
609:
607:
603:
601:
597:
595:
591:
579:
578:1, Philippsburg
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
526:
473:of 50,000 from
427:
421:
359:and elsewhere.
341:
334:
273:as part of the
243:
203:
157:Fritz Straßmann
141:Albert Einstein
133:
128:
106:and subsequent
66:
55:
49:
46:
40:Please help by
39:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
6542:
6532:
6531:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6438:
6435:What Will Work
6431:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6363:Michael Sladek
6360:
6355:
6350:
6348:Hermann Scheer
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6278:Hermann Behmel
6274:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6180:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6028:European Union
6024:
6022:
6021:Other entities
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5974:United Kingdom
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5787:Czech Republic
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5613:Niederaichbach
5610:
5608:Neckarwestheim
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5438:
5432:
5425:
5424:External links
5422:
5419:
5418:
5394:
5376:
5358:
5339:
5320:
5294:
5264:
5238:
5202:
5176:
5145:
5115:
5099:Bloomberg L.P.
5085:
5054:
5024:
4994:
4975:(3): 393–400.
4959:
4940:
4910:
4880:
4849:
4818:
4782:
4757:
4732:
4708:
4703:Deutsche Welle
4690:
4672:
4654:
4625:
4595:
4564:
4546:
4529:Deutsche Welle
4516:
4499:Süddeutsche.de
4485:
4440:
4410:
4379:
4348:
4303:
4273:
4242:
4206:
4176:
4146:
4115:
4089:
4059:
4032:
4015:New York Times
4001:
3961:
3931:
3899:
3869:
3839:
3813:
3783:
3750:
3733:New York Times
3719:
3689:
3659:
3633:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3547:
3495:
3478:Deutsche Welle
3464:
3453:on 15 May 2020
3413:
3407:
3377:
3375:, 25 May 2009.
3364:
3362:, 2 June 1986.
3347:
3328:
3309:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3205:
3191:
3177:
3174:Germany portal
3161:
3158:
3154:climate change
3074:power failures
3065:
3062:Kyoto protocol
3058:carbon dioxide
3054:Jürgen Trittin
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2895:
2892:
2862:Bundeskabinett
2852:Main article:
2849:
2846:
2838:Schacht Konrad
2818:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2708:Decommissioned
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:Niederaichbach
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2319:Neckarwestheim
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:VVER-440/V-213
1771:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:VVER-440/V-213
1737:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:VVER-440/V-230
1703:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:VVER-440/V-230
1669:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:VVER-440/V-230
1635:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1075:Neckarwestheim
1073:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1001:
1000:
993:
992:
986:Niederaichbach
983:
982:
975:
974:
967:
966:
959:
958:
949:
948:
941:
940:
927:
926:
919:
918:
909:
908:
901:
900:
891:
890:
883:
882:
873:
872:
865:
864:
855:
854:
847:
846:
839:
838:
831:
830:
821:
820:
813:
812:
803:
802:
795:
794:
785:
784:
777:
776:
767:
766:
759:
758:
752:
751:
750:
748:
745:
728:Free Democrats
673:
672:Renewed debate
670:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
555:
549:nuclear sector
525:
522:
420:
417:
340:
337:
332:
242:
239:
202:
199:
165:Jewish physics
132:
129:
127:
124:
68:
67:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6541:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6517:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:Ursula Sladek
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6343:Rüdiger Sagel
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:Public policy
6233:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6007:South Ossetia
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:Liechtenstein
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5714:
5709:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5563:Gundremmingen
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5206:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4928:
4924:
4923:Physics World
4920:
4914:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4668:
4667:The Telegraph
4664:
4658:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4583:
4580:(in German).
4579:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4475:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4428:
4424:
4423:tagesschau.de
4420:
4414:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4338:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4047:
4043:
4040:IAEA (2011).
4036:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3944:The Economist
3941:
3935:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3672:The Economist
3669:
3663:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3206:
3203:
3202:Energy portal
3197:
3192:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:fuel elements
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:core meltdown
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:radiotoxicity
2905:
2901:
2894:Transmutation
2891:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Gundremmingen
1866:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Grosswelzheim
1828:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:PBR Prototype
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1251:Closed plants
1247:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1202:
1201:
1184:
1183:
1166:
1165:
1148:
1147:
1130:
1129:
1112:
1111:
1094:
1093:
1076:
1060:
1059:
1042:
1041:
1024:
1006:
1005:
988:
987:
970:
954:
953:
952:Gundremmingen
936:
935:
931:
914:
913:
896:
895:
878:
877:
860:
859:
842:
826:
825:
808:
807:
790:
789:
772:
771:
756:
744:
742:
741:Robert Habeck
738:
737:
731:
729:
725:
721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:Robert Habeck
701:
700:
695:
694:Robert Habeck
691:
687:
686:Nord Stream 2
683:
679:
669:
666:
660:
658:
652:
643:
587:
583:
559:
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
530:
521:
519:
515:
514:Stefan Mappus
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:German states
491:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
436:
431:
426:
416:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:nuclear plant
336:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
238:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
198:
196:
192:
191:Alsos Mission
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
123:
121:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
90:
86:
85:Nuclear power
79:
74:
64:
61:
53:
50:December 2023
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
20:
19:
16:
6516:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6373:Klaus Traube
6338:Claudia Roth
6313:Robert Jungk
6190:Energiewende
6188:
6156:RWE Power AG
6140:
6012:Transnistria
5618:Philippsburg
5568:Hamm-Uentrop
5558:Großwelzheim
5496:
5444:
5410:
5397:
5388:
5379:
5370:
5361:
5342:
5323:
5311:. Retrieved
5297:
5285:. Retrieved
5276:
5267:
5255:. Retrieved
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5217:
5205:
5193:. Retrieved
5179:
5167:. Retrieved
5158:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5127:
5118:
5108:22 September
5106:. Retrieved
5088:
5078:22 September
5076:. Retrieved
5067:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5036:
5027:
5015:. Retrieved
5006:
4997:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4943:
4931:. Retrieved
4922:
4913:
4901:. Retrieved
4892:
4883:
4871:. Retrieved
4862:
4852:
4840:. Retrieved
4831:
4821:
4809:. Retrieved
4800:
4773:. Retrieved
4769:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4744:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4702:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4645:. Retrieved
4640:
4616:. Retrieved
4607:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4577:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4537:. Retrieved
4528:
4519:
4507:. Retrieved
4498:
4488:
4462:. Retrieved
4453:
4443:
4431:. Retrieved
4422:
4413:
4401:. Retrieved
4392:
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4361:
4351:
4325:. Retrieved
4316:
4306:
4294:. Retrieved
4285:
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4255:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4224:
4197:. Retrieved
4188:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4158:
4149:
4136:. Retrieved
4127:
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4092:
4080:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4014:
4004:
3995:
3988:. Retrieved
3979:The Atlantic
3977:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3943:
3934:
3922:. Retrieved
3890:. Retrieved
3886:the original
3881:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3851:
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3816:
3804:. Retrieved
3795:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3765:
3741:. Retrieved
3732:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3701:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3671:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3615:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3559:
3550:
3515:
3511:
3486:. Retrieved
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:the original
3430:
3426:
3416:
3390:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3331:
3312:
3268:
3138:
3134:
3106:fossil fuels
3102:
3083:
3070:
3047:
2897:
2877:
2859:
2857:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2470:Philippsburg
2365:Konvoi (KWU)
2175:BWR-69 (KWU)
2025:Konvoi (KWU)
1952:BWR-72 (KWU)
1918:BWR-72 (KWU)
1522:Konvoi (KWU)
1260:
1250:
1216:
1198:
1180:
1162:
1144:
1126:
1110:Philippsburg
1108:
1090:
1056:
1038:
1021:KNK II/
1020:
1002:
984:
950:
930:Großwelzheim
928:
910:
892:
874:
856:
822:
804:
786:
768:
734:
732:
716:
697:
675:
667:
654:
648:
560:
553:
542:
531:
527:
495:
479:Anti-nuclear
463:conservative
444:
405:
376:East Germany
369:
353:Anti-nuclear
342:
326:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
244:
228:
215:Kahl am Main
204:
179:Uranmaschine
178:
168:
149:Lise Meitner
137:Nazi Germany
134:
112:
97:
93:
87:was used in
83:
56:
47:
32:
15:
6383:Armin Weiss
6378:Roland Vogt
6353:Jens Scheer
6303:Erich Fromm
5985:recognition
5959:Switzerland
5894:Netherlands
5533:Brunsbüttel
5518:AVR reactor
5277:Der Spiegel
5231:28 November
5128:Der Spiegel
5068:Der Spiegel
5047:21 November
4618:21 November
4588:5 September
4025:27 February
3970:Frum, David
3852:Der Spiegel
3743:27 February
3702:Der Spiegel
3616:Der Spiegel
3068:emissions.
2942:Description
2807:26 Aug 1994
2802:11 Nov 1975
2797:26 Jan 1968
2725:29 Sep 1988
2612:19 May 1972
2573:11 Oct 1966
2536:31 Dec 2019
2531:18 Apr 1985
2497:26 Mar 1980
2463:11 May 2005
2458:31 Mar 1969
2453:15 Mar 1965
2422:31 Jul 1974
2385:15 Apr 2023
2380:15 Apr 1989
2307:19 Dec 1966
2265:15 Jan 1975
2190:28 Mar 1984
2156:23 Aug 1991
2086:25 Nov 1985
2045:15 Apr 2023
2035:15 Sep 1982
2006:21 Mar 1979
1972:31 Dec 2021
1967:18 Jan 1985
1962:20 Jul 1976
1938:31 Dec 2017
1933:19 Jul 1984
1928:20 Jul 1976
1904:13 Jan 1977
1899:12 Apr 1967
1894:12 Dec 1962
1862:20 Apr 1971
1823:31 Dec 2021
1759:24 Nov 1989
1725:22 Jul 1990
1691:28 Feb 1990
1657:14 Feb 1990
1652:16 Apr 1975
1623:14 Feb 1990
1618:12 Jul 1974
1581:27 Jun 2015
1576:17 Jun 1982
1542:15 Apr 2023
1537:20 Jun 1988
1532:10 Aug 1982
1493:15 Apr 1970
1471:Brunsbüttel
1464:31 Dec 2021
1459:22 Dec 1986
1420:31 Jan 1977
1386:26 Feb 1975
1349:31 Dec 1988
1344:19 May 1969
824:Brunsbüttel
682:natural gas
471:human chain
322:uranium-235
314:thorium-232
310:uranium-233
263:Wackersdorf
251:Schwarzwald
205:As in many
153:Leo Szilard
6288:Rolf Disch
6175:Renewable
5929:San Marino
5889:Montenegro
5869:Luxembourg
5849:Kazakhstan
5752:Azerbaijan
5669:Black bloc
5652:opposition
5638:Unterweser
5623:Rheinsberg
5548:Greifswald
5287:29 January
5257:29 January
5159:Worldwatch
4893:www.bge.de
4873:21 October
4199:8 December
4169:8 December
4138:6 December
4108:6 December
4082:6 December
3457:11 October
3260:References
3114:World Bank
3110:Vattenfall
2988:4 May 1986
2945:Fatalities
2842:Salzgitter
2826:disposal.
2764:6 Aug 2011
2759:6 Sep 1979
2754:1 Jul 1972
2732:Unterweser
2720:1 Jun 1987
2715:3 May 1971
2675:Unfinished
2642:Unfinished
2617:4 Nov 2003
2607:1 Dec 1967
2578:1 Jun 1990
2568:1 Jan 1960
2543:Rheinsberg
2526:7 Jul 1977
2502:6 Aug 2011
2492:1 Oct 1970
2417:1 Jan 1973
2412:1 Jun 1966
2375:9 Nov 1982
2351:6 Aug 2011
2346:1 Dec 1976
2341:1 Feb 1972
2312:3 May 1984
2302:1 Dec 1961
2275:9 Sep 1988
2270:8 Aug 1987
2236:5 Jan 1977
2231:1 Oct 1968
2226:1 Oct 1964
2195:6 Aug 2011
2185:5 Apr 1974
2151:3 Mar 1979
2146:1 Sep 1974
2081:1 Feb 1962
2076:1 Jul 1958
2069:Dismantled
2040:9 Apr 1988
2011:6 Aug 2011
2001:1 May 1972
1857:2 Aug 1970
1852:1 Jan 1965
1845:Dismantled
1818:1 Feb 1985
1813:1 Jun 1976
1754:1 Nov 1989
1749:1 Dec 1976
1720:1 Nov 1979
1715:1 Apr 1972
1686:1 May 1978
1681:1 Apr 1972
1647:1 Mar 1970
1613:1 Mar 1970
1588:Greifswald
1571:1 Jan 1975
1503:6 Aug 2011
1498:9 Feb 1977
1454:1 Jan 1976
1425:6 Aug 2011
1415:1 Feb 1972
1391:6 Aug 2011
1381:1 Jan 1970
1339:1 Aug 1961
1310:operation
1308:Commercial
1200:Unterweser
1128:Rheinsberg
894:Greifswald
534:David Frum
423:See also:
187:Haigerloch
170:Uranverein
5864:Lithuania
5643:Würgassen
5603:Obrigheim
4989:154882872
4775:8 January
4725:1 January
4539:22 August
3990:5 January
3542:1478-6451
3447:144198768
3433:(4): 15.
3044:Phase-out
3022:, Germany
2926:Accidents
2771:Würgassen
2670:VVER-1000
2637:VVER-1000
2519:Shut down
2485:Shut down
2429:Obrigheim
2368:Shut down
2334:Shut down
2295:Shut down
2255:B & W
2219:Shut down
2178:Shut down
2139:Shut down
2028:Shut down
1955:Shut down
1921:Shut down
1806:Shut down
1564:Shut down
1525:Shut down
1486:Shut down
1447:Shut down
1332:Shut down
1305:building
1218:Würgassen
1092:Obrigheim
475:Stuttgart
220:Obrigheim
145:Otto Hahn
6523:Category
6462:Related
6126:Gorleben
6101:Brokdorf
6077:Nuclear
5992:Abkhazia
5944:Slovenia
5939:Slovakia
5914:Portugal
5772:Bulgaria
5528:Brokdorf
5504:Reactors
5389:Politico
5371:NBC News
5350:Archived
5331:Archived
5307:Archived
5281:Archived
5251:Archived
5222:Archived
5195:25 March
5189:Archived
5169:19 March
5163:Archived
5132:Archived
5102:Archived
5072:Archived
5041:Archived
5011:Archived
5007:BBC News
4952:Archived
4927:Archived
4897:Archived
4867:Archived
4842:28 March
4836:Archived
4832:Politico
4811:28 March
4805:Archived
4685:Euractiv
4612:Archived
4582:Archived
4578:Die Zeit
4533:Archived
4503:Archived
4474:cite web
4458:Archived
4427:Archived
4397:Archived
4393:Die Welt
4366:Archived
4337:cite web
4321:Archived
4290:Archived
4260:Archived
4235:28 March
4229:Archived
4193:Archived
4163:Archived
4132:Archived
4102:Archived
4076:Archived
4046:Archived
4019:Archived
3984:Archived
3954:17 April
3948:Archived
3918:Archived
3862:26 March
3856:Archived
3832:18 March
3826:Archived
3806:15 March
3800:Archived
3770:Archived
3766:BBC News
3737:Archived
3712:14 March
3706:Archived
3682:17 March
3676:Archived
3652:14 March
3646:Archived
3626:14 March
3620:Archived
3564:Archived
3488:15 March
3482:Archived
3345:(german)
3339:Archived
3326:(german)
3320:Archived
3295:Archived
3281:Archived
3160:See also
3140:Germany—
2939:Location
2783:BWR-69 (
2695:THTR-300
1601:VVER-440
1432:Brokdorf
1298:Capacity
1182:THTR-300
806:Brokdorf
747:Reactors
439:Gorleben
384:VVER-440
329:THTR-300
275:Gorleben
249:and the
247:Saarland
5969:Ukraine
5919:Romania
5879:Moldova
5837:Ireland
5832:Iceland
5827:Hungary
5817:Germany
5812:Georgia
5802:Finland
5797:Estonia
5792:Denmark
5777:Croatia
5762:Belgium
5757:Belarus
5747:Austria
5742:Armenia
5737:Andorra
5732:Albania
5633:Stendal
5588:Krümmel
5553:Grohnde
5538:Emsland
5313:8 March
5017:19 July
4933:4 March
4903:3 March
4641:AP NEWS
4509:2 March
4464:2 March
4433:4 March
4403:2 March
4372:2 March
4362:Faz.net
4327:2 March
4296:2 March
4266:2 March
4256:Reuters
3882:Reuters
3776:20 June
3570:3 March
3520:Bibcode
3146:Isar II
3142:Emsland
2998:at the
2966:A near-
2624:Stendal
2597:Siemens
2442:Siemens
2163:Krümmel
2093:SNR-300
1884:, BWR-1
1791:Grohnde
1510:Emsland
1369:Siemens
1313:Closed
1295:Status
1164:Stendal
1040:Krümmel
912:Grohnde
841:Emsland
712:Bavaria
545:Siemens
502:Siemens
467:liberal
357:Germany
304:at the
292:ersuchs
167:", the
126:History
89:Germany
6464:topics
6271:People
6177:energy
6131:Kalkar
6079:issues
5997:Kosovo
5964:Turkey
5954:Sweden
5934:Serbia
5924:Russia
5909:Poland
5904:Norway
5884:Monaco
5854:Latvia
5822:Greece
5807:France
5782:Cyprus
5593:Lingen
5523:Biblis
5511:closed
5138:1 June
4987:
4801:DW.COM
4750:10 May
4647:22 May
4225:DW.COM
4052:7 June
3924:30 May
3892:30 May
3540:
3445:
3405:
3020:Hessen
2916:MYRRHA
2888:
2872:
2868:
2672:/V-320
2639:/V-320
2482:BWR-69
2202:Lingen
2126:KNK II
1991:BWR-69
1603:/V-230
1483:BWR-69
1356:Biblis
1292:Model
1259:
1249:
1004:Kalkar
858:Lingen
788:Biblis
736:Cicero
676:After
663:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
562:Biblis
512:, and
449:, the
413:HTR-PM
401:Soviet
265:. The
231:Berlin
6392:Media
5949:Spain
5874:Malta
5844:Italy
5628:Stade
5445:Grist
5437:, BBC
5225:(PDF)
5214:(PDF)
4985:S2CID
3518:(1).
3443:S2CID
2948:Cost
2585:Stade
2399:HWGCR
1303:Begin
1300:(MW)
1289:Type
1281:name
1279:Plant
1146:Stade
566:A and
455:green
318:crust
312:from
255:Hanau
6166:Wyhl
5674:Wyhl
5578:Kahl
5573:Isar
5315:2013
5289:2016
5259:2016
5233:2020
5197:2019
5171:2012
5140:2011
5110:2011
5080:2011
5049:2022
5019:2008
4935:2022
4905:2022
4875:2016
4844:2019
4813:2019
4777:2020
4752:2018
4727:2022
4649:2023
4620:2022
4590:2022
4541:2022
4511:2022
4480:link
4466:2022
4435:2022
4405:2022
4374:2022
4343:link
4329:2022
4298:2022
4286:CNBC
4268:2022
4237:2019
4201:2016
4171:2016
4140:2016
4110:2016
4084:2016
4054:2011
4027:2017
3992:2022
3956:2011
3926:2011
3894:2011
3864:2011
3834:2011
3808:2011
3778:2018
3745:2017
3714:2011
3684:2011
3654:2011
3628:2011
3572:2022
3538:ISSN
3490:2011
3459:2013
3403:ISBN
3360:TIME
3303:BDEW
3289:IAEA
3276:ISE
3148:and
3127:The
2960:1975
2954:INES
2936:Date
2884:BUND
2882:and
2750:1345
2702:HTGR
2688:1990
2681:1983
2655:1990
2648:1983
2556:VVER
2522:1402
2371:1310
2292:PHWR
2288:PHWR
2281:MZFR
2261:1219
2181:1346
2120:1985
2113:1972
2052:Kahl
2031:1410
1979:Isar
1958:1288
1924:1284
1809:1360
1567:1275
1528:1329
1450:1410
1411:1240
1377:1167
1371:-KWU
1326:HTGR
1286:No.
1284:Unit
1233:view
1023:MZFR
969:Isar
934:Kahl
370:The
349:Wyhl
298:HTGR
235:BASF
183:pile
98:The
76:The
4977:doi
4559:Vox
3528:doi
3435:doi
3395:doi
3116:'s
3098:KfW
3090:kWh
3008:267
2970:at
2910:of
2840:in
2793:640
2785:AEG
2779:BWR
2744:KWU
2740:PWR
2711:296
2705:PBR
2665:PWR
2632:PWR
2603:640
2593:PWR
2558:-70
2551:PWR
2516:KWU
2512:PWR
2488:890
2478:BWR
2449:340
2437:PWR
2408:100
2361:PWR
2337:785
2331:KWU
2327:PWR
2251:PWR
2222:183
2215:BWR
2210:BWR
2171:BWR
2133:FBR
2101:FBR
2065:BWR
2060:BWR
2021:PWR
1997:878
1987:BWR
1948:BWR
1914:BWR
1890:237
1877:BWR
1842:BWR
1838:BWR
1803:KWU
1799:PWR
1779:408
1769:PWR
1745:408
1735:PWR
1711:408
1701:PWR
1677:408
1667:PWR
1643:408
1633:PWR
1609:408
1596:PWR
1561:KWU
1557:PWR
1518:PWR
1489:771
1479:BWR
1444:KWU
1440:PWR
1405:KWU
1401:PWR
1364:PWR
1319:AVR
770:AVR
710:in
437:at
347:at
320:as
302:AVR
261:at
213:in
6525::
5443:,
5409:.
5387:.
5369:.
5305:.
5275:.
5249:.
5216:.
5161:.
5157:.
5126:.
5097:.
5070:.
5066:.
5035:.
5005:.
4983:.
4973:40
4971:.
4921:.
4895:.
4891:.
4861:.
4834:.
4830:.
4803:.
4799:.
4785:^
4768:.
4743:.
4711:^
4701:.
4683:.
4665:.
4639:.
4628:^
4608:DW
4606:.
4576:.
4557:.
4527:.
4501:.
4497:.
4476:}}
4472:{{
4456:.
4452:.
4425:.
4421:.
4395:.
4391:.
4364:.
4360:.
4339:}}
4335:{{
4319:.
4315:.
4284:.
4258:.
4254:.
4227:.
4223:.
4209:^
4157:.
4126:.
4070:.
4044:.
4017:.
4013:.
3994:.
3982:.
3976:.
3942:.
3902:^
3880:.
3850:.
3794:.
3764:.
3753:^
3735:.
3731:.
3700:.
3670:.
3614:.
3562:.
3558:.
3536:.
3526:.
3516:43
3514:.
3510:.
3498:^
3480:.
3476:.
3441:.
3431:67
3429:.
3425:.
3401:,
3389:,
3358:,
3156:.
3144:,
3035:13
3011:?
2983:3
2564:62
2298:52
2142:17
2072:15
1882:GE
1848:25
1335:13
692:,
415:.
324:.
151:,
147:,
143:,
122:.
6062:e
6055:t
6048:v
5712:e
5705:t
5698:v
5489:e
5482:t
5475:v
5415:.
5317:.
5291:.
5261:.
5235:.
5199:.
5173:.
5142:.
5112:.
5082:.
5051:.
5021:.
4991:.
4979::
4937:.
4907:.
4877:.
4846:.
4815:.
4779:.
4754:.
4729:.
4651:.
4622:.
4592:.
4543:.
4513:.
4482:)
4468:.
4437:.
4345:)
4331:.
4300:.
4239:.
4203:.
4173:.
4142:.
4112:.
4086:.
4056:.
4029:.
3958:.
3928:.
3896:.
3866:.
3836:.
3810:.
3780:.
3747:.
3716:.
3686:.
3656:.
3630:.
3574:.
3544:.
3530::
3522::
3492:.
3461:.
3437::
3397::
3066:2
3032:0
3005:0
2980:?
2977:0
2787:)
2775:1
2736:1
2699:1
2661:2
2628:1
2589:1
2547:1
2508:2
2474:1
2433:1
2396:1
2357:2
2323:1
2284:1
2247:1
2206:1
2167:1
2129:1
2097:1
2056:1
2017:2
1983:1
1944:C
1910:B
1873:A
1834:1
1795:1
1765:6
1731:5
1697:4
1663:3
1629:2
1592:1
1553:1
1514:1
1475:1
1436:1
1397:2
1360:1
1323:1
1272:.
1235:)
932:/
653:(
556:2
492:.
465:-
453:-
333:e
294:r
290:V
286:A
284:(
63:)
57:(
52:)
48:(
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
