136:, with a determination to preserve rule for her eight-year-old grandson Bathoen II. She died from cancer in the same year, but before her death she ensured that regency for Bathoen II would continue under his aunt Ntebogang Ratshosa's care. Female regents were recognised in many different groups in Botswana. This brought stability to the kingdom after three rulers in seven years. Ntebogang appointed a council of six leaders, but worked most closely with one - Kgampu Kamodi. Both Ntebogang and her mother's regencies were formally recognised by the British, who believed that they would support British interests in their kingdoms. She enforced public codes of conduct, including banning the sale of fermented sorghum liquor.
162:-style system, twenty years before its introduction in the UK. Despite this success, the example of the relative scarcity of medical care compared to the population in her country was used as an example when other chiefs wanted to clarify with the British government the role of 'native doctors': "Where, then, will the majority of our people get white men's medicine? ... no other alternative than to seek the help of our native doctors, who will of course treat according to their own medical knowledge".
120:. Her parents eloped together in 1875 and married in a Christian church in 1890. Raised as a Christian, Ntebogang also received a formal education. Her siblings included future king Seepapitso II, who was murdered by their brother Moepapitso in 1916. As a result, their mother Gagoangwe had Moepapitso put to death, and Gagoangwe assumed the regency whilst Seepapitso II's son
185:. The Brothers had been banned from Gammangwato. Ntebogang gave political refuge to the Ratshosa wives, on the understanding that they did not try to create any political intrigues. This neutrality was accepted by Tshekedi Khama and in 1928, Ntebogang received 150 cattle from him, which had previously been taken by Jonnie Ratshosa.
193:
Alongside other chiefs, Ntebogang stood up to the
Resident Magistrate, appointed by the British. In 1927 she protested alongside other chiefs against the Native Marriage Proclamation, which decreed that for those married under the Christian faith or British law it was the magistrate, not the chief,
144:
Plaques of locusts were a major issue and early in
Ntebogang's reign she took measures to enable farmers to try and combat their effects. She organised an extensive well-digging programme, which provided water which could dilute insecticides, as well as water for the oxen that pulled the wagons of
197:
During the anti-locust campaigns, the
Protectorate sought South African assistance. However, Ntebogang believed that if the South Africans found minerals whilst digging wells, they would claim the land as their own. She resisted their involvement and the work was done by the Bangwaketse and local
31:
157:
Ntebogang's members of the
Seventh Day Adventist Church gave her the contacts necessary to establish a healthcare system in Gangwaketse. Clinics were introduced in Kanye, followed by a hospital, then further clinics in Manyana and Lehututu. A tribal levy was introduced which established an
526:
206:
As
Ntebogang became increasingly outspoken against the Protectorate in 1927, and joined forces with other political leaders, her power became an increasing threat. The British decided to recall Bathoen II from school, so that he could begin his reign.
194:
who had jurisdiction over the division of property in the case of divorce or death. They argued this deprived the chief of a vital community role in settlement of inheritance.
236:
Ntebogang was the second wife of
Ratshosa Motswetle, with whom she had three children. After he died in 1917, she returned to GaNgwaketse, to support her mother and nephew.
228:
Ntebogang died in 1979. She had continued to advise
Bathoen II throughout his rule and had remained a staunch member of the Seventh Day Adventist Church.
222:
401:
405:
170:
Ntebogang was the first woman to serve on the Native
Advisory Council. She was outspoken there, particularly against the threat that her land in
606:
508:
214:
highlighting the responsibility of rule. It is not just an important record of the event, but an important example of
Setswana oratory.
770:
668:
Crowder, Michael (1985). "Tshekedi Khama and
Opposition to the British Administration of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1926-1936".
720:
785:
620:
Motzafi-Haller, Pnina (1994). "When Bushmen Are Known as Basarwa: Gender, Ethnicity, and Differentiation in Rural Botswana".
582:
377:
795:
760:
765:
549:
484:
427:
225:, was significant as it heralded an era where women in Botswana could take an increasingly active role in politics.
790:
239:
Ntebogang joined the Seventh Day Adventist Church in 1923, having been brought up in a different denomination.
800:
780:
512:
451:
372:. Ramsay, Jeff., Mgadla, Part Themba, 1953- (4th ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 256.
210:
At the accession of Bathoen II to the kingship of the Bangwatetse in 1928, Ntebogang gave a speech in
775:
171:
326:"Weekend Post :: NTEBOGANG RATSHOSA (1882–1979), MOTSHWARELEDI OF THE BANGWAKETSE (1924–1928)"
181:
In 1926 a feud developed between the Ratshosa Brothers, to whom Ntebogang was related, and regent
104:, from 1924 to 1928. She was the first woman to serve on the Native Advisory Council of Botswana.
159:
476:
470:
325:
721:"The role of royal women in BaNgwato politics under the regency of Tshekedi Khama, 1926-1949"
175:
755:
750:
8:
701:
693:
645:
600:
502:
445:
395:
705:
685:
637:
588:
578:
555:
545:
490:
480:
433:
423:
383:
373:
677:
629:
422:. West, Gerald O., Dube Shomanah, Musa W., 1964. Leiden: Brill. 2000. p. 476.
633:
146:
182:
681:
744:
689:
641:
592:
387:
559:
494:
437:
475:. Daymond, M. J. (Margaret J.) (First ed.). New York. 2003. pp.
149:. In order to breed cattle scientifically, she established a bull camp.
121:
697:
649:
218:
117:
113:
30:
211:
145:
the anti-locust teams. She also extended the piped water scheme in
101:
57:
420:
The Bible in Africa : transactions, trajectories, and trends
97:
100:) of the BaNgwaketse, one of the eight clans of present-day
544:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 90.
188:
282:
Three Great African Chiefs (Khâmé, Sebelé and Bathoeng)
132:
In 1923, Gagoangwe, already dying from cancer, became
575:
Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa
572:
258:
Sources from Botswana suggest that she died in 1974.
367:
539:
742:
472:Women writing Africa : the southern region
619:
542:Debility and the moral imagination in Botswana
112:Ntebogang was born in 1882. Her parents were
400:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
605:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
507:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
404:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
139:
29:
16:Former Botswanan regent of the BaNgwaketse
728:Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies
217:Her rule, and that of other regents like
577:(Second ed.). Lanham. p. 111.
667:
254:
252:
743:
189:Resistance to the British Protectorate
718:
663:
661:
659:
320:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
465:
463:
461:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
308:
306:
304:
302:
300:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
276:
274:
249:
13:
656:
14:
812:
458:
370:Historical dictionary of Botswana
342:
287:
271:
201:
771:Bechuanaland Protectorate people
231:
712:
613:
670:The Journal of African History
566:
533:
519:
412:
152:
1:
634:10.1525/ae.1994.21.3.02a00050
573:Sheldon, Kathleen E. (2016).
265:
786:20th-century Botswana people
368:Morton, Fred, 1939- (2008).
107:
7:
540:Livingston, Julie. (2005).
174:might be subsumed into the
165:
10:
817:
796:20th-century women regents
761:Botswana women in politics
719:Mooku, Theophilus (1999).
127:
682:10.1017/S0021853700036938
79:
71:
63:
53:
45:
37:
28:
21:
766:Female regents in Africa
284:. T. F. Unwin. pp. 165–.
242:
198:Protectorate employees.
140:Agricultural Programmes
83:Native Advisory Council
450:: CS1 maint: others (
791:Converts to Adventism
527:"The Locust Handbook"
511:) CS1 maint: others (
330:www.weekendpost.co.bw
176:Union of South Africa
67:Regent of BaNgwaketse
801:20th-century regents
622:American Ethnologist
280:Edwin Lloyd (1895).
781:Botswana Christians
90:Ntebogang Ratshosa
23:Ntebogang Ratshosa
584:978-1-4422-6292-8
379:978-0-8108-6404-7
223:Mohumagadi Moremi
87:
86:
72:Years active
808:
776:Botswana royalty
736:
735:
725:
716:
710:
709:
665:
654:
653:
617:
611:
610:
604:
596:
570:
564:
563:
537:
531:
530:
523:
517:
516:
506:
498:
467:
456:
455:
449:
441:
416:
410:
409:
399:
391:
365:
340:
339:
337:
336:
322:
285:
278:
259:
256:
92:(1882–1979) was
33:
19:
18:
816:
815:
811:
810:
809:
807:
806:
805:
741:
740:
739:
723:
717:
713:
666:
657:
618:
614:
598:
597:
585:
571:
567:
552:
538:
534:
525:
524:
520:
500:
499:
487:
469:
468:
459:
443:
442:
430:
418:
417:
413:
393:
392:
380:
366:
343:
334:
332:
324:
323:
288:
279:
272:
268:
263:
262:
257:
250:
245:
234:
204:
191:
168:
155:
142:
130:
110:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
814:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
738:
737:
711:
655:
612:
583:
565:
550:
532:
518:
485:
457:
428:
411:
378:
341:
286:
269:
267:
264:
261:
260:
247:
246:
244:
241:
233:
230:
203:
202:End of Regency
200:
190:
187:
183:Tshekedi Khama
167:
164:
154:
151:
141:
138:
129:
126:
124:was underage.
109:
106:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
813:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
746:
733:
729:
722:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
660:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
608:
602:
594:
590:
586:
580:
576:
569:
561:
557:
553:
551:0-253-11149-8
547:
543:
536:
528:
522:
514:
510:
504:
496:
492:
488:
486:1-55861-406-0
482:
478:
474:
473:
466:
464:
462:
453:
447:
439:
435:
431:
429:90-04-10627-8
425:
421:
415:
407:
403:
397:
389:
385:
381:
375:
371:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
348:
346:
331:
327:
321:
319:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
293:
291:
283:
277:
275:
270:
255:
253:
248:
240:
237:
232:Personal life
229:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
208:
199:
195:
186:
184:
179:
177:
173:
163:
161:
150:
148:
137:
135:
134:motshwareledi
125:
123:
119:
115:
105:
103:
99:
95:
94:motshwareledi
91:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
731:
727:
714:
673:
669:
625:
621:
615:
574:
568:
541:
535:
521:
471:
419:
414:
369:
333:. Retrieved
329:
281:
238:
235:
227:
216:
209:
205:
196:
192:
180:
172:Bechuanaland
169:
156:
143:
133:
131:
111:
93:
89:
88:
80:Organization
756:1979 deaths
751:1882 births
153:Health Care
54:Citizenship
745:Categories
676:(2): 201.
628:(3): 544.
335:2020-02-02
266:References
219:her mother
122:Bathoen II
64:Occupation
706:159703764
690:0021-8537
642:0094-0496
601:cite book
593:925498209
503:cite book
446:cite book
396:cite book
388:608563607
118:Bathoen I
114:Gagoangwe
108:Biography
560:71843260
495:50235100
438:44267852
212:Setswana
166:Politics
102:Botswana
58:Botswana
128:Regency
704:
698:181723
696:
688:
650:645920
648:
640:
591:
581:
558:
548:
493:
483:
436:
426:
386:
376:
98:regent
75:1924–8
734:: 47.
724:(PDF)
702:S2CID
694:JSTOR
646:JSTOR
243:Notes
147:Kanye
686:ISSN
638:ISSN
607:link
589:OCLC
579:ISBN
556:OCLC
546:ISBN
513:link
509:link
491:OCLC
481:ISBN
452:link
434:OCLC
424:ISBN
406:link
402:link
384:OCLC
374:ISBN
221:and
116:and
49:1979
46:Died
41:1882
38:Born
678:doi
630:doi
477:180
160:NHS
747::
732:13
730:.
726:.
700:.
692:.
684:.
674:26
672:.
658:^
644:.
636:.
626:21
624:.
603:}}
599:{{
587:.
554:.
505:}}
501:{{
489:.
479:.
460:^
448:}}
444:{{
432:.
398:}}
394:{{
382:.
344:^
328:.
289:^
273:^
251:^
178:.
708:.
680::
652:.
632::
609:)
595:.
562:.
529:.
515:)
497:.
454:)
440:.
408:)
390:.
338:.
96:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
