Mountain Meadows Massacre

1172:'s tour of southern Utah influenced the decision to attack and destroy the Fancher–Baker emigrant train near Mountain Meadows, Utah. He met with many of the eventual participants in the massacre, including W. H. Dame, Isaac Haight, John D. Lee and Chief Jackson, leader of a band of Paiutes. He noted that the militia was organized and ready to fight and that some of them were eager to "fight and take vengeance for the cruelties that had been inflicted upon us in the States." Among Smith's party were a number of Paiute Native American chiefs from the Mountain Meadows area. When Smith returned to Salt Lake, Brigham Young met with these leaders on September 1, 1857, and encouraged them to fight against the Americans in the anticipated clash with the U.S. Army. They were also offered all of the livestock then on the road to California, which included that belonging to the Baker–Fancher party. The Native American chiefs were reluctant, and at least one objected they had previously been told not to steal, and declined the offer. 576:. The Baker–Fancher party defended itself by encircling and lowering their wagons, wheels chained together, along with digging shallow trenches and throwing dirt both below and into the wagons, which made a strong barrier. Seven emigrants were killed during the opening attack and buried somewhere within the wagon encirclement. Sixteen more were wounded. The attack continued for five days, during which the besieged families had little or no access to freshwater or game food and their ammunition was depleted. Meanwhile, organization among the local Mormon leadership reportedly broke down. Eventually, fear spread among the militia's leaders that some emigrants had caught sight of white men, and had probably discerned the identity of their attackers. This resulted in an order to kill all the emigrants, with the exception of small children. 714:. Lee told the battle-weary emigrants that he had negotiated a truce with the Paiutes. Under Mormon protection, the wagon-train members would be escorted safely back to Cedar City, 36 miles (58 km) away, in exchange for turning all of their livestock and supplies over to the Native Americans. Accepting this offer, the emigrants were led out of their fortification, with the adult men being separated from the women and children. The men were paired with a militia escort and when the signal was given, the militiamen turned and shot the male members of the Baker–Fancher party standing by their side. The women and children were then ambushed and killed by more militia that were hiding in nearby bushes and ravines. Members of the militia were sworn to secrecy. A plan was set to blame the massacre on the Native Americans. 718:

children. "At the close of the massacre there was eighteen children still alive, one girl, some ten or twelve years old, they said was too big and could tell, so they killed her, leaving seventeen." The survivors were taken in by local Mormon families. Seventeen of the children were later reclaimed by the U.S. Army and returned to relatives in Arkansas. The treatment of these children while they were held by the Mormons is uncertain, but Captain James Lynch's statement in May 1859 said the surviving children were "in a most wretched condition, half starved, half naked, filthy, infested with vermin, and their eyes diseased from the cruel neglect to which had been exposed." Lynch's July 1859 affidavit added that they when they first saw the children they had "little or no clothing" and were "covered with filth and dirt".

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taking a strong public stand against it. Young's use of inflammatory and violent language in response to the Federal expedition added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. Following the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the Baker–Fancher party. It is unclear whether Young held this view because he believed that this specific group posed an actual threat to colonists or because he believed that the group was directly responsible for past crimes against Mormons. However, in Young's only known correspondence prior to the massacre, he told the Church leaders in Cedar City:

1454: 5496: 583: 6378: 1482: 349:, made plans to attack the wagon train. The leaders of the militia, wanting to give the impression of tribal hostilities, persuaded Southern Paiutes to join with a larger party of militiamen disguised as Native Americans in an attack. During the militia's first assault on the wagon train, the emigrants fought back, and a five-day siege ensued. Eventually, fear spread among the militia's leaders that some emigrants had caught sight of the white men, likely discerning the actual identity of a majority of the attackers. As a result, militia commander 439:, to emigrate to southern California. The group was initially referred to as both the Baker train and the Perkins train, but later referred to as the Baker–Fancher train (or party). It was named after "Colonel" Alexander Fancher who, having already made the journey to California twice before, had become its main leader. By contemporary standards the Baker–Fancher party was prosperous, carefully organized, and well-equipped for the journey. They were joined along the way by families and individuals from other states, including 57: 788: 1839:

me about the road, and wrote the information down that I gave them. They expressed a wish to lay by at some suitable place to recruit their teams before crossing the desert. I recommended to them, for this purpose, the south end of the Mountain Meadows, three miles from where my family resided. ... Brother Haskell and I remained in Salt Lake City one week, and then started for our homes in Southern Utah. On the way, we heard that the Arkansas company of emigrants had been destroyed at the Mountain Meadows,

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father of a child who allegedly died from this poisoned spring, and accepted the sincerity of the grieving father. But, he also included a statement from an investigator who did not believe the Fancher party was capable of poisoning the spring, given its size. Carleton invited readers to consider a potential explanation for the rumors of misdeeds, noting the general atmosphere of distrust among Mormons for strangers at the time, and that some locals appeared jealous of the Fancher party's wealth.

724:, founder of the Mormon History Association, reports that Brigham Young received the rider, James Haslam, at his office on the same day. When he learned what was contemplated by the militia leaders in Parowan and Cedar City, he sent back a letter stating the Baker–Fancher party was not to be meddled with, and should be allowed to go in peace (although he acknowledged the Native Americans would likely "do as they pleased"). Young's letter arrived two days too late, on September 13, 1857. 1240:

Army in 1864. By some reports, the monument was destroyed in 1861, when Young brought an entourage to Mountain Meadows. Wilford Woodruff, who later became President of the Church, said that upon reading the inscription on the cross, which read, "Vengeance is mine, thus saith the Lord. I shall repay", Young responded, "it should be vengeance is mine and I have taken a little." In 1932, residents of the surrounding area constructed a memorial wall around the remnants of the monument.

357: – to enter their camp. The militia members assured the emigrants they were protected, and after handing over their weapons, the emigrants were escorted away from their defensive position. After walking a distance from the camp, the militiamen, with the help of auxiliary forces hiding nearby, attacked the emigrants. The perpetrators killed all the adults and older children in the group, in the end sparing only seventeen young children under the age of seven. 1251:. In 1999, the LDS Church replaced the U.S. Army's cairn and the 1932 memorial wall with a second monument, which it now maintains. In August 1999, when the LDS Church's construction of the 1999 monument had started, the remains of at least 28 massacre victims were dug up by a backhoe. The forensic evidence showed that the remains of the males had been shot by firearms at close range and that the remains of the women and children showed evidence of blunt force trauma. 884: 7704: 6389: 682: 1573:

the party ebbed and flowed depending on where it was in its journey west so the exact number of people in the wagon train at any given time and the exact number of people who were killed remains unknown (though Briggs states that 120 people were killed). The number of children who survived – those who were thought too young to remember the circumstances of their families' deaths – is generally acknowledged by multiple sources to be seventeen in number.

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Affairs for Utah, also conducted an investigation that included visiting the region in the summer of 1859. Forney retrieved many of the surviving children of massacre victims who had been housed with Mormon families and gathered them up for transportation to their relatives in Arkansas. He concluded that the Paiutes did not act alone and the massacre would not have occurred without the white settlers, while Carleton's report to the

904:. A notable report on the incident was made in 1859 by Carleton, who had been tasked by the U.S. Army to investigate the incident and bury the still exposed corpses at Mountain Meadows. The first period of intense nationwide publicity about the massacre began around 1872 after investigators obtained Klingensmith's confession. In 1868 C. V. Waite published "An Authentic History Of Brigham Young" which described the events. In 1872, 1468: 800: 5890: 42: 1127:"caused trouble" for Mormons and Native Americans along the route (by some accounts claiming that they had the gun that "shot the guts out of Old Joe Smith"). They were also affected by the report to Brigham Young that the Baker–Fancher party was from Arkansas where Pratt was murdered. It was rumored that Pratt's wife recognized some of the Mountain Meadows party as being in the gang that shot and stabbed Pratt. 631: 1187: 64: 1136: 1699:– outbreak of the Mormon War ... Mormons were already engaged in hostilities with the United States Army forces, – were inciting unrest by intimating that the real purpose of the river expedition was to steal Indian lands ... – Mormon rebels were among the Mohaves inciting them to murder and plunder ... Haskell's impressions of his hosts as treacherous Yankees bent on plundering helpless Mormons. 1091:, with Brigham Young stating, "Nothing has happened so hard to reconcile my mind to since the death of Joseph." Many Mormons held the people of Arkansas collectively responsible. "It was in accordance with Mormon policy to hold every Arkansan accountable for Pratt's death, just as every Missourian was hated because of the expulsion of the church from that state." 3695:(Daily Journal of Abraham H. Cannon, December 6, 1889, p. 205) (stating that he understood that his Endowment in Nauvoo included "an oath against the murders of the Prophet Joseph as well as other prophets, and if he had ever met any of those who had taken a hand in that massacre he would undoubtedly have attempted to avenge the blood of the Martyrs"). 3725:, p. 311 ("n regard to those who have persecuted this people and driven them to the mountains, I intend to meet them on their own grounds...I will tell you how it could be done, we could take the same law they have taken, viz., mobocracy, and if any miserable scoundrels come here, cut their throats. (All the people said, Amen).") 3674:(Daily Journal of Abraham H. Cannon, December 6, 1889, p. 205). In 1904, several witnesses said that the oath as it then existed was that participants would never cease to pray that God would avenge the blood of the prophets on this nation", and that they would teach this practice to their posterity "unto the 3rd and 4th generation". 1084:(under the theocratic law of the Utah Territory), but Hector had refused Eleanor a divorce. "When she left San Francisco she left Hector, and later she was to state in a court of law that she had left him as a wife the night he drove her from their home. Whatever the legal situation, she thought of herself as an unmarried woman." 501: 1838:

When President Smith returned to Salt Lake City, Brother Thales Haskell and I accompanied him. On our way we camped over night on Corn Creek, twelve miles south of Fillmore, with a party of emigrants from Arkansas, traveling on what was then known as the southern route to California. They inquired of

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problem occurring at the time. Mormons were required to stockpile grain, and were enjoined against selling grain to emigrants for use as cattle feed. As far-off Mormon colonies retreated, Parowan and Cedar City became isolated and vulnerable outposts. Brigham Young sought to enlist the help of Native

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The livestock and personal property of the Baker–Fancher party, including women's jewelry, clothing and bedstuffs were distributed or auctioned off to Mormons. Some of the surviving children saw clothing and jewelry that had belonged to their dead mothers and sisters subsequently being worn by Mormon

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to pray that God would take vengeance against the murderers. As a result of this oath, several Mormon apostles and other leaders considered it their religious duty to kill the prophets' murderers if they ever came across them. The sermons, blessings, and private counsel by Mormon leaders just before

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of Jesus was imminent – "...there are those now living upon the earth who will live to see the consummation" and "...we now bear witness that his coming is near at hand". Based on a somewhat ambiguous statement by Joseph Smith, some Mormons believed that Jesus would return in 1891 and that God would

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illustrating the killing field as described by Brevet Major Carleton "one too horrible and sickening for language to describe. Human skeletons, disjointed bones, ghastly skulls, and the hair of women were scattered in frightful profusion over a distance of two miles." "the remains were not buried at

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concerning the massacre, but the jury declined any indictments. Nevertheless, Cradlebaugh conducted a tour of the Mountain Meadows area with a military escort. He attempted to arrest John D. Lee, Isaac Haight, and John Higbee, who fled before they could be found. Cradlebaugh publicly charged Brigham

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The exact number of people who were in the wagon party is estimated by authors and historians to range from 120 to around 140. Bagley states that 70 people in the group were women and children known by name and that at least two-thirds of the wagon train consisted of women and children. The size of

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The first monument for the victims was built two years after the massacre, by Major Carleton and the U.S. Army. This monument was a simple cairn built over the gravesite of 34 victims, and was topped by a large cedar cross. The monument was found destroyed and the structure was replaced by the U.S.

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The Mountain Meadows massacre was caused in part by events relating to the Utah War, an 1857 deployment toward the Utah Territory of the United States Army, whose arrival was peaceful. In the summer of 1857, however, the Mormons expected an all-out invasion of apocalyptic significance. From July to

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Thus, historians argue that southern Utah Mormons would have been particularly affected by an unsubstantiated rumor that the Baker–Fancher wagon train had been joined by a group of eleven miners and plainsmen who called themselves "Missouri Wildcats", some of whom reportedly taunted, vandalized and

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Both the perpetrators and victims of the massacre were complicated, and that many different coinciding circumstances led the Mormon settlers to commit an atrocity against travelers who, regardless of the authenticity of any unfounded claims of anti-Mormon behavior, did not deserve the punishment of

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Lee was entitled under Utah Territorial statute to choose the method of his execution from three possible options: hanging, firing squad, or decapitation. At sentencing, Lee chose to be executed by firing squad. In his final words before his sentence was carried out at Mountain Meadows on March 23,

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on August 5, 1875. Lee's second trial began September 13, 1876, before an all-Mormon jury. The prosecution called Daniel Wells, Laban Morrill, Joel White, Samuel Knight, Samuel McMurdy, Nephi Johnson, and Jacob Hamblin. Lee also stipulated, against advice of counsel, that the prosecution be allowed

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led the first federal investigation of the murders, published in 1859. He recorded Hamblin's account that the train was alleged to have poisoned a spring near Corn Creek; this resulted in the deaths of 18 head of cattle and two or three people who ate the contaminated meat. Carleton interviewed the

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Following the massacre, the perpetrators buried some of the remains but ultimately left most of the bodies exposed to wild animals and the climate. Local families took in the surviving children, with many of the victims' possessions and remaining livestock being auctioned off. Investigations, which

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If you were to inquire of the people who lived hereabouts, and lived in the country at that time, you would find, ... that some of this Arkansas company ...boasted of having to helped to kill Hyrum and Joseph Smith and the Mormons in Missouri, and that they never meant to leave the Territory until

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In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. You must not meddle with them. The Indians we expect will do as they please but you should try and preserve good feelings with them. There are no other trains

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conducted investigations. In Carleton's investigation, at Mountain Meadows he found women's hair tangled in sage brush and the bones of children still in their mothers' arms. Carleton later said it was "a sight which can never be forgotten." After gathering up the skulls and bones of those who had

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A modern forensic assessment of a key affidavit, purportedly given by William Edwards in 1924, has complicated the debate on complicity of senior Mormon leadership in the Mountain Meadows massacre. Analysis indicates that Edwards's signature may have been traced and that the typeset belonged to a

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There is a consensus among historians that Brigham Young played a role in provoking the massacre, at least unwittingly, and in concealing its evidence after the fact. However, they debate whether Young knew about the planned massacre ahead of time and whether he initially condoned it before later

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meeting after church services and brought up the issue of what to do with the emigrants. The plan for a Native American massacre was discussed, but not all the Council members agreed it was the right approach. The Council resolved to take no action until Haight sent a rider, James Haslam, out the

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traveled throughout the southern part of the territory instructing the settlers to stockpile grain. While on his return trip to Salt Lake City, Smith camped near the Baker–Fancher party on August 25, 1857, at Corn Creek. They had traveled the 165 miles (266 km) south from Salt Lake City, and

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Is the spirit of the government and rule here despotic? In their use of the word, some may deem it so. It lays the ax at the root of the tree of sin and iniquity; judgment is dealt out against the transgression of the law of God. If that is despotism, then the policy of this people may be deemed

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In 2014, archaeologist Everett Bassett discovered two rock piles he believes mark additional graves. The locations of the possible graves are on private land and not at any of the monument sites owned by the LDS Church. The Mountain Meadows Monument Foundation has expressed their desire that the

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Carleton interviewed a few local Mormon settlers and Paiute Native American chiefs and concluded that there was Mormon involvement in the massacre. He issued a report in May 1859, addressed to the U.S. Assistant Adjutant-General, setting forth his findings. Jacob Forney, Superintendent of Indian

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According to historian MacKinnon, "After the war, U.S. President James Buchanan implied that face-to-face communications with Brigham Young might have averted the conflict, and Young argued that a north-south telegraph line in Utah could have prevented the Mountain Meadows massacre." MacKinnon

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Initially, the LDS Church denied any involvement by Mormons, and was relatively silent on the issue. In 1872, it excommunicated some of the participants for their role in the massacre. Since then, the LDS Church has condemned the massacre and acknowledged involvement by local Mormon leaders. In

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The militia did not kill small children who were deemed too young to relate what had happened. Nancy Huff, one of the seventeen survivors and just over four years old at the time of the massacre, recalled in an 1875 statement that an eighteenth survivor was killed directly in front of the other

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The dispirited Baker–Fancher party found water and fresh grazing for its livestock after reaching grassy, mountain-ringed Mountain Meadows, a widely known stopover on the old Spanish Trail, in early September. They anticipated several days of rest and recuperation there before the next 40 miles

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Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. Dame, Philip Klingensmith, Ellott Willden, and George Adair Jr. were indicted and arrested while warrants to pursue the arrests of four others who had gone into hiding (Haight, Higbee, William C. Stewart, and Samuel Jukes) were being obtained. Klingensmith

1115:, the teachings of church leaders were particularly strident. Mormons in Cedar City were taught that members should ignore dead bodies and go about their business. Col. William H. Dame, the ranking officer in southern Utah who ordered the Mountain Meadows massacre, received a 481:

had recently issued an order to send troops to Utah which led to rumors being spread in the territory about its motives. Young issued various orders that urged the local population to prepare for the arrival of the troops. Eventually Young issued a declaration of martial law.

1123:(Native Americans) in the redemption of Zion and the avenging of the blood of the prophets upon them that dwell on the earth". In June 1857, Philip Klingensmith, another participant, was similarly blessed that he would participate in "avenging the blood of Brother Joseph". 3709:, p. 247: quotes from "Diary of Daniel Davis, July 8, 1849", held in the LDS archives(A Mormon who listened to a sermon by Young in 1849 recorded that Young said "if any one was catched stealing to shoot them dead on the spot and they should not be hurt for it"); 3713:, p. 247 (stating that a man would be justified in putting a javelin through his plural wife caught in the act of adultery, but anyone intending to "execute judgment...has got to have clean hands and a pure heart...else they had better let the matter alone"); 3222:

September 11 will mark the anniversary of the most horrific terrorist attack in U.S. history. ... I refer to September 11, 1857. ... It was the most horrific terrorist attack in our nation's history, not as figured by body count, but in the way its victims were

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system. Following the council, Isaac C. Haight decided to send a messenger south to John D. Lee. What Haight told Lee remains a mystery, but considering the timing it may have had something to do with Council's decision to wait for advice from Brigham Young.

1030:, intending to "lay the axe at the root of the tree of sin and iniquity". In January 1856, Young said "the government of God, as administered here" may to some seem "despotic" because "...judgment is dealt out against the transgression of the law of God." 3539:, p. 233 "When she left San Francisco she left Hector, and later she was to state in a court of law that she had left him as a wife the night he drove her from their home. Whatever the legal situation, she thought of herself as an unmarried woman." 6978: 1725:, pp. 10, 14, 101–105, 266: The figure of 120 to 140 dead that appears on Page 266, in Appendix XI of Brooks, is taken verbatim from Deputy U.S. Marshal William H. Rogers' Statement, as printed in the February 29, 1860 edition of the 742:

An early investigation was conducted by Brigham Young, who interviewed John D. Lee on September 29, 1857. In 1858, Young sent a report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs stating that the massacre was the work of Native Americans. The

3731:, p. 260: Quote: "LDS leaders publicly and privately encouraged Mormons to consider it their right to kill antagonistic outsiders, common criminals, LDS apostates, and even faithful Mormons who committed sins 'worthy of death'." 6267: 991:

Prior to 1985, many textbooks available in Utah Public Schools blamed the Paiute people as primarily responsible for the massacre, or placed equal blame on the Paiute and Mormon settlers (if they mentioned the massacre at all).

3105:'Terrorism' is not a word to be taken lightly. But the evidence, coupled with long-forgotten Mormon doctrines, demonstrate that the purpose of the Mountain Meadows atrocity was to strike fear into the hearts of intruders .... 1213:

suggests that hostilities could have been avoided if Young had traveled east to Washington D.C. to resolve governmental problems instead of taking a five-week trip north on the eve of the Utah War for church-related reasons.

945:, a Mormon scholar who lived near the area in southern Utah. Brooks found no evidence of direct involvement by Brigham Young, but charged him with obstructing the investigation and provoking the attack through his rhetoric. 934:

In 1910, the massacre was the subject of a short book by Josiah F. Gibbs, who also attributed responsibility for the massacre to Young and Smith. The first detailed and comprehensive work using modern historical methods was

365:, resulted in nine indictments in 1874. Of the men who were indicted, only John D. Lee was tried in a court of law. After two trials in the Utah Territory, Lee was convicted by a jury, sentenced to death, and executed by 1266:. On one side of this monument is a map and short summary of the massacre, while the opposite side contains a list of the victims. In 2005, a replica of the U.S. Army's original 1859 cairn was built in the community of 6362: 6298: 7660: 6282: 1658: 3650:

It is a stern fact that the people of the United States have shed the blood of the Prophets, driven out the Saints of God,...consequently I look for the Lord to use His whip on the refractory son called 'Uncle

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some participants including Haight and Lee from the LDS Church in 1870. The U.S. posted bounties of $ 5000 ($ 120474 in present-day funds) each for the capture of Haight, Higbee, Stewart, and Klingensmith.

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Young as an instigator to the massacre and therefore an "accessory before the fact". Possibly as a protective measure against the mistrusted federal court system, Mormon territorial probate court judge

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Portrayal of the perpetrators (white Mormon settlers) as fundamentally good and the Baker-Fancher party as evil people who committed outrageous acts of anti-Mormon instigation prior to the massacre;

7020: 6668: 5532: 4557: 737: 1247:, composed of descendants of both the Baker–Fancher party victims and the Mormon participants, designed a new monument in the meadows; this monument was completed in 1990 and is maintained by the 784:

arrested Young under a territorial warrant, perhaps hoping to divert any trial of Young into a friendly Mormon territorial court. Apparently because no federal charges ensued, Young was released.

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In 2007, the 150th anniversary of the massacre was remembered by a ceremony held in the meadows. Approximately 400 people, including many descendants of those slain at Mountain Meadows and Elder

924:. The massacre itself also received international attention, with various international and national newspapers also covering John D. Lee's 1874 and 1877 trials as well as his execution in 1877. 5813: 5732: 1646: 353:

ordered his forces to kill the emigrants. By this time, the emigrants were running low on water and provisions, and allowed some members of the militia – who approached under a

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While most witnesses said that the Fanchers were in general a peaceful party whose members behaved well along the trail, rumors spread about their supposed misdeeds. U.S. Army

5277: 6418: 6231: 6136: 6096: 5921: 4941:"Laban Morrill Testimony—Witness for the Prosecution at Second Trial of John D. Lee September 14 to 20, 1876 (Mountain Meadows Massacre Trials (John D. Lee Trials) 1875–1876)" 4411: 485:

The Baker–Fancher party was refused stocks in Salt Lake City and chose to leave there and take the Old Spanish Trail, which passed through southern Utah. In August 1857, the

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all until after they had been dismembered by the wolves and the flesh stripped from the bones, and then only such bones were buried as lay scattered along nearest the road".

7503: 6277: 6111: 6026: 3691:(December 21, 1845) (saying that in the temple he had "covenanted, and will never rest...until those men who killed Joseph & Hyrum have been wiped out of the earth"); 1244: 1026:

For the decade prior to the Baker–Fancher party's arrival there, Utah Territory existed as a theodemocracy led by Brigham Young. During the mid-1850s, Young instituted a

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Maj. John H. Higbee. John D. Lee and others said Higbee gave the command that began the killings. Higbee later disavowed responsibility and blamed Lee for the massacre.

7731: 7072: 6623: 6236: 6201: 6106: 6081: 5432: 1072:. Following these events, faithful Mormons migrated west hoping to escape persecution. However, in May 1857, just months before the Mountain Meadows massacre, apostle 7834: 6411: 6221: 6171: 6151: 6126: 6116: 6101: 6091: 6076: 6056: 6031: 6021: 6011: 1342: 7707: 7585: 7126: 6241: 6216: 6121: 6061: 6041: 6036: 6006: 5996: 1397:(1995) – A novel about a fictional bounty hunter, Cobb Pittman, who with his catch dog, Redeye, tracks down Mormons responsible for the Mountain Meadows Massacre. 6705: 6176: 6131: 6071: 6046: 6001: 5527: 603: 3719:, p. 219 ("f needs help, help him; and if he wants salvation and it is necessary to spill his blood on the earth in order that he may be saved, spill it") 1429:(2014) – A novel of four generations of a family in Utah, beginning with two fictional daughters of John D. Lee, with the Mountain Meadows massacre as backdrop. 6308: 6206: 6086: 6051: 3945:. Vol. 9, no. 5. Parowan, Utah Territory (published September 23, 1857). p. 3 – via Utah Digital Newspapers, J. Willard Marriott Library, 3235:

Esmail, Ashraf; Eargle, Lisa A.; Hamann, Brandon (May 3, 2021). "Significant Historical Accounts of Domestic Terrorism: The Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)".

6262: 6211: 6166: 6066: 5698: 5542: 5522: 3670:, pp. 496–497 (describing the oath prior to 1970 as requiring a "private, immediate duty to avenge the death of the Prophet and Martyr, Joseph Smith"); 878: 526: 1296:

sites are conserved and given national monument status. Other descendant groups have been more hesitant in accepting the sites as legitimate grave markers.

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September 2007, the LDS Church published an article marking 150 years since the tragedy occurred, containing its first official apology about the massacre.

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American tribes in fighting the "Americans", encouraging them to steal cattle from emigrant trains, and to join Mormons in fighting the approaching army.

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suggested that the wagon train continue on the trail and rest their cattle at Mountain Meadows, which had good pasture and was adjacent to his homestead.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

554:(LDS) leaders pondering how to implement Young's declaration of martial law. On the afternoon of Sunday, September 6, 1857, Haight held his weekly Stake 1033:

In addition, during the preceding decades, the religion had undergone a period of intense persecution in the American Midwest. In particular, they were

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The Rocky Mountain Saints: a Full and Complete History of the Mormons, from the First Vision of Joseph Smith to the Last Courtship of Brigham Young

4616: 3577:, p. "I die a firm believer in the Gospel of Jesus Christ as revealed through the Prophet Joseph Smith ... I am dying a martyr to the faith." 1967: 1667:, p. 308, "CITIZENS OF UTAH: We are invaded by a hostile force, who are evidently assailing us to accomplish our overthrow and destruction.". 589: 5351:

The article was written by Morris A. Shirts and the Encyclopedia was published by the University of Utah Press. ISBN 9780874804256. Archived from

5278:"Instructions to the Bishops—Men Judged According to their Knowledge—Organization of the Spirit and Body—Thought and Labor to be Blended Together" 4253: 6613: 5568: 5547: 5241: 1181: 874: 5342: 5425: 3446: 6392: 5907: 5537: 5512: 4140: 3759:

See Patriarchal blessing of William H. Dame, February 20, 1854, in Harold W. Pease, "The Life and Works of William Horne Dame", M.A. thesis,

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soon exact punishment against the United States for persecuting Mormons and martyring Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith, Patten and Pratt. In their

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Prior to the Oklahoma City bombing, the Mountain Meadows massacre was the largest act of domestic terrorism to ever occur on American soil.

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commented on the massacre through the lens of contemporary American public opinion in an appendix to his semi-autobiographical travel book

5316:"To Know God is Eternal Life—God the Father of Our Spirits and Bodies—Things Created Spiritually First—Atonement by the Shedding of Blood" 2578: 559:

next day to carry an express to Salt Lake City (a six-day round trip on horseback) for Brigham Young's advice, as Utah did not yet have a

388:, including Brigham Young, directly instigated the massacre or if responsibility for it lay only with the local leaders in southern Utah. 7774: 6604: 6382: 1487: 289: 4231:, Paragraph 13 "The most enduring was a wall which still stands at the siege site. It was erected in 1932 and surrounds the 1859 cairn." 1655:, Paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6 "War hysteria permeated the area. ... Governor Brigham Young subsequently issued a proclamation of martial law". 326:, eventually stopping to rest at Mountain Meadows. As the party was traveling west there were rumors about the party's behavior towards 7809: 7759: 7247: 7047: 4694: 4333: 4068: 2247:

Brigham Young to Isaac C. Haight, September. 10, 1857, Letterpress Copybook 3:827–828, Brigham Young Office Files, LDS Church Archives.

856:

1877, Lee said that he was a scapegoat for others involved. Brigham Young stated that Lee's fate was just, but it was not a sufficient

486: 3839: 815:

in 1861, but proceeded in 1871 when prosecutors obtained the affidavit of militia member Philip Klingensmith. Klingensmith had been a

5418: 5315: 5295: 3808:

It is uncertain whether the Missouri Wildcat group stayed with the slow-moving Baker–Fancher party after leaving Salt Lake City. See

4033:

Brigham Young to Isaac C. Haight, 10 September 1857, Letterpress Copybook 3:827–28, Brigham Young Office Files, LDS Church Archives.

2988: 706:

On Friday, September 11, 1857, two militiamen approached the Baker–Fancher party wagons with a white flag and were soon followed by

675:. He led the initial assault and falsely offered emigrants safe passage prior to their mile-long march to the field of the Massacre. 3486:"To the Honorable Judge of the Court, in the town of Van Buren, State of Arkansas, May 12, 1957 (Mrs. Pratt's Letter to the Judge)" 1522: 4523: 2563:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

7799: 7794: 6881: 6572: 5954: 4974: 4504: 1108:

the Mountain Meadows massacre can be understood as encouraging private individuals to execute God's judgment against the wicked.

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to re-use the depositions of Young and Smith from the previous trial. Lee called no witnesses in his defense, and was convicted.

7622: 5375: 1530:, an 1838 order issued by the governor declaring that Mormons be treated as enemies and "exterminated" or driven from the state 582: 4887: 1631: 7615: 7610: 6780: 6683: 5194: 5169: 5034: 4895: 4871: 4850: 4825: 4792: 4731: 4674: 4571: 3252: 3211: 3174: 3134: 3094: 2078: 1951: 300: 56: 7225: 7084: 6988: 6869: 6653: 5930: 5702: 5682: 5667: 5635: 5592: 4940: 1372: 1160:

September 1857, Mormon leaders and their followers prepared for a siege that could have ended up similar to the seven-year

937: 531:

The Baker–Fancher party left Corn Creek and continued the 125 miles (201 km) to Mountain Meadows, passing Parowan and

341:'s declaration of martial law in response. While the emigrants were camped at the meadow, local militia leaders, including 24: 20: 3016: 7605: 7479: 7383: 6558: 2351: 4120: 931:

in 1877, expressing his opinion that George A. Smith was sent to southern Utah by Brigham Young to direct the massacre.

7789: 7754: 7575: 7548: 7528: 7378: 6849: 6345: 4650: 3975: 3912: 3447:"The Powers of the Priesthood Not Generally Understood – The Necessity of Living by Revelation – The Abuse of Blessing" 3285: 2225: 4476: 1704: 1599: 976:, historians from different backgrounds have taken different approaches to describe the massacre and those involved: 7655: 7543: 6804: 6663: 5221: 3404: 2518: 2030: 4354: 2921: 2857: 2825: 7719: 7518: 6755: 5157: 4097: 1459: 555: 2889: 2210:

Turley, Richard E.; Johnson, Janiece L.; Carruth, LaJean Purcell, eds. (2017). "Chapter 8 James Lynch Affidavit".

1254: 550:. As the Baker–Fancher party approached, several meetings were held in Cedar City and nearby Parowan by the local 7784: 7764: 7533: 7523: 7425: 7116: 6993: 6690: 6597: 5675: 5389: 4389: 312: 5082: 3373:

The Evolution of History: Changing Narratives of the Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah's Public School Curricula

7400: 6963: 6834: 6534: 6434: 5180: 5068: 4767: 3429: 3396: 3313: 2031:""Save the emigrants", Joseph Clewes on the Mountain Meadows massacre (Joseph Clewes – eyewitness – Statement)" 1543: 728:

women and the journalist J.H. Beadle said that jewelry taken from Mountain Meadows was seen in Salt Lake City.

4965:"Supplement to the lecture on the Mountain Meadows massacre. Important additional testimony recently received" 792: 366: 7257: 7242: 6931: 6540: 4381: 1225:, a convicted forger and extortionist, via go-between Lyn Jacobs who provided the society with the document. 1218: 1100: 5186:

The Mormon Prophet and His Harem: Or, an Authentic History of Brigham Young, His Numerous Wives and Children

7553: 6492: 5616: 4642: 4563: 3126: 3086: 2570: 2550: 2217: 2013: 1825:

Jacob Hamblin: A Narrative of His Personal Experience Fifth Book of the Faith-Promoting Series (Chapter VI)

1316: 768:

called the mass killings a "heinous crime", blaming both local and senior church leaders for the massacre.

330:

settlers and war hysteria towards outsiders was rampant as a result of a military expedition dispatched by

94: 3550:"Murder of Parley P. Pratt, One of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" 1076:

was shot dead in Arkansas by Hector McLean, the estranged husband of Eleanor McLean Pratt, one of Pratt's

6899: 4219:

Scott G. Kenney, ed., Wilford Woodruff's Journal, 9 vols. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1984), 5:577.

1527: 1142: 1050: 1034: 5404: 4742:

Erickson, Dan (1996). "Joseph Smith's 1891 Millennial Prophecy: The Quest for Apocalyptic Deliverance".

4624: 3963:

The Overland Journey from Utah to California: Wagon Travel from the City of Saints to the City of Angels

3900:

The Overland Journey from Utah to California: Wagon Travel from the City of Saints to the City of Angels

7769: 7645: 7435: 7272: 7267: 6968: 6814: 6590: 6522: 6350: 6329: 4257: 3967: 3904: 1686: 1538: 1289: 1038: 816: 688: 2257:

Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872). Written at Lincoln County, Nevada. Toohy, Dennis J. (ed.).

1407:(2002) – A novel about how the wives of John D. Lee have to come to terms with their husband's actions 7469: 7420: 7388: 7368: 7351: 7138: 7121: 7040: 6829: 6824: 6510: 5352: 4744: 3829: 2377:"Charge (Orally delivered by Hon. John Cradlebaugh to the Grand Jury, Provo, Tuesday, March 8, 1859)" 1823: 1511: 1419:(2007) – The film is a fictional love story between real characters who were involved in the massacre 920: 747:

delayed any investigation by the U.S. federal government until 1859, when Jacob Forney and U.S. Army

416: 4815: 3472:

despotic. But does not the government of God, as administered here, give to every person his rights?

3458: 1262:

In 1955, to memorialize the victims of the massacre, a monument was installed in the town square of

7804: 7687: 7474: 7430: 7373: 7277: 6775: 6770: 6740: 6695: 6546: 6474: 6403: 5398: 5060: 3454: 2343: 2213:

Mountain Meadows Massacre: Collected Legal Papers, Initial Investigations and Indictments, Volume 1

2070: 1943: 1271: 424: 420: 6582: 5717: 4144: 3063: 7779: 7176: 7005: 6958: 6809: 6678: 6516: 5563: 5455: 3277: 3244: 2066: 1939: 1516: 412: 408: 402: 277: 185: 145: 927:

The massacre has been treated extensively by several historical works, beginning with Lee's own

7814: 7560: 7203: 6924: 6844: 6750: 6715: 5964: 5480: 5465: 4179: 2561: 2541: 2157: 1604: 1533: 765: 297: 285: 82: 4704: 3961: 3898: 3511: 3485: 983:

The polar opposite view, that the perpetrators were evil and that the emigrants were innocent;

695:

in the militia. He participated in the killings. After leaving the LDS Church he later turned

7640: 7415: 7346: 6998: 6951: 6552: 6498: 6456: 5969: 5949: 5600: 5323: 5285: 5262: 4982: 3643: 3377: 3166: 3021: 2993: 2894: 2798: 1495: 1359: 1069: 965: 5899: 5697: 5254: 5237: 4328: 4180:"Salt Lake and Fort Mojave W R Expedition, Camp No. 18, Mountain Meadow, Utah, May 25, 1864" 3639: 3236: 3195: 3158: 3118: 3078: 2058: 1931: 1119:

in 1854 that he would "be called to act at the head of a portion of thy Brethren and of the

7464: 7405: 7282: 7252: 7089: 6936: 6571:

Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). This navbox reflects information from

6480: 6446: 5233: 4811: 4684: 4581: 4302: 3843: 3512:"Further Particulars of the Murder – To Brother Orson (A letter from Eleanor McLean Pratt)" 2522: 1267: 1116: 781: 752: 721: 513: 2094: 843:, before a jury of eight Mormons and four non-Mormons. One of Lee's defense attorneys was 775:, a federal judge brought into the territory after the Utah War, convened a grand jury in 8: 7677: 7670: 7186: 6941: 6875: 6858: 6504: 6486: 6468: 5184: 4964: 4879: 4617:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre: An Analytical Narrative Based on Participant Confessions" 4596: 4441: 2059: 1932: 1506: 696: 671:. The only convicted participant, Lee conspired in advance with his immediate commander, 623:

William H. Dame • William C. Stewart • Ellott Willden • Samuel Jukes • George Adair, Jr.)

5495: 5238:"Proclamation of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" 4840: 354: 7600: 7595: 7410: 7317: 7143: 6914: 5584: 5393:– a newspaper article containing James Lynch's 1859 Affidavit, published first in the 5376:

PBS Frontline documentary: The Mormons, Part One, episodes 8 & 9: Mountain Meadows.

5044: 4991: 4960: 4920: 4912: 4753: 4194: 3946: 3787: 3203: 2716: 2426: 2404: 2384: 2274: 1961: 1690: 1263: 1081: 1027: 915: 889: 812: 616:

of the Tenth Regiment "Iron Brigade" who were indicted in 1874 for murder or conspiracy

436: 381: 362: 331: 235: 5405:

United States Office of Indian Affairs Papers Relating to Charges Against Jacob Forney

4999: 4842:

Mormonism Unveiled; or the Life and Confessions of the Late Mormon Bishop, John D. Lee

3861: 3648:. Vol. 2. Liverpool: F.D. & S.W. Richards (published 1855). pp. 148–49. 2304: 1221:, which maintains the document in its archives, acknowledges a possible connection to 7819: 7715: 7565: 7356: 7341: 7230: 7215: 7151: 7010: 6643: 5608: 5190: 5165: 5140: 5102: 5074: 5064: 5030: 4924: 4867: 4846: 4821: 4798: 4788: 4784: 4727: 4717: 4670: 4646: 4602: 4567: 4481: 4461: 4359: 4279: 4125: 3971: 3908: 3635: 3425: 3400: 3340: 3309: 3281: 3248: 3207: 3170: 3130: 3090: 2830: 2412: 2317: 2221: 2074: 1947: 1855: 1351: 1325: 1309: 1104: 1046: 748: 509: 204: 5267:, vol. 2, Liverpool: F.D. & S.W. Richards (published 1855), pp. 309–17 4585: 2265:. Vol. 5, no. 252. Corinne, Utah (published September 24, 1872). p. 1 898:

Initial published reports of the incident date back at least to October 1857 in the

568:(64 km) would take them out of Utah. On September 7, the party was attacked by 7181: 6946: 6894: 6839: 6819: 6700: 6528: 6363:

University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places

5643: 5209: 5123: 5018: 4928: 4904: 4861: 3692: 3688: 3671: 3663: 3198:

Confessions of a Revisionist Historian: David L. Bigler on the Mormons and the West

2862: 2557: 2537: 2392: 2372: 2026: 1677:

David H. Miller (1972). "The Ives Expedition Revisited: A Prussian's Impressions".

1416: 1321: 1248: 1112: 1057: 969: 900: 772: 551: 532: 474: 335: 5407:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 4688: 4436: 3870:. Vol. 24, no. 27. Salt Lake City (published August 4, 1875). p. 8. 787: 7632: 7491: 7312: 7111: 7094: 7025: 6765: 6710: 6633: 5475: 5460: 5346: 5217: 5134: 5098: 5026: 4778: 4723: 4666: 4636: 4337: 3825: 3237: 3196: 3159: 3119: 3079: 2699: 2211: 1426: 1329: 1282: 1208:

going south that I know of f those who are there will leave let them go in peace.

1169: 1161: 1139: 1077: 1073: 1053: 973: 857: 832: 672: 636: 573: 546:. Haight and Dame were, in addition, the senior regional military leaders of the 543: 539: 536: 489: 350: 342: 210: 4944: 2519:"Tragedy at Mountain Meadows Massacre: Toward a Consensus Account and Time Line" 7650: 7513: 7454: 7393: 7262: 7062: 7052: 6745: 6730: 6638: 5653: 5319: 5281: 5258: 4705:"Horrible Massacre of Arkansas and Missouri Emigrants (Letter to G.N. Whitman)" 4632: 3936: 3678:, p. 134 The oath was deleted from the ceremony in the early 20th century. 3030: 2937: 2907: 2875: 2843: 2811: 2416: 2169: 1501: 1433: 1411: 1404: 1394: 1377: 942: 692: 478: 462: 444: 319: 292:(LDS Church) involved with the Utah Territorial Militia (officially called the 281: 86: 3816:, p. 280 (referring to the "Missouri Wildcats" story as "Utah mythology". 7748: 7570: 7099: 6973: 6760: 6648: 5485: 5311: 5273: 5250: 5205: 3857: 3743: 3549: 1851: 1195: 1191: 1146: 1095: 1042: 613: 569: 547: 494: 470: 466: 338: 293: 242: 200: 116: 103: 5410: 5118: 5078: 4105: 3393:

Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints

2793: 2152: 7442: 7161: 6673: 6658: 5229: 5107: 4073: 3941: 3866: 3833: 3258: 3217: 3180: 3140: 3100: 3058: 2704: 2421: 2396: 2376: 2322: 1860: 1222: 1061: 844: 840: 707: 668: 443:. The group was relatively wealthy, and planned to restock its supplies in 5380: 3774:

Mountain Meadows Witness: The Life and Times of Bishop Philip Klingensmith

3604: 3371: 3344: 2258: 1285:

of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles attended this ceremony.

7665: 7171: 6904: 6863: 5328:, vol. 4, Liverpool: S.W. Richards (published 1857), pp. 215–21 5291: 5225: 4836: 4559:

Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows

4553: 4143:(Press release). The Utah Division of State History. 2010. Archived from 2035: 1473: 1438: 1365: 1336:

House of Mourning: A Biocultural History of the Mountain Meadows Massacre

1065: 910: 776: 738:

Investigations and prosecutions relating to the Mountain Meadows Massacre

711: 664: 432: 372:

Historians attribute the massacre to a combination of factors, including

346: 323: 259: 188: 174: 148: 4995: 4916: 4863:

The Story of the Mormons: From the Date of their Origin to the Year 1901

4757: 1694: 1000:

Historians have ascribed the massacre to a number of factors, including

883: 7486: 5213: 5153: 3330: 3026: 2045:...it was made known by Higbee that the emigrants were to be wiped out. 1292:

after joint efforts by descendants of those killed and the LDS Church.

905: 308: 16:

1857 massacre of California-bound emigrants by Nauvoo Legion militiamen

4888:"Loose in the stacks, a half-century with the Utah War and its legacy" 3117:

Hopper, Shay E.; Baker, T. Harri; Browning, Jane (September 1, 2007).

2721:"I do, and I believe that Lee has not half atoned for his great crime" 1441:(1915) – Protagonist Darrell Standing is reincarnated as Jesse Fancher 681: 500: 7447: 7322: 6358:

List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places

4908: 4412:"Mitt Romney's Mormon faith tangles with a quirk of Arkansas history" 4301:

Brown-Hovelt, Luscinia; Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. (November 30, 1999).

3336: 2153:"The Mountain Meadow Massacre. Statement of one of the Few Survivors" 1120: 848: 820: 560: 385: 6433: 5365: 4967:. Salt Lake City: Printed at Juvenile Instructor Office. p. 40. 4355:"Families of Mountain Meadows Massacre victims want crosses at site" 1135: 6720: 6612: 5470: 4590:. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. Vol. 26. History Company. 4456: 4036: 3772:

See Patriarchal blessing of Philip Klingensmith, Anna Jean Backus,

1930:

Walker, Ronald W., Richard E. Turley, JR., Glen M. Leonard (2008).

744: 504:

Christopher Kit Fancher (survivor of the Mountain Meadows massacre)

440: 428: 304: 273: 160: 2989:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre: 5 Things Every Mormon Should Know" 2715:– via Utah Digital Newspapers, J. Willard Marriott Library, 2273:– via Utah Digital Newspapers, J. Willard Marriott Library, 1498:, a lynching reportedly ordered by Mormon leaders two months later 1352:

American Massacre: The Tragedy At Mountain Meadows, September 1857

1306:

Vengeance Is Mine: The Mountain Meadows Massacre and Its Aftermath

799: 7156: 3840:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre: An Aberration of Mormon Practice" 847:, a former territorial supreme court justice. The trial led to a 645: 41: 5889: 5144: 4802: 4606: 2318:"Visit of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs to Southern Utah" 2057:

Walker, Ronald W.; Turley, Richard E.; Leonard, Glen M. (2008).

1979: 1977: 1894: 1892: 1186: 572:

militiamen dressed as Native Americans and some Native American

276:

that resulted in the mass murder of at least 120 members of the

4234: 3883:, p. 431 (citing "Argus", an anonymous contributor to the 2576: 2326:. Vol. 9, no. 10 (published May 11, 1859). p. 1. 2311:. Vol. 1, no. 28 (published May 10, 1859). p. 2. 2129:, pp. 326–329: "Without a Name of a Home – John M. Higbee" 1088: 824: 657: 630: 327: 262:, leader in the local Mormon community and of the local militia 246: 4663:

The Mysteries of Godliness: A History of Mormon Temple Worship

4595:

Beadle, John Hanson (1870). "Chapter VI. The Bloody Period.".

4098:"Mountain Meadows Massacre Artifact Now Believed To Be A Fake" 819:

and blacksmith from Cedar City; by the 1870s, however, he had

5929: 4703:

Christian, J. Ward (October 4, 1857). Hamilton, Henry (ed.).

3746:, January 24, 1892, LDS archives, in Moorman & Sessions, 2259:"Mountain Meadows Massacre, Affidavit of Philip Klingensmith" 2132: 1974: 1889: 1788: 1776: 757: 4623:. Vol. 74, no. 4. pp. 313–333. Archived from 4069:"Mountain Meadows Massacre affidavit linked to Mark Hofmann" 3422:

The New Mormon history : revisionist essays on the past

2774: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1002:

strident Mormon teachings in the years prior to the massacre

280:

emigrant wagon train. The massacre occurred in the southern

7683:

Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri

5706: 2095:"Mountain Meadows Massacre Site in Utah by Phil Konstantin" 1670: 170: 5382:

The Mountain Meadows Massacre: A Bibliographic Perspective

4772:. Little Rock, Arkansas: Encyclopedia of Arkansas Project. 3081:

The Mormon Rebellion: America's First Civil War, 1857–1858

831:

escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify. Brigham Young

272:(September 7–11, 1857) was a series of attacks during the 5646:

Burying the Past: Legacy of the Mountain Meadows Massacre

3760: 2281: 2188: 2120: 2001: 1989: 1343:

Burying The Past: Legacy of The Mountain Meadows Massacre

1198:

leader of the Utah Territory at the time of the massacre.

863: 597: 322:, the Baker–Fancher party made their way south along the 4048: 4003: 2956: 2440: 2438: 2436: 952:

In modern times, the murders have been called an act of

5370: 5111:. Salt Lake City (published August 4, 1875). p. 1. 4601:. Philadelphia: National Publishing. pp. 177–195. 4505:"Archaeologist: Mountain Meadows Massacre graves found" 4177: 4159: 3991: 3592: 3580: 3274:

Massacre at Mountain Meadows : an American tragedy

2185:, p. 56:"Without a Name of a Home –John M. Higbee" 1879: 1877: 1875: 1087:

Mormon leaders immediately proclaimed Pratt as another

959: 604:

Killings and aftermath of the Mountain Meadows Massacre

4201: 4015: 2794:"The Massacre of the Hundred Emigrants by the Mormons" 2679: 2642: 2630: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1864:. Vol. 26, no. 16 (published May 23, 1877). 5204: 4300: 3616: 3610: 3424:. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. pp. 267–301. 2968: 2738: 2592: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2433: 2110: 2108: 2012:

Brigham Young: American Moses, Leonard J. Arrington,

879:

Mountain Meadows Massacre and Mormon public relations

795:

on March 23, 1877. Lee is seated, next to his coffin.

527:

Conspiracy and siege of the Mountain Meadows Massacre

384:

period. Scholars debate whether senior leadership in

5397:(July 21, 1875) & subsequently published in the 4353:

Stack, Peggy; Ravitz, Jessica (September 14, 2007).

3483: 2209: 2176: 1872: 1805: 1803: 1449: 1362:: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows 1155:

War hysteria preceding the Mountain Meadows Massacre

914:. In 1873, the massacre was given a full chapter in 457:

War hysteria preceding the Mountain Meadows Massacre

450: 5960:

History of the National Register of Historic Places

4477:"Mountain Meadows now a national historic landmark" 4457:

LDS Church Apologizes for Mountain Meadows Massacre

3776:(Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1995), pp. 118, 124; 3116: 3077:Bigler, David L.; Bagley, Will (October 22, 2014). 2056: 1904: 995: 303:. The wagon train, made up mostly of families from 4975:"Eleanor McLean and the Murder of Parley P. Pratt" 4943:. The Mountain Meadows Association. Archived from 4766:Finck, James (2018). "Mountain Meadows Massacre". 4719:American Massacre: The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows 3234: 2944: 2654: 2403:. Vol. 1, no. 22. p. 3 – via 2383:. Vol. 1, no. 20. p. 3 – via 2105: 756:died, Carleton's troops buried them and erected a 731: 376:about a possible invasion of Mormon territory and 5991:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state 5355:on March 21, 2024, and retrieved on May 15, 2024. 5294:(published 1856), pp. 243–49, archived from 4108:on August 18, 2005 – via keithjeffreys.com. 3516:The Latter-Day Saints' Millennial Star, Volume 19 3490:The Latter-Day Saints' Millennial Star, Volume 19 2762: 2750: 2726: 2425:. Vol. 9, no. 5. p. 2 – via 2151:Huff Cates, Nancy Saphronia (September 1, 1875). 1800: 868: 63: 7835:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 1857 7746: 6435:Deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States 3306:Desert saints : the Mormon frontier in Utah 535:, southern Utah communities led respectively by 6615:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 6383:National Register of Historic Places portal 5569:Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows Massacre 2672:"Territorial Dispatches: the Sentence of Lee", 1676: 1299: 1182:Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows Massacre 1149:and neighboring settlements before the massacre 1145:who met the Baker–Fancher party before touring 875:Media coverage of the Mountain Meadows Massacre 4845:. St. Louis, Missouri: Bryan, Brand & Co. 4769:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture 4711:. San Bernardino (published October 10, 1857). 4690:Special Report of the Mountain Meadow Massacre 4437:"Eyring expresses regret for pioneer massacre" 4256:. Mountain Meadows Association. Archived from 2298: 2296: 2205: 2203: 1384: 1001: 6598: 6419: 5915: 5683: 5440: 5426: 4959: 4121:"Mountain Meadows affidavit Hofmann forgery?" 3788:"Malinda (Cameron) Scott Thurston Deposition" 1995: 1235:Remembrances of the Mountain Meadows Massacre 1056:was killed in battle. After Mormons moved to 1022:Mountain Meadows Massacre and Mormon theology 839:Lee's first trial began on July 23, 1875, in 811:Further investigations were cut short by the 5117:Staff (October 3, 1857). Hamilton, H (ed.). 4641:(1st paperback ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: 4524:"Voices of the Mountain Meadows descendants" 3640:"Fulfilment of Prophecy—Wars and Commotions" 3365: 3363: 3361: 3076: 2529: 2256: 1966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1015: 5158:"Appendix B, The Mountain Meadows Massacre" 5139:, New York: D. Appleton, pp. 424–458, 5133:Stenhouse, T.B.H. (1873), "Chapter XLIII", 5045:Malinda (Cameron) Scott Thurston Deposition 4409: 4352: 3299: 3297: 2391: 2371: 2293: 2200: 1488:National Register of Historic Places portal 1258:Memorial monument built at the site in 1990 1249:Utah State Division of Parks and Recreation 1103:, faithful early Latter-day Saints took an 887:The cover of the August 13, 1859, issue of 411:was formed from several groups mainly from 290:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 288:, and was perpetrated by settlers from the 6605: 6591: 6426: 6412: 5922: 5908: 5690: 5676: 5433: 5419: 4810: 4348: 4346: 4104:. Vol. 22, no. 4. Archived from 3997: 3265: 2411: 2150: 1347:a documentary film by Brian Patrick (2004) 1217:typewriter manufactured in the 1950s. The 461:At the time of the Fanchers' arrival, the 380:against outsiders, which were part of the 40: 5931:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 5132: 5047:published by Mountain Meadows Association 5023:The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power 4885: 4702: 4119:Smart, Christopher (September 10, 2010). 4066: 4054: 4042: 4009: 3937:"Correspondence: Trip to the Santa Clara" 3934: 3880: 3358: 3052:De Groote, Michael (September 11, 2008). 3051: 3015:Turley, Richard E. Jr. (September 2007). 2780: 2744: 2337: 2335: 2333: 1568: 1566: 1564: 473:, who had established colonies along the 7830:Christian terrorism in the United States 7825:Massacres committed by Latter Day Saints 6979:Black temple and priesthood restrictions 5164:. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing. 4741: 4683: 4580: 4178:Captain George F. Price (June 8, 1864). 4165: 4095: 4067:De Groote, Michael (September 7, 2010). 3837: 3622: 3308:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3303: 3294: 3054:"Writing 'Massacre at Mountain Meadows'" 2556: 2536: 2395:(March 29, 1859). Anderson, Kirk (ed.). 2375:(March 15, 1859). Anderson, Kirk (ed.). 1883: 1766: 1750: 1523:History of the Latter Day Saint movement 1253: 1185: 1134: 882: 798: 786: 499: 447:, as did most wagon trains at the time. 4938: 4660: 4521: 4503:Osinski, Nichole (September 20, 2015). 4502: 4475:Stack, Peggy Fletcher (June 30, 2011). 4468: 4343: 4327:Flickr. J. Stephen Conn's photostream. 3935:Martineau, James H. (August 22, 1857). 3675: 3390: 3161:Battling Terrorism in the United States 2986: 2579:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1917: 520: 296:) who recruited and were aided by some 7747: 5310: 5272: 5181:Waite, C.V. (Catharine Van Valkenburg) 5050: 4715: 4631: 4614: 4594: 4552: 4522:Osinski, Nichole (November 14, 2015). 4340:(photograph). Retrieved March 9, 2009. 4240: 4228: 4207: 4021: 3828:in Tietoa Mormonismista Suomeksi. See 3813: 3809: 3716: 3710: 3667: 3586: 3554:The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star 3419: 3328: 3271: 3193: 3156: 3014: 2974: 2598: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2341: 2330: 2315: 2302: 2287: 2194: 2182: 2138: 2126: 2025: 1983: 1929: 1898: 1821: 1794: 1782: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1652: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1561: 1288:In 2011, the site was designated as a 1094:Mormon leaders were teaching that the 864:Criticism and analysis of the massacre 639:—Battalion Commander—died 1886 Arizona 598:Killings and aftermath of the massacre 396: 6586: 6407: 5903: 5671: 5414: 5249: 5179: 5152: 5116: 5097: 5017: 4972: 4896:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 4776: 4765: 4474: 4410:Somashekhar, Sandhya (May 20, 2012). 4309:. Archaeological Institute of America 4118: 3959: 3896: 3856: 3785: 3728: 3722: 3706: 3634: 3574: 3536: 3484:Eleanor McLean Pratt (May 12, 1857). 3444: 2962: 2768: 2756: 2732: 2697: 2577:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 2342:Fisher, Alyssa (September 16, 2003). 1850: 1809: 1770: 1738: 1080:. Parley Pratt and Eleanor entered a 477:and the Old Spanish Trail. President 5703:National Register of Historic Places 5371:Mountain Meadows Monument Foundation 4859: 4141:"Probable Hofmann Forgery Uncovered" 3887:whom Stenhouse met and vouched for). 3742:See Letter from Mary L. Campbell to 3598: 3121:An Arkansas History for Young People 2987:Hampton, Jeff (September 11, 2017). 2866:. Winfield, Kansas. December 3, 1874 2834:. Liverpool, England. April 27, 1860 1754: 1718: 1597: 1276:Mountain Meadows Monument Foundation 1010:alleged involvement of Brigham Young 960:Varying perspectives of the massacre 25:The Mountain Meadows Massacre (film) 21:The Mountain Meadows Massacre (book) 7606:List of Book of Mormon translations 7576:Truth & Transparency Foundation 7480:Utah Property Management Associates 7048:spectrums of orthodoxy and practice 6559:Milwaukee Police Department bombing 4835: 3445:Young, Brigham (January 27, 1856). 2950: 2802:. London, England. December 4, 1857 2685: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2352:Archaeological Institute of America 2114: 1664: 1600:"The Aftermath of Mountain Meadows" 1598:King, Gilbert (February 29, 2012). 1586: 1045:, the state of Missouri during the 860:, given the enormity of the crime. 315:that passed through the Territory. 13: 7775:Battles involving Native Americans 6346:National Historic Preservation Act 5335: 5189:. Chicago: J.S. Goodman & Co. 4839:(1877). Bishop, William W. (ed.). 4330:Mountain Meadows Massacre Monument 3239:Terrorism Inside America's Borders 3157:Kennon, Caroline (July 15, 2017). 1009: 14: 7846: 7810:Child murder in the United States 7760:1857 murders in the United States 7656:Mormonism and Nicene Christianity 5359: 4939:Morrill, Laban (September 1876). 3369: 2826:"Treacherous Massacre by Mormons" 2698:Young, Brigham (April 30, 1877). 1867:similar scenes were enacted here. 1005: 451:Interactions with Mormon settlers 7726: 7714: 7703: 7702: 6388: 6387: 6376: 5888: 5716: 5494: 5119:"Rumored Massacre on the Plains" 4983:Brigham Young University Studies 4860:Linn, William Alexander (1902). 4665:(2nd ed.). Salt Lake City: 4515: 4496: 4449: 4429: 4403: 4374: 4321: 4294: 4280:"1999 Mountain Meadows Monument" 4272: 4246: 4222: 4213: 4171: 4133: 4112: 4089: 4060: 4027: 3953: 3928: 3890: 3874: 3850: 3819: 3802: 3779: 3518:. May 12, 1857. pp. 426–427 1757:, Chap. XVI, 4th full paragraph. 1480: 1466: 1460:Latter Day Saint movement portal 1452: 1175: 996:Theories explaining the massacre 791:The scene at Lee's execution by 699:against his fellow conspirators. 680: 656: 644: 629: 581: 71:Mountain Meadows Massacre (Utah) 62: 55: 7727: 7426:Deseret News Publishing Company 5533:Investigations and prosecutions 5236:; et al. (April 6, 1845). 5055:. In Powell, Allan Kent (ed.). 4545: 4509:The (St. George, Utah) Spectrum 4390:Central Arkansas Library System 3786:Scott, Malinda Cameron (1877). 3766: 3753: 3736: 3698: 3681: 3656: 3628: 3568: 3542: 3530: 3504: 3477: 3438: 3413: 3384: 3322: 3228: 3187: 3150: 3110: 3070: 3045: 3017:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre" 3008: 2980: 2914: 2882: 2850: 2818: 2786: 2691: 2666: 2617: 2604: 2511: 2498: 2365: 2344:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre" 2250: 2241: 2144: 2087: 2050: 2019: 1923: 1844: 1815: 1760: 1713:, pp. 56, 62–66, 388–389; 1228: 1130: 732:Investigations and prosecutions 7800:Mormonism and Native Americans 7795:Massacres in the United States 7401:Deseret Management Corporation 6299:Federated States of Micronesia 5945:Architectural style categories 4886:MacKinnon, William P. (2007). 4282:. Mountain Meadows Association 3790:. Mountain Meadows Association 3397:Brigham Young University Press 2700:"Interview with Brigham Young" 1856:"Interview with Brigham Young" 1744: 1732: 1679:The Journal of Arizona History 1620: 1544:Terrorism in the United States 1190:Historians debate the role of 869:Media coverage about the event 1: 7661:Relationship to U.S. politics 7248:Quorum of the Twelve Apostles 6541:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 5637:The Mountain Meadows Massacre 5594:The Mountain Meadows Massacre 4963:; Haslam, James Holt (1885). 4780:The Mountain Meadows Massacre 4638:The Mountain Meadows Massacre 4382:"Carrollton (Carroll County)" 2397:"Discharge of the Grand Jury" 1549: 1373:The Mountain Meadows Massacre 1312:, Barbara Jones Brown, (2023) 1219:Utah State Historical Society 956:in many works of literature. 938:The Mountain Meadows Massacre 234:against outsiders during the 46:The 1999 burial site monument 6553:Buffalo supermarket shooting 6493:UpStairs Lounge arson attack 5618:Massacre at Mountain Meadows 5366:Mountain Meadows Association 4661:Buerger, David John (2002). 4643:University of Oklahoma Press 4564:University of Oklahoma Press 3332:Utah grows, past and present 3329:Buttle, Faye Jensen (1970). 3127:University of Arkansas Press 3087:University of Oklahoma Press 2571:American Antiquarian Society 2551:American Antiquarian Society 2218:University of Oklahoma Press 2061:Massacre at Mountain Meadows 2014:University of Illinois Press 1934:Massacre at Mountain Meadows 1828:. Juvenile Instructor Office 1580: 1338:, by Shannon A. Novak (2008) 1317:Massacre at Mountain Meadows 1300:Media detailing the massacre 1270:, the former county seat of 1245:Mountain Meadows Association 1168:Scholars have asserted that 592:Panorama of the area in 2009 435:at Beller's Stand, south of 7: 5103:"Deposition, People v. Lee" 5053:"Mountain Meadows Massacre" 4303:"Mountain Meadows Massacre" 4096:Jeffreys, Keith B. (2010). 3862:"Deposition, People v. Lee" 2508:, November 18, 1874, p. 16. 1996:Penrose & Haslam (1885) 1628:"Mountain Meadows Massacre" 1528:Missouri Executive Order 44 1445: 1385:Works of historical fiction 1194:in the massacre. Young was 213:Native American auxiliaries 203:(Utah Territorial Militia, 10: 7851: 7646:Mormon History Association 7436:Beneficial Financial Group 6351:Historic Preservation Fund 6330:American Legation, Morocco 5348:Utah History Encyclopedia. 5290:, vol. 3, Liverpool: 5051:Shirts, Morris A. (1994). 4695:Government Printing Office 4615:Briggs, Robert H. (2006). 4587:History of Utah, 1540–1886 3968:University of Nevada Press 3960:Lyman, Edward Leo (2004). 3905:University of Nevada Press 3897:Lyman, Edward Leo (2004). 3748:Camp Floyd and the Mormons 3272:Walker, Ronald W. (2008). 2417:"The Court & the Army" 2316:Forney, J. (May 5, 1859). 2303:Forney, J. (May 5, 1859). 1687:Arizona Historical Society 1539:Salt Creek Canyon massacre 1290:National Historic Landmark 1274:. it is maintained by the 1232: 1179: 1152: 1019: 872: 735: 601: 524: 454: 400: 391: 241:Possible instigation from 18: 7790:Deaths by firearm in Utah 7755:Mountain Meadows Massacre 7721:Latter Day Saint Movement 7698: 7584: 7502: 7470:Perpetual Emigration Fund 7421:Temple Square Hospitality 7369:Church Educational System 7331: 7291: 7214: 7139:Latter-day Saints Channel 7071: 6870:For the Strength of Youth 6791: 6729: 6622: 6569: 6535:LaGuardia Airport bombing 6511:Los Angeles Times bombing 6463:Mountain Meadows Massacre 6441: 6371: 6338: 6317: 6292:Lists by associated state 6291: 6250: 5983: 5937: 5886: 5723: 5714: 5628: 5577: 5556: 5506:Mountain Meadows massacre 5503: 5492: 5448: 5442:Mountain Meadows Massacre 5057:Utah History Encyclopedia 4777:Gibbs, Josiah F. (1910), 4745:Journal of Mormon History 4621:Utah Historical Quarterly 3826:Mountain Meadows Massacre 3194:Bigler, David L. (2015). 3089:. pp. xi, 179, 299. 2890:"John D. Lee's Execution" 2676:, October 18, 1876, p. 4. 1822:Little, James A. (1881). 1512:Christianity and violence 1060:, the religion's founder 1049:, during which prominent 1016:Strident Mormon teachings 921:The Rocky Mountain Saints 805:Leslie's Monthly Magazine 427:counties in northwestern 270:Mountain Meadows Massacre 255: 228:about a possible invasion 219: 194: 180: 166: 154: 140: 132: 93: 78: 51: 39: 35:Mountain Meadows Massacre 34: 7688:Kirtland Egyptian papers 7611:Joseph Smith Translation 7475:Perpetual Education Fund 7431:Bonneville International 6810:Apostasy and restoration 6547:Preparedness Day bombing 6499:El Paso Walmart shooting 6475:Pulse nightclub shooting 6273:Northern Mariana Islands 5399:St. Louis Globe-Democrat 5061:University of Utah Press 5059:. Salt Lake City, Utah: 4386:Encyclopedia of Arkansas 3838:Williams, Chris (1993). 3455:Brigham Young University 3245:Rowman & Littlefield 2623:Orson Ferguson Whitney, 2504:"John D. Lee Arrested", 2263:Corinne Journal Reporter 1554: 1355:, by Sally Denton (2003) 1272:Carroll County, Arkansas 614:Nauvoo Legion militiamen 469:under the leadership of 431:. They assembled into a 361:were interrupted by the 7544:Historical authenticity 6505:Wilmington insurrection 4866:. New York: Macmillan. 3642:. In Watt, G.D. (ed.). 3451:Book of Abraham Project 3420:Ronald, Walker (1992). 3304:Anderson, Nels (1969). 3278:Oxford University Press 2625:Popular History of Utah 2415:, ed. (April 6, 1859). 2067:Oxford University Press 1940:Oxford University Press 687:Philip Klingensmith, a 184:120–140 members of the 7785:Criticism of Mormonism 7765:1857 in Utah Territory 7561:Mormon Stories Podcast 7253:Quorums of the Seventy 6984:Curses of Cain and Ham 6751:Doctrine and Covenants 6716:Mormonism and violence 6471:(1921) (75–300 deaths) 6268:Minor Outlying Islands 6251:Lists by insular areas 5965:Keeper of the Register 5557:Other related articles 5528:Killings and aftermath 5466:Southern Paiute people 4973:Pratt, Steven (1975). 4820:. Huntington Library. 4716:Denton, Sally (2003). 4609:. LCC BX8645 .B4 1870. 4336:July 20, 2020, at the 3966:(Hardcover ed.). 3903:(Hardcover ed.). 3885:Corinne Daily Reporter 3391:Roberts, B.H. (1965). 2926:Green-Mountain Freeman 2614:, July 28, 1875, p. 5. 2158:Daily Arkansas Gazette 1534:Mormonism and violence 1519:, an attack on Mormons 1259: 1243:Starting in 1988, the 1210: 1199: 1150: 895: 808: 796: 505: 7641:Mormon fundamentalism 7416:Deseret Digital Media 7389:BYU–Pathway Worldwide 7308:Statistics by country 7122:Humanitarian services 6523:San Bernardino attack 6457:Oklahoma City bombing 5970:National Park Service 5950:Contributing property 5602:Blood of the Prophets 5325:Journal of Discourses 5314:(February 8, 1857b), 5287:Journal of Discourses 5264:Journal of Discourses 5147:, LCC BX8611 .S8 1873 4812:Huntington, Dimick B. 4685:Carleton, James Henry 4582:Bancroft, Hubert Howe 4465:; September 11, 2007. 4102:Free Inquiry magazine 3666:(December 21, 1845); 3645:Journal of Discourses 3613:, pp. 2 & 5. 3378:Utah State University 3167:Greenhaven Publishing 3066:on February 21, 2009. 2895:Cincinnati Daily Star 2799:The Morning Chronicle 1634:on September 26, 2022 1496:Aiken massacre (Utah) 1360:Blood of the Prophets 1257: 1205: 1189: 1138: 966:Richard E. Turley Jr. 886: 802: 790: 771:In March 1859, Judge 503: 7539:Geographical setting 7465:Ensign Peak Advisors 7406:Deseret Book Company 7090:Especially for Youth 6937:Baptism for the dead 6805:Apostolic succession 6776:Joseph Smith–History 6771:Joseph Smith–Matthew 6756:Pearl of Great Price 6691:LGBT Mormon timeline 6664:Good Neighbor policy 6481:Bath School disaster 6447:September 11 attacks 6325:District of Columbia 5543:LDS public relations 5523:Conspiracy and siege 5456:Hawn's Mill massacre 5384:by Newell Bringhurst 5255:"The Kingdom of God" 4627:on October 21, 2013. 4562:, Norman, Oklahoma: 4147:on September 5, 2010 3846:on October 14, 2007. 3834:UTLM Newsletters #88 3399:. pp. 139–145. 2523:Utah Tech University 2220:. pp. 243–253. 1517:Haun's Mill massacre 1268:Carrollton, Arkansas 1117:patriarchal blessing 753:James Henry Carleton 722:Leonard J. Arrington 710:and militia officer 691:in the church and a 667:, constable, judge, 521:Conspiracy and siege 514:James Henry Carleton 467:theocratic democracy 336:Territorial Governor 136:September 7–11, 1857 117:37.4755°N 113.6437°W 23:. For the film, see 7678:Joseph Smith Papyri 7085:Cultural depictions 6882:Family Proclamation 6859:Family Home Evening 6487:Wall Street bombing 6469:Tulsa race massacre 6465:(1857) (120 deaths) 6459:(1995) (168 deaths) 5564:Baker–Fancher party 5513:Theological factors 5504:Articles about the 5276:(March 16, 1856b), 4961:Penrose, Charles W. 4947:on October 13, 2018 4416:The Washington Post 3611:Young et al. (1845) 3601:, pp. 519–520. 3461:on February 7, 2019 3125:(Fourth ed.). 2965:, pp. 7–9, 42. 2783:, pp. 424–458. 2688:, pp. 225–226. 2651:, pp. 302–303. 2639:, pp. 317–378. 2305:"Kirk Anderson Esq" 2290:, pp. 174–175. 2197:, pp. 101–105. 1507:Christian terrorism 1039:Extermination Order 1035:officially expelled 803:"Justice At Last!"– 465:was organized as a 409:Baker–Fancher party 407:In early 1857, the 403:Baker–Fancher party 397:Baker–Fancher party 369:on March 23, 1877. 311:, traveling on the 113: / 7628:FARMS organization 7601:ComeUntoChrist.org 7411:Deseret Industries 7318:Less-active Mormon 7303:Membership history 7152:Missionary service 7117:General Conference 6706:Name of the church 6696:Handcart companies 6561:(1917) (10 deaths) 6555:(2022) (10 deaths) 6549:(1916) (10 deaths) 6543:(2018) (11 deaths) 6537:(1975) (11 deaths) 6531:(1886) (12 deaths) 6525:(2015) (14 deaths) 6519:(2009) (14 deaths) 6517:Fort Hood shooting 6513:(1910) (21 deaths) 6507:(1898) (22 deaths) 6501:(2019) (23 deaths) 6495:(1973) (32 deaths) 6489:(1920) (38 deaths) 6483:(1927) (44 deaths) 6477:(2016) (49 deaths) 5869:Zion National Park 5586:Mormonism Unveiled 5395:Cincinnati Gazette 5343:"The Iron Mission" 5025:. Salt Lake City: 4783:, Salt Lake City: 4530:. St. George, Utah 4195:University of Utah 3947:University of Utah 3763:, 1971, pp. 64–66. 3636:Grant, Jedediah M. 3492:. pp. 425–426 3395:. Salt Lake City: 3335:. Salt Lake City: 3204:University of Utah 3202:. Salt Lake City: 3169:. pp. 6, 12. 2717:University of Utah 2427:University of Utah 2413:Carrington, Albert 2405:University of Utah 2385:University of Utah 2275:University of Utah 2099:americanindian.net 1854:(April 30, 1877). 1264:Harrison, Arkansas 1260: 1200: 1151: 1101:Endowment ceremony 1082:Celestial marriage 1028:Mormon Reformation 954:domestic terrorism 918:'s Mormon history 916:T. B. H. Stenhouse 896: 813:American Civil War 809: 797: 506: 382:Mormon Reformation 363:American Civil War 332:President Buchanan 318:After arriving in 236:Mormon Reformation 122:37.4755; -113.6437 19:For the book, see 7770:Massacres in 1857 7742: 7741: 7623:FAIR organization 7566:Salamander letter 7231:Russell M. Nelson 7011:Reformed Egyptian 6994:Pacific Islanders 6835:Plan of salvation 6781:Articles of Faith 6684:succession crisis 6644:Anthon Transcript 6580: 6579: 6401: 6400: 5955:Historic district 5897: 5896: 5665: 5664: 5610:American Massacre 5401:on July 26, 1875. 5390:Mountain Meadows. 5210:Kimball, Heber C. 5196:978-0-665-37321-3 5171:978-0-19-515979-0 5101:(July 30, 1875). 5085:on August 9, 2013 5036:978-1-56085-060-1 5019:Quinn, D. Michael 4934:on March 4, 2009. 4873:978-1-4191-8411-6 4852:978-1-4366-1518-1 4827:978-0-87328-181-2 4794:978-0-548-30943-8 4785:Salt Lake Tribune 4733:978-0-375-41208-0 4676:978-1-56085-176-9 4573:978-0-8061-3426-0 4482:Salt Lake Tribune 4462:Salt Lake Tribune 4455:Ravitz, Jessica, 4360:Salt Lake Tribune 4126:Salt Lake Tribune 3998:Huntington (1857) 3860:(July 30, 1875). 3638:(April 2, 1854). 3589:, pp. 36–37. 3254:978-0-7618-7074-6 3213:978-0-692-37120-6 3176:978-1-5345-6141-0 3136:978-1-55728-845-5 3096:978-0-8061-8396-1 2858:"Mountain Meadow" 2831:Liverpool Mercury 2610:"The Lee Trial", 2393:Cradlebaugh, John 2373:Cradlebaugh, John 2080:978-0-19-516034-5 2027:Walker, Ronald W. 1953:978-0-19-516034-5 1326:Richard E. Turley 1310:Richard E. Turley 793:Utah firing squad 612:Four of the nine 313:Old Spanish Trail 266: 265: 245:and other senior 7842: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7588: 7506: 7295: 7258:Presiding Bishop 7243:First Presidency 7218: 7199:Worship services 7182:Tabernacle Choir 7077: 6989:Native Americans 6952:Temple endowment 6947:Second anointing 6942:Marriage sealing 6895:God in Mormonism 6840:Degrees of glory 6797: 6733: 6701:Mormon Battalion 6654:Church of Christ 6626: 6616: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6584: 6583: 6529:Haymarket affair 6428: 6421: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6391: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6304:Marshall Islands 5924: 5917: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5821: 5720: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5649: 5548:Media depictions 5498: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5329: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5298:on June 11, 2011 5268: 5253:(July 8, 1855), 5245: 5218:Pratt, Parley P. 5200: 5175: 5148: 5128: 5124:Los Angeles Star 5112: 5099:Smith, George A. 5094: 5092: 5090: 5081:. Archived from 5040: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5005:on July 12, 2007 5004: 4998:. Archived from 4979: 4968: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4935: 4933: 4927:. Archived from 4909:10.2307/45227155 4892: 4880:scanned versions 4877: 4856: 4831: 4806: 4805:, LCC F826 .G532 4773: 4761: 4737: 4712: 4709:Los Angeles Star 4698: 4680: 4656: 4628: 4610: 4591: 4576: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4472: 4466: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4350: 4341: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4064: 4058: 4055:MacKinnon (2007) 4052: 4046: 4045:, endnote p. 50. 4043:MacKinnon (2007) 4040: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4010:MacKinnon (2007) 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3894: 3888: 3881:Stenhouse (1873) 3878: 3872: 3871: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3842:. Archived from 3823: 3817: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3702: 3696: 3693:George Q. Cannon 3689:Heber C. Kimball 3685: 3679: 3672:George Q. Cannon 3664:Heber C. Kimball 3660: 3654: 3653: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3457:. Archived from 3442: 3436: 3435: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3370:Olson, Casey W. 3367: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3242: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3201: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3164: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3124: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3084: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3062:. Archived from 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029:. Archived from 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2928:. March 28, 1877 2918: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2898:. March 24, 1877 2886: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2863:Winfield Courier 2854: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2790: 2784: 2781:Stenhouse (1873) 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2745:Christian (1857) 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2705:The Deseret News 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2554: 2548: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2431: 2430: 2408: 2388: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2339: 2328: 2327: 2312: 2300: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2207: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2064: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2023: 2017: 2016:, (1986), p. 257 2010: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1957: 1937: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1881: 1870: 1869: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1764: 1758: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1630:. Archived from 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1595: 1574: 1570: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1417:Christopher Cain 1322:Ronald W. Walker 1064:and his brother 1058:Nauvoo, Illinois 970:Ronald W. Walker 964:As described by 901:Los Angeles Star 807:article in 1877. 773:John Cradlebaugh 697:state's evidence 684: 660: 648: 633: 617: 585: 552:Latter Day Saint 537:Stake Presidents 475:California Trail 378:Mormon teachings 307:, was bound for 301:Native Americans 286:Mountain Meadows 232:Mormon teachings 128: 127: 125: 124: 123: 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 83:Mountain Meadows 66: 65: 59: 44: 32: 31: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7805:Mormon pioneers 7745: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7732: 7720: 7708: 7694: 7586: 7580: 7519:Book of Abraham 7504: 7498: 7492:Deseret Ranches 7338:Congregational 7327: 7313:Mormon corridor 7293: 7287: 7216: 7210: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7026:Law of chastity 6900:Heavenly Mother 6795: 6793: 6787: 6766:Book of Abraham 6731: 6725: 6634:1838 Mormon War 6624: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6581: 6576: 6565: 6564: 6437: 6432: 6402: 6397: 6377: 6375: 6367: 6334: 6313: 6287: 6246: 5979: 5933: 5928: 5898: 5893: 5884: 5812: 5721: 5710: 5696: 5666: 5661: 5644: 5624: 5573: 5552: 5505: 5499: 5490: 5481:Plural marriage 5476:Blood atonement 5461:Mormon pioneers 5444: 5439: 5362: 5345:article in the 5338: 5336:Further reading 5333: 5301: 5299: 5197: 5172: 5088: 5086: 5071: 5037: 5027:Signature Books 5008: 5006: 5002: 4990:(2): 225–256 . 4977: 4950: 4948: 4931: 4890: 4874: 4853: 4828: 4795: 4734: 4724:Alfred A. Knopf 4677: 4667:Signature Books 4653: 4633:Brooks, Juanita 4574: 4548: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4520: 4516: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4473: 4469: 4454: 4450: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4351: 4344: 4338:Wayback Machine 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4254:"1990 MONUMENT" 4252: 4251: 4247: 4243:, Paragraph 13. 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4188: 4186: 4176: 4172: 4166:Carleton (1902) 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4117: 4113: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3970:. p. 133. 3958: 3954: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3907:. p. 130. 3895: 3891: 3879: 3875: 3855: 3851: 3824: 3820: 3812:, p. xxi; 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3767: 3758: 3754: 3741: 3737: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3682: 3661: 3657: 3633: 3629: 3623:Erickson (1996) 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3482: 3478: 3464: 3462: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3389: 3385: 3368: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3270: 3266: 3255: 3233: 3229: 3214: 3206:. p. 133. 3192: 3188: 3177: 3155: 3151: 3137: 3129:. p. 200. 3115: 3111: 3097: 3075: 3071: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3033:on July 8, 2008 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2901: 2899: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2869: 2867: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2837: 2835: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2805: 2803: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2710: 2708: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2627:(1916), p. 305. 2622: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2566: 2558:McCusker, J. J. 2546: 2538:McCusker, J. J. 2534: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2434: 2409: 2389: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2340: 2331: 2313: 2301: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2268: 2266: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2163: 2161: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2106: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2055: 2051: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1975: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1884:Carleton (1902) 1882: 1873: 1849: 1845: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769:, p. 544; 1767:Bancroft (1889) 1765: 1761: 1753:, p. 545; 1751:Bancroft (1889) 1749: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1717:, p. 313; 1709: 1705: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1608:. US Government 1596: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1427:Ardyth Kennelly 1387: 1330:Glen M. Leonard 1302: 1283:Henry B. Eyring 1237: 1231: 1184: 1178: 1170:George A. Smith 1162:Bleeding Kansas 1157: 1140:George A. Smith 1133: 1074:Parley P. Pratt 1054:David W. Patten 1047:1838 Mormon War 1024: 1018: 998: 974:Glen M. Leonard 962: 890:Harper's Weekly 881: 873:Main articles: 871: 866: 858:blood atonement 821:left the church 740: 734: 704: 703: 702: 701: 700: 685: 677: 676: 673:Isaac C. Haight 661: 653: 652: 649: 641: 640: 637:Isaac C. Haight 634: 625: 624: 618: 611: 606: 600: 595: 594: 593: 591: 586: 544:Isaac C. Haight 540:William H. Dame 529: 523: 490:George A. Smith 459: 453: 405: 399: 394: 351:William H. Dame 343:Isaac C. Haight 298:Southern Paiute 157: 144:Members of the 121: 119: 115: 112: 107: 104: 102: 100: 99: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 67: 47: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7848: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7780:Crimes in Utah 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7724: 7712: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7675: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7651:Mormon studies 7648: 7643: 7638: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7590: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7524:Book of Mormon 7521: 7516: 7514:Anti-Mormonism 7510: 7508: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7457: 7455:Philanthropies 7452: 7451: 7450: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7394:Ensign College 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7263:Relief Society 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7222: 7220: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7079: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7063:Word of Wisdom 7060: 7055: 7053:Temple garment 7050: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7013: 7008: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6850:Premortal life 6847: 6842: 6832: 6827: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6753: 6748: 6746:Book of Mormon 6743: 6737: 6735: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6671: 6669:Historic sites 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6639:1890 Manifesto 6636: 6630: 6628: 6620: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6431: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6385: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6283:Virgin Islands 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6258:American Samoa 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6192:South Carolina 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6157:North Carolina 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5985: 5984:Lists by state 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5975:Property types 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5818:Salt Lake City 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5695: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5655:September Dawn 5651: 5641: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5402: 5386: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5360:External links 5358: 5357: 5356: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5312:Young, Brigham 5308: 5274:Young, Brigham 5270: 5251:Young, Brigham 5247: 5222:Smith, William 5206:Young, Brigham 5202: 5195: 5177: 5170: 5150: 5130: 5114: 5095: 5069: 5048: 5042: 5035: 5015: 4970: 4957: 4936: 4883: 4872: 4857: 4851: 4833: 4826: 4808: 4793: 4774: 4763: 4739: 4732: 4713: 4700: 4693:. Washington: 4681: 4675: 4658: 4652:978-0806123189 4651: 4629: 4612: 4592: 4578: 4572: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4514: 4495: 4467: 4448: 4445:. Provo, Utah. 4428: 4402: 4373: 4342: 4320: 4293: 4271: 4260:on May 9, 2008 4245: 4233: 4221: 4212: 4210:, p. 210. 4200: 4170: 4158: 4132: 4111: 4088: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4026: 4024:, p. 247. 4014: 4002: 3990: 3977:978-0874175011 3976: 3952: 3927: 3914:978-0874175011 3913: 3889: 3873: 3858:Young, Brigham 3849: 3818: 3801: 3778: 3765: 3752: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3697: 3680: 3676:Buerger (2002) 3655: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3556:. Vol. 19 3541: 3529: 3503: 3476: 3437: 3430: 3412: 3405: 3383: 3380:. p. 109. 3376:(PhD thesis). 3357: 3321: 3314: 3293: 3287:978-0199747566 3286: 3264: 3253: 3247:. p. 38. 3227: 3212: 3186: 3175: 3149: 3135: 3109: 3095: 3069: 3044: 3007: 2979: 2977:, p. 273. 2967: 2955: 2953:, p. 225. 2943: 2938:Newspapers.com 2913: 2908:Newspapers.com 2881: 2876:Newspapers.com 2849: 2844:Newspapers.com 2817: 2812:Newspapers.com 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2690: 2678: 2665: 2663:, p. 378. 2653: 2641: 2629: 2616: 2603: 2601:, p. 242. 2591: 2575:1800–present: 2528: 2510: 2497: 2495:, p. 315. 2485: 2483:, p. 133. 2473: 2471:, p. 234. 2461: 2459:, p. 226. 2449: 2447:, p. 225. 2432: 2364: 2329: 2292: 2280: 2249: 2240: 2227:978-0806158952 2226: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2170:Newspapers.com 2143: 2141:, Paragraph 9. 2131: 2119: 2117:, p. 236. 2104: 2086: 2079: 2049: 2043:(1): 139–152. 2018: 2000: 1988: 1986:, Paragraph 8. 1973: 1952: 1922: 1918:Morrill (1876) 1903: 1901:, Paragraph 6. 1888: 1871: 1852:Young, Brigham 1843: 1814: 1799: 1797:, Paragraph 2. 1787: 1785:, Paragraph 3. 1775: 1759: 1743: 1731: 1703: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1619: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1502:Anti-Mormonism 1499: 1492: 1491: 1477: 1463: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1434:The Star Rover 1430: 1423:Variation West 1420: 1412:September Dawn 1408: 1405:Judith Freeman 1398: 1395:Clyde Edgerton 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1378:Juanita Brooks 1369: 1356: 1348: 1339: 1333: 1313: 1301: 1298: 1233:Main article: 1230: 1227: 1180:Main article: 1177: 1174: 1153:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1070:killed in 1844 1051:Mormon apostle 1043:Governor Boggs 1041:was issued by 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 997: 994: 989: 988: 984: 981: 961: 958: 943:Juanita Brooks 870: 867: 865: 862: 736:Main article: 733: 730: 686: 679: 678: 662: 655: 654: 650: 643: 642: 635: 628: 627: 626: 610: 609: 608: 607: 602:Main article: 599: 596: 588: 587: 580: 579: 578: 525:Main article: 522: 519: 487:Mormon apostle 479:James Buchanan 463:Utah Territory 452: 449: 445:Salt Lake City 401:Main article: 398: 395: 393: 390: 320:Salt Lake City 282:Utah Territory 264: 263: 257: 253: 252: 251: 250: 239: 229: 221: 217: 216: 215: 214: 208: 196: 192: 191: 182: 178: 177: 168: 164: 163: 158: 155: 152: 151: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 97: 91: 90: 87:Utah Territory 80: 76: 75: 70: 61: 60: 54: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7847: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:Nauvoo Legion 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:September Six 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7501: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7268:Sunday School 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7213: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7031:Homosexuality 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021:Birth control 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6974:Black Mormons 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796:and practices 6790: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6761:Book of Moses 6759: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Brigham Young 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6621: 6617: 6608: 6603: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6574: 6568: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6394: 6386: 6384: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:West Virginia 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6137:New Hampshire 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097:Massachusetts 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5891: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 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5339: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5230:Page, John E. 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4281: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4241:Shirts (1994) 4237: 4230: 4229:Shirts (1994) 4225: 4216: 4209: 4208:Denton (2003) 4204: 4196: 4185: 4184:Union Vedette 4181: 4174: 4168:, p. 15. 4167: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4057:, p. 59. 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4030: 4023: 4022:Bagley (2002) 4018: 4012:, p. 57. 4011: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3830:PBS Episode 4 3827: 3822: 3815: 3814:Bagley (2002) 3811: 3810:Brooks (1991) 3805: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3745: 3744:Andrew Jenson 3739: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3717:Young (1857b) 3715: 3712: 3711:Young (1856b) 3708: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668:Beadle (1870) 3665: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3587:Brooks (1991) 3583: 3576: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3406:9780842504829 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3011: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2975:Bagley (2002) 2971: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2939: 2927: 2923: 2922:"John D. Lee" 2917: 2909: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2877: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2845: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2813: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2600: 2599:Bagley (2002) 2595: 2580: 2572: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2493:Briggs (2006) 2489: 2482: 2481:Brooks (1991) 2477: 2470: 2469:Bagley (2002) 2465: 2458: 2457:Bagley (2002) 2453: 2446: 2445:Bagley (2002) 2441: 2439: 2437: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2289: 2288:Bagley (2002) 2284: 2276: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2244: 2233:September 13, 2229: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2195:Brooks (1991) 2191: 2184: 2183:Bagley (2002) 2179: 2171: 2164:September 13, 2160: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2140: 2139:Shirts (1994) 2135: 2128: 2127:Bagley (2002) 2123: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1997: 1992: 1985: 1984:Shirts (1994) 1980: 1978: 1969: 1963: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1900: 1899:Shirts (1994) 1895: 1893: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795:Shirts (1994) 1791: 1784: 1783:Shirts (1994) 1779: 1773:, p. 12. 1772: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689:: 7, 18, 19. 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1654: 1653:Shirts (1994) 1649: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1478: 1475: 1464: 1461: 1450: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1197: 1193: 1192:Brigham Young 1188: 1183: 1176:Brigham Young 1173: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1096:Second Coming 1092: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037:from, and an 1036: 1031: 1029: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 993: 985: 982: 979: 978: 977: 975: 971: 967: 957: 955: 950: 946: 944: 940: 939: 932: 930: 925: 923: 922: 917: 913: 912: 907: 903: 902: 892: 891: 885: 880: 876: 861: 859: 853: 850: 846: 842: 837: 834: 828: 826: 823:and moved to 822: 818: 814: 806: 801: 794: 789: 785: 783: 778: 774: 769: 767: 766:U.S. Congress 761: 759: 754: 750: 746: 739: 729: 725: 723: 719: 715: 713: 709: 698: 694: 690: 683: 674: 670: 666: 659: 647: 638: 632: 622: 615: 605: 590: 584: 577: 575: 571: 570:Nauvoo Legion 565: 562: 557: 553: 549: 548:Nauvoo Legion 545: 541: 538: 534: 528: 518: 515: 511: 502: 498: 496: 495:Jacob Hamblin 491: 488: 483: 480: 476: 472: 471:Brigham Young 468: 464: 458: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 404: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:Brigham Young 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 294:Nauvoo Legion 291: 287: 283: 279: 278:Baker–Fancher 275: 271: 261: 258: 254: 248: 244: 243:Brigham Young 240: 237: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 222: 218: 212: 209: 206: 202: 201:Nauvoo Legion 199: 198: 197: 193: 190: 187: 186:Baker–Fancher 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 159: 153: 150: 147: 146:Baker–Fancher 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 77: 58: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 7671: 7634:I'm a Mormon 7633: 7616: 7596:Bloggernacle 7443:FamilySearch 7332:Organization 7294:Demographics 7144: 7036:Masturbation 6969:Black people 6825:Adam and Eve 6732:Sacred texts 6674:Joseph Smith 6659:First Vision 6462: 6451:2,977 deaths 6197:South Dakota 6187:Rhode Island 6182:Pennsylvania 6162:North Dakota 5654: 5645: 5636: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5585: 5538:Remembrances 5518:War hysteria 5441: 5394: 5388: 5381: 5353:the original 5347: 5324: 5300:, retrieved 5296:the original 5286: 5263: 5240:. New York: 5234:Taylor, John 5226:Pratt, Orson 5185: 5161: 5135: 5127:. p. 2. 5122: 5108:Deseret News 5106: 5087:. Retrieved 5083:the original 5056: 5022: 5007:. Retrieved 5000:the original 4987: 4981: 4951:February 11, 4949:. Retrieved 4945:the original 4929:the original 4903:(1): 43–81. 4900: 4894: 4862: 4841: 4837:Lee, John D. 4816: 4779: 4768: 4749: 4743: 4722:. New York: 4718: 4708: 4689: 4662: 4637: 4625:the original 4620: 4598:Life in Utah 4597: 4586: 4558: 4554:Bagley, Will 4546:Bibliography 4532:. Retrieved 4528:The Spectrum 4527: 4517: 4508: 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4480: 4470: 4460: 4451: 4442:Daily Herald 4440: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4415: 4405: 4393:. Retrieved 4385: 4376: 4364:. Retrieved 4358: 4329: 4323: 4311:. Retrieved 4306: 4296: 4284:. Retrieved 4274: 4262:. Retrieved 4258:the original 4248: 4236: 4224: 4215: 4203: 4193:– via 4187:. Retrieved 4183: 4173: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4145:the original 4135: 4124: 4114: 4106:the original 4101: 4091: 4079:. Retrieved 4077:. LDS Church 4074:Deseret News 4072: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3981:. Retrieved 3962: 3955: 3942:Deseret News 3940: 3930: 3918:. Retrieved 3899: 3892: 3884: 3876: 3867:Deseret News 3865: 3852: 3844:the original 3821: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3781: 3773: 3768: 3755: 3747: 3738: 3729:Quinn (1997) 3723:Young (1855) 3707:Quinn (1997) 3700: 3683: 3658: 3649: 3644: 3630: 3625:, p. 9. 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3575:Pratt (1975) 3570: 3560:February 11, 3558:. Retrieved 3553: 3544: 3537:Pratt (1975) 3532: 3522:February 10, 3520:. Retrieved 3515: 3506: 3496:February 10, 3494:. Retrieved 3489: 3479: 3470: 3463:. Retrieved 3459:the original 3450: 3440: 3421: 3415: 3392: 3386: 3372: 3348:. Retrieved 3331: 3324: 3305: 3273: 3267: 3259:Google Books 3257:– via 3238: 3230: 3221: 3218:Google Books 3216:– via 3197: 3189: 3181:Google Books 3179:– via 3160: 3152: 3144: 3141:Google Books 3139:– via 3120: 3112: 3104: 3101:Google Books 3099:– via 3080: 3072: 3064:the original 3059:Mormon Times 3057: 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3031:the original 3020: 3010: 2998:. Retrieved 2992: 2982: 2970: 2963:Gibbs (1910) 2958: 2946: 2936:– via 2930:. Retrieved 2925: 2916: 2906:– via 2900:. Retrieved 2893: 2884: 2874:– via 2868:. Retrieved 2861: 2852: 2842:– via 2836:. Retrieved 2829: 2820: 2810:– via 2804:. Retrieved 2797: 2788: 2776: 2769:Twain (1872) 2764: 2757:Waite (1868) 2752: 2740: 2733:Staff (1857) 2728: 2720: 2709:. Retrieved 2703: 2693: 2681: 2674:Deseret News 2673: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2624: 2619: 2612:Deseret News 2611: 2606: 2594: 2584:February 29, 2582:. 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