Mosasaurus - Knowledge

1365: 1686: 5043:, which progressed to the point where a large portion of the quadrate was reduced to abscess. Extensive amounts of bone reparative tissue were also present, suggesting the infection and subsequent healing process may have progressed for a few months. This level of bone infection would have been tremendously painful and severely hampered the mosasaur's ability to use its jaws. The location of the infection may have also interfered with breathing. Considering how the individual was able to survive such conditions for an extended period of time, Schulp and colleagues speculated it switched to a foraging-type diet of soft-bodied prey like squid that could be swallowed whole to minimize jaw use. The cause of the infection remains unknown, but if it were a result of an intraspecific attack then it is possible one of the openings on the quadrate may have been the point of entry for an attacker's tooth from which the infection entered. 2540: 5840: 4880:. The positioning of both bite marks are at the direction the nautiloid's head would have been facing, indicating it was incapable of escaping and was thus already sick or dead during the attacks; it is possible this phenomenon was from a parent mosasaur teaching its offspring about cephalopods as an alternate source of prey and how to hunt one. An alternate explanation postulates the bite marks as from one individual mosasaur that lightly bit the nautiloid at first, then proceeded to bite again with greater force. However, there are differences in tooth spacing between both bites which indicate different jaw sizes. 2531: 1966: 5572: 4894: 1760: 1035: 2328: 4503: 6032: 124: 2042: 6337: 1490: 4690: 2773: 149: 1861: 5199: 4971: 4595: 1590: 6190: 2391: 1229: 2785: 2232: 2797: 12444: 12902: 5949: 12145: 1115: 5107: 2138: 4765: 5444: 1850: 1106: 12131: 1636: 2259:, in which soft tissue evidence for a two-lobed tail is known. The tail vertebrae gradually shorten around the center of the tail and lengthen behind the center, suggesting rigidness around the tail center and excellent flexibility behind it. Like most advanced mosasaurs, the tail bends slightly downwards as it approached the center, but this bend is offset from the dorsal plane at a small degree. 4537:. This creates a rigid three-pivot geometric cranial structure. These cranial structures are united by strong interlocking sutures formed to resist compression and shear forces caused by a downward thrust of the lower jaw muscles or an upward thrust of prey. This rigid but highly shock-absorbent structure of the cranium likely allowed a powerful 5010:, and inflamed erosions signifying severe bacterial infection. There are two finely ulcerated scratches on the bone callus, which may have developed as part of the healing process. IRSNB R27 has two fractures: one had almost fully healed and the other is an open fracture with nearby teeth broken off as a result. The fracture is covered with a 2340: 1651:, is one of the largest marine reptiles known, though knowledge of its skeleton remains incomplete as it is mainly known from skulls. Russell (1967) wrote that the length of the jaw equalled one tenth of the body length in the species. Based on this ratio, Grigoriev (2014) used the largest lower jaw attributed to 5622:, brought in vast amounts of sediment. Together with the formation of a nutrient-rich deepwater mass from the mixing of continental freshwater, Arctic waters from the north, and warmer saline Tethyan waters from the south, this created a warm and productive seaway that supported a rich diversity of marine life. 2342: 6081:

were able to coexist in the same localities through δC analysis. The scientists utilized an interpretation that differences in isotope values can help explain the level of resource partitioning because it is influenced by multiple environmental factors such as lifestyle, diet, and habitat preference.

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showed that while there was some convergence between certain specimens, the average δC values between the two species were on average different. This is one indication of niche partitioning, where the two mosasaur genera likely foraged in different habitats or had different specific diets to coexist

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mosasaur, or a latecoming member with advanced evolutionary traits such as a fully aquatic lifestyle. As such, it had a streamlined body, an elongated tail ending with a downturn supporting a two-lobed fin, and two pairs of flippers. While in the past derived mosasaurs were depicted as akin to giant

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species. Cuvier's idea that there existed an animal unlike any today was revolutionary at the time, and in 1812 he proclaimed, "Above all, the precise determination of the famous animal from Maastricht seems to us as important for the theory of zoological laws, as for the history of the globe." In a

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species may have either been habitual deep-divers or repetitive divers. Agnete Weinreich Carlsen considered it the simplest explanation that such conditions were a product of inadequate anatomical adaptation. Nevertheless, fossils of other mosasaurs with invariable avascular necrosis still exhibit

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due to lack of blood. The dentaries' condition suggests that the species may have had an efficient process of immobilizing the fracture during healing, which helped prevent damage to vital blood vessels and nerves. This, along with signs of healing, indicates that the fractures were not imminently

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in other skulls, but they could have instead arisen from other incidents like attempted biting on hard turtle shells. In 2004, Lingham-Soliar observed that if these injuries were indeed the result of an intraspecific attack, then there is a pattern of them concentrating in the skull region. Modern

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009002) measuring 90 centimeters (35 in) and "reliably estimated at" 160 centimeters (63 in) when complete, Lingham-Soliar (1995) estimated a larger maximum length of 17.6 meters (58 ft) via the same ratio. No explicit justification for the 1:10 ratio was provided in Russell (1967),

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quarry in Belgium. Dollo names the species in his honor. Further mining of the quarry in subsequent years uncovered many additional well-preserved fossils, including multiple partial skeletons which collectively represented nearly the entire skeleton of the species. They were described by Dollo in

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with shallow scratch marks and a large pit connected to an abscess canal. Lingham-Soliar described this pit as resembling a tooth mark from a possible attacking mosasaur. Both specimens show signs of deep bacterial infection alongside the fractures; some bacteria may have spread to nearby damaged

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actually had fully aquatic flippers. He clarified that earlier interpretations of claws were erroneous and demonstrated how the phalanges show no indication of muscle or tendon attachment, which would make walking impossible. They are also broad, flat, and form a paddle. Schlegel's hypothesis was

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holotype and the anatomy of monitor lizards, so Hawkins depicted the animal as essentially a water-going monitor lizard. It was given a boxy head, nostrils at the side of the skull, large volumes of soft tissue around the eyes, lips reminiscent of monitor lizards, scales consistent with those in

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genus due to the lack of a clear holotype diagnosis, which may have been behind the genus's paraphyletic status. Third, there was still a lack of comparative studies of the skeletal anatomy of large mosasaurines at the time. These problems were addressed in Street's 2016 thesis in an updated

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are not in the same genus. However, the study used a method unorthodox to traditional phylogenetic studies on mosasaur species because its focus was on the relationships of entire squamate groups rather than mosasaur classification. As a result, some paleontologists caution that lower-order

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was capable of enormous bite forces. The long, narrow, and heavy nature of the lower jaws and attachment of tendons at the coronoid process would have allowed quick opening and closing of the mouth with little energy input underwater, which also contributed to the powerful bite force of

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had four types of teeth, classified based on the jaw bones they were located on. On the upper jaw, there were three types: the premaxillary teeth, maxillary teeth, and pterygoid teeth. On the lower jaw, only one type, the dentary teeth, were present. In each jaw row, from front to back,

5307:, consisting of what is now the European continent, Turkey, and New Jersey. At the time, Europe was a scattering of islands with most of the modern continental landmass being underwater. The margin provided a warm-temperate climate with habitats dominated by mosasaurs and sea turtles. 5984:

fed in more offshore or open waters. It has been pointed out how δC can be influenced by other factors in an animal's lifestyle, such as diet and diving behavior. To account for this, a 2014 study by T. Lynn Harrell Jr. and Alberto Perez-Huerta examined the concentration ratios of

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was located in what is now Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In recent studies, the confirmation of paleogeographical affinities extended this range to areas across the Atlantic including Brazil and the East Coast state of New Jersey. It is geographically subdivided into two

2352: 5023:, which may have entered deeper tissue from prior post-traumatic or secondary infections. The dentaries ahead of the fractures in both specimens are in good condition, suggesting that the arteries and trigeminal nerves had not been damaged; if they were, those areas would have 2065:

had: two premaxillary teeth, twelve to sixteen maxillary teeth, and eight to sixteen pterygoid teeth on the upper jaw and fourteen to seventeen dentary teeth on the lower jaw. The teeth were largely consistent in size and shape with only minor differences throughout the jaws

7741: 2332: 4823:, the lowest in all mosasaurs for the largest individuals. Mosasaurs with lower δC values tended to occupy higher trophic levels, and one factor for this was dietary: a diet of prey rich in lipids such as sea turtles and other large marine reptiles can lower δC values. 4568:

likely employed inertial feeding (in which the animal thrusts its head and neck backward to release a held prey item and immediately thrust the head and neck forward to close the jaws around the item) and used jaw adduction to assist in biting during prey seizure. The

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Alberto L. Cione; Sergio Santillana; Soledad Gouiric-Cavalli; Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche; Javier N. Gelfo; Guillermo M. Lopez; Marcelo Reguero (2018). "Before and after the K/Pg extinction in West Antarctica: New marine fish records from Marambio (Seymour) Island".

2351: 5094:, which is indicative of a bone infection. The causes of such infections are uncertain, but records of fused vertebrae in other mosasaurs suggest attacks by sharks and other predators as a possible candidate. The third case was determined to be caused by a form of 2353: 5629:. The oceanic climate of the Northern Interior Subprovince was likely a cool temperate one, while the Southern Interior Subprovince had warm temperate to subtropical climates. The fossil assemblages throughout these regions suggest a complete faunal turnover when 6653:

was an endotherm based on the skeletochronology of the genus, finding its growth rates to be too low to be endothermic and instead similar to ectotherms. The dissertation argued that the high body temperatures calculated in pro-endotherm studies were a result of

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have typically been recovered from deposits representing nearshore habitats during the Cretaceous period, with some fossils coming from deeper-water deposits. Lingham-Soliar (1995) elaborated on this, finding that Maastrichtian deposits in the Netherlands with

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dated about 75 million years old with dismembered and punctured remains of a 1 meter (3.3 ft) long fish in its gut. This fish was much longer than the length of the mosasaur's skull, which measured 66 centimeters (26 in) in length, confirming that

5169:: They were already efficient swimmers and lived fully functional lifestyles in open water at a very young age and did not require nursery areas to raise their young. Some areas in Europe and South Dakota have yielded concentrated assemblages of juvenile 6212:, and their extinction was a sudden event. During the late Maastrichtian, global sea levels dropped, draining the continents of their nutrient-rich seaways and altering circulation and nutrient patterns, and reducing the number of available habitats for 2331: 1704:(NHMM 003892) which is 150% larger than the average size, which Everhart and colleagues in 2016 reported can be extrapolated to scale an individual around 18 meters (59 ft) in length. It was not stated whether they applied Russell's 1967 ratio. 5976:δC is also correlated with a marine animal's feeding habitat as isotope levels deplete when habitat is farther from the shoreline, so some scientists interpreted isotope levels as a proxy for habitat preference. Separate studies involving multiple 5160:

and related genera have found that their bone structures are comparable to adults. They do not exhibit the bone mass increase found in juvenile primitive mosasauroids to support buoyancy associated with a lifestyle in shallow water, implying that

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Christian C. Obasi; Dennis O. Terry Jr.; George H. Myer; David E. Grandstaff (2011). "Glauconite Composition and Morphology, Shocked Quartz, and the Origin of the Cretaceous(?) Main Fossiliferous Layer (MFL) in Southern New Jersey, U.S.A.".

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Lingham-Soliar may have misapplied the ratio. His calculations interpreted "body length" as the length of the postcranial body, not the total length of the animal as demonstrated in Russell (1967), This erroneously inflated the estimate by

2113:(tooth roots deeply cemented within the jaw bone). Teeth were constantly shed through a process where the replacement tooth developed within the root of the original tooth and then pushed it out of the jaw. Chemical studies conducted on a 1933:. The quadrate bone, which connected the lower jaw to the rest of the skull and formed the jaw joint, is tall and somewhat rectangular in shape, differing from the rounder quadrates found in typical mosasaurs. The quadrate also housed the 4924:

embedded in the lower jaw underneath the eye. In this case, there were signs of healing around the wound, implying survival of the incident. Takuya Konishi suggested an alternative cause of this example being head-biting behavior during

1811:, although more typical skulls of the species have a near-perfectly straight jawline. The premaxillary bar, the long portion of the premaxillary bone extending behind the premaxillary teeth, is narrow and constricts near the middle in 2341: 4789:

was among the largest marine animals of its time, and with its large, robust cutting teeth, scientists believe larger members of the genus would have been able to handle virtually any animal. Lingham-Soliar (1995) suggested that

6447:, described the fossil as a lizard monster or saurian animal resembling the famous fossil reptile of Maestricht ." Cuvier doubted whether the two specimens were related. The congeneric relationship was eventually confirmed by 6385:

The exact year is not fully certain due to multiple contradicting claims. An examination of existing historical evidence by Pieters et al., (2012) suggested the most accurate date would be on or around 1780. More recently,

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at around 65°S, temperatures at medium to large water depths would have been around 6 °C (43 °F) on average, while sea surface temperatures may have dropped below freezing and sea ice may have formed at times.

4518:. Because soft tissue like muscles do not easily fossilize, reconstruction of the musculature was largely based on the structure of the skull, muscle scarring on the skull, and the musculature in extant monitor lizards. 4780:

was likely an active predator of a variety of marine animals. Fauna likely preyed upon by the genus include bony fish, sharks, cephalopods, birds, and marine reptiles such as other mosasaurs and turtles. It is unlikely

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fossils have been found in North and South America, Europe, Africa, Western Asia, and Antarctica. This distribution encompassed a wide range of oceanic climates including tropical, subtropical, temperate, and subpolar.

5069:; it involves bone damage caused by the formation of nitrogen bubbles from inhaled air decompressed during frequent deep-diving trips, or by intervals of repetitive diving and short breathing. This indicates that both 4621:

for maneuvering the animal. The paddles' steering function was enabled by large muscle attachments from the outwards-facing side of the humerus to the radius and ulna and modified joints allowed an enhanced ability of

896:, to be 17 meters (56 ft), making it one of the largest mosasaurs, although some scientists consider this an overestimation with recent estimates suggesting a length closer to 13 meters (43 ft). The skull of 10106:"Endothermic mosasaurs? Possible thermoregulation of Late Cretaceous mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata) indicated by stable oxygen isotopes in fossil bioapatite in comparison with coeval marine fish and pelagic seabirds" 1738:

is reportedly measured at 6.5 meters (21 ft) in total length with a skull approaching 1 meter (3.3 ft) in length. Based on personal observations of various unpublished fossils from Morocco, Nathalie Bardet

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Gorden L. Bell Jr.; M. Amy Sheldon; James P. Lamb; James E. Martin (1996). "The first direct evidence of live birth in Mosasauridae (Squamata): Exceptional preservation in Cretaceous Pierre Shale of South Dakota".

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vary across species, but unifying characteristics include a design specialized for cutting prey, highly prismatic surfaces (enamel circumference shaped by flat sides called prisms), and two opposite cutting edges.

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without interference from biological processes, with each of the three elements signifying either shallow, deep, or fresh waters. The rare earth element ratios were very consistent throughout most of the examined

6269:, alternatively nicknamed the "Cretaceous cocktail deposit". This formed through a combination of catastrophic seismic and geological disturbances, mega-hurricanes, and giant tsunamis caused by the impact of the 5323:

were instead the dominant species, where its occurrences greatly outnumber those of other large mosasaurs. Other mosasaurs found in the European side of the northern Tethyan margin include smaller genera such as

4804:. The species likely hunted near the ocean surface as an ambush predator, using its large two-dimensionally adapted eyes to more effectively spot and capture prey. Chemical and structural data in the fossils of 2339: 4985:

jaws with evidence of infectious diseases as a result of physical injuries. Two examples include IRSNB R25 and IRSNB R27, both having fractures and other pathologies in their dentaries. IRSNB R25 preserves a

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Caitlin R. Kiernan (2002). "Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with a historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries".

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occurrences represented nearshore waters around 40–50 meters (130–160 ft) deep. Changing temperatures and an abundance in marine life were characteristic of these localities. The morphological build of

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specimens from North America and Belgium and found cases of fused tail vertebrae in three of them. Two of these cases displayed irregular surface deformities around the fusion site caused by drainage of the

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and maintained a constant body temperature independent of the external environment. Although there is no direct evidence specific to the genus, studies on the biochemistry of related mosasaur genera such as

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with bite marks from two conspecific mosasaurs, one being from a juvenile and the other being from an adult. Analysis of the tooth marks by a 2004 study by Kauffman concluded that the mosasaurs were either

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into the Paleocene formation during its early deposition. Evidence of reworking typically comes from fossils worn down due to further erosion during their exposure at the time of redeposition. Many of the

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Shaoneng He; T. Kurtis Kyser; William G. E. Caldwell (2005). "Paleoenvironment of the Western Interior Seaway inferred from δ18O and δ13C values of molluscs from the Cretaceous Bearpaw marine cyclothem".

2748:. In 2014, Konishi and colleagues expressed a number of concerns with the reliance on Bell's study. First, the genus was severely underrepresented by incorporating only the three North American species 2354: 4714:

occupying much of the sockets' diameter; the latter is correlated with eye size and suggests it had good vision. The eye sockets were located at the sides of the skull, which created a narrow field of

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grew to a total length of 8–10 meters (26–33 ft), their skulls typically measuring around 1 meter (3.3 ft) in length. With a skull measuring around 97.7 centimeters (38.5 in) in length,

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Florence F. J. M. Pieters; Peggy G. W. Rompen; John W. M. Jagt; Nathalie Bardet (2012). "A new look at Faujas de Saint-Fond's fantastic story on the provenance and acquisition of the type specimen of

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also has large haemal arches located at the bottom of each caudal vertebra which bend near the middle of the tail, which contrasts with the reduction of haemal arches in other marine reptiles such as

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grew to around 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 ft) in length. He also measured the dimensions of IRSNB 3119 and recorded that the skull constituted approximately one-eleventh of the whole body. Polcyn

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had stomach contents consisting of fish, indicative of a diet specialized in softer prey. It was hypothesized that these adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs.

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are also expected to be present based on distribution trends of both genera, although conclusive fossils have yet to be found. Other Antarctic marine reptiles included elasmosaurid plesiosaurs like

2347: 2589:). Relationships between mosasaurs and living squamates remain controversial as scientists still fiercely debate on whether the closest living relatives of mosasaurs are monitor lizards or snakes. 2867:(2017). The cladogram on the right (Topology B) is modified from Street's 2016 doctoral thesis proposing a revision to the Mosasaurinae, with proposed new taxa and renamings in single quotations. 2318:

and phalanges (finger bones) were encased in and supported the paddles, with the fifth set being shorter and offset from the rest. The overall structure of the paddle is compressed, similar to in

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have been occasionally found. Marine reptile assemblages in the New Jersey region of the province are generally equivalent with those in Europe; the mosasaur faunae are quite similar but exclude

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Jose-Carmelo Corral; Ana Berreteaga; Henri Cappetta (2016). "Upper Maastrichtian shallow marine environments and neoselachian assemblages in North Iberian palaeomargin (Castilian Ramp, Spain)".

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in the Western Interior Seaway had a profound impact on the restructuring of marine ecosystems. The faunal structure of both provinces was generally much more diverse prior to the appearance of

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individual with a skull measuring more than 145 cm (57 in) would have been up to or more than 11 meters (36 ft) in length and weighed 10 metric tons (11 short tons) in body mass.

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in the late 18th century, and were initially thought to be crocodiles or whales. One skull discovered around 1780 was famously nicknamed the "great animal of Maastricht". In 1808, naturalist

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was the only known coexisting animal likely capable of causing such damage, using its robust arrow-like elongated snout. This sort of attack has been compared to the defensive behavior of

4556:, this function mainly served to allow ratchet feeding, in which the pterygoid and jaws would "walk" captured prey into the mouth like a conveyor belt. But especially compared to those in 11410:

Todd Cook; Eric Brown; Patricia E. Ralrick; Takuya Konishi (2017). "A late Campanian euselachian assemblage from the Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada: some notable range extensions".

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The biogeography of the region has been subdivided into two Interior Subprovinces characterized by different climates and faunal structures, and their borders are separated in modern-day

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fossils from Belgium, Rothschild and Martin in 2005 observed that the condition affected between 3-17% of the vertebrae in the mosasaurs' spines. Avascular necrosis is a common result of

2764:, which is one of the most completely known species in the genus, were neglected, which affected phylogenetic results. Second, the studies relied on an unclean and shaky taxonomy of the 1383:

was first detected by Camper Jr. based on fossils from his father's collections, which he discussed with Cuvier during their 1799 correspondence, but Cuvier rejected the idea of another

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Bruce Rothschild; Michael J. Everhart (2015). "Co-Ossification of Vertebrae in Mosasaurs (Squamata, Mosasauridae); Evidence of Habitat Interactions and Susceptibility to Bone Disease".

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William B. Gallagher; Carl E. Campbell; John W. M. Jagt; Eric W. A. Mulder (2005). "Mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) material from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary interval in Missouri".

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piercing through the quadrate bone. No injuries on the fossil show signs of healing, suggesting that the mosasaur was killed by its attacker by a fatal blow in the skull. Likewise, an

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based on the argument that significant differences could be explained by age-based variation. However, the need for more research to confirm any hypotheses of synonymy was expressed.

6990: 10332: 10289:"A new halisaurine mosasaur (Squamata: Halisaurinae) from Japan: the first record in the western Pacific realm and the first documented insights into binocular vision in mosasaurs" 5606:

stage deposits in North America, including the Western Interior Seaway, an inland sea which once flowed through what is now the central United States and Canada, and connected the

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is unusually deep and forms an almost perfect semicircle, giving it a barrel-shaped chest. Rather than being fused together, extensive cartilage likely connected the ribs with the

11834:"Habitat preference of mosasaurs indicated by rare earth element (REE) content of fossils from the Upper Cretaceous marine deposits of Alabama, New Jersey, and South Dakota (USA)" 4942:

employed similar head-grappling behavior during intraspecific combat. Many of the fossils with injuries possibly attributable to intraspecific combat are of juvenile or sub-adult

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Leidy, 1856 (Testudines: Pan-Cheloniidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Alabama, USA, and the occurrence of the genus within the Mississippi Embayment of North America"

2345: 2220:, which would have facilitated breathing movements and compression when in deeper waters. The texture of the bones is virtually identical with in modern whales, which indicates 11198:

Cynthia G. Fisher; Michael A. Arthur (2002). "Water mass characteristics in the Cenomanian US Western Interior seaway as indicated by stable isotopes of calcareous organisms".

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believed was likely to save time and money. Many elements of the sculpture can be considered inaccurate, even for the time. It did not take into account Golduss' 1845 study of

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in the most recent major phylogenetic analysis of the Mosasaurinae subfamily by Madzia & Cau (2017), which was self-described as a refinement of a larger study by Simões

2129:, incremental marks in dentin that form daily. It was approximated that it took the odontoblasts 511 days and dentin 233 days to develop to the extent observed in the tooth. 5152:(open ocean) deposits. Such fossil records, along with a total absence of any evidence suggesting external egg-based reproduction, indicates the likeliness of viviparity in 2335: 9329: 5232:, the African coastline from Morocco to South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, and Antarctica. During the Late Cretaceous, these regions made up the three seaways inhabited by 2344: 11642:

Thomas S. Tobin; Peter D. Ward; Eric J. Steig; Eduardo B. Olivero; Isaac A. Hilburn; Ross N. Mitchell; Matthew R. Diamond; Timothy D. Raub; Joseph L. Kirschvink (2012).

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had the most vertebrae in the genus, with up to around forty dorsal vertebrae, twenty-two pygal vertebrae, and ninety caudal vertebrae. Compared to other mosasaurs, the

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The largest mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Missouri River area (Late Cretaceous; Pierre Shale Group) of South Dakota and its relationship to Lewis and Clark

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fossils, indicating consistent habitat preference, and clustered towards a ratio representing offshore habitats with ocean depths deeper than 50 meters (160 ft).

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continued to be the dominant genus in the seaway until the end of the Navesinkan Age at the end of the Cretaceous. Contemporaneous fauna included sea turtles such as

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sharing the remaining third. The Northern Interior Subprovince also saw a restructuring of mosasaur assemblages, characterized by the disappearance of mosasaurs like

12818: 11066:"A new species of longirostrine plioplatecarpine mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco, with a re-evaluation of the problematic taxon 8488: 1791:

are lined parallel to the jawline; they are used to hold the terminal branches of jaw nerves. The foramina along the snout form a pattern similar to the foramina in

10825:"Juvenile marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic peninsula and their relationships to other such occurrences in central South Dakota and Belgium" 5614:. The region was shallow for a seaway, reaching a maximum depth of about 800–900 meters (2,600–3,000 ft). Extensive drainage from the neighboring continents, 2348: 1097:

in exchange for an offer of 600 bottles of wine. This story helped elevate the fossil into cultural fame, but historians agree that the narrative was exaggerated.

9966:"Microanatomical and Histological Features in the Long Bones of Mosasaurine Mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata) – Implications for Aquatic Adaptation and Growth Rates" 2346: 912:("warm-blooded"), an adaptation in squamates only found in mosasaurs. There is considerable morphological variability across the currently-recognized species in 6300:

and its associated fauna survived the K-Pg extinction. According to one hypothesis, the fossils may have originated from an earlier Cretaceous deposit and were

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which instead called for a narrower skull, nostrils at the top of the skull, and amphibious terrestrial limbs (the latter being incorrect in modern standards).

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that catalyzed the K-Pg extinction event. As well as physical destruction, the impact also blocked out sunlight leading to a collapse of marine food webs. Any

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Elizabeth L. Nicholls and Anthony P. Russell (1990). "Paleobiogeography of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America: the vertebrate evidence".

6062:, the only surviving species of the genus during the Maastrichtian, measured up to 12.2 meters (40 ft) in length while the largest coexisting species of 2423:

containing as many as fifty different species. A 2017 study by Hallie Street and Michael Caldwell performed the first proper diagnosis and description of the

9927: 6296:, and various ammonites within a uniquely fossil-rich bed at the base of the Hornerstown Formation known as the Main Fossiliferous Layer. This does not mean 2070:) except for the smaller pterygoid teeth. The number of teeth in the maxillae, pterygoids, and dentaries vary between species and sometimes even individuals— 936:

in 2017 helped resolve the taxonomy issue and confirmed at least five species to be within the genus. Another five species still nominally classified within

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led to a historically problematic classification. As a result, more than fifty species have been attributed to the genus in the past. A redescription of the

2467:—to be possibly valid, pending a future formal reassessment. Street & Caldwell (2017) was derived from Street's 2016 doctoral thesis, which contained a 6589:

As the proposal remains restricted to a PhD thesis, it is defined as an unpublished work per Article 8 of the ICZN and therefore is not yet formally valid.

6237: 5902:, although this depends on the outcome of a pending revision of the genus. At least four other mosasaur genera have been reported in Antarctica, including 5467:

in Africa and Arabia and extending to the Levant and Brazil provided vast shallow marine environments. These environments were dominated by mosasaurs and

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had a transatlantic distribution, with its fossils having been found in marine deposits on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. These localities include the

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that allows flexible movement of the jaws, possibly to allow the animals to better position them and prevent prey escape when hunting. In contrast, the

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found in the secondary formation of New-Jersey; and on the occurrence of the substance recently named Coprolite by Dr. Buckland, in the same locality"

9151:"Mosasaurids (Squamata) from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco: Biodiversity, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology based on tooth morphoguilds" 8755: 11644:"Extinction patterns, δ18 O trends, and magnetostratigraphy from a southern high-latitude Cretaceous–Paleogene section: Links with Deccan volcanism" 6157:

with fractures caused by a massive concentrated blow to the braincase; Lingham-Soliar (1998) argued that this blow was dealt by a ramming attack by

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specimen; measuring 171 centimeters (67 in) in length) to estimate a maximum length of 17.1 meters (56 ft). Using a smaller partial jaw (

1474: 11618:"Vertebrate Paleontology of the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills Formations (Late Campanian-Late Maastrichtian) of Badlands National Park, South Dakota" 11544:

Tamaki Sato (2005). "A new polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Saskatchewan, Canada".

7391: 5734:

maintained their presence until around the end of the Campanian, during which the entire Western Interior Seaway started receding from the north.

904:. Its four limbs were shaped into paddles to steer the animal underwater. Its tail was long and ended in a downward bend and a paddle-like fluke. 13003: 9025: 8933:"A giant mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) with an unusually twisted dentition from the Argille Scagliose Complex (late Campanian) of Northern Italy" 6414:, as became the trend for specific epithets of similar structure in later years. Recent scientists argue that the special etymological makeup of 5360: 8351: 7634: 6149:

Nevertheless, competitive engagement evidently could not be entirely avoided. There is also evidence of aggressive interspecific combat between

1205:, "lizard"), all literally meaning "lizard of the Meuse", in reference to the river where the holotype specimen was discovered nearby. In 1829, 10959:

David B. Kemp; Stuart A. Robinson; J. Alistair Crame; Jane E. Francis; Jon Ineson; Rowan J. Whittle; Vanessa Bowman; Charlotte O'Brien (2014).

10780:

Alexandra Houssaye; Paul Tafforeau (2012). "What vertebral microanatomy reveals about the ecology of juvenile mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata)".

8932: 8746: 5537: 4912:

bears multiple cuts, breaks, and punctures on various bones, particularly in the rear portions of the skull and neck, and a tooth from another

7824:

Eric W. A. Mulder (1999). "Transatlantic latest Cretaceous mosasaurs (Reptilia, Lacertilia) from the Maastrichtian type area and New Jersey".

4718:

at around 28.5° but alternatively allowed excellent processing of a two-dimensional environment, such as the near-surface waters inhabited by

1516:

holotype, which indicated an elastic vertebral column that Goldfuss in 1845 saw as evidence of an ability to walk and interpretations of some

6419: 2343: 4946:, leading to the possibility that attacks on smaller, weaker individuals may have been more common. However, the attacking mosasaurs of the 1408:

holotype attracted little attention from mosasaur paleontologists. Second, the species was overshadowed by the more famous and history-rich

12889: 9533: 7164:(Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Campanian of the Bearpaw Formation, western Canada, and the first stomach contents for the genus". 6309:

fossils from the Main Fossiliferous Layer consist of isolated bones commonly abraded and worn, but the layer also yielded better-preserved

10348: 8519: 2090:

had twelve to thirteen maxillary teeth, fourteen to sixteen dentary teeth, and six or more pterygoid teeth. One indeterminate specimen of

6013:. Previous studies demonstrated that ratios of these three elements can act as a proxy for relative ocean depth of a fossil during early 4665:

suggests that endothermy was likely present in all mosasaurs. Such a trait is unique among squamates, the only known exception being the

869:

but otherwise unlike any known living animal. This concept was revolutionary at the time and helped support the then-developing ideas of

11580: 10260:

Martin S. Fernandez; Zulma Gasparini (2012). "Campanian and Maastrichtian mosasaurs from Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia, Argentina".

7036:"A mosasaur from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation of the northern Western Interior Seaway of the United States and the synonymy of 1153:

concluded that the fossil, which by then was nicknamed the "great animal of Maastricht", belonged to a marine lizard with affinities to

1012:

individuals by members of the same species. In fighting likely took place in the form of snout grappling, as seen in modern crocodiles.

13016: 8633:

Johan Lindgren; Michael J. Polcyn; Bruce A. Young (2011). "Landlubbers to leviathans: evolution of swimming in mosasaurine mosasaurs".

6325:

of Cretaceous sediments forced out by a strong impact by a tsunami, and what remained was subsequently refilled with Cenozoic fossils.

1142: 9788:"Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group" 8315:(Mosasauridae) from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of Belgium, and implications for taxonomic assessments of mosasaurid dentitions". 2026:

had two to three prisms on the labial side (the side facing outwards) and no prisms on the lingual side (the side facing the tongue),

1081:, and the skull gained international attention after Camper published a study identifying it as a whale. This caught the attention of 10044:

Glenn J. Tattersall; Cleo A. C. Leite; Colin E. Sanders; Viviana Cadena; Denis V. Andrade; Augusto S. Abe; William K. Milsom (2016).

9149:

Nathalie Bardet; Alexandra Houssaye; Peggy Vincent; Xabier Pereda Suberbiola; M'barek Amaghzaz; Essaid Jourani; Saïd Meslouh (2015).

7295:

Beschrijving der beenderen van den kop van eenen visch, gevonden in den St Pietersberg bij Maastricht, en geplaatst in Teylers Museum

6197: 6054:

lived alongside other large predatory mosasaurs also considered apex predators, most prominent among them being the tylosaurines and

5035:

with multiple unnatural openings and an estimated 0.5 liters (0.13 U.S. gal) of tissue destroyed. This was likely a severe

1169:. At the time, it was not believed that a species could go extinct, and fossils of animals were often interpreted as some form of an 9597:"A new mosasaurine from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) phosphates of Morocco and its implications for mosasaurine systematics" 13090: 12990: 6161:, as the formation of the fractures were characteristic of a coordinated strike (and not an accident or fossilization damage), and 2385: 9289:"New mosasaur material from the Maastrichtian of Angola, with notes on the phylogeny, distribution, and paleoecology of the genus 1672:

was more likely closer to seven times the length of the skull, which was based on a near-complete skeleton of the related species

885:

as a squamate remain controversial, and scientists continue to debate whether its closest living relatives are monitor lizards or

10602:

Agnete Weinreich Carlsen (2017). "Frequency of decompression illness among recent and extinct mammals and "reptiles": a review".

10447: 6761:"Recent mosasaur discoveries from New Jersey and Delaware, USA: stratigraphy, taphonomy and implications for mosasaur extinction" 6620:

is a North American taxon Russell (1967) recognized as a distinct species. It is now generally recognized as a junior synonym of

12020: 6277:

surviving the immediate cataclysms by taking refuge in deeper waters would have died out due to starvation from a loss of prey.

13085: 12184: 5882:

have been described, but the true number of species is unknown as remains are often fragmentary and specimens are described in

4673:, including increased stamina when foraging across larger areas and pursuing prey. It may have also been a factor that allowed 1282:. In reference to its discovery made in the river, he coined the specific epithet and initially identified it as a species of 6714:

James G. Ogg; Linda A. Hinnov (2012), "Cretaceous", in Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; Gabi M. Ogg (eds.),

4626:. The powerful forces resulting from utilization of the paddles may have sometimes resulted in bone damage, as evidenced by a 11146: 11118: 10342: 9767: 9123: 7724: 7513: 6731: 6640:

was the wording used in Russell (1967); this is in recognition of the belief of a close relationship between the two species.

6229: 4938:

crocodiles commonly attack each other by grappling an opponent's head using their jaws, and Lingham-Soliar hypothesized that

1899:

housed a brain which was narrow and relatively small compared to other mosasaurs. For example, the braincase of the mosasaur

7566:

Mark Evans (2010). "The roles played by museums, collections and collectors in the early history of reptile palaeontology".

1296:. The rest of the skull had been discovered earlier by a fur-trapper, and it eventually came under the possession of prince 10334:

Investigating Holocene climate change on the northern Channel Islands and Cretaceous mosasaur ecology using stable isotopes

9494: 8504: 8039: 6410:

was the original spelling used by Mantell, ending with -ii. Later authors began to drop the final letter and spelled it as

1841:(the main tooth-bearing bone of the upper jaw) lack the dorsal concavity that would fit the nostrils in typical mosasaurs. 13110: 13075: 9287:

Anne S. Schulp; Michael J. Polcyn; Octavio Mateus; Louis L. Jacobs; Maria Lusia Morais; Tatiana da Silva Tavares (2006).

6495:

has serration-like features in its cutting edges. Scientists believe this specimen likely belongs to a different species.

4573:

muscles, which attach to the lower jaws to the cranium and have a major role in biting function, are massive, indicating

2667: 2099: 10474:"Palaeopathology and injury in the extinct mosasaurs (Lepidosauromorpha, Squamata) and implications for modern reptiles" 9547:

Natalia B. Ananjeva (2019). "Current State of the Problems in the Phylogeny of Squamate Reptiles (Squamata, Reptilia)".

8170:"A new Plotosaurini mosasaur skull from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica. Plotosaurini paleogeographic occurrences" 4977:

specimen IRSNB R25, with an infected fracture to the left dentary (seen between the two middle tooth crowns in the back)

2539: 10889:

Nathalie Bardet (2012). "Maastrichtian marine reptiles of the Mediterranean Tethys: a palaeobiogeographical approach".

10851:"Occurrence of Mosasaurus hoffmannii Mantell, 1829 (Squamata, Mosasauridae) in the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco" 8402:

Nathalie Bardet; Xabier Pereda Suberbiola; Mohamed Iarochene; Fatima Bouyahyaoui; Baadi Bouya; Mbarek Amaghzaz (2004).

7799:

Lethaea Geognostica Oder Abbildungen und Beschreibungen Der für die Gebirgs-Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen

5509:

also had some presence throughout the province. Other mosasaurs from the southern Tethyan margin include the enigmatic

1400:

was largely ignored in scientific literature. Theagarten Lingham-Soliar suggested two reasons for this neglect. First,

1157:, but otherwise unlike any modern animal. The skull became part of Cuvier's first speculations about the conception of 9197: 8874:"Lepidosaurian diversity in the Mesozoic–Palaeogene: the potential roles of sampling biases and environmental drivers" 1132: 1090: 11718:"A new elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian López de Bertodano Formation: new data on weddellonectian diversity" 7797: 7683: 7328: 6201: 4564:

are relatively small, which indicates ratchet feeding was relatively unimportant to its hunting and feeding. Rather,

1660: 1309: 1297: 136: 12069:

Kunio Kaiho; Naga Oshima; Kouji Adachi; Yukimasa Adachi; Takuya Mizukami; Megumu Fujibayashi; Ryosuke Saito (2016).

11772: 10157: 9351: 6265:. Fossil vertebrae from the layer were found with fractures formed after death. The layer was likely deposited as a 2018:

are neither serrated nor smooth, but instead possess minute wrinkles known as crenulations. The number of prisms in

1734:

individuals typically had skulls exceeding lengths of 1 meter (3.3 ft). A particular near-complete skeleton of

1615:, it is now understood that they were more similar in build to other large marine vertebrates such as ichthyosaurs, 960:. Paleontologists believe its diet would have included virtually any animal; it likely preyed on bony fish, sharks, 1950: 9931: 4631: 972:

probably had a profound impact on the structuring of marine ecosystems; its arrival in some locations such as the

908:

possessed excellent vision to compensate for its poor sense of smell, and a high metabolic rate suggesting it was

11716:

José P. O'Gorman; Karen M. Panzeri; Marta S. Fernández; Sergio Santillana; Juan J. Moly; Marcelo Reguero (2018).

9964:

Alexandra Houssaye; Johan Lindgren; Rodrigo Pellegrini; Andrew H. Lee; Damien Germain; Michael J. Polcyn (2013).

5936:

and another indeterminate elasmosaurid. The fish assemblage of the López de Bertodano Formation was dominated by

5285: 5225: 4521:

In modern lizards, the mechanical build of the skull is characterized by a four-pivot geometric structure in the

2860: 11997: 11585:, Recovered from the Cretaceous DeGrey Member of the Pierre Shale near Cooperstown, Griggs County, North Dakota" 11557: 11256: 10390: 5862: 1807:, the top margin of the dentary is slightly curved upwards; this is also the case with the largest specimens of 968:

and other mosasaurs. It likely preferred to hunt in open water near the surface. From an ecological standpoint,

10849:

Rempert, Trevor; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P.M.; Rempert, Ashley N.; Haque, Muhammad R.; Armstrong, Andrew.

4666: 2856: 2078:

had fourteen to fifteen maxillary teeth, fourteen to fifteen dentary teeth, and eight to nine pterygoid teeth;

1021: 10518: 6288:

age, which was immediately after the Maastrichtian age. The fossils were found in association with fossils of

6142:

included turtles and ammonites, providing another example of a diet specialized for harder prey. In contrast,

5660:

In what is now Alabama within the Southern Interior Subprovince, most of the key genera including sharks like

4794:

had a rather "savage" feeding behavior as demonstrated by large tooth marks on scutes of the giant sea turtle

1718:

but are known from more complete fossils. Based on measurements of various Belgian skeletons, Dollo estimated

12879: 11681:

gen. et sp. nov., a new large mosasaur (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica".

11522: 6236:

fossils have been found less than 15 meters (49 ft) below the boundary in the Maastricht Formation, the

6225: 2324:, and was well-suited for faster swimming. In the hindlimbs, the paddle is supported by four sets of digits. 900:

had robust jaws and strong muscles capable of powerful bites using dozens of large teeth adapted for cutting

10217:

James E. Martin (2006). "Biostratigraphy of the Mosasauridae (Reptilia) from the Cretaceous of Antarctica".

8818: 5296:

appear to have been the dominant taxa, being widespread and ecologically diversified throughout the seaway.

2086:

had fifteen maxillary teeth, fourteen to seventeen dentary teeth, and eleven to twelve pterygoid teeth; and

1831:. They are placed further toward the back of the skull than in nearly all other mosasaurs (exceeded only by 13080: 11047:"Ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the type Maastrichtian, the Netherlands and Belgium" 9846: 9786:

Tiago R. Simões; Oksana Vernygora; Ilaria Paparella; Paulina Jimenez-Huidobro; Michael W. Caldwell (2017).

2654:

In 1997, Bell published the first cladistical study of North American mosasaurs. Incorporating the species

2518: 12042:

John W. Jagt; Dirk Cornelissen; Eric W. Mulder; Anne S. Schulp; Jacques Severinjns; Louis Verding (2008).

8401: 6070:

exceeded 12 meters (39 ft). These three mosasaurs preyed on similar animals such as marine reptiles.

2306:. The femur itself is about twice as long as it is wide and ends at the distal side in a pair of distinct 2204:

around thirty-three dorsal vertebrae, eleven pygal vertebrae, and at least seventy-nine caudal vertebrae.

1312:

suspected that the skull and Harlan's snout were part of the same individual. This was confirmed in 2004.

996:—which were known to feed on similar prey—though they were able to coexist in the same ecosystems through 13115: 12135: 11676: 7714: 7358: 4748:, these olfactory organs, although still small, are better developed and have some components lacking in 3944: 3292: 1545: 1256: 10415:

Gorden L. Bell Jr.; James E. Martin (1995). "Direct evidence of aggressive intraspecific competition in

2180:

have seven cervical vertebrae, but other vertebral counts vary among them. Various partial skeletons of

2082:

had fourteen to fifteen maxillary teeth, sixteen to seventeen dentary teeth, and eight pterygoid teeth;

1481:, who invited Arambourg to participate in the research project and helped him to provide local fossils. 12177: 11715: 11063: 10517:

Anne S. Schulp; Geert H. I. M. Walenkamp; Paul A. M. Hofman; Yvonne Stuip; Bruce M. Rothschild (2006).

9785: 8168:

Pablo Gonzalez Ruiz; Marta S. Fernandez; Marianella Talevi; Juan M. Leardi; Marcelo A. Reguero (2019).

7399: 2074:

had fourteen to sixteen maxillary teeth, fourteen to fifteen dentary teeth, and eight pterygoid teeth;

1240: 148: 11462:

sp. (Aves: Hesperornithiformes) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Saskatchewan, Canada".

10961:"A cool temperate climate on the Antarctic Peninsula through the latest Cretaceous to early Paleogene" 10364:"Mosasaur Predation on Upper Cretaceous Nautiloids and Ammonites from the United States Pacific Coast" 9148: 7982: 7160:

Takuya Konishi; Michael Newbrey; Michael Caldwell (2014). "A small, exquisitely preserved specimen of

6822: 13100: 12270: 9413:

Anusuya Chinsamy; Cemal Tunoǧlu; Daniel B. Thomas (2012). "Dental microstructure and geochemistry of

8364: 6318: 6204:, which is represented by the thick dark band separating the lighter and darker layers of this cliff. 4954:

specimens were likely similar in size to the victims. In 2006, Schulp and colleagues speculated that

3797: 3223: 3182: 1607: 1279: 1248: 1086: 11983: 8796: 8167: 8085: 7960: 6313:

remains. Another explanation suggests the Main Fossiliferous Layer is a Maastrichtian time-averaged

5501:

was restricted to Morocco and Brazil and isolated teeth from Syria suggested a possible presence of

5264:

climates. The wide range of oceanic climates yielded a large diversity of fauna that coexisted with

5085:

themselves after damage from trauma or disease. A 2015 study by Rothschild and Everhart surveyed 15

2407:

Because nomenclatural rules were not well-defined at the time, 19th century scientists did not give

13095: 10516: 10286: 9750:

Gorden L. Bell Jr. (1997). "A Phylogenetic Revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea".

8062: 7538: 6130:

was documented in a 2014 study by Konishi and colleagues. The study found a dietary divide between

5221: 3683: 2947: 1549: 1498: 1418:

is a controversial taxon, and there is debate on whether it is a distinct species or not. In 1967,

1179: 1069:. Later around 1780, the quarry produced a second skull that caught the attention of the physician 874: 262: 11371:"A New Hypothesis of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Tylosaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauroidea)" 7542: 5922:. The validity of some of these genera is disputed as they are primarily based on isolated teeth. 5134:

itself, but it is known in a number of other mosasaurs; examples include a skeleton of a pregnant

2240: 2106:

was found to have an unusual count of sixteen pterygoid teeth, far greater than in known species.

13105: 12884: 10043: 8247: 5878:

appears to be the most diverse mosasaur in the Maastrichtian Antarctica. At least two species of

5237: 5206: 4846:

by dismembering and consuming bits at a time. Due to coexistence with other large mosasaurs like

4610: 1941:

residing within a round and concave depression in the outer surface called the tympanic ala. The

1210: 1070: 973: 10702:"Pelagic neonatal fossils support viviparity and precocial life history of Cretaceous mosasaurs" 9238:

Anne S. Schulp; Hubert B. Vonhof; Jeroen van der Lubbe; Renée Janssen; Remy R. van Baal (2013).

6284:

sp. fossils is in the Hornerstown Formation, a deposit typically dated to be from the Paleocene

4752:. The lack of a strong sense of smell suggests that olfaction was not particularly important in 4669:, which can maintain partial endothermy. This adaptation would have given several advantages to 853:. The genus was one of the first Mesozoic marine reptiles known to science—the first fossils of 13047: 12920: 12071:"Global climate change driven by soot at the K-Pg boundary as the cause of the mass extinction" 10958: 9963: 9891:

Jack L. Conrad (2008). "Phylogeny And Systematics Of Squamata (Reptilia) Based On Morphology".

9237: 8523: 8008:

Donald Baird; Gerard R. Case (1966). "Rare marine reptiles from the Cretaceous of New Jersey".

6448: 6398:

magazine issued in the October 1778 reporting in detail a recent discovery of the second skull.

5245: 5074:

substantial adaptations like eardrums that were well-protected from rapid changes in pressure.

4900:

skull with another individual's tooth embedded in the rear lower jaw, likely via head grappling

4649: 4634:

from the rest of the bone likely caused by frequent shearing forces at the articulation joint.

3852: 3723: 3450: 3090: 1509: 13008: 10287:

Takuya Konishi; Michael W. Caldwell; Tomohiro Nishimura; Kazuhiko Sakurai; Kyo Tanoue (2015).

8972: 8871: 8599:

Michael W. Caldwell (2012). "A challenge to categories: "What, if anything, is a mosasaur?"".

8536: 7610: 2415:

during its initial descriptions, which led to ambiguity in how the genus is defined. This led

1837:), and begin above the fourth or fifth maxillary teeth. As a result, the rear portions of the 1404:

fossils are endemic to Belgium and the Netherlands, which despite the famous discovery of the

13070: 13042: 13034: 12170: 12021:"GEOL 104 Lecture 38: The Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction III: Not With a Bang, But a Whimper" 11617: 11599: 8063:"Mémoire sur quelques parties moins connues du squelette des sauriens fossiles de Maestricht" 6942: 6387: 6254:

fossils have been found within the K-Pg boundary itself in southeastern Missouri between the

6107:

also preyed on turtles, its teeth were built to handle a wider range of prey less suited for

6073:

A study published in 2013 by Schulp and colleagues specifically tested how mosasaurs such as

6010: 5839: 5615: 5066: 5015: 4855: 4740:, which both control the function of smell, are poorly developed and lack some structures in 4342: 3828: 3381: 3026: 2740:

depending on the method of data interpretation used, with at least one study also recovering

2314:

and the other to the paddle bones) that meet at an angle of approximately 120°. Five sets of

1730:

may have measured up to 8–9 meters (26–30 ft) in length. Street (2016) noted that large

1668:(2018). In 2014, Federico Fanti and colleagues alternatively argued that the total length of 1530: 1435: 1301: 1146: 12443: 11345: 10751: 9286: 5898:

has also been described. However, it is possible that such specimens may actually represent

5694:

dominated the whole region, accounting for around two-thirds of all mosasaur diversity with

5315:

were the dominant species in the northern province. In certain areas such as Belgium, other

1965: 881:

in reference to its origin in fossil deposits near the Meuse River. The exact affinities of

12977: 12958: 12149: 12082: 11943: 11893: 11783: 11729: 11690: 11651: 11641: 11471: 11419: 11382: 11295: 11277: 11207: 11172: 11081: 11019: 10972: 10930: 10824: 10789: 10713: 10611: 10571: 10488: 10378: 10226: 10172: 10117: 10057: 9977: 9799: 9608: 9556: 9457: 9251: 9162: 9079: 9040: 9023: 8994: 8947: 8885: 8764: 8751:(Mosasauridae, Reptilia) from the Upper Cretaceous, Upper Maastrichtian of The Netherlands" 8642: 8550: 8419: 8181: 7935: 7575: 7173: 7105: 6907: 6833: 6772: 6091: 5646: 5475:

is the characteristic species of the southern province; in the African and Arabian domain,

5280: 5130:(giving live birth) like most modern mammals today. There is no evidence for live birth in 4854:

likely specialized more on prey best consumed using cutting-adapted teeth in an example of

4843: 4645: 3740: 3611: 3467: 3131: 1624: 846: 9024:

Michael J. Polcyn; Louis L. Jacobs; Ricardo Araújo; Anne S.Schulp; Octávio Mateus (2014).

7937:

Der Schädelbau des Mosasaurus, durch Beschreibung einer neuen Art dieser Gattung erläutert

4533:, which in modern lizards connect to form a flexible pivot point, overlap in the skull of 2819:

as basal to a multitude of descendant clades containing (in order of most to least basal)

2427:

holotype, which allowed a major taxonomic cleanup confirming five species as likely valid—

2126: 1438:. In a 2000 study, Lingham-Soliar refuted this based on a comprehensive study of existing 8: 11677:

Rodrigo A. Otero; Sergio Soto-Acuña; David Rubilar-Rogers; Carolina S. Gutstein (2017). "

11509:, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan". 9379:"Ontogeny, anatomy and attachment of the dentition in mosasaurs (Mosasauridae: Squamata)" 8539:"Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur" 8169: 8144:(Lepidosauromorpha, Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium and The Netherlands". 7899: 7766: 7441:"Conjectures relative to the petrifactions found in St. Peter's Mountain near Maestricht" 6422:

Articles 32.5, 33.4, or 34, which would normally protect similar respellings. This makes

6342: 6262: 5858: 5460: 5456: 5304: 5300: 5095: 4908:

engaged in aggressive and lethal combat with others of its kind. One partial skeleton of

4893: 3876: 3773: 3666: 3635: 3206: 3114: 2971: 2923: 2899: 2718:

Bell's study served as a precedent for later studies that mostly left the systematics of

2412: 2307: 2110: 1914: 1553: 1320: 925: 329: 12086: 12041: 11947: 11897: 11787: 11733: 11694: 11655: 11475: 11423: 11386: 11299: 11211: 11176: 11085: 11023: 10976: 10934: 10793: 10717: 10615: 10575: 10492: 10382: 10230: 10176: 10121: 10061: 9981: 9803: 9612: 9560: 9461: 9255: 9166: 9083: 9044: 8951: 8889: 8768: 8646: 8554: 8423: 8408:

Arambourg, 1952 (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco"

8185: 7579: 7486: 7177: 7109: 7094:"Of German princes and North American rivers: Harlan's lost mosasaur snout rediscovered" 6911: 6837: 6776: 6521:

This study was conducted on only one tooth and may not represent the exact durations of

6241: 2022:

teeth can slightly vary between tooth types and general patterns differ between species—

1759: 1529:

largely ignored by contemporary scientists but became widely accepted by the 1870s when

1477:

in Morocco. The species is named in honor of Alfred Beaugé, director at the time of the

1251:

speculated in 2003 that this may have been the earliest discovery of the second species

12905: 12103: 12070: 12001: 11959: 11955: 11909: 11905: 11855: 11809: 11755: 11643: 11561: 11526: 11487: 11318: 11279: 11260: 10805: 10731: 10673: 10635: 10394: 10308: 10242: 10188: 10135: 10103: 10078: 10045: 10000: 9965: 9908: 9873: 9869: 9822: 9787: 9759: 9685: 9659:"Inferring 'weak spots' in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature" 9658: 9632: 9624: 9572: 9269: 9178: 9097: 8908: 8873: 8847: 8842: 8788: 8780: 8666: 8658: 8573: 8538: 8435: 8332: 8207: 8017: 7880: 7841: 7659: 7591: 7519: 7275: 7197: 7189: 7065: 7013: 6923: 6737: 6723: 6668: 6444: 6270: 6216:. The genus adapted by accessing new habitats in more open waters. The last fossils of 6209: 6166: 6043: 5654: 5650: 5288:

that respectively include the northern and southern Tethyan margins. The two mosasaurs

5046: 4998:

almost overgrowing the tooth socket are present around the fracture along with various

4987: 3893: 3043: 2161: 2157: 1934: 1470: 1235:

holotype, with the Harlan snout and Goldfuss skull; drawn in 1834 and 1845 respectively

997: 444: 143: 11928: 11874: 11615: 11219: 11064:

Catherine R. C. Strong; Michael W. Caldwell; Takuya Konishi; Alessandro Palci (2020).

10699: 10473: 10455: 10363: 9065: 2530: 1909:

despite being only half the length of the latter. Spaces within the braincase for the

1034: 892:

Traditional interpretations have estimated the maximum length of the largest species,

13029: 12587: 12530: 12108: 12043: 12028: 12005: 11963: 11913: 11859: 11813: 11759: 11565: 11530: 11491: 11347: 11323: 11264: 11142: 11114: 11046: 10942: 10850: 10627: 10537: 10398: 10338: 10312: 10288: 10246: 10192: 10139: 10083: 10005: 9877: 9827: 9763: 9725: 9709: 9690: 9636: 9596: 9594: 9576: 9475: 9395: 9378: 9307: 9273: 9182: 9150: 9101: 9006: 8974: 8913: 8578: 8454: 8439: 8336: 8276: 8257: 8211: 8097: 7941: 7845: 7720: 7548: 7523: 7509: 7491:

from Maastricht and the removal of the cabinet and menagerie of stadholder William V"

7462: 7423: 7297:(in Dutch). Vol. 9. Verhandelingen Teylers Tweede Genootschap. pp. 383–389. 7249: 7069: 6887: 6741: 6727: 6258: 6123: 5883: 5591: 4926: 4737: 2651:. However, Russell used an early method of phylogenetics and did not use cladistics. 2420: 1892: 1800: 1795:

skulls. The upper jaws in most species are robustly built, broad, and deep except in

1776: 1466: 1387:

species. This species was re-introduced to science and formally described in 1889 by

1216:, in honor to Hoffmann. Cuvier later designated the second skull as the new species' 1082: 977: 361: 11409: 10809: 10677: 10639: 9912: 8851: 8792: 8670: 7663: 7595: 7279: 7201: 7017: 6927: 6301: 1787:

it is pointed. Above the gum line in both jaws, a single row of small pits known as

12862: 12564: 12364: 12298: 12098: 12090: 11993: 11951: 11901: 11845: 11799: 11791: 11745: 11737: 11698: 11659: 11553: 11518: 11479: 11435: 11427: 11390: 11313: 11303: 11252: 11215: 11180: 11089: 11027: 10990: 10980: 10938: 10898: 10797: 10766: 10762: 10735: 10721: 10665: 10619: 10579: 10496: 10432: 10428: 10386: 10300: 10269: 10234: 10180: 10125: 10073: 10065: 9995: 9985: 9900: 9865: 9817: 9807: 9755: 9680: 9670: 9616: 9564: 9492: 9465: 9426: 9390: 9259: 9170: 9131: 9087: 9048: 8955: 8903: 8893: 8837: 8823:(Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Penza, Russia" 8772: 8650: 8608: 8568: 8558: 8466: 8427: 8324: 8197: 8189: 7872: 7833: 7803: 7739: 7651: 7583: 7501: 7487:"Natural history spoils in the Low Countries in 1794/95: the looting of the fossil 7452: 7372: 7265: 7181: 7113: 7055: 7003: 6915: 6841: 6780: 6719: 6604: 5980:

specimens have yielded consistently low δC levels of tooth enamel, indicating that

5730: 5040: 5007: 4715: 2736: 2682:

being the most basal of the genus. Contrary to Russell (1967), Bell also recovered

2225: 2173: 2165: 1973:

teeth, with a replacement tooth developing inside the root of the lower right tooth

1521: 1447: 784: 123: 11795: 11741: 11702: 11094: 11065: 11031: 10304: 10238: 8979:. 5th Triennial Mosasaur Meeting—A Global Perspective on Mesozoic Marine Amniotes. 8959: 8431: 8328: 8193: 6580:

and found it to be a distinct species based on additional anatomical distinctions.

6153:

and other large mosasaur species. This is shown from a fossil skull of a subadult

5364:

were also prevalent in the area and other marine reptiles including indeterminate

2844:

classification results from Conrad's 2008 study such as the specific placement of

2041: 1361:, "tooth"), probably in reference to conical surface teeth smooth of the species. 13021: 12855: 12791: 12756: 12712: 12594: 12573: 12510: 12495: 12068: 11663: 11308: 11184: 10801: 9990: 9812: 9620: 9052: 8563: 7185: 6266: 6006: 5817: 5788: 5091: 4991: 4707: 4644:

bones suggests it had a metabolic rate much higher than modern squamates and its

1901: 1489: 1175: 956:

was a common large predator in these oceans and was positioned at the top of the

850: 11161: 10902: 8289:

First Mosasaur Meeting, Maastricht, 8-12 May 2004, Abstract book and Field guide

8047: 7496:. In Ellinoor Bergvelt; Debora J. Meijers; Lieske Tibbe; Elsa van Wezel (eds.). 1803:, the lower jawbone, although all species share a long and straight dentary. In 12728: 12659: 12400: 12346: 11009: 10273: 10155: 9430: 7376: 6802:"Paleoecology of the Delaware Valley region, Part II: Cretaceous to Quaternary" 6522: 5866: 5847: 5724: 5611: 5515: 5436: 5365: 5144:

fossil associated with fossils of two mosasaur embryos, and fossils of newborn

4934: 4733: 4711: 4693: 4689: 2556: 1918: 1917:

are narrow and shallow, suggesting such brain parts were relatively small. The

1910: 1616: 1431: 1275: 1267: 1244: 1206: 1150: 1062: 1057:

in the Netherlands in the form of a skull, which was initially identified as a

866: 862: 313: 288: 11483: 10623: 10584: 10559: 10500: 9568: 9443: 9264: 9239: 8612: 8274: 7837: 7655: 7118: 7093: 6919: 6785: 6760: 6103:

and were specifically equipped for preying on robust prey like turtles. While

5571: 5049:

has been reported by many studies to be present in every examined specimen of

4834:

preserved with stomach contents: a well-preserved partial skeleton of a small

2772: 2563:, but scientists still debate which of the two is its closest living relative. 873:. Cuvier did not designate a scientific name for the animal; this was done by 13064: 12943: 12832: 12804: 12762: 12735: 12694: 12650: 12621: 12380: 12339: 12291: 11395: 11370: 10541: 9729: 9412: 9311: 9174: 9010: 8973:

Michael Everhart; John W. M. Jagt; Eric W. A. Mulder; Anne S. Schulp (2016).

8872:

Terri J. Cleary; Roger B. J. Benson; Susan E. Evans; Paul M. Barrett (2018).

8632: 8537:

Johan Lindgren; Michael W. Caldwell; Takuya Konishi; Luis M. Chiappe (2010).

8101: 7945: 7466: 7159: 6655: 6391: 5468: 5277: 5036: 4530: 2636: 2468: 2448: 2287: 2267:. These and other features support a large and powerful paddle-like fluke in 1888: 1833: 1701: 1570: 1450:

in 2014. In 2004, Eric Mulder, Dirk Cornelissen, and Louis Verding suggested

1350: 1284: 1198: 1162: 1078: 933: 843: 823: 81: 43: 10920: 9446:"Soft tissue preservation in a fossil marine lizard with a bilobed tail fin" 9339:. Vol. 44, no. 1. North Dakota Geological Society. pp. 20–23. 9135: 8470: 7807: 7552: 6892:(Squamata: Mosasauridae) and an assessment of species assigned to the genus 6031: 5181:. These localities are all shallow ocean deposits, suggesting that juvenile 4970: 4594: 1895:

of other bones, is tightly packed to provide greater cranial stability. The

1860: 1589: 12783: 12677: 12614: 12605: 12553: 12546: 12539: 12519: 12452: 12407: 12373: 12316: 12263: 12242: 12233: 12112: 12052:(Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian type area, The Netherlands" 11431: 11368: 11346:

Jun Ebersole; Takehito Ikejiri; Harry Lyon Blewitt; Sandy Ebersole (2013).

11327: 10631: 10087: 10069: 10009: 9831: 9694: 9479: 9240:"On diving and diet: resource partitioning in type-Maastrichtian mosasaurs" 9205: 8917: 8776: 8582: 7457: 7440: 6686: 6456: 6358: 6314: 6245: 5932: 5870: 5662: 5607: 5553:

in Morocco, plesiosaurs were scarce. As a tropical area, bony fish such as

5424: 5414: 5241: 5210: 5166: 5149: 5082: 4526: 4502: 3971: 2595: 2390: 2311: 2295: 2125:, at 10.9 micrometers (0.00043 in) per day. This was by observing the 2103: 1930: 1926: 1896: 1674: 1561: 1517: 1419: 1409: 1228: 1170: 986: 271: 12969: 11278:

Andrew D. Gentry; James F. Parham; Dana J. Ehret; Jun A. Ebersole (2018).

8999:

Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d'hydrologie

8520:"The world's first dinosaur park: what the Victorians got right and wrong" 8353:

Les vertébrés fossiles des gisements de phosphates (Maroc–Algérie–Tunisie)

8261: 8090:

Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d'hydrologie

7691: 7425:

Maastricht Cretaceous finds and Dutch pioneers in vertebrate palaeontology

7316: 5031:

In 2006, Schulp and colleagues published a study describing a quadrate of

2722:

unchanged, although some later studies have recovered the sister group to

2369:(hover over or click on each skeletal component to identify the structure) 2200:

had likely up to thirty-two dorsal vertebrae and ten pygal vertebrae; and

1827:) are moderately sized and measure around 21–24% of the skull's length in 1751:

has been regarded as a small to medium-sized representative of the genus.

12952: 12848: 12841: 12825: 12797: 12776: 12769: 12721: 12666: 12635: 12580: 12472: 12428: 12414: 12391: 12256: 10669: 10024: 9363: 6365: 6351: 6322: 6321:

low-sediment conditions. A third hypothesis proposes that the layer is a

6170: 5821: 5778: 5758: 5580: 5549: 5419: 5402: 5346: 5253: 5136: 5020: 4959: 4796: 4064: 3987: 2991: 2608: 2320: 2264: 2169: 2118: 1620: 1574: 1388: 1373: 1346: 1259:

became the first North American specimen to be correctly recognized as a

961: 865:

concluded that it belonged to a giant marine lizard with similarities to

413: 345: 242: 56: 11850: 11833: 11804: 9628: 8898: 8747:"Anatomy and functional morphology of the largest marine reptile known, 8662: 8202: 7270: 7193: 7060: 7035: 6947:. Vol. 14. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. pp. 30–120. 6845: 5948: 2796: 2784: 2231: 1700:

may have exceeded the lengths of the Penza specimen. One such bone is a

12995: 12701: 12687: 12488: 12325: 12305: 12277: 11831: 11750: 10726: 10701: 10130: 10105: 9675: 9470: 9445: 9092: 9067: 8930: 8292: 8021: 7884: 6014: 5990: 5918: 5800: 5794: 5764: 5740: 5586: 5563:

and various sharks were common throughout the southern Tethyan margin.

5543: 5408: 5340: 5326: 5127: 4999: 4678: 4538: 2570: 2315: 2196:

likely had up to thirty-six dorsal vertebrae and nine pygal vertebrae;

2168:) in the back, and eight pygal vertebrae (front tail vertebrae lacking 2067: 1573:, and a flipper. The model was deliberately sculpted incomplete, which 1469:

in 1952 from isolated teeth originating from phosphate deposits in the

1396:

later papers. Despite being the best anatomically represented species,

1316: 1158: 1154: 1085:, who looted the fossil following the capture of Maastricht during the 1054: 992: 965: 957: 870: 858: 827: 216: 101: 66: 20: 12094: 11440: 9068:"Unusual histology and morphology of the ribs of mosasaurs (Squamata)" 7859:

Richard Harlan (1834). "Notice of the Discovery of the Remains of the

7635:"A Tabular Arrangement of the Organic Remains of the County of Sussex" 7505: 7008: 4864:

may have taught their offspring how to hunt, as supported by a fossil

12811: 12628: 12481: 12461: 12332: 12249: 10995: 10985: 10960: 10700:

Daniel J. Field; Aaron LeBlanc; Adrienne Gau; Adam D. Behlke (2015).

10184: 8784: 8359:. Notes et Mémoires du Service Géologique (in French). Vol. 92. 8253: 7091: 6567:

as a potentially valid species without addressing its dubious status.

6255: 5994: 5986: 5752: 5619: 5603: 5559: 5299:

The northern Tethyan margin was located around the paleolatitudes of

5261: 5257: 5106: 4865: 4657: 4623: 4618: 2852: 2708: 2688: 1946: 1612: 1478: 1392: 1338: 1325: 1289: 1166: 1094: 1074: 909: 839: 160: 106: 50: 39: 12914: 10104:

T. Lynn Harrell Jr.; Alberto Pérez-Huerta; Celina A. Suarez (2016).

10030:(Squamata: Mosasauridae): Growth And Metabolism In Basal Mosasaurids 8654: 8403: 8311:

Daniel Madzia (2019). "Dental variability and distinguishability in

7876: 7587: 7498:

Napoleon's Legacy: The Rise of National Museums in Europe, 1794-1830

6675:

was previously thought but is no longer recognized to be present in.

6624:, although some scientists maintain the taxon is a distinct species. 6228:(K-Pg boundary). The demise of the genus was likely a result of the 6208:

By the end of the Cretaceous, mosasaurs were at the height of their

5443: 5198: 4827:

s low δC levels reinforces its likely position as an apex predator.

4764: 2607:

traditionally form a tribe within the Mosasaurinae variously called

2501:

and the Pacific taxa recovered as belonging to different genera and

2294:

are short, but the former is taller and larger than the latter. The

2137: 1533:

and Cope uncovered more complete mosasaur remains in North America.

1315:

The third species was described in 1881 from fragmentary fossils in

1114: 1008:

has been documented. Several fossils document deliberate attacks on

12937: 12353: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12193: 12144: 11616:

David J. Cicimurri; Gorden L. Bell, Jr.; Philip W. Stoffer (1999).

10655: 7428:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. pp. 165–176. 6885: 5827: 5746: 5430: 5249: 5098:

based on the formation of smooth bridging between fused vertebrae.

5024: 5011: 4725: 4614: 2631:-like mosasaur, and diverged into two lineages, one giving rise to 2578: 2552: 2209: 1954: 1788: 1593: 1541: 1217: 1145:

in 1795 and later cataloged as MNHN AC 9648. By 1808, Camper's son

1124: 835: 831: 229: 200: 180: 96: 91: 76: 71: 61: 11197: 10557: 10259: 9904: 9595:

Aaron R. H. LeBlanc; Michael W. Caldwell; Nathalie Bardet (2012).

8256:: Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. p. 240. 7033: 6395: 6317:

deposit, which means it originated from a Cretaceous deposit with

6189: 5973:, nevertheless, was best adapted for a pelagic surface lifestyle. 5455:

The southern Tethyan margin was located along the equator between

2619:

One of the earliest relevant attempts at an evolutionary study of

2038:

had three to five labial prisms and eight to nine lingual prisms.

1664:

and it has been considered to be probably overestimated by Cleary

1131:, which was nicknamed the "great animal of Maastricht" (left) and 10414: 10026:

Osteohistology And Skeletochronology Of an Ontogenetic Series Of

6459:

in 2005, and other fossils attributed to it were reidentified as

6127: 5722:, hesperornithids, and plesiosaurs including elasmosaurs such as 5193: 5115: 5003: 2711:(an unnatural grouping), but Bell (1997) nevertheless recognized 2670:

77040), some of his findings agreed with Russell (1967), such as

2283: 2279: 2217: 1942: 1938: 1838: 1824: 1799:, where they are slender. The disparity is also reflected in the 1066: 190: 111: 86: 16:

Extinct genus of marine squamate reptile from the Late Cretaceous

12982: 12157: 10848: 10779: 9928:"Inertial feeding in reptiles: the role of skull mass reduction" 7740:

Robert W. Meredith; James E. Martin; Paul N. Wegleitner (2007).

7247: 4820: 1823:, the bar is robust and does not constrict. The external nares ( 1255:, although competing speculations exist. In 1818, a fossil from 1061:. This specimen, cataloged as TM 7424, is now on display at the 12284: 12205: 12130: 9066:

Michael D. D'Emic; Kathlyn M. Smith; Zachary T. Ansley (2015).

7616: 7544:

Histoire naturelle de la montagne de Saint-Pierre de Maestricht

7536: 6285: 5912: 5626: 5464: 5463:, resulting in warmer tropical climates. Seabeds bordering the 5229: 4995: 4756:; instead, other senses like vision may have been more useful. 2582: 2122: 2049: 1884: 1557: 984:

faced competition with other large predatory mosasaurs such as

947:

inhabited much of the Atlantic Ocean and the adjacent seaways.

170: 11578: 9925: 9417:(Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Turkey". 8455:"Hermann Schlegel's investigation of the Maastricht mosasaurs" 6038:

was able to coexist with other large predatory mosasaurs like

1994:, which instead have more slender teeth. The cutting edges of 1849: 1105: 857:

were found as skulls in a chalk quarry near the Dutch city of

11457: 9945:

Theagarten Lingham-Soliar (1991). "Locomotion in mosasaurs".

8360: 6684:

A dubious taxon that may represent various mosasaurs such as

4522: 2586: 2560: 2303: 2052:, showing the smaller pterygoid teeth on their namesake bones 1656: 1504:

Scientists during the early and mid-1800s initially imagined

1194: 1187: 1058: 1050: 928:(description of distinguishing features) of the type species 886: 12162: 10156:

Vanessa C. Bowman; Jane E. Francis; James B. Riding (2013).

9493:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2012).

6177:

dealt the offensive attack via an ambush on an unsuspecting

1635: 1308:

for research, who published a study in 1845. The same year,

838:. It lived from about 82 to 66 million years ago during the 808: 11998:

10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0473:mrsmft]2.0.co;2

11558:

10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:anpprs]2.0.co;2

11257:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0091:sdahso]2.0.co;2

10391:

10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0096:MPOUCN>2.0.CO;2

9710:"Reassessing Mosasaurini based on a systematic revision of 9444:

Johan Lindgren; Hani F. Kaddumi; Michael J. Polcyn (2013).

9300:

Publicaties van het Natuurhistorisch Genootschap in Limburg

8363:: Typographie Firmin-Didot. p. 282-284. Archived from 8275:

Eric W. A. Mulder; Dirk Cornelissen; Louis Verding (2004).

6713: 6649:

The 2018 MS thesis of Cyrus Green disputes the notion that

5344:; and larger mosasaurs of similar trophic levels including 4744:; this indicates the species had a poor sense of smell. In 2686:

in a sister relationship with another group which included

2573:

of the family Mosasauridae and the subfamily Mosasaurinae,

2291: 2244: 1305: 1247:, which was identified as a 45-foot (14 m) long fish. 1000:. There were still conflicts among them, as an instance of 901: 811: 799: 793: 8452: 8007: 6598:

Some studies such as Madzia & Cau (2017) also recover

5535:. Other marine reptiles such as the marine monitor lizard 5228:

of the United States, Canada, Europe, Turkey, Russia, the

5077:

Unnatural fusion of tail vertebrae has been documented in

2117:

maxillary tooth measured an average rate of deposition of

11926: 11348:"An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama" 10651: 10649: 10471: 9944: 9330:"A New Addition to the Cretaceous Seaway of North Dakota" 8744: 8139: 7484: 7445:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

5850:

of Antarctica, which once provided cool temperate waters.

4548:

could swing forward and backward. In many mosasaurs like

2878:

Maximum clade credibility tree by Madzia & Cau (2017)

2386:

Research history of Mosasaurus § History of taxonomy

11523:

10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[89:tpanes]2.0.co;2

11113:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 487–489. 10601: 6576:

Street & Caldwell (2017) revised this assessment of

6538:

The number of caudal vertebrae is not fully certain for

4586:

muscles (jaw-opening muscles) seen in some plesiosaurs.

4514:

In 1995, Lingham-Soliar studied the head musculature of

2848:

may contain technical problems, making them inaccurate.

2030:

had four to six labial prisms and eight lingual prisms,

1689:

The Penza specimen, one of the largest known fossils of

11453: 11451: 9938: 9656: 9124:"Ancient sea monster battle revealed in unusual fossil" 6082:

Comparisons between the δC levels in multiple teeth of

2614: 2519:

Mosasaur § Relation with snakes or monitor lizards

976:

in North America coincides with a complete turnover of

11369:

Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro; Michael W. Caldwell (2019).

10646: 8489:"The science of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs, part 2: 7965:

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie und Geologie

7764: 7749:. The Geological Society of America. pp. 209–214. 7612:

An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains

6667:

Two of the 15 surveyed fossils were reported from the

4677:

to thrive in the colder climates of locations such as

1905:

provided for a brain around twice the size of that in

1779:

which extends a little beyond the frontmost teeth. In

1391:

based on a skull recovered by Alfred Lemonnier from a

11979: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11362: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10773: 10467: 10465: 8295:: Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht. pp. 62–66. 8135: 8133: 8131: 8060: 6443:

was not coined at the time, the original identifier,

5637:

appeared at 79.5 Ma, indicating that the presence of

4812:

suggests they may have also hunted in deeper waters.

2744:

to be the most basal species of the genus instead of

1508:

as an amphibious marine reptile with webbed feet and

814: 805: 796: 787: 11722:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

11448: 10253: 9844: 8931:

Fedrico Fanti; Andrea Cau; Alessandra Negri (2014).

8816: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 7795: 7254:

Cope 1881 from the Late Cretaceous of North America"

6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6799: 6758: 6332: 6114:

Another case of presumed niche partitioning between

5955:

inhabited offshore ocean habitats of various depths.

5890:, and another that appears to be closely related to 1442:

specimens, which was corroborated by a study on the

1430:

are the same species and designated the former as a

1243:

discovered a now-lost fossil skeleton alongside the

1141:

After its seizure, the second skull was sent to the

1049:

fossil known to science was discovered in 1764 in a

420: 404: 391: 378: 352: 336: 320: 304: 278: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11136: 9546: 9376: 9195: 8598: 7980: 7779:

Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York

7389: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 4609:swam using its tail. The swimming style was likely 2815:in his 2008 phylogenetic analysis, which recovered 2447:. The study also held four additional species from 1300:between 1832 and 1834. The fossil was delivered to 802: 790: 11970: 11920: 11832:T. Lynn Harrell Jr.; Alberto Pérez-Huerta (2014). 11241: 10909: 10832:Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 10462: 10046:"Seasonal reproductive endothermy in tegu lizards" 9893:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 9749: 8530: 8511: 8040:"Mosasauridae Translation and Pronunciation Guide" 7865:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 7802:(in German). Vol. 2. Stuttgart. p. 760. 7767:"On the Remains of Extinct Reptiles of the genera 7547:(in French). Paris: H. J. Jansen. pp. 59–67. 7392:"Datum vondst mosasaurus ontdekt: in oktober 1778" 7292: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7029: 7027: 6095:without direct competitive conflict. The teeth of 1278:based on a snout fragment found along the river's 11648:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 11352:Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History 11200:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 11165:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 11108: 10923:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 10410: 10408: 9701: 9370: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9142: 9033:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 8995:"Nouvelle note sur l'osteologie des mosasauriens" 8756:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8349: 8108: 7958: 7823: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 6430:continues to be incorrectly used by many authors. 6200:; its last fossils were found at or close to the 5857:is known from late Maastrichtian deposits in the 4785:was a scavenger as it had a poor sense of smell. 4582:and suggests it would not have needed the strong 4497: 2224:possessed a high range of aquatic adaptation and 13062: 11334: 11191: 10361: 10219:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 9707: 9121: 8966: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8249:Systematics and morphology of American mosasaurs 8140:Theagarten Lingham-Soliar (2000). "The Mosasaur 7976: 7974: 7891: 7716:Sea Dragons: Predators of the Prehistoric Oceans 7643:Transactions of the Geological Society of London 7568:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 7092:Michael W. Caldwell; Gorden L. Bell Jr. (2005). 6988: 6852: 5440:are represented in the northern Tethyan margin. 4830:Currently, there is only one known example of a 4630:ilium with significant separation of the bone's 4617:. Its elongated paddle-like limbs functioned as 4589: 2639:sequence which contained in order of succession 2160:, thirty-eight dorsal vertebrae (which includes 2152:skeletons in terms of vertebral representation ( 1337:. In his description, Cope does not provide the 12018: 11132: 11130: 10888: 10884: 10822: 10439: 10330: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10216: 10158:"Late Cretaceous winter sea ice in Antarctica?" 10099: 10097: 10022: 9919: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9437: 9408: 9406: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8594: 8592: 8245: 8241: 8163: 8161: 8159: 7933: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7912:Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 7608: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7208: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7024: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6138:based on stomach contents. Stomach contents of 5156:. Microanatomical studies on bones of juvenile 4819:individuals have found extremely low values of 2330: 1986:teeth are large and robust except for those in 1550:collection of sculptures of prehistoric animals 1333:. In 1966, it was reidentified as a species of 1029: 11872: 11766: 11625:National Park Service Paleontological Research 11609: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10512: 10510: 10405: 10151: 10149: 9890: 9212: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 8397: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8086:"Première note sur les Mosasauriens de Mesvin" 7897: 7858: 7670: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7301: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7076: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6886:Hallie P. Street; Michael W. Caldwell (2017). 6232:which also wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs. 5497:was not well-represented: the distribution of 5194:Distribution, ecosystem, and ecological impact 4929:as seen in modern lizards. Attacks by another 4883: 4815:Carbon isotope studies on fossils of multiple 2674:descending from an ancestral group containing 2623:was done by Russell in 1967. He proposed that 2014:serrations do not exist. The cutting edges of 1093:, the skull was allegedly retrieved by twelve 1089:in 1794. In a 1799 narrative of this event by 12178: 12035: 11403: 11271: 11141:. Indiana University Press. pp. 24–263. 11044: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10658:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 10558:Bruce M. Rothschild; Larry D. Martin (2005). 10553: 10551: 9838: 9781: 9779: 9499:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 9349: 9327: 8677: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8343: 8310: 8287:. In John W. M. Jagt; Anne S. Schulp (eds.). 7971: 7819: 7817: 7712: 7681: 7438: 7314: 7034:T. Lynn Harrell Jr.; James E. Martin (2014). 6451:in 1830, and the New Jersey fossil was named 6420:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 2121:, the cells responsible for the formation of 1544:is a life-size concrete sculpture created by 1135:1799 interpretation of its excavation (right) 964:, birds, and other marine reptiles including 12890:List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units 12025:University of Maryland Department of Geology 11866: 11709: 11127: 10954: 10952: 10747: 10745: 10560:"Mosasaur ascending: the phytogeny of bends" 10319: 10094: 9957: 9643: 9583: 9540: 9495:"Article 8. What constitutes published work" 9486: 9403: 9280: 8988: 8986: 8619: 8589: 8156: 8054: 8037: 8033: 8031: 8001: 7922: 7733: 7473: 6940: 6793: 6747: 6658:. However, only four specimens were studied. 6025: 5886:. These species include one comparable with 2855:on the left (Topology A) is modified from a 2512: 1560:. The restoration was primarily informed by 11670: 11543: 11504: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11057: 11003: 10891:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 10861: 10816: 10597: 10595: 10507: 10262:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 10146: 10016: 9858:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 9745: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9718:Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 9519: 9419:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 9343: 9108: 8992: 8830:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 8601:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 8517: 8486: 8218: 8083: 7719:. University Press of Kansas. p. 216. 7623: 7421: 7365:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 7343: 7248:Takehito Ikejiri; Spencer G. Lucas (2014). 7126: 6951: 6707: 6563:Street & Caldwell (2017) also included 6550:, while the count is completely unknown in 6224:and indeterminate species, occur up to the 4800:and fossils of re-healed fractured jaws in 12471: 12185: 12171: 12062: 12056:Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting 12012: 11635: 11592:North Dakota Geological Society Newsletter 10684: 10548: 10445: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10202: 9884: 9776: 9526:and the future of zoological nomenclature" 9017: 8865: 8446: 8374: 7940:(in German). Vol. 21. pp. 1–28. 7852: 7814: 7565: 7390:Vikkie Bartholomeus (September 21, 2015). 6248:in Denmark, Seymour Island, and Missouri. 5566: 4652:and that of ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. 1349:meaning "conical tooth", derived from the 1143:National Museum of Natural History, France 122: 12102: 11849: 11803: 11749: 11579:John W. Hoganson; Brett Woodward (2004). 11572: 11537: 11498: 11458:Tim T. Tokaryk; C. R. Harington (1992). " 11439: 11394: 11317: 11307: 11093: 11038: 10994: 10984: 10949: 10742: 10725: 10583: 10355: 10129: 10077: 9999: 9989: 9926:Keith A. Metzger; Anthony Herrel (2002). 9821: 9811: 9684: 9674: 9469: 9394: 9383:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 9263: 9091: 9059: 8983: 8924: 8907: 8897: 8841: 8572: 8562: 8482: 8480: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8201: 8077: 8028: 7952: 7559: 7456: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7269: 7117: 7059: 7007: 6784: 6491:One specimen traditionally attributed to 4962:as a result of intraspecific aggression. 2394:Fossil skull of the proposed new species 2302:, it is around 1.5 times longer than the 1949:to below the back end of the lower jaw's 1887:, which consists of the pterygoid bones, 1345:, but it is suggested that it could be a 11581:"Skeleton of the Rare Giant Sea Turtle, 11226: 11102: 10592: 9736: 9189: 9026:"Physical drivers of mosasaur evolution" 8976:Mosasaurs—how large did they really get? 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7537:Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1799). 6944:Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States 6934: 6816: 6188: 6030: 5947: 5838: 5570: 5451:, which is known from Morocco and Brazil 5442: 5388:. In addition, they exclusively feature 5197: 5185:may still have lived in shallow waters. 5105: 5061:fossils from Alabama and New Jersey and 4969: 4892: 4763: 4688: 4593: 4510:was adapted to withstand powerful bites. 4501: 3574: Species traditionally referred as 3565: Species traditionally referred as 2795: 2783: 2771: 2389: 2286:are fan-shaped and wider than tall. The 2230: 2136: 2040: 1998:differ by species. The cutting edges in 1964: 1758: 1684: 1634: 1588: 1488: 1368:1892 drawing of IRSNB 3119, one of many 1363: 1323:, who thought it was a giant species of 1227: 1033: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11155: 10199: 9323: 9321: 9196:Michael J. Everhart (January 1, 2010). 7383: 6546:. At least ten have been documented in 6455:in his honor. The taxon was declared a 5271: 4888: 2363:Interactive skeletal reconstruction of 2132: 1957:which extended parallel to each other. 1953:, where it split into smaller pairs of 1077:. He contacted the prominent biologist 13063: 10519:"Chronic bone infection in the jaw of 10337:(PhD). Southern Methodist University. 8477: 8299: 8067:Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 7500:. Berlin: G+H Verlag. pp. 55–72. 7432: 7406: 7331:from the original on September 4, 2019 6718:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 793–853, 5750:; many species of sea birds including 4544:Like all mosasaurs, the lower jaws of 2379: 12919: 12918: 12166: 11929:"Unusual death of a Cretaceous giant" 11879:(Reptilia: Mosasauridae) from Sweden" 10280: 9530:Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week 9513: 9122:Carolyn Gramling (October 26, 2016). 8861:from the original on October 3, 2023. 8803: 8453:Eric Mulder; Bert Theunissen (1986). 7789: 7753: 7706: 6230:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event 5943: 5768:; sharks such as the mackerel sharks 5489:were also common mosasaurs alongside 4776:Paleontologists generally agree that 1775:is conical and tapers off to a short 1548:between 1852 and 1854 as part of the 1512:. This was based on fossils like the 1038:TM 7424, the first known specimen of 11820: 10037: 9754:. Academic Press. pp. 293–332. 9318: 7961:"Letter directed to Professor Bronn" 7321:-The First Discovery of a Mosasaur?" 5276:The Mediterranean Tethys during the 4850:, which specialized in robust prey, 4684: 2615:Phylogeny and evolution of the genus 2471:study proposing the constraining of 2034:had eight to ten labial prisms, and 11074:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10855:Journal of Paleontological Sciences 10293:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6169:using their beaks to kill or repel 6099:are much more robust than those of 5653:, than it was during the following 5248:encompassed the seaways, including 2100:Pembina Gorge State Recreation Area 1484: 1161:, which later led to his theory of 1123:MNHN AC 9648, the second skull and 1015: 13: 11986:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11956:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00520.x 11927:Theagarten Lingham-Soliar (1998). 11906:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00520.x 11838:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 11511:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11412:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 11245:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10782:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10755:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10564:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 10472:Theagarten Lingham-Soliar (2004). 10421:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9657:Daniel Madzia; Andrea Cau (2017). 9601:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9244:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 8745:Theagarten Lingham-Soliar (1995). 7682:Mike Everhart (October 21, 2013). 7485:Florence F. J. M. Pieters (2009). 7258:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 7166:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7098:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 7048:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 6888:"Rediagnosis and redescription of 6765:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 6724:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5 6173:, and it has been speculated that 4920:skeleton has a tooth from another 4844:consumed prey larger than its head 3590:Proposed revision by Street (2016) 2326: 1655:(CCMGE 10/2469, also known as the 1536:One of the earliest depictions of 14: 13127: 12123: 10033:(MS). Fort Hays State University. 9524:Notes on Early Mesozoic Theropods 6482:Also known as the internarial bar 6390:newspapers reported in 2015 that 5686:disappeared and were replaced by 5578:coexisted with bony fish such as 4958:may have occasionally engaged in 4933:are a possible cause of physical 2666:, and an indeterminate specimen ( 2374: 1310:Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer 137:Maastricht Natural History Museum 12901: 12900: 12442: 12143: 12129: 10842: 9870:10.31610/trudyzin/2013.317.3.246 9760:10.1016/b978-012155210-7/50017-x 9396:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00280.x 9350:Mike Everhart (March 26, 2009). 8843:10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.2.148 6678: 6661: 6508:and number of lingual prisms in 6335: 6196:went extinct as a result of the 5714:. Some Niobraran genera such as 5598:Many of the earliest fossils of 5110:Fragmentary skull of a juvenile 4613:, which is exemplified today by 2538: 2529: 1859: 1848: 1783:, this snout is blunt, while in 1223: 1113: 1104: 783: 147: 54: 13091:Taxa named by William Conybeare 8268: 7765:James Ellsworth De Kay (1830). 7602: 7530: 7286: 6826:Journal of Sedimentary Research 6643: 6627: 6611: 6592: 6583: 6570: 6557: 6532: 6515: 6498: 6485: 6476: 6466: 6433: 6401: 6379: 5531:, and various other species of 5422:, as well as bony fish such as 5400:. Many types of sharks such as 5188: 5101: 4492: 1925:, which is associated with the 1274:was first described in 1834 by 1165:, a precursor to the theory of 1091:Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond 10767:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011371 10433:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011277 8061:Adriaan Gilles Camper (1812). 7315:Mike Everhart (May 14, 2010). 7002:(PhD). University of Alberta. 6005:sp. fossils from Alabama, the 5081:, which occurs when the bones 4904:There is fossil evidence that 4667:Argentine black and white tegu 4498:Head musculature and mechanics 2857:maximum clade credibility tree 2310:(of which one connects to the 2006:are finely serrated, while in 1819:like in typical mosasaurs. In 1678:. The study estimated that an 1584: 1446:skull by Takehito Ikejiri and 940:are planned to be reassessed. 920:to the slender and serpentine 834:, an extinct group of aquatic 702:Batrachiotherium missouriensis 1: 13086:Fossil taxa described in 1822 12880:Timeline of mosasaur research 12192: 11796:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.01.004 11742:10.1080/03115518.2017.1339233 11703:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.11.002 11220:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00552-7 11095:10.1080/14772019.2020.1818322 11032:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.08.001 10305:10.1080/14772019.2015.1113447 10239:10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.258.01.07 9845:Dimitry V. Grigoriev (2013). 8960:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.01.003 8817:Dimitry V. Grigoriev (2014). 8432:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.02.006 8329:10.1080/08912963.2019.1588892 8194:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.06.012 7796:Heinrich Georg Bronn (1838). 7619:: M. A. Nattali. p. 298. 6992:A re-assessment of the genus 6800:William B. Gallagher (1984). 6759:William B. Gallagher (2005). 6700: 6426:the valid spelling, although 6226:Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary 6184: 5834: 5690:. During the Navesinkan Age, 4590:Mobility and thermoregulation 3554: Nominal Pacific species 2835:. This result indicated that 2593:, along with mosasaur genera 2487:, and a proposed new species 2255:is similar to relatives like 694:Batrachiosaurus missouriensis 11664:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.029 11309:10.1371/journal.pone.0195651 11185:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.11.016 11137:Michael J. Everhart (2017). 10943:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90110-S 10802:10.1080/02724634.2012.680999 10570:(Special Issue 3): 341–344. 9991:10.1371/journal.pone.0076741 9813:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773 9621:10.1080/02724634.2012.624145 9520:Mike Taylor (June 8, 2010). 9377:Michael W. Caldwell (2007). 9053:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.018 8564:10.1371/journal.pone.0011998 8487:Mark Witton (May 17, 2019). 7981:Edward Drinker Cope (1881). 7900:"Notice of the discovery of 7186:10.1080/02724634.2014.838573 6280:One enigmatic occurrence of 5863:López de Bertodano Formation 5547:are known there. Aside from 5428:, the saber-toothed herring 4994:. Extensive amounts of bony 3558:Positions of individual taxa 2505:view as a junior synonym of 2298:is rod-like and slender; in 2176:in the tail. All species of 1696:Isolated bones suggest some 1454:could be a juvenile form of 1030:Discovery and identification 726:Pterycollosaurus maximiliani 371:Species pending reassessment 7: 11507:Terminonatator ponteixensis 10903:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.573 8459:Archives of Natural History 7293:Martinus van Marum (1790). 7250:"Osteology and taxonomy of 6328: 6090:from the Maastrichtian-age 5594:mosasaurs in North America. 5361:Glyptochelone suickerbuycki 4965: 4884:Behavior and paleopathology 3945:Plesiotylosaurus crassidens 3293:Plesiotylosaurus crassidens 2760:; by doing so, others like 2235:Skeletal reconstruction of 1546:Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins 1263:by scientists of the time. 1257:Monmouth County, New Jersey 678:Ichthyosaurus missouriensis 10: 13132: 13111:Fossils of the Netherlands 13076:Mosasaurs of North America 11375:Frontiers in Earth Science 11109:Steven M. Stanley (1999). 10419:(Mosasauridae:Squamata)". 10274:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.2.93 9431:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.2.85 8878:Royal Society Open Science 8350:Camille Arambourg (1952). 7959:Hermann von Meyer (1845). 7398:(in Dutch). Archived from 7377:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.1.55 5846:fossils were found in the 5469:marine side-necked turtles 5350:and four other species of 5236:: the Atlantic Ocean, the 4759: 4011:Amblyrhynchosaurus wiffeni 2807:Conrad uniquely used only 2516: 2383: 2172:) followed by sixty-eight 1945:likely stretched from the 1298:Maximilian of Weid-Neuwied 1241:Lewis and Clark Expedition 1019: 830:(defining example) of the 131:Reconstructed skeleton of 18: 12927: 12898: 12872: 12750:Related groups and genera 12749: 12711: 12676: 12649: 12604: 12563: 12529: 12509: 12451: 12440: 12390: 12363: 12315: 12232: 12200: 11484:10.1017/S002233600002093X 10624:10.1007/s00114-017-1477-1 10585:10.1017/S0016774600021120 10501:10.1080/00241160410006519 10362:Erle G. Kauffman (2004). 9851:(Squamata, Mosasauridae)" 9708:Hallie P. Street (2017). 9569:10.1134/s2079086419020026 9265:10.1017/S001677460000010X 8613:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.1.7 7656:10.1144/TRANSGSLB.3.1.201 7119:10.1017/S0016774600020989 7044:(Reptilia: Mosasauridae)" 6989:Hallie P. Street (2016). 6920:10.1017/S0016756816000236 6786:10.1017/S0016774600021028 6220:, which include those of 6026:Interspecific competition 5706:and their replacement by 5434:, and the swordfish-like 5394:Halisaurus platyspondylus 5380:, and certain species of 4560:, the pterygoid teeth in 4339: 4318: 4311: 4290: 4283: 4262: 4255: 4205: 4188: 4181: 4164: 4157: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4078: 4061: 4054: 4033: 4026: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3972:Marichimaera waiparaensis 3965: 3958: 3941: 3934: 3890: 3873: 3866: 3849: 3842: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3798:Eremiasaurus heterodontus 3794: 3787: 3770: 3763: 3737: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3680: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3632: 3625: 3608: 3601: 3464: 3447: 3440: 3378: 3361: 3354: 3337: 3330: 3313: 3306: 3289: 3282: 3224:Eremiasaurus heterodontus 3220: 3203: 3196: 3183:Prognathodon waiparaensis 3179: 3172: 3128: 3111: 3104: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3040: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2985: 2968: 2961: 2944: 2937: 2920: 2913: 2896: 2889: 2577:is a member of the order 2513:Systematics and evolution 2278:are wide and robust. The 2158:cervical (neck) vertebrae 2156:sp.; SDSM 452) has seven 2148:One of the most complete 2141:Well-preserved fossil of 1977:The features of teeth in 1763:Annotated schematic of a 1564:'s interpretation of the 1341:for the specific epithet 1087:French Revolutionary Wars 943:Fossil evidence suggests 916:—from the robustly-built 877:in 1822 when he named it 450: 443: 301: 296: 277: 270: 144:Scientific classification 142: 130: 121: 32: 12019:Thomas R. Holtz (2006). 11598:(1): 1–4. Archived from 11396:10.3389/feart.2019.00047 10823:James E. Martin (2002). 10331:John A. Robbins (2010). 10023:Cyrus C. Greene (2018). 9549:Biology Bulletin Reviews 9175:10.1016/j.gr.2014.08.014 8246:Dale A. Russell (1967). 7934:August Goldfuss (1845). 7609:James Parkinson (1822). 7162:Mosasaurus missouriensis 6996:(Squamata: Mosasauridae) 6504:The number of prisms in 6372: 5940:and ichthyodectiformes. 5804:; and bony fish such as 5527:, four other species of 4648:was between that of the 4637:The tissue structure of 4144:Mosasaurus missouriensis 4065:Moanasaurus mangahouange 4039:Moanasaurus hobetsuensis 3684:Clidastes moorevillensis 3341:Mosasaurus missouriensis 2948:Clidastes moorevillensis 2750:M. hoffmannii/M. maximus 1960: 1929:, is the smallest among 1754: 1569:large monitors like the 1180:William Daniel Conybeare 875:William Daniel Conybeare 686:Ictiosaurus missuriensis 387:Welles & Gregg, 1971 19:Not to be confused with 12885:List of mosasaur genera 11886:Journal of Paleontology 11873:Johan Lindgren (2005). 11546:Journal of Paleontology 11464:Journal of Paleontology 11068:'Platecarpus' ptychodon 9752:Ancient Marine Reptiles 9136:10.1126/science.aal0310 8471:10.3366/anh.1986.13.1.1 8146:Paleontological Journal 8010:Journal of Paleontology 7898:Richard Harlan (1839). 7838:10.1023/a:1003838929257 7808:10.5962/bhl.title.59080 7684:"The Goldfuss Mosasaur" 7633:Gideon Mantell (1829). 6716:The Geologic Time Scale 6608:within the Mosasaurini. 6418:cannot be subjected to 5798:, and the sawfish-like 5567:Western Interior Seaway 5356:Allopleurodon hoffmanni 5286:biogeographic provinces 5238:Western Interior Seaway 5207:Western Interior Seaway 5006:canals, damages to the 4772:preying on a sea turtle 4296:Umikosaurus prismaticus 4084:Moanasaurus longirostis 2769:phylogenetic analysis. 2700:as a sister species to 1630: 1372:skeletons described by 1073:, who thought it was a 1071:Johann Leonard Hoffmann 974:Western Interior Seaway 606:Mosasaurus occidentalis 11432:10.1139/cjes-2016-0233 11045:Matt Friedman (2012). 10070:10.1126/sciadv.1500951 9328:Clint A. Boyd (2017). 8777:10.1098/rstb.1995.0019 8152:(suppl. 2): S225–S237. 7713:Richard Ellis (2003). 7458:10.1098/rstl.1786.0026 7439:Petrus Camper (1786). 6692:Platecarpus somenensis 6449:James Ellsworth De Kay 6210:evolutionary radiation 6205: 6047: 5956: 5851: 5728:and polycotylids like 5595: 5473:Globidens phosphaticus 5452: 5354:. Sea turtles such as 5313:Prognathodon sectorius 5214: 5119: 4978: 4901: 4869:Argonautilus catarinae 4773: 4700: 4650:leatherback sea turtle 4646:resting metabolic rate 4603: 4511: 4268:Antipodinectes mokoroa 3853:Prognathodon saturator 3724:Globidens alabamaensis 3451:Globidens alabamaensis 3091:Prognathodon saturator 2804: 2792: 2780: 2704:. The latter rendered 2404: 2358: 2251:The tail structure of 2248: 2228:as seen in cetaceans. 2145: 2053: 1974: 1902:Plioplatecarpus marshi 1768: 1743:(2015) estimated that 1726:(2014) estimated that 1693: 1644: 1617:marine crocodylomorphs 1600: 1501: 1376: 1236: 1083:French revolutionaries 1042: 710:Mosasaurus maximiliani 13043:Paleobiology Database 12050:Mosasaurus hoffmannii 11875:"The first record of 11505:Tamaki Sato (2003). " 10604:The Science of Nature 9849:Prognathodon lutugini 9450:Nature Communications 8370:on November 27, 2022. 8313:Mosasaurus lemonnieri 8285: ? A discussion" 8279:Mosasaurus lemonnieri 8142:Mosasaurus lemonnieri 8038:Ben Creisler (2000). 7967:(in German): 308–313. 7863:in Missouri, N. A.". 6941:Joseph Leidy (1864). 6890:Mosasaurus hoffmannii 6198:K-Pg extinction event 6192: 6034: 6011:Hornerstown Formation 5951: 5869:. Located within the 5842: 5574: 5513:, the shell-crushers 5484:Platecarpus ptychodon 5477:Halisaurus arambourgi 5446: 5213:of Europe and Africa. 5209:of North America and 5201: 5109: 5067:decompression illness 5057:. In examinations of 4973: 4896: 4797:Allopleuron hoffmanni 4767: 4728:made from fossils of 4706:had relatively large 4692: 4624:rotating the flippers 4598:Reconstruction of an 4597: 4505: 4343:Plotosaurus bennisoni 4192:Mosasaurus hoffmannii 4168:Mosasaurus lemonnieri 3829:Prognathodon overtoni 3576:Plotosaurus bennisoni 3382:Plotosaurus bennisoni 3365:Mosasaurus hoffmannii 3027:Prognathodon overtoni 2799: 2787: 2775: 2715:as a distinct genus. 2635:and another siring a 2393: 2357: 2241:Musée des Confluences 2234: 2140: 2044: 1968: 1762: 1688: 1675:Prognathodon overtoni 1643:compared with a human 1638: 1592: 1531:Othniel Charles Marsh 1493:An 1854 depiction of 1492: 1436:principle of priority 1367: 1302:Georg August Goldfuss 1231: 1147:Adriaan Gilles Camper 1037: 558:Mososaurus hoffmannii 283:Mosasaurus hoffmannii 12140:at Wikimedia Commons 11650:. 350–352: 180–188. 11111:Earth System History 10761:(suppl. to 3): 21A. 10670:10.1660/062.118.0309 10521:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 10427:(suppl. to 3): 18A. 9415:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 9208:on November 6, 2020. 8993:Louis Dollo (1892). 8821:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 8799:on October 26, 2019. 8749:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 8283:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 8084:Louis Dollo (1889). 7826:Geologie en Mijnbouw 7422:Eric Mulder (2004). 7361:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 7319:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 7042:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 6092:Maastricht Formation 5471:. Of the mosasaurs, 5338:; the shell-crusher 5272:Mediterranean Tethys 5242:Mediterranean Tethys 5211:Mediterranean Tethys 4889:Intraspecific combat 3741:Globidens dakotensis 3612:Prognathodon solvayi 3468:Globidens dakotensis 3132:Prognathodon solvayi 2788:Life restoration of 2776:Life restoration of 2649:M. maximus-hoffmanni 2133:Postcranial skeleton 2056:Like all mosasaurs, 1625:convergent evolution 1357:, "cone") and ὀδών ( 1220:(defining example). 1022:Research history of 646:Mosasaurus fulciatus 638:Mosasaurus giganteus 590:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 553:von Sömmerring, 1820 13081:Mosasaurs of Europe 12087:2016NatSR...628427K 11948:1998Letha..31..308L 11898:1998Letha..31..308L 11851:10.1017/njg.2014.29 11788:2018CrRes..85..250C 11776:Cretaceous Research 11734:2018Alch...42..575O 11695:2017CrRes..70..209O 11683:Cretaceous Research 11656:2012PPP...350..180T 11476:1992JPal...66.1010T 11424:2017CaJES..54..973C 11387:2019FrEaS...7...47J 11300:2018PLoSO..1395651G 11212:2002PPP...188..189F 11177:2005PPP...217...67H 11086:2020JSPal..18.1769S 11024:2016CrRes..57..639C 11012:Cretaceous Research 10977:2014Geo....42..583K 10935:1990PPP....79..149N 10794:2012JVPal..32.1042H 10718:2015Palgy..58..401F 10616:2017SciNa.104...56C 10576:2005NJGeo..84..341R 10493:2004Letha..37..255L 10452:Takuya Konishi, PhD 10448:"Anything Mosasaur" 10383:2004Palai..19...96K 10231:2006GSLSP.258..101M 10177:2013Geo....41.1227B 10122:2016Palgy..59..351H 10062:2016SciA....2E0951T 9982:2013PLoSO...876741H 9804:2017PLoSO..1276773S 9613:2012JVPal..32...82L 9561:2019BioBR...9..119A 9462:2013NatCo...4.2423L 9354:Mosasaurus horridus 9256:2013NJGeo..92..165S 9167:2015GondR..27.1068B 9084:2015Palgy..58..511D 9045:2014PPP...400...17P 8952:2014CrRes..49...91F 8940:Cretaceous Research 8899:10.1098/rsos.171830 8890:2018RSOS....571830C 8769:1995RSPTB.347..155L 8647:2011Pbio...37..445L 8555:2010PLoSO...511998L 8424:2004Geobi..37..315B 8186:2019CrRes.10304166G 8174:Cretaceous Research 7991:American Naturalist 7580:2010GSLSP.343....5E 7539:"Tête du crocodile" 7271:10.1017/njg.2014.28 7178:2014JVPal..34..802K 7110:2005NJGeo..84..207C 7061:10.1017/njg.2014.27 6912:2017GeoM..154..521S 6900:Geological Magazine 6846:10.2110/jsr.2011.42 6838:2011JSedR..81..479O 6777:2005NJGeo..84..241G 6343:Paleontology portal 6263:Owl Creek Formation 6167:bottlenose dolphins 6060:Tylosaurus bernardi 5906:, the mosasaurines 5861:, specifically the 5859:Antarctic Peninsula 5786:, the goblin shark 5584:, sea turtles like 5347:Tylosaurus bernardi 5244:. Multiple oceanic 5114:(NHMM 200793) from 5000:osteolytic cavities 3877:Prognathodon currii 3774:Prognathodon kianda 3667:Clidastes liodontus 3636:Clidastes propython 3586: 3537:Positions of groups 3207:Prognathodon kianda 3115:Prognathodon currii 2972:Clidastes propython 2924:Clidastes liodontus 2900:Dallasaurus turneri 2874: 2380:History of taxonomy 2239:, exhibited at the 1915:cerebral hemisphere 1554:Crystal Palace Park 1520:as claws. In 1854, 1499:Crystal Palace Park 1379:The fourth species 1321:Edward Drinker Cope 734:Mosasaurus horridus 718:Mosasaurus neovidii 622:Mosasaurus princeps 566:Mosasaurus belgicus 13116:Fossils of Belgium 12075:Scientific Reports 12048:record to date of 12031:on March 13, 2012. 11280:"A new species of 10727:10.1111/pala.12165 10458:on March 24, 2021. 10417:Mosasaurus conodon 10131:10.1111/pala.12240 9847:"Redescription of 9676:10.7717/peerj.3782 9471:10.1038/ncomms3423 9093:10.1111/pala.12157 8526:on April 18, 2021. 8406:Mosasaurus beaugei 8317:Historical Biology 8044:Dinosauria On-line 7983:"A new species of 7252:Mosasaurus conodon 7038:Mosasaurus maximus 6669:Niobrara Formation 6445:Samuel L. Mitchill 6439:Because the genus 6271:Chicxulub asteroid 6238:Davutlar Formation 6206: 6048: 6044:niche partitioning 5957: 5944:Habitat preference 5852: 5666:and the mosasaurs 5610:to the modern-day 5596: 5541:and the sea snake 5453: 5398:Prognathodon rapax 5215: 5122:It is likely that 5120: 5047:Avascular necrosis 4979: 4902: 4856:niche partitioning 4774: 4701: 4604: 4512: 4324:Aktisaurus conodon 3894:Prognathodon rapax 3584: 3567:Mosasaurus conodon 3317:Mosasaurus conodon 3044:Prognathodon rapax 2872: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2475:into four species— 2405: 2359: 2249: 2146: 2109:The dentition was 2054: 1975: 1935:hearing structures 1769: 1694: 1647:The type species, 1645: 1621:archaeocete whales 1601: 1552:on display at the 1502: 1471:Oulad Abdoun Basin 1461:The fifth species 1377: 1237: 1043: 998:niche partitioning 978:faunal assemblages 654:Mosasaurus oarthus 630:Mosasaurus maximus 614:Mosasaurus meirsii 574:Mosasaurus camperi 13058: 13057: 13030:Open Tree of Life 12921:Taxon identifiers 12912: 12911: 12745: 12744: 12645: 12644: 12588:Plesioplatecarpus 12531:Plioplatecarpinae 12505: 12504: 12438: 12437: 12134:Media related to 12095:10.1038/srep28427 11679:Kaikaifilu hervei 11148:978-0-253-02632-3 11120:978-0-7167-2882-5 11080:(21): 1769–1804. 11051:Scripta Geologica 10351:on June 21, 2021. 10344:978-1-124-43286-1 10171:(12): 1227–1230. 9934:on June 10, 2021. 9769:978-0-12-155210-7 9536:on March 9, 2021. 9352:"Samuel Wilson's 9155:Gondwana Research 8763:(1320): 155–180. 8518:Emily Osterloff. 8493:, pterosaurs and 8418:(2004): 315–324. 7726:978-0-7006-1394-6 7515:978-3-940939-11-1 7402:on March 7, 2020. 7009:10.7939/R31N7XZ1K 6733:978-0-444-59425-9 6671:, a deposit that 6453:Mosasaurus dekayi 6259:Clayton Formation 6124:Bearpaw Formation 5959:Known fossils of 5884:open nomenclature 5792:, the sand tiger 5092:vertebral sinuses 5019:teeth and caused 4988:complete fracture 4738:vomeronasal organ 4685:Sensory functions 4485: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4470: 4462: 4461: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4434: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4408: 4407: 4399: 4398: 4390: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4353: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4225: 4212:Mosasaurus glycys 4115: 4114: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4096: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3752: 3751: 3695: 3694: 3582: 3581: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3055: 3054: 2861:Bayesian analysis 2611:or Plotosaurini. 2581:(which comprises 2421:wastebasket taxon 2370: 2274:The forelimbs of 1869:Fossil skulls of 1714:are smaller than 1510:limbs for walking 1467:Camille Arambourg 1465:was described by 1331:Clidastes conodon 1182:coined the genus 836:squamate reptiles 822:; "lizard of the 774: 773: 758:Clidastes conodon 582:Mosasaurus dekayi 462:Synonyms of genus 266: 13123: 13101:Mooreville Chalk 13051: 13050: 13038: 13037: 13025: 13024: 13012: 13011: 12999: 12998: 12986: 12985: 12973: 12972: 12963: 12962: 12961: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12916: 12915: 12904: 12903: 12873:Related articles 12863:Vallecillosaurus 12565:Plioplatecarpini 12561: 12560: 12527: 12526: 12469: 12468: 12446: 12365:Prognathodontini 12313: 12312: 12299:Plesiotylosaurus 12187: 12180: 12173: 12164: 12163: 12158:Oceans of Kansas 12148:Data related to 12147: 12133: 12117: 12116: 12106: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12027:. Archived from 12016: 12010: 12009: 11981: 11968: 11967: 11933: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11892:(6): 1157–1165. 11883: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11853: 11829: 11818: 11817: 11807: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11753: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11622: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11605:on June 3, 2020. 11604: 11589: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11502: 11496: 11495: 11470:(6): 1010–1012. 11455: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11366: 11360: 11359: 11343: 11332: 11331: 11321: 11311: 11275: 11269: 11268: 11239: 11224: 11223: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11159: 11153: 11152: 11139:Oceans of Kansas 11134: 11125: 11124: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10988: 10986:10.1130/g35512.1 10956: 10947: 10946: 10929:(1–2): 149–169. 10918: 10907: 10906: 10886: 10859: 10858: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10829: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10788:(5): 1042–1048. 10777: 10771: 10770: 10749: 10740: 10739: 10729: 10697: 10682: 10681: 10664:(3–4): 265–275. 10653: 10644: 10643: 10599: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10555: 10546: 10545: 10527: 10514: 10505: 10504: 10478: 10469: 10460: 10459: 10454:. Archived from 10446:Takuya Konishi. 10443: 10437: 10436: 10412: 10403: 10402: 10368: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10347:. Archived from 10328: 10317: 10316: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10214: 10197: 10196: 10185:10.1130/G34891.1 10162: 10153: 10144: 10143: 10133: 10101: 10092: 10091: 10081: 10050:Science Advances 10041: 10035: 10034: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10003: 9993: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9930:. Archived from 9923: 9917: 9916: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9855: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9825: 9815: 9783: 9774: 9773: 9747: 9734: 9733: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9688: 9678: 9654: 9641: 9640: 9592: 9581: 9580: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9532:. Archived from 9517: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9473: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9410: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9366:on June 2, 2021. 9362:. Archived from 9360:Oceans of Kansas 9347: 9341: 9340: 9334: 9325: 9316: 9315: 9297: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9267: 9250:(2–3): 165–170. 9235: 9210: 9209: 9204:. Archived from 9202:Oceans of Kansas 9198:"Mosasaur brain" 9193: 9187: 9186: 9161:(3): 1068–1078. 9146: 9140: 9139: 9119: 9106: 9105: 9095: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9030: 9021: 9015: 9014: 8990: 8981: 8980: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8946:(2014): 91–104. 8937: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8901: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8845: 8827: 8814: 8801: 8800: 8795:. Archived from 8742: 8675: 8674: 8630: 8617: 8616: 8596: 8587: 8586: 8576: 8566: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8522:. Archived from 8515: 8509: 8508: 8507:on June 3, 2019. 8503:. Archived from 8484: 8475: 8474: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8399: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8358: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8308: 8297: 8296: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8252:. Vol. 23. 8243: 8216: 8215: 8205: 8180:(2019): 104166. 8165: 8154: 8153: 8137: 8106: 8105: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8046:. Archived from 8035: 8026: 8025: 8016:(5): 1211–1215. 8005: 7999: 7998: 7987:from New Jersey" 7978: 7969: 7968: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7931: 7920: 7919: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7832:(3/4): 281–300. 7821: 7812: 7811: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7762: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7690:. Archived from 7688:Oceans of Kansas 7679: 7668: 7667: 7639: 7630: 7621: 7620: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7495: 7482: 7471: 7470: 7460: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7419: 7404: 7403: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7363:MANTELL, 1829". 7356: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7325:Oceans of Kansas 7312: 7299: 7298: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7273: 7245: 7206: 7205: 7157: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7089: 7074: 7073: 7063: 7031: 7022: 7021: 7011: 7001: 6986: 6949: 6948: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6883: 6850: 6849: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6756: 6745: 6744: 6711: 6694: 6682: 6676: 6665: 6659: 6647: 6641: 6631: 6625: 6615: 6609: 6605:Plesiotylosaurus 6596: 6590: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6555: 6536: 6530: 6519: 6513: 6502: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6437: 6431: 6405: 6399: 6383: 6345: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6242:Jagüel Formation 6144:M. missouriensis 6132:M. missouriensis 5731:Dolichorhynchops 5631:M. missouriensis 5592:plioplatecarpine 5487: 5483: 5175:M. missouriensis 5041:septic arthritis 5008:trigeminal nerve 4952:M. missouriensis 4922:M. missouriensis 4918:M. missouriensis 4898:M. missouriensis 4852:M. missouriensis 4841:M. missouriensis 4836:M. missouriensis 4716:binocular vision 4643: 4584:magnus depressor 4327: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4271: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4215: 4211: 4184: 4183: 4160: 4159: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4087: 4083: 4057: 4056: 4042: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4014: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3976: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3937: 3936: 3869: 3868: 3845: 3844: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3790: 3789: 3766: 3765: 3716: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3659: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3628: 3627: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3564: 3553: 3543: 3443: 3442: 3357: 3356: 3333: 3332: 3309: 3308: 3285: 3284: 3199: 3198: 3175: 3174: 3107: 3106: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2964: 2963: 2940: 2939: 2916: 2915: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2875: 2871: 2778:M. missouriensis 2754:M. missouriensis 2742:M. missouriensis 2737:Plesiotylosaurus 2656:M. missouriensis 2645:M. missouriensis 2542: 2533: 2495: 2491: 2481:M. missouriensis 2433:M. missouriensis 2402: 2398: 2368: 2329: 2308:articular facets 2300:M. missouriensis 2226:neutral buoyancy 2202:M. missouriensis 2190:M. missouriensis 2174:caudal vertebrae 2166:lumbar vertebrae 2143:M. missouriensis 2076:M. missouriensis 2028:M. missouriensis 2004:M. missouriensis 1951:coronoid process 1919:parietal foramen 1863: 1852: 1825:nostril openings 1821:M. missouriensis 1736:M. missouriensis 1732:M. missouriensis 1728:M. missouriensis 1708:M. missouriensis 1594:Life restoration 1579:M. missouriensis 1522:Hermann Schlegel 1514:M. missouriensis 1485:Early depictions 1448:Spencer G. Lucas 1288:but later as an 1272:M. missouriensis 1253:M. missouriensis 1233:M. missouriensis 1211:specific epithet 1117: 1108: 1016:Research history 924:—but an unclear 821: 820: 817: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 762: 738: 730: 722: 714: 706: 698: 690: 682: 669:M. missouriensis 658: 650: 642: 634: 626: 618: 610: 602: 598:Mosasaurus major 594: 586: 578: 570: 562: 554: 550:Lacerta gigantea 530: 526:Pterycollosaurus 522: 514: 506: 498: 490: 482: 478:Batrachiotherium 474: 454:List of synonyms 434: 422: 417: 406: 401: 393: 388: 380: 365: 354: 349: 338: 333: 322: 317: 309:M. missouriensis 306: 280: 261: 254: 241: 228: 215: 152: 151: 126: 116: 53: 38:Temporal range: 30: 29: 13131: 13130: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13096:Demopolis Chalk 13061: 13060: 13059: 13054: 13046: 13041: 13033: 13028: 13020: 13015: 13007: 13002: 12994: 12989: 12981: 12976: 12968: 12966: 12957: 12956: 12951: 12942: 12941: 12936: 12923: 12913: 12908: 12894: 12868: 12856:Portunatasaurus 12792:Dolichosauridae 12757:Aigialosauridae 12741: 12713:Yaguarasaurinae 12707: 12672: 12641: 12600: 12595:Plioplatecarpus 12574:Latoplatecarpus 12559: 12525: 12511:Russellosaurina 12501: 12496:Phosphorosaurus 12467: 12447: 12434: 12386: 12359: 12311: 12228: 12196: 12191: 12126: 12121: 12120: 12067: 12063: 12040: 12036: 12017: 12013: 11992:(22): 473–475. 11982: 11971: 11931: 11925: 11921: 11881: 11871: 11867: 11830: 11821: 11771: 11767: 11714: 11710: 11675: 11671: 11640: 11636: 11620: 11614: 11610: 11602: 11587: 11577: 11573: 11542: 11538: 11503: 11499: 11456: 11449: 11408: 11404: 11367: 11363: 11344: 11335: 11294:(4): e0195651. 11276: 11272: 11240: 11227: 11206:(3–4): 89–213. 11196: 11192: 11160: 11156: 11149: 11135: 11128: 11121: 11107: 11103: 11062: 11058: 11043: 11039: 11008: 11004: 10957: 10950: 10919: 10910: 10887: 10862: 10847: 10843: 10827: 10821: 10817: 10778: 10774: 10750: 10743: 10698: 10685: 10654: 10647: 10600: 10593: 10556: 10549: 10536:(2006): 41–52. 10525: 10515: 10508: 10476: 10470: 10463: 10444: 10440: 10413: 10406: 10366: 10360: 10356: 10345: 10329: 10320: 10299:(10): 809–839. 10285: 10281: 10258: 10254: 10215: 10200: 10160: 10154: 10147: 10102: 10095: 10056:(1): e1500951. 10042: 10038: 10021: 10017: 9962: 9958: 9943: 9939: 9924: 9920: 9889: 9885: 9853: 9843: 9839: 9798:(5): e0176773. 9784: 9777: 9770: 9748: 9737: 9706: 9702: 9655: 9644: 9593: 9584: 9545: 9541: 9518: 9514: 9504: 9502: 9491: 9487: 9442: 9438: 9411: 9404: 9375: 9371: 9348: 9344: 9332: 9326: 9319: 9295: 9285: 9281: 9236: 9213: 9194: 9190: 9147: 9143: 9120: 9109: 9064: 9060: 9028: 9022: 9018: 8991: 8984: 8971: 8967: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8870: 8866: 8858: 8825: 8815: 8804: 8743: 8678: 8655:10.1666/09023.1 8631: 8620: 8597: 8590: 8535: 8531: 8516: 8512: 8501:Mark Witton.com 8485: 8478: 8451: 8447: 8400: 8375: 8367: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8309: 8300: 8273: 8269: 8244: 8219: 8166: 8157: 8138: 8109: 8082: 8078: 8059: 8055: 8050:on May 2, 2008. 8036: 8029: 8006: 8002: 7979: 7972: 7957: 7953: 7932: 7923: 7906:Batrachiosaurus 7896: 7892: 7877:10.2307/1004839 7857: 7853: 7822: 7815: 7794: 7790: 7763: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7695: 7694:on June 2, 2019 7680: 7671: 7637: 7631: 7624: 7615:. Vol. 3. 7607: 7603: 7588:10.1144/SP343.2 7564: 7560: 7535: 7531: 7516: 7493: 7483: 7474: 7437: 7433: 7420: 7407: 7388: 7384: 7357: 7344: 7334: 7332: 7313: 7302: 7291: 7287: 7246: 7209: 7158: 7127: 7090: 7077: 7032: 7025: 6999: 6987: 6952: 6939: 6935: 6884: 6853: 6821: 6817: 6798: 6794: 6757: 6748: 6734: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6697: 6683: 6679: 6666: 6662: 6648: 6644: 6632: 6628: 6616: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6575: 6571: 6562: 6558: 6537: 6533: 6520: 6516: 6503: 6499: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6438: 6434: 6406: 6402: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6261:and Cretaceous 6240:in Turkey, the 6187: 6049: 6028: 6007:Demopolis Chalk 5946: 5904:Plioplatecarpus 5837: 5789:Scapanorhynchus 5712:Plioplatecarpus 5696:Plioplatecarpus 5569: 5485: 5481: 5332:Plioplatecarpus 5274: 5196: 5191: 5142:Plioplatecarpus 5104: 4990:near the sixth 4981:There are some 4968: 4891: 4886: 4768:Restoration of 4762: 4712:sclerotic rings 4687: 4641: 4611:sub-carangiform 4592: 4571:magnus adductor 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4325: 4321: 4297: 4293: 4269: 4265: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4213: 4209: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4085: 4081: 4040: 4036: 4012: 4008: 3974: 3968: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3753: 3696: 3578: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3056: 2800:Restoration of 2794: 2627:evolved from a 2617: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2557:monitor lizards 2545: 2544: 2543: 2535: 2534: 2521: 2515: 2493: 2489: 2457:M. hobetsuensis 2400: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2327: 2135: 2127:von Ebner lines 1963: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1757: 1633: 1587: 1487: 1294:Batrachiosaurus 1226: 1176:James Parkinson 1155:monitor lizards 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1032: 1027: 1018: 980:and diversity. 867:monitor lizards 851:Late Cretaceous 786: 782: 770: 767: 760: 752: 751: 743: 737:Williston, 1895 736: 728: 720: 712: 704: 696: 688: 680: 672: 671: 663: 656: 648: 640: 632: 624: 616: 608: 600: 592: 584: 576: 568: 560: 552: 544: 543: 535: 528: 520: 512: 504: 496: 488: 480: 472: 470:Batrachiosaurus 464: 463: 456: 455: 439: 428: 412: 399: 396:M. hobetsuensis 386: 373: 372: 360: 344: 328: 312: 292: 286: 260: 252: 239: 226: 213: 146: 117: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 49:82.7–66.0 48: 47: 36: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13129: 13119: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13106:Apex predators 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13039: 13026: 13013: 13000: 12987: 12974: 12964: 12949: 12933: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12910: 12909: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12893: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12859: 12852: 12845: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12829: 12822: 12815: 12808: 12801: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12780: 12773: 12766: 12753: 12751: 12747: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12739: 12732: 12729:Russellosaurus 12725: 12717: 12715: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12705: 12698: 12691: 12682: 12680: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12670: 12663: 12660:Pannoniasaurus 12655: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12639: 12632: 12625: 12618: 12610: 12608: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12591: 12584: 12577: 12569: 12567: 12558: 12557: 12550: 12543: 12535: 12533: 12524: 12523: 12515: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12477: 12475: 12466: 12465: 12457: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12432: 12425: 12418: 12411: 12404: 12401:Bentiabasaurus 12396: 12394: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12377: 12369: 12367: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12350: 12347:Igdamanosaurus 12343: 12336: 12329: 12321: 12319: 12310: 12309: 12302: 12295: 12288: 12281: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12246: 12238: 12236: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12190: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12167: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12154:at Wikispecies 12141: 12125: 12124:External links 12122: 12119: 12118: 12061: 12044:"The youngest 12034: 12011: 11969: 11942:(4): 308–310. 11919: 11865: 11844:(1): 145–154. 11819: 11765: 11728:(4): 575–586. 11708: 11669: 11634: 11608: 11571: 11552:(5): 969–980. 11536: 11497: 11447: 11418:(9): 973–980. 11402: 11361: 11333: 11270: 11225: 11190: 11171:(1–2): 67–85. 11154: 11147: 11126: 11119: 11101: 11056: 11037: 11002: 10971:(7): 583–586. 10948: 10908: 10897:(6): 573–596. 10860: 10841: 10815: 10772: 10741: 10712:(3): 401–407. 10683: 10645: 10591: 10547: 10506: 10487:(3): 255–262. 10461: 10438: 10404: 10354: 10343: 10318: 10279: 10252: 10225:(1): 101–108. 10198: 10145: 10116:(3): 351–363. 10093: 10036: 10015: 9976:(10): e76741. 9956: 9947:Modern Geology 9937: 9918: 9883: 9864:(3): 246–261. 9837: 9775: 9768: 9735: 9700: 9642: 9582: 9555:(2): 119–128. 9539: 9512: 9501:(4th ed.) 9485: 9456:(2423): 2423. 9436: 9402: 9389:(4): 687–700. 9369: 9342: 9317: 9279: 9211: 9188: 9141: 9107: 9078:(3): 511–520. 9058: 9016: 8982: 8965: 8923: 8864: 8836:(2): 148–167. 8802: 8676: 8641:(3): 445–469. 8618: 8588: 8529: 8510: 8476: 8445: 8373: 8342: 8298: 8267: 8217: 8155: 8107: 8076: 8053: 8027: 8000: 7970: 7951: 7921: 7890: 7851: 7813: 7788: 7752: 7732: 7725: 7705: 7669: 7622: 7601: 7558: 7529: 7514: 7472: 7451:(2): 443–456. 7431: 7405: 7382: 7342: 7300: 7285: 7207: 7172:(4): 802–819. 7125: 7104:(3): 207–211. 7075: 7023: 6950: 6933: 6906:(3): 521–557. 6851: 6832:(1): 479–494. 6815: 6792: 6771:(3): 241–245. 6746: 6732: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6677: 6660: 6642: 6626: 6610: 6591: 6582: 6569: 6556: 6531: 6523:dentinogenesis 6514: 6512:are uncertain. 6497: 6484: 6475: 6465: 6432: 6400: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6346: 6330: 6327: 6244:in Argentina, 6186: 6183: 6029: 6027: 6024: 5945: 5942: 5867:Seymour Island 5848:Seymour Island 5836: 5833: 5818:ichthyodectids 5810:Protosphyraena 5725:Terminonatator 5655:Navesinkan Age 5612:Gulf of Mexico 5602:were found in 5568: 5565: 5516:Igdamanosaurus 5437:Protosphyraena 5273: 5270: 5205:inhabited the 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5103: 5100: 5037:bone infection 4967: 4964: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4825:M. hoffmannii' 4761: 4758: 4734:olfactory bulb 4732:show that the 4694:Sclerotic ring 4686: 4683: 4591: 4588: 4531:parietal bones 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3580: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3550: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2859:inferred by a 2851:The following 2782: 2730:to instead be 2616: 2613: 2547: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2514: 2511: 2465:M. prismaticus 2384:Main article: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2375:Classification 2373: 2360: 2134: 2131: 1962: 1959: 1911:occipital lobe 1868: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1756: 1753: 1639:Size range of 1632: 1629: 1606:was a type of 1586: 1583: 1486: 1483: 1475:Ganntour Basin 1432:junior synonym 1276:Richard Harlan 1245:Missouri River 1225: 1222: 1207:Gideon Mantell 1151:Georges Cuvier 1122: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1063:Teylers Museum 1031: 1028: 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 863:Georges Cuvier 772: 771: 769: 768: 766: 765: 764: 763: 746: 745: 744: 742: 741: 740: 739: 731: 723: 715: 713:Goldfuss, 1845 707: 699: 691: 683: 666: 665: 664: 662: 661: 660: 659: 651: 643: 635: 627: 619: 611: 603: 595: 587: 579: 571: 563: 555: 538: 537: 536: 534: 533: 532: 531: 523: 515: 507: 499: 491: 483: 475: 461: 460: 459: 453: 452: 451: 448: 447: 441: 440: 438: 437: 436: 435: 425:M. prismaticus 418: 402: 389: 370: 369: 368: 367: 366: 350: 334: 318: 299: 298: 297:Other species 294: 293: 287: 275: 274: 268: 267: 250: 246: 245: 237: 233: 232: 224: 220: 219: 211: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 140: 139: 128: 127: 119: 118: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13128: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13049: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12965: 12960: 12954: 12950: 12945: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12917: 12907: 12897: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12860: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12834: 12833:Tetrapodophis 12830: 12828: 12827: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12816: 12814: 12813: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12805:Dolichosaurus 12802: 12800: 12799: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12790: 12786: 12785: 12781: 12779: 12778: 12774: 12772: 12771: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12763:Aigialosaurus 12760: 12759: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12738: 12737: 12736:Yaguarasaurus 12733: 12731: 12730: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12714: 12710: 12704: 12703: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12695:Taniwhasaurus 12692: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12679: 12675: 12669: 12668: 12664: 12662: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12651:Tethysaurinae 12648: 12638: 12637: 12633: 12631: 12630: 12626: 12624: 12623: 12622:Goronyosaurus 12619: 12617: 12616: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12597: 12596: 12592: 12590: 12589: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12578: 12576: 12575: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12555: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12508: 12498: 12497: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12450: 12445: 12431: 12430: 12426: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12412: 12410: 12409: 12405: 12403: 12402: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12389: 12383: 12382: 12381:Thalassotitan 12378: 12376: 12375: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12356: 12355: 12351: 12349: 12348: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12340:Harranasaurus 12337: 12335: 12334: 12330: 12328: 12327: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12292:Megapterygius 12289: 12287: 12286: 12282: 12280: 12279: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12268: 12266: 12265: 12261: 12259: 12258: 12254: 12252: 12251: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12225: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12207: 12203: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12188: 12183: 12181: 12176: 12174: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12159: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12132: 12128: 12127: 12114: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12051: 12047: 12038: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12015: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11930: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11880: 11878: 11869: 11861: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11815: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11769: 11761: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11712: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11638: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11612: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11586: 11584: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11517:(1): 89–103. 11516: 11512: 11508: 11501: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11452: 11442: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11406: 11397: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11365: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11329: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11283: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11251:(1): 91–103. 11250: 11246: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11194: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11158: 11150: 11144: 11140: 11133: 11131: 11122: 11116: 11112: 11105: 11096: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11069: 11060: 11053:(8): 113–142. 11052: 11048: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11006: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10955: 10953: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10856: 10852: 10845: 10837: 10833: 10826: 10819: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10748: 10746: 10737: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10706:Palaeontology 10703: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10650: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10596: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10554: 10552: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10522: 10513: 10511: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10466: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10442: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10411: 10409: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10377:(1): 96–100. 10376: 10372: 10365: 10358: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10336: 10335: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10283: 10275: 10271: 10268:(2): 93–102. 10267: 10263: 10256: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10150: 10141: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10110:Palaeontology 10107: 10100: 10098: 10089: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10040: 10032: 10031: 10027: 10019: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9960: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9905:10.1206/310.1 9902: 9898: 9894: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9852: 9850: 9841: 9833: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9780: 9771: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9713: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9607:(1): 82–104. 9606: 9602: 9598: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9525: 9516: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9409: 9407: 9397: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9355: 9346: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9322: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9292: 9283: 9275: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9145: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9072:Palaeontology 9069: 9062: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9039:(15): 17–27. 9038: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9001:(in French). 9000: 8996: 8989: 8987: 8978: 8977: 8969: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8884:(3): 171830. 8883: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8824: 8822: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8750: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8593: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8549:(8): e11998. 8548: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8483: 8481: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8354: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8271: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8092:(in French). 8091: 8087: 8080: 8072: 8069:(in French). 8068: 8064: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8032: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7986: 7977: 7975: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7861:Ichthyosaurus 7855: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7818: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7745: 7744: 7736: 7728: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7709: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7636: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7490: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7426: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7253: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7030: 7028: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6706: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6656:gigantothermy 6652: 6646: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6622:M. hoffmannii 6619: 6614: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6586: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6560: 6553: 6552:M. hoffmannii 6549: 6545: 6544:M. hoffmannii 6541: 6535: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6511: 6510:M. lemonnieri 6507: 6501: 6494: 6493:M. lemonnieri 6488: 6479: 6469: 6462: 6461:M. hoffmannii 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6397: 6394:discovered a 6393: 6392:Ernst Homburg 6389: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6252:M. hoffmannii 6249: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6222:M. hoffmannii 6219: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6155:M. hoffmannii 6152: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6105:M. hoffmannii 6102: 6101:M. hoffmannii 6098: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6084:M. hoffmannii 6080: 6076: 6075:M. hoffmannii 6071: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5999:M. hoffmannii 5996: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5971:M. hoffmannii 5967: 5966:M. hoffmannii 5962: 5954: 5950: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5892:M. hoffmannii 5889: 5888:M. lemonnieri 5885: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5651:Niobraran Age 5649:known as the 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5511:Goronyosaurus 5508: 5507:M. hoffmannii 5504: 5503:M. lemonnieri 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370:M. lemonnieri 5367: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5321:M. lemonnieri 5319:species like 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309:M. hoffmannii 5306: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5278:Maastrichtian 5269: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5246:climate zones 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179:M. lemonnieri 5176: 5172: 5171:M. hoffmannii 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118:, Netherlands 5117: 5113: 5108: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5063:M. lemonnieri 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051:M. lemonnieri 5048: 5044: 5042: 5039:initiated by 5038: 5034: 5033:M. hoffmannii 5029: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5014:formation of 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4983:M. hoffmannii 4976: 4975:M. hoffmannii 4972: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4817:M. hoffmannii 4813: 4811: 4807: 4806:M. lemonnieri 4803: 4802:M. hoffmannii 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4771: 4770:M. hoffmannii 4766: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4750:M. hoffmannii 4747: 4746:M. lemonnieri 4743: 4742:M. hoffmannii 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4628:M. hoffmannii 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4600:M. hoffmannii 4596: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4580:M. hoffmannii 4576: 4575:M. hoffmannii 4572: 4567: 4566:M. hoffmannii 4563: 4562:M. hoffmannii 4559: 4558:M. lemonnieri 4555: 4554:M. lemonnieri 4551: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535:M. hoffmannii 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4516:M. hoffmannii 4509: 4508:M. hoffmannii 4506:The skull of 4504: 4490: 4476: 4475: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4457: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4439: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4395: 4394: 4386: 4385: 4377: 4376: 4368: 4367: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4260: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3577: 3568: 3560: 3559: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3335: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2841:M. lemonnieri 2838: 2837:M. hoffmannii 2834: 2830: 2829:Goronyosaurus 2826: 2825:M. lemonnieri 2822: 2818: 2817:M. hoffmannii 2814: 2813:M. lemonnieri 2810: 2809:M. hoffmannii 2803: 2798: 2791: 2790:M. lemonnieri 2786: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762:M. lemonnieri 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637:chronospecies 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2507:M. hoffmannii 2504: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2485:M. lemonnieri 2482: 2478: 2477:M. hoffmannii 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:M. lemonnieri 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:M. hoffmannii 2426: 2425:M. hoffmannii 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2392: 2387: 2371: 2366: 2365:M. hoffmannii 2325: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:M. lemmonieri 2203: 2199: 2198:M. hoffmannii 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:M. hoffmannii 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:haemal arches 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115:M. hoffmannii 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:M. lemonnieri 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072:M. hoffmannii 2069: 2064: 2059: 2051: 2048: 2045:Closeup of a 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2032:M. lemonnieri 2029: 2025: 2024:M. hoffmannii 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012:M. lemonnieri 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000:M. hoffmannii 1997: 1993: 1992:M. lemonnieri 1989: 1985: 1980: 1972: 1971:M. hoffmannii 1967: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907:M. hoffmannii 1904: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1891:, and nearby 1890: 1889:palatine bone 1886: 1876: 1875:M. lemonnieri 1873:(top) and of 1872: 1862: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1834:Goronyosaurus 1830: 1829:M. hoffmannii 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:M. lemonnieri 1814: 1813:M. hoffmannii 1810: 1809:M. lemonnieri 1806: 1805:M. hoffmannii 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:M. lemonnieri 1782: 1781:M. hoffmannii 1778: 1774: 1771:The skull of 1766: 1765:M. hoffmannii 1761: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:M. lemonnieri 1717: 1716:M. hoffmannii 1713: 1712:M. lemonnieri 1709: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1698:M. hoffmannii 1692: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1680:M. hoffmannii 1677: 1676: 1671: 1670:M. hoffmannii 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653:M. hoffmannii 1650: 1649:M. hoffmannii 1642: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1598:M. hoffmannii 1595: 1591: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:Komodo dragon 1567: 1566:M. hoffmannii 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1456:M. hoffmannii 1453: 1452:M. lemonnieri 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440:M. lemonnieri 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:M. lemonnieri 1421: 1417: 1416:M. lemonnieri 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406:M. hoffmannii 1403: 1402:M. lemonnieri 1399: 1398:M. lemonnieri 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:M. lemonnieri 1375: 1371: 1370:M. lemonnieri 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:Ancient Greek 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329:and named it 1328: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1285:Ichthyosaurus 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:type specimen 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Richard Ellis 1246: 1242: 1239:In 1804, the 1234: 1230: 1224:Other species 1221: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199:Ancient Greek 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174:1822 work by 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:catastrophism 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1134: 1130: 1129:M. hoffmannii 1126: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079:Petrus Camper 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1040:M. hoffmannii 1036: 1026: 1025: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 989: 988: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 934:type specimen 931: 930:M. hoffmannii 927: 923: 922:M. lemonnieri 919: 918:M. hoffmannii 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 894:M. hoffmannii 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 845: 844:Maastrichtian 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 819: 780: 779: 759: 756: 755: 754: 753: 750: 735: 732: 727: 724: 719: 716: 711: 708: 703: 700: 695: 692: 687: 684: 679: 676: 675: 674: 673: 670: 655: 652: 647: 644: 639: 636: 631: 628: 623: 620: 615: 612: 607: 604: 599: 596: 591: 588: 583: 580: 575: 572: 567: 564: 561:Mantell, 1829 559: 556: 551: 548: 547: 546: 545: 542: 541:M. hoffmannii 527: 524: 519: 518:Nectoportheus 516: 511: 508: 503: 500: 495: 492: 487: 484: 479: 476: 471: 468: 467: 466: 465: 458: 457: 449: 446: 442: 432: 427: 426: 419: 415: 411: 410: 403: 398: 397: 390: 385: 384: 377: 376: 375: 374: 363: 359: 358: 351: 347: 343: 342: 341:M. lemonnieri 335: 331: 327: 326: 319: 315: 311: 310: 303: 302: 300: 295: 290: 285: 284: 276: 273: 269: 264: 259: 258: 251: 248: 247: 244: 238: 235: 234: 231: 225: 222: 221: 218: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 141: 138: 134: 133:M. hoffmannii 129: 125: 120: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 52: 45: 44:Maastrichtian 41: 35: 31: 28: 24: 23: 13071:Mosasaurines 12928: 12861: 12854: 12847: 12840: 12831: 12824: 12817: 12810: 12803: 12796: 12784:Opetiosaurus 12782: 12775: 12768: 12761: 12734: 12727: 12720: 12700: 12693: 12686: 12678:Tylosaurinae 12665: 12658: 12634: 12627: 12620: 12615:Gavialimimus 12613: 12606:Selmasaurini 12593: 12586: 12579: 12572: 12554:Sarabosaurus 12552: 12547:Ectenosaurus 12545: 12540:Angolasaurus 12538: 12520:Haasiasaurus 12518: 12494: 12487: 12480: 12460: 12453:Halisaurinae 12427: 12421: 12420: 12413: 12408:Eremiasaurus 12406: 12399: 12379: 12374:Prognathodon 12372: 12352: 12345: 12338: 12331: 12324: 12317:Globidensini 12304: 12297: 12290: 12283: 12276: 12269: 12264:Gnathomortis 12262: 12255: 12248: 12243:Amphekepubis 12241: 12234:Mosasaurinae 12150: 12136: 12078: 12074: 12064: 12055: 12049: 12045: 12037: 12029:the original 12024: 12014: 11989: 11985: 11939: 11935: 11922: 11889: 11885: 11876: 11868: 11841: 11837: 11805:10915/147537 11779: 11775: 11768: 11725: 11721: 11711: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11672: 11647: 11637: 11628: 11624: 11611: 11600:the original 11595: 11591: 11582: 11574: 11549: 11545: 11539: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11500: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11415: 11411: 11405: 11378: 11374: 11364: 11355: 11351: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11273: 11248: 11244: 11203: 11199: 11193: 11168: 11164: 11157: 11138: 11110: 11104: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11059: 11050: 11040: 11015: 11011: 11005: 10968: 10964: 10926: 10922: 10894: 10890: 10854: 10844: 10835: 10831: 10818: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10758: 10754: 10709: 10705: 10661: 10657: 10607: 10603: 10567: 10563: 10533: 10529: 10520: 10484: 10480: 10456:the original 10451: 10441: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10374: 10370: 10357: 10349:the original 10333: 10296: 10292: 10282: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10222: 10218: 10168: 10164: 10113: 10109: 10053: 10049: 10039: 10029: 10025: 10018: 9973: 9969: 9959: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9932:the original 9921: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9861: 9857: 9848: 9840: 9795: 9791: 9751: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9703: 9666: 9662: 9604: 9600: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9534:the original 9529: 9523: 9515: 9503:. Retrieved 9498: 9488: 9453: 9449: 9439: 9425:(2): 85–92. 9422: 9418: 9414: 9386: 9382: 9372: 9364:the original 9359: 9353: 9345: 9336: 9306:(1): 57–67. 9303: 9299: 9291:Prognathodon 9290: 9282: 9247: 9243: 9206:the original 9201: 9191: 9158: 9154: 9144: 9127: 9075: 9071: 9061: 9036: 9032: 9019: 9002: 8998: 8975: 8968: 8943: 8939: 8926: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8833: 8829: 8820: 8797:the original 8760: 8754: 8748: 8638: 8635:Paleobiology 8634: 8607:(1): 17–34. 8604: 8600: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8524:the original 8513: 8505:the original 8500: 8494: 8490: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8365:the original 8352: 8345: 8323:(10): 1–15. 8320: 8316: 8312: 8288: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8248: 8203:11336/125124 8177: 8173: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8070: 8066: 8056: 8048:the original 8043: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7964: 7954: 7936: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7902:Basilosaurus 7901: 7893: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7829: 7825: 7798: 7791: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7742: 7735: 7715: 7708: 7698:November 10, 7696:. Retrieved 7692:the original 7687: 7647: 7641: 7611: 7604: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7543: 7532: 7497: 7488: 7448: 7444: 7434: 7424: 7400:the original 7395: 7385: 7371:(1): 55–65. 7368: 7364: 7360: 7333:. Retrieved 7324: 7318: 7294: 7288: 7264:(1): 39–54. 7261: 7257: 7251: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7101: 7097: 7054:(1): 23–37. 7051: 7047: 7041: 7037: 6995: 6991: 6943: 6936: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6809: 6806:The Mosasaur 6805: 6795: 6768: 6764: 6715: 6709: 6691: 6687:Gavialimimus 6685: 6680: 6672: 6663: 6650: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6600:Prognathodon 6599: 6594: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6564: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6526: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6492: 6487: 6478: 6468: 6460: 6457:nomen dubium 6452: 6440: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6381: 6364: 6359:Eremiasaurus 6357: 6350: 6310: 6306: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6251: 6250: 6246:Stevns Klint 6233: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6193: 6178: 6174: 6171:lemon sharks 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6120:Prognathodon 6119: 6115: 6113: 6109:P. saturator 6108: 6104: 6100: 6097:P. saturator 6096: 6088:P. saturator 6087: 6083: 6079:P. saturator 6078: 6074: 6072: 6068:P. saturator 6067: 6064:Prognathodon 6063: 6059: 6056:Prognathodon 6055: 6051: 6050: 6040:Prognathodon 6039: 6035: 6019: 6002: 5998: 5981: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5952: 5937: 5933:Aristonectes 5931: 5927: 5924:Prognathodon 5923: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5871:polar circle 5854: 5853: 5843: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5784:Serratolamna 5783: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5720:Cretoxyrhina 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5700:Prognathodon 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663:Cretoxyrhina 5661: 5659: 5647:faunal stage 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5608:Arctic Ocean 5599: 5597: 5585: 5579: 5575: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5538:Pachyvaranus 5536: 5532: 5529:Prognathodon 5528: 5525:Eremiasaurus 5524: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5454: 5448: 5447:Skeleton of 5435: 5429: 5425:Cimolichthys 5423: 5415:Serratolamna 5413: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5386:Prognathodon 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5355: 5352:Prognathodon 5351: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5294:Prognathodon 5293: 5289: 5275: 5265: 5233: 5217: 5216: 5202: 5189:Paleoecology 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5121: 5111: 5102:Life history 5086: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5032: 5030: 4992:tooth socket 4982: 4980: 4974: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4860: 4851: 4848:Prognathodon 4847: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4824: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4653: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4606: 4605: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4550:Prognathodon 4549: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4493:Paleobiology 4488: 4341: 4340: 4320: 4319: 4292: 4291: 4264: 4263: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4080: 4079: 4063: 4062: 4035: 4034: 4007: 4006: 3967: 3966: 3943: 3942: 3892: 3891: 3875: 3874: 3851: 3850: 3827: 3826: 3796: 3795: 3772: 3771: 3739: 3738: 3722: 3721: 3682: 3681: 3665: 3664: 3634: 3633: 3610: 3609: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3466: 3465: 3449: 3448: 3380: 3379: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3291: 3290: 3222: 3221: 3205: 3204: 3181: 3180: 3130: 3129: 3113: 3112: 3089: 3088: 3042: 3041: 3025: 3024: 2970: 2969: 2946: 2945: 2922: 2921: 2898: 2897: 2864: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732:Eremiasaurus 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2709:paraphyletic 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694:Prognathodon 2693: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2604: 2600: 2596:Eremiasaurus 2594: 2590: 2574: 2568: 2548: 2522: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469:phylogenetic 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419:to become a 2416: 2408: 2406: 2395: 2364: 2361: 2319: 2299: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2265:ichthyosaurs 2260: 2257:Prognathodon 2256: 2252: 2250: 2236: 2221: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2119:odontoblasts 2114: 2108: 2104:North Dakota 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1970: 1927:parietal eye 1922: 1906: 1900: 1897:neurocranium 1882: 1874: 1870: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1770: 1764: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1679: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1578: 1565: 1562:Richard Owen 1537: 1535: 1525: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1494: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1427: 1423: 1422:argued that 1420:Dale Russell 1415: 1414: 1410:type species 1405: 1401: 1397: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1369: 1358: 1354: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1314: 1293: 1283: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1252: 1238: 1232: 1213: 1202: 1190: 1183: 1140: 1128: 1053:quarry near 1046: 1044: 1039: 1023: 1009: 1005: 1004:attacking a 1001: 991: 987:Prognathodon 985: 981: 969: 953: 948: 944: 942: 937: 929: 921: 917: 913: 905: 897: 893: 891: 882: 878: 854: 777: 776: 775: 757: 748: 747:Synonyms of 733: 725: 717: 709: 705:Harlan, 1839 701: 697:Harlan, 1839 693: 689:Harlan, 1834 685: 681:Harlan, 1834 677: 668: 667:Synonyms of 653: 645: 637: 629: 621: 613: 609:Morton, 1844 605: 601:De Kay, 1842 597: 589: 581: 573: 565: 557: 549: 540: 539:Synonyms of 525: 517: 509: 501: 493: 485: 481:Harlan, 1839 477: 473:Harlan, 1839 469: 430: 424: 423: 408: 407: 400:Suzuki, 1985 395: 394: 382: 381: 356: 355: 340: 339: 324: 323: 308: 307: 282: 281: 272:Type species 256: 255: 230:Mosasauridae 207: 132: 33: 27: 21: 12953:Wikispecies 12849:Judeasaurus 12842:Adriosaurus 12826:Pontosaurus 12798:Coniasaurus 12777:Komensaurus 12770:Carsosaurus 12722:Romeosaurus 12667:Tethysaurus 12636:Selmasaurus 12581:Platecarpus 12473:Halisaurini 12429:Plotosaurus 12415:Moanasaurus 12392:Mosasaurini 12271:Jormungandr 12257:Dallasaurus 12081:(1): 1–13. 11877:Hainosaurus 11782:: 250–265. 11751:11336/49635 11689:: 209–225. 11358:(1): 46–70. 11282:Peritresius 11018:: 639–661. 10610:(7–8): 56. 10523:(Squamata)" 9005:: 219–259. 8491:Teleosaurus 8281:a juvenile 8096:: 271–304. 7871:: 405–408. 7650:: 201–216. 7574:(1): 5–29. 7335:November 6, 6366:Moanasaurus 6352:Plotosaurus 6323:lag deposit 6290:Squalicorax 6175:T. bernardi 6163:T. bernardi 6159:T. bernardi 6140:P. overtoni 6136:P. overtoni 5908:Moanasaurus 5900:Moanasaurus 5822:Xiphactinus 5779:Pseudocorax 5774:Squalicorax 5759:Ichthyornis 5704:Platecarpus 5684:Platecarpus 5645:, during a 5581:Xiphactinus 5550:Zarafasaura 5505:, although 5420:sand sharks 5403:Squalicorax 5366:elasmosaurs 5336:Platecarpus 5254:subtropical 5137:Carsosaurus 5021:tooth decay 5016:bony callus 4960:cannibalism 4935:pathologies 4878:Platecarpus 4726:Brain casts 4710:with large 4708:eye sockets 4658:endothermic 4656:was likely 3988:Mosasaurini 3585:Topology B: 2992:Mosasaurini 2873:Topology A: 2833:Plotosaurus 2728:Plotosaurus 2713:Plotosaurus 2702:Plotosaurus 2641:M. ivoensis 2609:Mosasaurini 2605:Moanasaurus 2601:Plotosaurus 2461:M. flemingi 2321:Plotosaurus 2316:metacarpals 2094:similar to 1969:Closeup of 1937:, with the 1931:mosasaurids 1585:Description 1575:Mark Witton 1524:proved how 1389:Louis Dollo 1374:Louis Dollo 1347:portmanteau 966:sea turtles 962:cephalopods 910:endothermic 824:Meuse River 729:Dollo, 1882 721:Meyer, 1845 625:Marsh, 1869 617:Marsh, 1869 585:Bronn, 1838 577:Meyer, 1832 529:Dollo, 1882 513:Leidy, 1865 505:Leidy, 1859 497:Leidy, 1856 486:Macrosaurus 409:M. flemingi 243:Mosasaurini 13065:Categories 13022:mosasaurus 12959:Mosasaurus 12929:Mosasaurus 12819:Primitivus 12702:Tylosaurus 12688:Kaikaifilu 12489:Halisaurus 12422:Mosasaurus 12326:Carinodens 12306:Stelladens 12278:Kourisodon 12151:Mosasaurus 12137:Mosasaurus 11441:1807/77762 11381:(47): 47. 9953:: 229–248. 9712:Mosasaurus 8495:Mosasaurus 8465:(1): 1–6. 8293:Maastricht 8073:: 215–241. 7997:: 587–588. 7785:: 134–141. 7769:Mosasaurus 7506:2066/79083 7489:Mosasaurus 6994:Mosasaurus 6894:Mosasaurus 6812:(1): 9–43. 6701:References 6673:Mosasaurus 6638:hoffmannii 6618:M. maximus 6578:M. beaugei 6548:M. conodon 6540:M. conodon 6527:Mosasaurus 6506:M. conodon 6441:Mosasaurus 6424:hoffmannii 6416:hoffmannii 6408:hoffmannii 6311:Mosasaurus 6307:Mosasaurus 6298:Mosasaurus 6282:Mosasaurus 6275:Mosasaurus 6234:Mosasaurus 6218:Mosasaurus 6214:Mosasaurus 6194:Mosasaurus 6185:Extinction 6179:Mosasaurus 6151:Mosasaurus 6116:Mosasaurus 6052:Mosasaurus 6036:Mosasaurus 6020:Mosasaurus 6015:diagenesis 6009:, and the 6003:Mosasaurus 5991:gadolinium 5982:Mosasaurus 5978:Mosasaurus 5961:Mosasaurus 5953:Mosasaurus 5919:Kaikaifilu 5880:Mosasaurus 5876:Mosasaurus 5855:Mosasaurus 5844:Mosasaurus 5835:Antarctica 5816:, and the 5801:Ischyrhiza 5795:Odontaspis 5770:Cretalamna 5765:Halimornis 5741:Protostega 5736:Mosasaurus 5716:Tylosaurus 5708:Mosasaurus 5692:Mosasaurus 5688:Mosasaurus 5680:Halisaurus 5672:Tylosaurus 5643:Mosasaurus 5639:Mosasaurus 5635:M. conodon 5616:Appalachia 5600:Mosasaurus 5587:Protostega 5576:Mosasaurus 5544:Palaeophis 5533:Halisaurus 5521:Carinodens 5499:M. beaugei 5495:Mosasaurus 5449:M. beaugei 5409:Cretalamna 5390:M. conodon 5382:Halisaurus 5378:Tylosaurus 5374:Carinodens 5341:Carinodens 5327:Halisaurus 5317:Mosasaurus 5290:Mosasaurus 5266:Mosasaurus 5240:, and the 5234:Mosasaurus 5226:East Coast 5218:Mosasaurus 5203:Mosasaurus 5183:Mosasaurus 5163:Mosasaurus 5158:Mosasaurus 5154:Mosasaurus 5132:Mosasaurus 5128:viviparous 5124:Mosasaurus 5112:Mosasaurus 5087:Mosasaurus 5079:Mosasaurus 5071:Mosasaurus 5059:M. conodon 5055:M. conodon 5025:necrotized 4956:Mosasaurus 4948:M. conodon 4944:Mosasaurus 4940:Mosasaurus 4931:Mosasaurus 4914:M. conodon 4910:M. conodon 4906:Mosasaurus 4874:Mosasaurus 4862:Mosasaurus 4832:Mosasaurus 4810:M. conodon 4792:Mosasaurus 4787:Mosasaurus 4783:Mosasaurus 4778:Mosasaurus 4754:Mosasaurus 4730:Mosasaurus 4720:Mosasaurus 4704:Mosasaurus 4698:Mosasaurus 4679:Antarctica 4675:Mosasaurus 4671:Mosasaurus 4654:Mosasaurus 4639:Mosasaurus 4619:hydrofoils 4607:Mosasaurus 4546:Mosasaurus 4539:bite force 3546:Mosasaurus 2846:Mosasaurus 2802:M. beaugei 2766:Mosasaurus 2758:M. conodon 2746:M. conodon 2724:Mosasaurus 2720:Mosasaurus 2706:Mosasaurus 2698:M. maximus 2684:Mosasaurus 2680:M. conodon 2672:Mosasaurus 2664:M. maximus 2660:M. conodon 2633:M. conodon 2625:Mosasaurus 2621:Mosasaurus 2591:Mosasaurus 2575:Mosasaurus 2571:type genus 2549:Mosasaurus 2517:See also: 2503:M. beaugei 2499:M. conodon 2473:Mosasaurus 2453:M. mokoroa 2445:M. beaugei 2437:M. conodon 2417:Mosasaurus 2409:Mosasaurus 2276:Mosasaurus 2269:Mosasaurus 2261:Mosasaurus 2253:Mosasaurus 2237:M. beaugei 2222:Mosasaurus 2214:Mosasaurus 2194:M. conodon 2182:M. conodon 2178:Mosasaurus 2154:Mosasaurus 2150:Mosasaurus 2096:M. conodon 2092:Mosasaurus 2088:M. beaugei 2080:M. conodon 2063:Mosasaurus 2058:Mosasaurus 2047:M. beaugei 2036:M. beaugei 2020:Mosasaurus 2016:M. beaugei 2008:M. conodon 1996:Mosasaurus 1988:M. conodon 1984:Mosasaurus 1979:Mosasaurus 1923:Mosasaurus 1871:M. conodon 1797:M. conodon 1773:Mosasaurus 1749:M. conodon 1745:M. beaugei 1691:Mosasaurus 1641:Mosasaurus 1613:sea snakes 1611:flippered 1604:Mosasaurus 1538:Mosasaurus 1526:Mosasaurus 1506:Mosasaurus 1495:Mosasaurus 1463:M. beaugei 1444:M. conodon 1428:M. conodon 1385:Mosasaurus 1335:Mosasaurus 1317:New Jersey 1261:Mosasaurus 1214:hoffmannii 1209:added the 1197:" and the 1184:Mosasaurus 1159:extinction 1095:grenadiers 1055:Maastricht 1047:Mosasaurus 1045:The first 1024:Mosasaurus 1010:Mosasaurus 1006:Mosasaurus 1002:Tylosaurus 993:Tylosaurus 982:Mosasaurus 970:Mosasaurus 958:food chain 954:Mosasaurus 949:Mosasaurus 945:Mosasaurus 938:Mosasaurus 914:Mosasaurus 906:Mosasaurus 898:Mosasaurus 883:Mosasaurus 879:Mosasaurus 871:extinction 859:Maastricht 855:Mosasaurus 828:type genus 826:") is the 778:Mosasaurus 761:Cope, 1881 749:M. conodon 657:Cope, 1869 649:Cope, 1869 641:Cope, 1869 633:Cope, 1869 593:Owen, 1840 569:Holl, 1829 521:Cope, 1868 502:Lesticodus 494:Drepanodon 489:Owen, 1849 383:M. mokoroa 357:M. beaugei 325:M. conodon 257:Mosasaurus 217:Mosasauria 34:Mosasaurus 22:Mesosaurus 12812:Kaganaias 12629:Khinjaria 12482:Eonatator 12462:Pluridens 12333:Globidens 12250:Clidastes 12204:Kingdom: 12194:Mosasaurs 12006:130130952 11964:128711108 11914:128711108 11860:128587386 11814:133767014 11760:134265841 11566:131128997 11531:130373116 11492:130444236 11460:Baptornis 11265:130280406 10996:2164/4380 10542:1290-4805 10399:130690035 10313:130644927 10247:128604544 10193:128885087 10140:130190966 10028:Clidastes 9899:: 1–182. 9878:189800203 9730:2292-1389 9669:: e3782. 9637:130559113 9577:162184418 9312:0374-955X 9274:131884448 9183:140596842 9102:129177236 9011:0037-8909 8440:127441579 8337:108526638 8254:New Haven 8212:198418273 8102:0037-8909 7985:Clidastes 7946:421862452 7846:126956543 7773:Geosaurus 7524:164995758 7467:2053-9223 7070:131617632 6742:127523816 6651:Clidastes 6565:M. dekayi 6428:hoffmanni 6412:hoffmanni 6267:tsunamite 6256:Paleocene 6122:from the 5995:ytterbium 5987:neodymium 5928:Globidens 5814:Stratodus 5753:Baptornis 5676:Globidens 5668:Clidastes 5620:Laramidia 5604:Campanian 5560:Stratodus 5491:Globidens 5258:temperate 5167:precocial 5146:Clidastes 5096:arthritis 4927:courtship 4866:nautiloid 4663:Clidastes 4615:mackerels 2853:cladogram 2821:Globidens 2689:Globidens 2676:Clidastes 2629:Clidastes 2492:M. glycys 2451:deposits— 2413:diagnosis 2411:a proper 2399:M. glycys 2111:thecodont 2098:from the 1947:esophagus 1893:processes 1793:Clidastes 1518:phalanges 1479:OCP Group 1393:phosphate 1339:etymology 1326:Clidastes 1290:amphibian 1186:from the 1167:evolution 1075:crocodile 926:diagnosis 840:Campanian 832:mosasaurs 362:Arambourg 263:Conybeare 167:Kingdom: 161:Eukaryota 40:Campanian 12967:BioLib: 12938:Wikidata 12906:Category 12354:Xenodens 12224:Squamata 12218:Reptilia 12212:Chordata 12210:Phylum: 12206:Animalia 12113:27414998 12058:: 73–80. 11583:Archelon 11328:29668704 11288:PLOS ONE 10838:: 53–57. 10810:84662320 10678:83690496 10640:23194069 10632:28656350 10088:26844295 10010:24146919 9970:PLOS ONE 9913:85271610 9832:28467456 9792:PLOS ONE 9695:28929018 9629:41407709 9505:July 16, 9480:24022259 9337:Geo News 8918:29657788 8856:Archived 8852:53574339 8793:85767257 8671:85165085 8663:23014733 8583:20711249 8543:PLOS ONE 7918:: 23–24. 7664:84925439 7596:84158087 7553:22224984 7396:1Limburg 7329:Archived 7280:73707936 7202:86325001 7194:24523386 7018:92749266 6928:88324947 6329:See also 6319:winnowed 6302:reworked 6294:Enchodus 6202:boundary 6042:through 5938:Enchodus 5828:Saurodon 5806:Enchodus 5747:Archelon 5555:Enchodus 5431:Enchodus 5262:subpolar 5250:tropical 5012:nonunion 4966:Diseases 4602:forelimb 2579:Squamata 2553:squamate 2247:, France 2210:rib cage 2192:suggest 2162:thoracic 2068:homodont 1877:(bottom) 1789:foramina 1702:quadrate 1623:through 1542:paleoart 1473:and the 1434:per the 1280:Big Bend 1218:holotype 1201:σαῦρος ( 1125:holotype 510:Baseodon 445:Synonyms 429:Sakurai 223:Family: 201:Squamata 191:Reptilia 181:Chordata 177:Phylum: 171:Animalia 157:Domain: 13035:4945996 13009:1033774 12996:4819769 12983:4518635 12944:Q312131 12222:Order: 12216:Class: 12104:4944614 12083:Bibcode 12046:in situ 11944:Bibcode 11936:Lethaia 11894:Bibcode 11784:Bibcode 11730:Bibcode 11691:Bibcode 11652:Bibcode 11472:Bibcode 11420:Bibcode 11383:Bibcode 11319:5906092 11296:Bibcode 11208:Bibcode 11173:Bibcode 11082:Bibcode 11020:Bibcode 10973:Bibcode 10965:Geology 10931:Bibcode 10790:Bibcode 10736:4660322 10714:Bibcode 10612:Bibcode 10572:Bibcode 10530:Oryctos 10489:Bibcode 10481:Lethaia 10379:Bibcode 10371:PALAIOS 10227:Bibcode 10173:Bibcode 10165:Geology 10118:Bibcode 10079:4737272 10058:Bibcode 10001:3797777 9978:Bibcode 9823:5415187 9800:Bibcode 9686:5602675 9609:Bibcode 9557:Bibcode 9458:Bibcode 9252:Bibcode 9163:Bibcode 9128:Science 9080:Bibcode 9041:Bibcode 8948:Bibcode 8909:5882712 8886:Bibcode 8819:"Giant 8765:Bibcode 8643:Bibcode 8574:2918493 8551:Bibcode 8420:Bibcode 8412:Geobios 8182:Bibcode 8022:1301995 7885:1004839 7576:Bibcode 7174:Bibcode 7106:Bibcode 6908:Bibcode 6834:Bibcode 6773:Bibcode 6634:maximus 6525:in all 6388:Limburg 6315:remanié 6128:Alberta 5465:cratons 5222:Midwest 5177:and/or 5150:pelagic 5116:Geulhem 5083:remodel 5028:fatal. 5004:abscess 4760:Feeding 4527:frontal 4523:cranium 2583:lizards 2569:As the 2449:Pacific 2284:humerus 2280:scapula 2218:sternum 1955:bronchi 1943:trachea 1939:eardrum 1839:maxilla 1801:dentary 1608:derived 1353:κῶνος ( 1343:conodon 1133:Faujas' 1067:Haarlem 849:of the 289:Mantell 249:Genus: 236:Tribe: 197:Order: 187:Class: 135:at the 12970:129293 12285:Liodon 12111: 12101: 12004: 11962: 11912: 11858: 11812: 11758: 11631:: 1–7. 11564: 11529: 11490: 11326: 11316: 11263: 11145: 11117: 10808: 10734: 10676: 10638: 10630: 10540: 10397: 10341: 10311: 10245: 10191: 10138: 10086: 10076: 10008: 9998: 9911: 9876: 9830: 9820: 9766: 9728: 9724:: 42. 9693: 9683: 9635: 9627: 9575: 9478: 9310: 9272: 9181: 9100: 9009: 8916: 8906: 8850: 8791: 8783: 8669: 8661: 8581: 8571: 8438: 8335: 8262:205385 8260: 8210: 8100: 8020: 7944: 7883: 7844: 7723: 7662: 7617:London 7594: 7551: 7522: 7512: 7465: 7278: 7200: 7192: 7068: 7016: 6926: 6740: 6730: 6529:teeth. 6286:Danian 5993:, and 5916:, and 5913:Liodon 5896:M. sp. 5782:, and 5762:, and 5682:, and 5627:Kansas 5418:, and 5334:, and 5260:, and 5230:Levant 4996:callus 3572: 3563: 3552: 3544: 3542: 2865:et al. 2831:, and 2756:, and 2696:, and 2647:, and 2603:, and 2587:snakes 2561:snakes 2497:—with 2463:, and 2443:, and 2288:radius 2188:, and 2123:dentin 2050:palate 1885:palate 1741:et al. 1724:et al. 1666:et al. 1619:, and 1558:London 1292:named 1203:saûros 1171:extant 887:snakes 847:stages 433:, 1999 431:et al. 416:, 1990 414:Wiffen 364:, 1952 348:, 1889 332:, 1881 316:, 1834 314:Harlan 291:, 1829 265:, 1822 13048:36402 13004:IRMNG 12002:S2CID 11960:S2CID 11932:(PDF) 11910:S2CID 11882:(PDF) 11856:S2CID 11810:S2CID 11756:S2CID 11621:(PDF) 11603:(PDF) 11588:(PDF) 11562:S2CID 11527:S2CID 11488:S2CID 11261:S2CID 10828:(PDF) 10806:S2CID 10732:S2CID 10674:S2CID 10636:S2CID 10526:(PDF) 10477:(PDF) 10395:S2CID 10367:(PDF) 10309:S2CID 10243:S2CID 10189:S2CID 10161:(PDF) 10136:S2CID 9909:S2CID 9874:S2CID 9854:(PDF) 9663:PeerJ 9633:S2CID 9625:JSTOR 9573:S2CID 9333:(PDF) 9296:(PDF) 9270:S2CID 9179:S2CID 9098:S2CID 9029:(PDF) 8936:(PDF) 8859:(PDF) 8848:S2CID 8826:(PDF) 8789:S2CID 8785:55929 8781:JSTOR 8667:S2CID 8659:JSTOR 8436:S2CID 8368:(PDF) 8361:Paris 8357:(PDF) 8333:S2CID 8208:S2CID 8018:JSTOR 7881:JSTOR 7842:S2CID 7747:(PDF) 7660:S2CID 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