244:
Federation, its report disappointed the
British government. The Monckton Commission reported widespread and sincere opposition to the Federation in the two northern territories. It considered Federation could not survive without at least a major devolution of powers to Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, giving more voting rights to black Africans and lessening racial discrimination. Most importantly, it also recommended that Britain should retain the right to allow the secession of either northern territory, recognising that black nationalists would not accept even a modified Federation.
17:
282:
Constitution required the votes of two-thirds of the members of the
Federal Assembly and had also to gain the assent of the United Kingdom parliament before becoming law. If the such proposed amendment were objected to by one or more of the territorial Legislatures, the British government could not override that objection if either House of Parliament resolved to accept it.
302:, who only attended the conference with extreme reluctance, walked out on 12 December. The talks also failed to produce a workable constitutional solution for Northern Rhodesia; Banda’s success in the Nyasaland elections of August 1961 made it inevitable that Nyasaland at least would leave the Federation.
230:
The
Commission concluded that the Federation could not be maintained except by force or through massive changes in racial legislation. It advocated a majority of black African members in the Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesian legislatures and giving these territories the option to leave the Federation
297:
It had been agreed between the
British and Federal governments in 1957 that a Federal Review Conference on future of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland would be held in 1960, and this began in London, on 5 December 1960. However, the Federal talks were suspended on 16 December 1960 so that talks
243:
The
Monckton Commission toured the Federation in February 1960. It had been given limited terms of reference and was boycotted by the opposition Labour Party and the black nationalists in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia. As the Commission's composition seemed weighted towards a continuation of the
293:
stated the
British government’s position on the future of the Federation. He accepted that it had no power to intervene in the internal affairs of Southern Rhodesia, but said that Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland remained the British government’s responsibility. Kilmuir also stated that the Act of
239:
was outraged when the report was published, calling it the "death knell of federation" and rejecting it out of hand. Black nationalist opinion was just as opposed, but on different grounds. All nationalists wanted an end to federation, and independence for the territories as black-majority-ruled
281:
of 1953 which made provision for a conference to be held at some time during the period 1960 to 1962 to review the
Federal Constitution. The United Kingdom and Federal Government and the governments of the three constituent territories were to be represented, and any Federal Bill to amend the
268:
was formed in 1959 as the successor to the banned
Nyasaland African Congress, with Banda as leader. Following an overwhelming Malawi Congress Party victory in August 1961 elections, preparations were made for Nyasaland's independence, which was achieved on 6 July 1964 under the name Malawi.
247:
The
British government broadly accepted Monckton's report, and this signaled a withdrawal of support for the Federation and the acceptance of early majority rule for Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia. Accordingly, and despite opposition from
234:
Released in
October 1960, the report advocated sweeping changes to be made to the federal structure, including black African majorities in the Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesian legislatures. The Federal Prime Minister
116:
126:
264:
from detention on 1 April 1960 and immediately began to negotiate with him on Nyasaland's constitutional future. The state of emergency was lifted on 16 June 1960. The
121:
486:
298:
could be held on constitutional developments in two of the three constituent territories. These continued until February 1961, but did not include Nyasaland, as
162:
294:
Parliament that created the Federation expressly reserved to the British parliament the right to make such provision for the Federation’s future as it saw fit.
111:
189:
36:
438:
G H Baxter and P W Hodgens, (1957). The Constitutional Status of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, International Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 4, p. 445
211:
206:
201:
179:
167:
402:
353:
256:, from the Governments of the Federation and of Southern Rhodesia, and from some colleagues in the cabinet, Colonial Secretary
334:
391:
40:
21:
481:
285:
Following the report of the Monckton Commission, which suggested an early conference on the Federal Constitution, the
374:
386:
P Murray, (2005). British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, Part I, Volume 9, pp.lxxiv-v, lxxx.
313:
for Northern Rhodesia that Africans in the northern two territories wanted to leave the Federation, and of
456:
J J B Somerville, (1963). The Central African Federation, International Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 397-8
447:
J J B Somerville, (1963). The Central African Federation, International Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 3, p. 394-5
465:
J J B Somerville, (1963). The Central African Federation, International Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 3, p. 399
249:
33:
Advisory Commission for the Review of the Constitution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
63:
The Commission had 20 members, appointed as representatives of six different interest groups:
265:
253:
8:
83:
491:
184:
16:
387:
370:
278:
99:
48:
44:
138:
39:, in 1960. Its purpose was to investigate and make proposals for the future of the
286:
77:
310:
306:
299:
261:
89:
475:
143:
420:
C Baker, (1997). Nyasaland, 1959: A Police State? Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 23–4.
314:
290:
257:
236:
157:
94:
317:
that the African majority in Southern Rhodesia wanted majority rule.
52:
357:
339:
55:—respectively equivalent to today's Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi.
35:, was set up by the British government under the chairmanship of
272:
429:
J McCracken, (2012) A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, pp. 367–9.
335:"THE MONCKTON COMMISSION REPORT (Hansard, 16 November 1960)"
305:
The conference did little except to make clear the views of
369:
R Blake, (1977). A History of Rhodesia, Knopf P.331.
37:
Walter Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley
487:1960 in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
473:
273:Conference to review the Federal Constitution
43:(or Central African Federation), made up of
277:The Federation was created under a British
225:
15:
474:
354:CENTRAL AFRICA (ADVISORY COMMISSION)
66:
41:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
22:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
13:
14:
503:
459:
450:
340:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
441:
432:
423:
414:
396:
380:
363:
347:
327:
174:Representing Northern Rhodesia
152:Representing Southern Rhodesia
1:
320:
133:Representing the Commonwealth
20:The three territories of the
7:
106:Representing the Federation
10:
508:
482:Constitutional commissions
58:
411:; accessed 21 May 2007.
226:Conclusion of the Report
196:Representing Nyasaland
24:
266:Malawi Congress Party
254:Governor of Nyasaland
163:Geoffrey Ellman-Brown
19:
407:(24 October 1960),
343:. 16 November 1960.
250:Sir Robert Armitage
84:Donald MacGillivray
72:Representing the UK
29:Monckton Commission
404:Collapsing Bastion
309:for Nyasaland and
231:after five years.
185:Lawrence Katilungu
112:Hezekiah Habanyama
25:
392:978-0-11290-586-8
360:24 November 1959.
279:Act of Parliament
222:
221:
190:Wilfred McCleland
100:R. H. W. Shepherd
49:Northern Rhodesia
45:Southern Rhodesia
31:, officially the
499:
466:
463:
457:
454:
448:
445:
439:
436:
430:
427:
421:
418:
412:
400:
394:
384:
378:
367:
361:
351:
345:
344:
331:
237:Sir Roy Welensky
139:Donald Creighton
67:
507:
506:
502:
501:
500:
498:
497:
496:
472:
471:
470:
469:
464:
460:
455:
451:
446:
442:
437:
433:
428:
424:
419:
415:
401:
397:
385:
381:
368:
364:
352:
348:
333:
332:
328:
323:
287:Lord Chancellor
275:
228:
223:
122:Victor Robinson
117:Albert Robinson
86:(vice-chairman)
61:
12:
11:
5:
505:
495:
494:
489:
484:
468:
467:
458:
449:
440:
431:
422:
413:
395:
379:
362:
346:
325:
324:
322:
319:
300:Hastings Banda
274:
271:
262:Hastings Banda
227:
224:
220:
219:
215:
214:
209:
204:
198:
197:
193:
192:
187:
182:
176:
175:
171:
170:
165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
103:
102:
97:
92:
90:Elspeth Huxley
87:
81:
74:
73:
65:
60:
57:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
504:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
477:
462:
453:
444:
435:
426:
417:
410:
409:Time Magazine
406:
405:
399:
393:
389:
383:
376:
375:0-394-48068-6
372:
366:
359:
355:
350:
342:
341:
336:
330:
326:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
295:
292:
288:
283:
280:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
241:
238:
232:
218:
213:
212:Gerald Hadlow
210:
208:
207:Edward Gondwe
205:
203:
202:Henry Chikuse
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Woodrow Cross
178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
145:
144:Frank Menzies
142:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:Robert Taylor
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:Lord Monckton
76:
75:
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
461:
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
408:
403:
398:
382:
365:
349:
338:
329:
315:Joshua Nkomo
304:
296:
291:Lord Kilmuir
284:
276:
258:Iain Macleod
246:
242:
233:
229:
216:
168:Simon Segola
62:
32:
28:
26:
158:Hugh Beadle
95:Daniel Jack
476:Categories
321:References
80:(chairman)
492:Nyasaland
260:released
53:Nyasaland
240:states.
358:Hansard
59:Members
390:
373:
311:Kaunda
252:, the
217:
307:Banda
388:ISBN
371:ISBN
51:and
27:The
478::
356:,
337:.
289:,
47:,
377:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
