Khat - Knowledge

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the Arabs, to whom it is sent in camel loads, consisting of a number of small parcels, each containing about forty slender twigs, with the leaves attached, carefully, wrapped so as to avoid exposure to the air. These leaves are chewed, and act upon the spirits of those using them, much as a strong dose of green tea acts upon us in Europe, when it acts agreeably. Europeans used to stronger stimulants, are little affected by the use of kat, but among the more temperate Arabs it is so welcome a provocative to good humour, that about two hundred and eighty camel-loads of it are used every year in Aden only.

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use, for putting a detailed policing strategy in place before a ban takes effect, or for a health strategy to prevent a transfer of addiction to other substances; and do not commit the Department for International Development to do more work with the government of Kenya to alleviate the effect of the reclassification on the Kenyan economy." However, the amendment was defeated by vote. The prohibition came into effect on 24 June 2014.

2144: 2065: 676: 895: 6914: 646: 987: 1208: 2237:, previously stated that a Conservative government would "Tackle unacceptable cultural practices by", amongst other measures, "classifying Khat". In 2009, the Home Office commissioned two new studies in the effects of khat use and in June 2010, a Home Office spokesperson stated: "The Government is committed to addressing any form of substance misuse and will keep the issue of khat use under close scrutiny". 49: 1536: 247: 2222:

used and the frequency and duration of chewing sessions, and that khat use was typically a social activity. Only a small minority of the study participants' khat use was judged to be excessive. After a careful review of the evidence, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs recommended in January 2006 that the status of khat as a legal substance should remain for the time being.

1356: 1320: 2363: 1959:. A questionnaire with 848 respondents was used. The responses indicated that 48% of Somali males and 16% of females used the narcotic on a monthly basis and that 29% of males and 6% of females used it two times or more a week. Half the respondents had never used khat. The responses indicated that Somalis constituted the great majority of users in Denmark. 5396: 5881: 2451:) material (includes material that is fresh, dried, powdered, capsules or tablets) is prohibited under the Customs (Prohibited Import) Regulations 1956 unless the person importing the material is the holder of both a license to import and a permit to import granted by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 4722: 2313:

undertaken by the national voluntary organisation Fast Forward at the request of the Somali Association in Glasgow in October 2014 suggested that khat continues to be used in both fresh and dried forms by some Somalis in the city, and that the ban has also led some users to seek out other substances.

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commissioned successive research studies to look into the matter, and in 2005, presented the question of khat's legal status before the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. The study concluded that most of the participants who were using khat were using it moderately in terms of both the quantity

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and excitement, similar to that conferred by strong coffee. Individuals become very talkative under the influence of the plant. Animal testing has shown that khat causes an increase in motoric activity. The effects of oral administration of cathinone occur more rapidly than the effects of amphetamine

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It takes seven to eight years for the khat plant to reach its full height. Other than access to sun and water, khat requires little maintenance. Ground water is often pumped from deep wells by diesel engines to irrigate the crops, or brought in by water trucks. The plants are watered heavily starting

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upheld a 2011 absolute discharge of a young woman who brought 34 kilograms of khat into Canada in 2009. According to the defence, the ruling recognises that there is no empirical evidence that khat is harmful. The courts in Quebec and Ontario continued to discharge the accused for bringing khat into

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And one may sleep well if, during the day, too much kat has not been chewed. The leaves of the drug called kat are the chief source of pleasurable excitement in these districts of East Africa. Botanists, taking the native name for the plant, turn it into Catha edulis, eatable kat. It is much used by

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The traditional form of khat chewing in Yemen involves only male users; khat chewing by females is less formal and less frequent. Researchers estimate about 70–80% of Yemenis between 16 and 50 years old chew khat, at least on occasion. Approximately 60–90% of male and 35% of female Yemenis chew khat

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show a high affinity for cathinone, suggesting this chemical is responsible for feelings of euphoria associated with chewing khat. In mice, cathinone produces the same types of nervous pacing or repetitive scratching behaviours associated with amphetamines. The effects of cathinone peak after 15 to

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is not prohibited, but the consumption and distribution of harvested leaves or possession for recreational use is illegal in some countries. In the UAE, the punishment for possession, use, or distribution of khat can include life imprisonment. By contrast, its production, sale, and consumption are

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as a Class C drug. An amendment was proposed stating that, "this House regrets that Her Majesty’s Government’s plans for the introduction of the Order do not include provisions for a 12-month review of the impact of the reclassification of khat in view of the highly unusual community focus of its

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Traditionally, khat is used as a socialising drug as in Yemen, where khat-chewing is predominantly a male habit combined with conversation, hookah smoking, and tea drinking. Khat is so popular in Yemen that its cultivation consumes much of the country's agricultural resources. An estimated 40% of

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Importing khat without a permit is subject to fines or prosecution. In 2003, the total number of khat annual permits was 294 and the total number of individual khat permits was 202 however as of 1 December 2013, permits for the use of khat by individuals for recreational/cultural purposes are no

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In March 2014, the United Kingdom House of Commons' Home Affairs Select Committee announced that it would continue to lobby for the UK government not to go through with its intended ban on khat. The committee had shortly before also completed an inquiry and a report recommending that the British

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and is used in a similar social context. Its fresh leaves and tops are chewed or, less frequently, dried and consumed as tea, to achieve a state of euphoria and stimulation. The leaves or the soft part of the stem can be chewed with either chewing gum or fried peanuts to make it easier to chew.

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When khat leaves dry, the more potent chemical, cathinone, decomposes within 48 hours, leaving behind the milder chemical, cathine. Thus, harvesters transport khat by packaging the fresh leaves and stems in plastic bags or wrapping them in banana leaves to preserve their moisture and keep the

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Khat is legal in Yemen. However, cultivation of the crop and the selling of its leaves are governed by a series of regulations. In 2007, the Yemeni government passed a law that restricted the cultivation of khat in a number of agricultural flatlands and basins with high water stress. The Law

2251:(ACMD) said there was "insufficient evidence" that khat caused health problems. The ACMD said there was "no evidence" khat was directly linked with serious or organised crime, and was chewed to obtain a "mild stimulant effect much less potent than stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine". 2415:"Khat, to include all parts of the plant presently classified botanically as catha edulis, whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; any extract from any part of such plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seed or extracts." 1975:

Khat is classified as an illegal drug in Finland, and possession, use and sale of the substance is prohibited and punishable. As with all illegal drugs, operating a motor vehicle with detectable levels of Khat or its metabolites in one's system can also lead to a conviction for

2309:, but no arrests were made. Additionally, the Somali Resource Centre indicated that the ban seemed to have been effective, and that the prohibition had all but destroyed the import market since the plant has to be fresh in order to be consumed. A consultation with Somalis in 1887:

under federal law number 14 of 1995 on the Countermeasures against Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Schedule No. 4, Part 2(5), provides for the prohibition of the cultivation and possession of khat. The possession and selling of khat may lead to life imprisonment.

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was green. I then queried them on this matter: ‘What benefits are there to be gained from eating these leaves?’ To which they replied, ‘None whatsoever, it’s just another expense for us as we’ve grown accustomed to it’. Those who consume these leaves have to eat lots of

2213:. Studies of the effects of khat use by immigrants on their mental health suggested that there was a need for better research on khat-chewing and its possible link with psychiatric disorders; it also suggested that public discourse on the issue displayed elements of a 2401:, not a drug as categorised by US FDA (United States Food & Drug Administration) and FDA import Alert #66-23 (published date 03/18/2011) states that "Districts may detain, without physical examination, all entries of khat", based on section 801(a) (3) of the 4726: 873:

In countries outside the core area of growth and consumption, khat is sometimes chewed at parties or social functions. It may also be used by farmers and labourers for reducing physical fatigue or hunger, and by drivers and students for improving attention.

309:. Cultivated by farmers, its leaves are sold on the market to be chewed as a recreational stimulant. The world's largest consumers are Eastern Africans, particularly Somalis, and nearby Yemen; with the largest producers/exporters being Ethiopia and Kenya. 1331:

An estimated 5 to 10 million people globally use khat on a daily basis. It is grown principally by communities in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula, where khat-chewing has a long history as a social custom dating back thousands of years.

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In Germany, cathinone is listed as a "non-trafficable substance", which makes the possession, sale and purchase of fresh khat illegal. The derivative cathine, with "norpseudoephedrine" listed as an alternate name, is only available on prescription.

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into Danish society, while one in three users stated the same. Responses indicated that two out of three considered khat to be part of Somali culture, although two in three also stated that they agree that khat should be banned in Denmark.

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leaves, which need certain condiments to go with them, these leaves were just stuffed fully into the mouth and munched. Thus when people gathered around, the remnants from these leaves would pile up in front of them. When they spat, their

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and norepinephrine has been demonstrated in lab animals, showing that one or both of these chemicals cause(s) the body to recycle these neurotransmitters more slowly, resulting in the wakefulness and insomnia associated with khat use.

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substance that possesses a similar chemical structure to the khat plant's cathinone active component. However, both the side effects and the addictive properties of methcathinone are much stronger than those associated with khat use.

1223:-type substance isolated from the plant. However, the attribution was disputed by reports showing the plant extracts from fresh leaves contained another substance more behaviourally active than cathine. In 1975, the related alkaloid 2296:

reported that most khat houses in the city had closed down, "forcing users to take the drug in their homes instead". The local police had initially not sought to enforce the ban, giving users a grace period, but according to the

804:. In recent years, however, improved roads, off-road motor vehicles, and air transportation have increased the global distribution of this perishable commodity and, as a result, the plant has been found in places such Australia, 2432:

In Australia, the importation of khat is controlled under the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956. It is illegal to import khat into Australia for personal use. Khat can be imported only for medical or scientific use.

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In August 2010 the Icelandic police intercepted khat smuggling for the first time. 37 kg were confiscated. The drugs were most likely intended for sale in Canada. Again in May 2011 the police intercepted around 60 kg.

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or tree that typically attains a height of 1–5 meters (3 feet 3 inches – 16 feet 5 inches). However, it can reach heights of up to 10 m (33 ft) in equatorial areas. The plant usually grows in

333:. Among communities from the areas where the plant is native, khat-chewing has historical relevance (as a social custom, especially among men) dating back thousands of years, analogous—but slightly different—to the use of 865:

per hectare, while fruits brought only 0.57 million rials per hectare. Between 1970 and 2000, the area on which khat was cultivated was estimated to have grown from 8,000 to 103,000 hectares. In 2000, according to a

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goes towards irrigating it, with production increasing by about 10% to 15% every year. One "daily bag" of khat requires an estimated 500 litres (130 US gal) of water to produce. Water consumption is high and

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One reason for the widespread cultivation of khat in Yemen is the high income that it provides for farmers. Some studies done in 2001 estimated that the income from cultivating khat was about 2.5 million

1665:(less than tobacco or alcohol), although the WHO does not consider khat to be seriously addictive. It is a controlled or illegal substance in some countries, but is legal for sale and production in others. 1278:

When the khat leaves are chewed, cathine and cathinone are released and absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth as well as the lining of the stomach. The action of cathine and cathinone on the

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Khat was made illegal in the UK on 24 June 2014. Concerns had been expressed by commentators, health professionals and community members about the use of khat in the UK, particularly by immigrants from

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around a month before they are harvested to make the leaves and stems soft and moist. A good khat plant can be harvested four times a year, providing a year-long source of income for the farmer.

1633:, the Qāt Commission of Inquiry in Aden concluded: "Qāt does not create an addiction, like opium or hashish, in that those who are suddenly deprived of it, do not suffer physical consequences." 1896:

Khat is classified as a narcotic drug in Vietnam. The illegal cultivation, possession and distribution of khat are criminally prosecuted. The use of khat may lead to mandatory rehabilitation.

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with respect to khat, confirming the view that the abuse of this substance is a regional problem and may best be controlled at that level." For this reason, khat was not scheduled under the

2343:. Possession of khat for personal use is not an arraignable offence in Canada. The maximum punishment for trafficking or possession with the intent of trafficking is ten years in prison. 2025:

Khat is inserted in the Table I of the Italian official list of psychoactive drugs under the name "Catha edulis pianta" (English: "Catha edulis plant") and thus possession is forbidden.

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On 12 May 2014, the House of Lords passed a Motion to Approve the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Designation)(Amendment) (No. 2)(England, Wales and Scotland) Order 2014, in order to control

464:, only the consumption of the plant's leaves in its natural state is permitted, “khat extracts” are illegal, because they became a street drug and were popularly abused in the 2000s. 2737: 5911: 3483: 2017:

Khat is a controlled drug for the purpose of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 and Schedule 1 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1988. As such its possession and supply is prohibited.

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Gat is legal in Israel as long as it is consumed in its natural form, but the distillation of its components is illegal. Some use the plant as a hedge since it is an evergreen.

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Khat is mainly chewed by men, but there are cases of its use by women, and in particular it has been associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes during pregnancy.

4636: 4282: 2390:(khat). The young leaves of khat are chewed for a stimulant effect. Enactment of this rule results in the placement of any material that contains cathinone into Schedule I." 1843:

As of June 2012, the Israeli anti-drug authority announced that beverages containing Khat are considered illegal as per the dangerous drug ordinance of the state of Israel.

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launched the Khat Research Program (KRP), a multidisciplinary research and training program focusing on the neurobehavioral and health effects of khat, led by Prof. Dr.

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In South America, there is no legislation regarding khat; the active ingredients in the plant can be found in several weight control compounds sold in the continent.

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decided against qualifying the unprocessed plant as drugs after consultation with experts. However, on 9 January 2012 the Dutch government announced a ban on khat.

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As federal and local khat raids have often targeted immigrants from countries where khat is legal, issues of cultural misunderstanding have sometimes been raised.

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In 2017, 5815 kg of khat was discovered by customs officials in Frankfurt. In June 2018, 324 kg of khat was discovered in packages from East Africa.

4114:"Cathine, an amphetamine-related compound, acts on mammalian spermatozoa via beta1- and alpha2A-adrenergic receptors in a capacitation state-dependent manner" 5671: 4886: 2883:

Manghi, Rita Annoni; Broers, Barbara; Khan, Riaz; Benguettat, Djamel; Khazaal, Yasser; Zullino, Daniele Fabio (2009). "Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic".

1492:. There is a type of leaf, rather wide and about two fingers in length, which is widely sold, as people would consume these leaves just as they are; unlike 3455: 2272:, looked into the use of the substance and the potential impact of the ban for BBC nightly current affairs programme Newsnight and for a Vice documentary. 1962:

The report also investigated attitudes towards khat use among Somalis in Denmark. In total, two out of three respondents stated that khat is a problem for

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It is unclear if the consumption of khat directly affects the mental health of the user or not. Occasionally, a psychotic episode can result, resembling a

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Nutt, D.; King, L.A.; Saulsbury, C.; Blakemore, Colin (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse".

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in 1990, khat chewing was largely confined to the north-west mountains of the country, where khat grows. Yemenis spend an estimated 14.6 million

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longer issued. There are currently no plans by the Australian Government to amend the regulations to allow the importation of khat for personal use.

905: 5576: 375:(thus not be a specifically controlled substance), but its recreational use may, nevertheless, be illegal under more general laws. It is strictly a 4609: 857:

basin are diminishing, so government officials have proposed relocating large portions of the population of the city to the Red Sea coastal areas.

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Al-Motarreb, A. L.; Broadley, K. J. (October–December 2003). "Coronary and aortic vasoconstriction by cathinone, the active constituent of khat".

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Nutt, D; King, LA; Saulsbury, W; Blakemore, C (24 March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse".

7383: 7173: 6063: 5486: 2738:"Khat Chewing in Yemen: Turning over a New Leaf: Khat Chewing Is on the Rise in Yemen, Raising Concerns about the Health and Social Consequences" 2233:

stated that a future Conservative government would ban khat. The website of the Conservative Party, which in 2010 became the larger party in a

6163: 7290: 7212: 4859:"Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika (Laws of the Republic Indonesia Number 35 Year 2009 About Narcotics)" 6676: 7450: 5348: 2775: 2244:, the Conservative Member of Parliament for Milton Keynes, stated that the importation of Khat into the UK stands at 10 tonnes every week. 2241: 1919: 5915: 4672: 6940: 6419: 4858: 3623:

Peter, Kalix (1983), "The Pharmacology of Khat and of the Khat Alkaloid Cathinone", in Randrianame, M.; Szendrei, K.; Tongue, A. (eds.),

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as well as tropical areas, where it grows on rocky outcrops and in woodlands. The shrub is, today, scattered but still found wild in the

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Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in

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Warfa, N.; Klein, A.; Bhui, K.; Leavey, G.; Craig, T.; Alfred Stansfeld, S. (2007). "Khat use and mental illness: A critical review".

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Ahmed, M.B.; El-Qirbi, A.B. (August 1993). "Biochemical effects of Catha edulis, cathine and cathinone on adrenocortical functions".

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Weight of khat (in kg) confiscated by Norwegian Customs Service 2009-present. The number of confiscations was about 200–350 per year.

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cathinone potent. It is also common for them to sprinkle the plant with water frequently or use refrigeration during transportation.

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effects of the drug, which are also reflected in increased heart rate and blood pressure. Long-term use can precipitate permanent

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was outlawed. The plant itself is allowed to be chewed and sold in its natural state, as no harm was found in normal quantities.

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state in presentation. In humans, its prolonged consumption creates an uplifted mood and a sense of release from time and space.

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Randrianame, Maurice; Shahandeh, B.; Szendrei, Kalman; Tongue, Archer; International Council on Alcohol and Addictions (1983).

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also described the custom of khat chewing in the Horn region and the adjacent Gulf territories, likening it to drinking strong

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Hommel, Bernhard; Bajo, Maria Teresa; Van Den Wildenberg, Wery P. M.; Ruiz, Manuel J.; Colzato, Lorenza S. (12 January 2011).

3522: 1814:). The process of chewing the Gat can take up to several hours. Some chew the Gat in a gathering which is called "takhazina" ( 7540: 7490: 6872: 6851: 6830: 6808: 6790: 6769: 6748: 6456: 5686: 5599: 5272: 5125: 5059: 4975: 4831: 4502: 4389: 4344: 4292: 3908: 3504: 3151: 3081: 428:

all fully legal—or not mentioned in a legal context at all—in the nations where its use is culturally significant, including

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regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Khat was ranked 17th in dependence, 20th in physical harm, and 20th in social harm.

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Madar, Zecharia (2018), "The Khat Phenomenon in Yemen, and the Dangers it Poses", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.),

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Khat is legal in Kenya. However, two of its active components, cathinone and cathine, are classed as Class C substances.

1654: 1258:. In fact, cathinone and cathine have a very similar molecular structure to amphetamine. Khat is sometimes confused with 264: 6217: 5076: 5168: 3383: 7465: 5198: 4814:"There are many drugs that help people get out of their minds yet stay within the law – they're called 'legal highs'" 1741:

Miraa is legal in Uganda but efforts are underway (as of October 2015) to ban it.Khat has now been banned in Uganda.

824:. and the United States. In the US, freshly-packed khat leaves are sold in the African and Middle Eastern markets of 5464: 1434: 924: 7217: 4456:

Ché-Ross, Raimy (2000). "Munshi Abdullah's voyage to Mecca: A preliminary introduction and annotated translation".

966: 6108:"Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2014 – Motion to Approve: 12 May 2014: House of Lords debates" 5692: 4890: 7370: 7160: 6699: 4094: 2379: 2367: 938: 4813: 2217:. Some Somali community organisations also campaigned for khat to be banned. As a result of these concerns, the 7525: 4912: 3324: 1923: 768:

Although the practice of khat-chewing is still primarily restricted to its original area of cultivation in the

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in its endemic regions of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula. In South Africa, the plant is known as

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The legality of khat varies by region and country; in many territories, khat might pass “under-the-radar” as a

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per day chewing khat. Researchers have also estimated that families spend about 17% of their income on khat.

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In 2008, Canadian authorities reported that khat is the most common illegal drug being smuggled at airports.

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and the National Institute for Drug Abuse of the United States. The inaugural event for the KRP was held in

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Khat is listed as a Schedule 2 dangerous drug in Queensland, in the same category as cannabis. Legality in

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area (present day eastern Ethiopia) and subsequently introduced at different times to countries nearby in

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Bentur, Y.; Bloom-Krasik, A.; Raikhlin-Eisenkraft, B. (2008). "Illicit cathinone ("Hagigat") poisoning".

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drug and is illegal to use, sell and possess. Most users are Somali immigrants and khat is smuggled from

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Giannini, A.J.; Castellani, S. (July 1982). "A manic-like psychosis due to khat (Catha edulis Forsk.)".

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daily, and it would sell for £3 per bundle. After the ban, it was reportedly selling at £30 per bundle.

1625:. The plant is mostly used by East Africans and South West Arabians, rarely by people from other places. 1327:

dividing khat into bunches for guests in preparation for a long evening of tea, conversation and chewing

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In Ethiopia, khat is chewed by 19.5% of the population and is more commonly chewed by men than women.

952: 7530: 7510: 7495: 7485: 5761: 4235: 2938: 1642: 913: 357: 2982: 2686: 2156: 2077: 2041:, are qualified as hard drugs and forbidden. Use is mostly limited to the Somali community. In 2008 7500: 6347: 5756: 2555:

either from impaired insight into symptoms by the khat chewer, delay to care, or poorly understood

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The drug was prohibited in Sweden in 1989, without research. In 2007, it was estimated that 30% of

2172: 1872: 1477: 688: 365: 5032: 4704: 4236:"Epidemiology of Khat ( Catha edulis ) Chewing in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis" 92: 7515: 7269: 7108: 7061: 6680: 6472: 6015: 5645: 5164: 2537: 2483: 2350: 2305:. Additionally, in September 2014 the police had seized 24 bags of dried khat from a property in 2226: 2168: 1952: 1922:. Khat is much more water-intensive to grow than other crops. It has also played a major role in 1195: 934: 909: 878: 6090:"The Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England, Wales and Scotland) Order 2014" 5646:"The Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England, Wales and Scotland) Order 2014" 5352: 3202:. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013. Archived from 2603: 691:

that are 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) in length. Each flower is small, with five white petals.

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environments, at a temperature range of 5–35 degrees Celsius (41–95 degrees Fahrenheit). It has

7535: 7455: 7388: 7178: 7095: 7014: 6976: 6446: 5249:[Frankfurt Customs Office: 324 kilos of khat secured by Customs at Frankfurt am Main]. 4494:

Herbal Medicine in Yemen: Traditional Knowledge and Practice, and Their Value for Today's World

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Norwegian Customs seized 10 metric tons of khat in 2010, an increase from less than 4 in 2006.

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Giannini, A.J.; Burge, H.; Shaheen, J.M.; Price, W.A. (1986). "Khat: another drug of abuse?".

3768: 3744:"The effects of khat use during pregnancy on perinatal and maternal outcomes: a meta-analysis" 2963: 2419:

In California, both the plant itself as well as cathinone, its active component, are illegal.

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announced that khat was to be banned in Britain, designating it a Class C substance under the

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native to eastern and southeastern Africa. It has a history of cultivation originating in the

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You observed a new peculiarity in this city – everyone chewed leaves as goats chew the

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Kenyan MPs appealed to the UK not to "condemn people" by banning the herbal stimulant khat

1884: 1822:). The Gat is grown traditionally in private gardens, but it may be found in some markets. 1686: 1662: 1300: 408: 376: 5563:"Uredba o razvrstitvi prepovedanih drog (Uradni list RS, št. 45/14, 22/16, 14/17 in 4/19)" 5562: 5246: 5001:"Nghị định số 57/2022/NĐ-CP của Chính phủ: Quy định các danh mục chất ma túy và tiền chất" 4191:

Balint, Erica E.; Falkay, George; Balint, Gabor A. (2009). "Khat: a Controversial Plant".

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Alex Miller, a journalist from the Montreal, Canada-based magazine and television channel

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is red, coolant, relieves biliousness, and is a refrigerant for the stomach and the liver.

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had recently started to take action against khat use and had issued three warnings and a

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30 minutes, with nearly 98% of the substance metabolised into norephedrine by the liver.

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Pharmakodynamis: Stimulating Plants, Potions and Herbcraft: Excitantia and Empathogenica

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In Poland, khat is a classified narcotic drug, and is illegal to use, sell and possess.

1832:, began to be sold in kiosks in Israel. Following several cases of hospitalisation, the 7316: 5003:[Government Decree No. 57/2022/NĐ-CP on the Lists of narcotics and precursors] 4794: 4749: 4473: 4438: 4216: 3963: 3938: 3827: 3800: 3781: 3664: 3639: 3575: 3012: 2908: 2825: 2762: 2556: 2487: 2462:

In New Zealand, khat is listed as a Class C drug, in the same category as cannabis and

1963: 1956: 1337: 1029: 1009: 746: 87: 7295: 6265: 3640:"Khat use and appetite: An overview and comparison of amphetamine, khat and cathinone" 3563: 2813: 2382:

rule placing cathinone in Schedule I noted that it was effectively also banning khat:

7409: 7238: 7043: 6868: 6847: 6826: 6804: 6786: 6765: 6744: 6737: 6452: 5737: 5682: 5055: 4786: 4690: 4498: 4477: 4430: 4395: 4385: 4340: 4288: 4263: 4255: 4208: 4170: 4166: 4153:

Giannini, A. J.; Miller, N. S.; Turner, C. E. (1992). "Treatment of khat addiction".

4135: 4076: 4072: 3968: 3867: 3863: 3832: 3785: 3773: 3724: 3669: 3603: 3567: 3304: 3250: 3147: 3077: 2900: 2817: 2767: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2181: 2108: 1911:

Concerning the General Sales Tax in 2005 also set the tax rate on khat at 20% of its

1630: 1622: 1602: 1601:, despite its native grounds it is only legal in one of the several countries of the 1594: 1392: 722: 234: 6822:

Leaf of Allah: Khat & Agricultural Transformation in Harerge, Ethiopia 1875–1991

6360: 5733: 4798: 4220: 2928:– Newspaper of the Vegetable Growers Association, Issue 230, Tel-Aviv (March 2011). 2912: 2580: 1469:

It is mentioned again in a 13th-century publication by the physician Naguib Ad-Din.

1013:

pills; roughly 15 minutes as compared to 30 minutes in amphetamine. Khat can induce

368:, although the WHO does not consider khat addiction to be a serious global problem. 230: 7321: 6037: 5938:"Khat: A review of its potential harms to the individual and communities in the UK" 5729: 4778: 4465: 4442: 4426: 4422: 4247: 4200: 4162: 4125: 4068: 4014: 3958: 3950: 3859: 3822: 3812: 3763: 3755: 3742:

Yitayih, Y.; Vanderplasschen, W.; Vandewalle, S.; Rita, V. D.; Gilbert, L. (2023).

3716: 3659: 3651: 3579: 3559: 2896: 2892: 2856: 2829: 2809: 2757: 2749: 2652: 2598: 2319: 2184:

were using khat. Smuggling seizures by police amounted to about 9 tonnes annually.

1905: 1782:. Traffickers can face a penalty up to HK$ 5 million as well as life imprisonment. 1442: 1400: 1131: 575: 7048: 6555: 4835: 4251: 3912: 2354:

Canada for the same reason (no evidence of harmfulness of khat) in 2014 and 2016.

2152: 2073: 959: 7348: 7225: 7025: 6895: 6862: 6841: 6820: 6780: 6759: 3488: 3171: 2441: 2306: 2269: 1815: 1807: 1519: 1438: 1037: 773: 547: 539: 342: 302: 290: 254: 130: 4637:"Miraa farmers seek Uhuru's help to open Uganda, Tanzania markets for stimulant" 4595: 2626:"Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" 7251: 5221:"Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz - BtMG)" 4308: 4234:

Ayano, Getinet; Ayalew, Mohammed; Bedaso, Asres; Duko, Bereket (January 2024).

3909:"British-Yemeni Society: The impact of khat-chewing on health: a re-evaluation" 3759: 3416:(in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Alafif Cultural Foundation. 2003. pp. 2309–14. 3388: 3303:, Rachel Yedid & Danny Bar-Maoz (ed.), E'ele BeTamar: Rehovot 2018, p. 144 3074:

The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications

2495: 2315: 2302: 1598: 1430: 1384: 1372: 1255: 1220: 1155: 718: 706: 695: 662: 559: 473: 412: 388: 117: 6011: 5954: 4782: 4204: 3720: 3655: 3627:, Lausanne, Switzerland: Intl. Council on Drug and Addictions, pp. 140–43 3607: 3224: 2405:

on the grounds that "its labeling fails to bear adequate directions for use."

920: 7444: 7199: 6999: 5247:"HZA-F: 324 Kilo Khat vom Zoll am Flughafen Frankfurt am Main sichergestellt" 4490: 4399: 4259: 3817: 3527: 3460: 3299:

Zecharia Madar, "The Khat Phenomenon in Yemen and the Dangers it Poses", in:

2664: 2589: 2318:

reported in September 2014 that before the ban, 20 tonnes of khat arrived at

2230: 1799: 1658: 1539: 1308: 1259: 1248: 1018: 1001: 837: 777: 750: 698:

fruit is an oblong, three-valved capsule, which contains one to three seeds.

461: 416: 361: 338: 294: 186: 77: 72: 5598:

David M. Anderson and Neil C. M. Carrier, University of Oxford (July 2011).

4130: 4113: 3743: 7308: 6882: 5741: 4790: 4754: 4267: 4212: 4139: 3972: 3871: 3836: 3777: 3673: 3571: 3308: 2904: 2821: 2771: 2640: 2515: 2292: 1618: 1232: 1045: 1025: 817: 793: 785: 781: 404: 286: 176: 7230: 7035: 6961: 5160:

Brug af khat blandt dansk-somaliere – undersøgelse af omfang og holdninger

4705:"Hong Kong Customs seizes suspected ketamine and khat leaves (with photo)" 4434: 4174: 4080: 4034: 3954: 3728: 2753: 2672: 2374:

In the United States, cathinone is a Schedule I drug, according to the US

7147: 7008: 6156:"Khat in Bristol: Banned drug's still here – it's just moved underground" 5986: 5968: 5795: 5610: 4336:

The Khat Conundrum in Ethiopia Socioeconomic Impact and Policy Directions

2258: 2218: 2214: 1803: 1610: 1554: 1481: 1284: 1251: 1177: 862: 850: 833: 762: 758: 400: 298: 226: 166: 5584:. Polismyndigheten / Nationella operativa avdelningen. 2016. p. 44. 4019: 4002: 3016: 3000: 2943: 2861: 2844: 2240:

During a parliamentary debate on the legality issue on 11 January 2012,

1215:

The stimulant effect of the plant was originally attributed to "katin",

7126: 5505:"Official statistics from the Norwegian Customs and Excise Authorities" 4360:"Khat in the Western Indian Ocean – Regional Linkages and Disjunctures" 3638:

Lemieux, Andrine M.; Li, Bingshuo; al'Absi, Mustafa (3 February 2015).

2314:

The ban has reportedly served to increase the price of khat in the UK.

1755: 1578: 1244: 923:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

867: 801: 789: 711: 350: 7152: 6486: 4469: 4098: 3885: 3693: 3301:

Ascending the Palm Tree – An Anthology of the Yemenite Jewish Heritage

2192:

In Switzerland, khat is illegal. It is classified as a narcotic drug.

2151:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

2072:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

7082: 6735:

Anderson, David; Beckerleg, Susan; Hailu, Degol; Klein, Axel (2007).

4768: 3985: 3600:

Ascending the Palm Tree: An Anthology of the Yemenite Jewish Heritage

3505:"For Yemen Child Soldiers, a Refuge Mixes Play with Saudi Propaganda" 2339:(CDSA), meaning it is illegal to seek or obtain unless approved by a 2038: 1868: 1829: 1779: 1523: 1450: 1324: 1304: 1292: 1224: 1171: 1120: 1060: 1053: 1033: 854: 805: 666: 380: 346: 326: 322: 317: 6970: 4359: 3801:"Long-term effects of chronic khat use: impaired inhibitory control" 3741: 1299:

Cathine is somewhat less understood, being believed to act upon the

881:

have been chewing khat in order to remain alert on the battlefield.

7342: 7303: 6993: 6361:"Erowid Khat Vault : Law : Federal Register vol 58, no 9" 3484:"Yemen crisis: Meet the child soldiers who have forsaken books for" 3355: 2335:

In Canada, khat is a controlled substance under Schedule IV of the

2210: 2094: 2045: 1566: 1562: 1547: 1473: 1426: 1341: 1280: 1098: 797: 433: 429: 330: 313: 143: 7375: 7165: 7087: 6893: 1416:

The earliest known documented description of khat is found in the

7056: 6761:

Ethnic Identity and Development: Khat and Social Change in Africa

5632:"Loi fédérale sur les stupéfiants et les substances psychotropes" 5578:

Drogsituationen Lägesbild i Sverige 2013–2016 / Dnr ANA 2016- 271

2463: 2310: 2202: 2034: 1948: 1790:

In Taiwan, khat is illegal. It is classified as a narcotic drug.

1574: 1216: 809: 769: 675: 645: 567: 551: 441: 372: 3932: 3930: 3798: 2524:, a herb used for elaboration of cocaine and traditional chewing 1649:

noted, "The Committee was pleased to note the resolution of the

1375:

were the first to be recorded using khat in the 14th century by

1303:

causing the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. It has a

717:

Khat has been grown for use as a stimulant for centuries in the

7074: 6864:

Drug Effects: Khat in Biocultural and Socioeconomic Perspective

6654: 6556:"Associate Professor Heather Douglas, University of Queensland" 6326: 1614: 1582: 1558: 1498: 1406: 1049: 829: 825: 813: 742: 734: 726: 527: 457: 449: 420: 396: 384: 156: 48: 1918:

The widespread cultivation of khat in Yemen has exacerbated a

1207: 6600:"Khat: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning" 6512:"Import restrictions: Kava and Khat | Office of Drug Control" 5033:"Luật số 73/2021/QH14 của Quốc hội: Luật Phòng, chống ma túy" 3927: 3274:"Concerns over African methamphetamine-like drug in Hamilton" 2499: 2397:(khat) is a stimulant similar to that of amphetamine and its 2206: 1767: 1606: 1586: 1570: 1543: 1510:, for they would fall ill otherwise. The leaves are known as 1507: 1493: 1461:

is reddish with a slight blackish tinge. It is believed that

1388: 1364: 1360: 1311:

can reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms within 24 hours.

1189: 1115: 1041: 1014: 821: 754: 753:, and in some parts of the western region of the country. In 657: 650: 453: 445: 437: 392: 306: 104: 6812: 6385:(Press release). Food and Drug Administration. 18 March 2011 6186:"Consultation on khat use within Glasgow's Somali community" 2386:"Cathinone is the major psychoactive component of the plant 1535: 6944:

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

6734: 5943:. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 23 January 2013. 5672:"Khat and the creation of tradition in the Somali diaspora" 5054:. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 260, 335–36. 2572: 2521: 1806:. The activity of chewing its leaves is called "lekhazen" ( 1503: 1387:

specifically Ethiopia-Somali area, from there it spread to

1376: 772:

area, the khat plant has, over the years, found its way to

669: 379:

in many regions, often at the highest degree, including in

334: 6451:. San Clemente: LawTech Publishing Group. pp. 3940–. 4521:. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Archived from 4491:

Ingrid Hehmeyer; Hannelore Schönig; Hanne Schönig (2012).

3549: 2882: 2799: 2362: 1453:. It is sour to taste and slenderly made in the manner of 1355: 1319: 4832:"חדשות - בארץ NRG - הסוף למיץ גת: המשקה הפופולרי לא חוקי" 4412: 1489: 1409:

in the surrounding areas also used it to intensify their

6444: 6420:"Section 195-017 Substances, how placed in schedules-li" 5783:

Patel, Shilpa L.; Wright, Sam; Gammampila, Alex (2005).

5600:"Khat: Social harms and legislation A literature review" 1988:

Khat is prohibited in France as a stimulant since 1957.

1445:. Unaware of its origins, al-Bīrūnī wrote that khat is: 1036:) are prominent during khat consumption, reflecting the 6130:"Denied: Kenya won't be allowed to sell khat in the UK" 6064:"UK legislators to press for lifting ban on Miraa Read" 5776: 4948:. The State of the United Arab Emirates. Archived from 1480:

noted that the custom of chewing khat was prevalent in

1021:, similar in effects to those produced by amphetamine. 518:

The khat plant is known by a variety of names, such as

6813:

Link to the table of contents and to selected chapters

4937:

Ministry of the Interior, Department of Drug Control.

4579:

Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 2007

1645:(WHO) Expert Committee on Dependence-producing Drugs' 6739:

The Khat Controversy: Stimulating the Debate on Drugs

5782: 5019:"Luật số 100/2015/QH13 của Quốc hội: Bộ Luật Hình sự" 4233: 3907:

Hassan, Nageeb; Gunaid, Abdullah; Murray-Lyon, Iain.

2411:

The plant itself is specifically banned in Missouri:

1609:. The plant however is widely available and legal in 870:

estimate, khat accounted for 30% of Yemen's economy.

6951: 5987:"Khat: What impact will UK herb stimulant ban have?" 5719: 5052:

Politics of Qat – The Role of a Drug in Ruling Yemen

4936: 4376:

Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (2001).

4152: 4111: 3637: 2687:"Khat is big business in Ethiopia – DW – 07/10/2019" 2033:

In the Netherlands, the active ingredients of khat,

1798:

Khat, called "Gat" in Israel, is consumed mainly by

6801:

Politics of Qat: The Role of a Drug in Ruling Yemen

6242:. Laws.justice.gc.ca. 29 March 2010. Archived from 6218:"Joining the police crack-down on banned drug khat" 4484: 3906: 3849: 2127:Khat is classified as an illegal drug in Slovenia. 1589:. The author Yousif Al Zarouni writes in his book: 1395:. According to nineteenth century British explorer 1044:darkening (of a greenish tinge), susceptibility to 737:, it is grown in the central region, especially in 687:The shrub's flowers are produced on short axillary 605:It also goes by various descriptive names, such as 325:which causes greater sociability, excitement, mild 6952:Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). 6736: 5757:"More Somali migrants say Britain should ban khat" 5301:"Tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope" 4190: 3706: 3265: 1980:, even if the driver does not appear intoxicated. 6966:. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 6897:The health and socio-economic aspects of khat use 6406:DEA's Khat Sting Stirs Up Somali "Cultural Clash" 4673:"Who runs the khat smuggling ring in Bangladesh?" 4112:Adeoya-Osiguwa, S.A.; Fraser, L.R. (March 2007). 2578: 7442: 6700:"Somali Islamists are gone – so 'khat' is back!" 5681:. Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing. pp. 51–61. 4976:"65-year-old Emirati serving life for using qat" 4868:(in Indonesian). 27 October 2009. Archived from 4362:Neil Carrier et Lisa Gezon, 42–43 | 2009 : 4284:Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia 3888:. Alcohol and Drug Foundation. 20 September 2006 3625:The Health and Socioeconomic Aspects of Khat Use 1629:Following a ban on khat in the British-governed 6191:. Fast Forward. 19 January 2015. Archived from 6100: 5785:"Khat use among Somalis in four English cities" 4750:"Drugs and dance as Israelis blot out intifada" 3937:Mateen, F. J.; Cascino, G. D. (November 2010). 3067: 3065: 2107:In 2016, Oslo municipality estimated 50–70% of 1307:of about three hours in humans. The medication 1174:in extreme cases in the genetically predisposed 6293:"Woman who brought khat to Canada wins appeal" 4691:"Visitors Please Do Not Carry Khat into China" 4646:. The Daily nation. p. 24. Archived from 4541:Legal status of khat in selected jurisdictions 2502:, in December, 2009 in collaboration with the 1836:classified cathinone as a dangerous drug, and 919:Please review the contents of the section and 877:More recently, in 2019, reports indicate that 586:is (in some areas) cultivated, it is known as 6473:Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956 6422:. Moga.mo.gov. 28 August 2009. Archived from 5120: 5118: 5102:"Druglijn – Wat is khat? Veelgestelde vragen" 4812:Doward, Jamie; Shah, Oliver (26 April 2009). 4634: 4058: 3936: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3146:(First ed.). London: Yousif Al Zarouni. 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 2843:Cox, Glenice; Rampes, Hagen (November 2003). 1939:Khat has been illegal in Belgium since 2006. 1657:. In 1980, the WHO classified the plant as a 1413:and to facilitate a sense of union with God. 1202: 6627:(Press release). Med.umn.edu. Archived from 6625:"al'Absi Launches the Khat Research Program" 6056: 5638: 4375: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3062: 3011:(2). Institute of Ethiopian Studies: 13–23. 2968:Household Words: A Weekly Journal, Volume 14 2279:authorities refrain from banning the plant. 1828:In 2003, Hagigat, a pill based on extracted 1420: 6782:Kenyan Khat: The Social Life of a Stimulant 6132:. The Citizen. 13 June 2014. Archived from 5677:. In Fountain, Jane; Korf, Dirk J. (eds.). 5507:(in Norwegian). 1 June 2011. Archived from 5273:"Hald lagt á fíkniefnið Khat í fyrsta sinn" 5094: 4280: 3502: 3408: 3406: 2604:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34617A9878762.en 6843:Taking the Place of Food: Khat in Ethiopia 6722: 6438: 6122: 5914:. Hansard. 11 January 2012. Archived from 5882:"Call for new controls on legal drug khat" 5223:[Law on trafficking in narcotics] 5115: 4973: 4811: 3996: 3994: 3709:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 3586: 3503:Kirkpatrick, David D. (22 February 2019). 3351:"Yemen: Legal High Is 'Fueling Extremism'" 3141: 2735: 1383:. The khat plant likely originated in the 725:. There, chewing khat predates the use of 66: 47: 6757: 5715: 5713: 5665: 5663: 4581:, Volume 1, (Thomson Gale: 2006), p. 545. 4571: 4186: 4184: 4129: 4018: 3962: 3826: 3816: 3767: 3735: 3691: 3663: 3090: 2860: 2842: 2761: 2742:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2602: 2528:List of Southern African indigenous trees 2504:International Brain Research Organization 6232: 6148: 6004: 4946:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 4747: 4455: 4332: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3618: 3616: 3403: 3348: 3318: 3316: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2361: 1778:Khat is regarded as a dangerous drug in 1685: 1553:Nowadays khat consumption is limited to 1534: 1354: 1318: 1206: 995: 705: 674: 644: 6881: 6839: 6825:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. 6818: 6778: 6697: 5955:"Written statement to Parliament: Khat" 5679:Drugs in Society: European Perspectives 5167:. 2009. pp. 1–3, 6. Archived from 4333:Admassie, Yeraswork (5 November 2018). 3991: 3602:, Rehovot: E'ele BeTamar, p. 147, 3381: 3191: 3189: 3049:United States Department of Agriculture 3040:Germplasm Resources Information Network 2961: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2249:Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs 1878: 1069: 710:Khat cultivation in western Yemen near 701: 265:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 7443: 6290: 5710: 5660: 5624: 5593: 5591: 5555: 5541: 5074: 5049: 4913:"Plants that Contain Controlled Drugs" 4628: 4181: 3071: 2795: 2793: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 6975: 6974: 6860: 6803:. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 6448:2016 California Penal Code Unabridged 6240:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" 6038:"Kenya appeals to UK not to ban khat" 6030: 6018:from the original on 11 December 2021 6012:"Khat Power: The Latest War On Drugs" 5852:"Where we stand: Community relations" 5823: 5754: 5669: 5351:(in Dutch). DePers.nl. Archived from 5191:"Khat use on the increase in Finland" 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 4584: 3852:Autonomic & Autacoid Pharmacology 3680: 3622: 3613: 3597: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3322: 3313: 3271: 3213: 3160: 2950: 479:is a Latinization of the Arabic name 6710:from the original on 1 February 2014 6409:. Los Angeles Times. 22 August 2006. 6266:"Gangs infiltrate Canada's airports" 5979: 5969:"Herbal stimulant khat to be banned" 5874: 5858:. Conservative Party. Archived from 4879: 4748:Urquhart, Conal (4 September 2004). 3272:Simon, O'Rourke (13 December 2006). 3239: 3186: 3023: 2998: 2869: 2638: 2477: 2403:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 2137: 2058: 1542:men consuming khat in the street of 888: 267: instead of Ethiopic characters. 7451:IUCN Red List least concern species 6764:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. 6491:ADF – Alcohol & Drug Foundation 6303:from the original on 9 January 2014 6220:. Channel 4 News. 27 September 2014 5588: 5126:"Khat:Social harms and legislation" 4974:Al Jandaly, Bassma (14 July 2010). 4554:"Khat | Office of Justice Programs" 4538:Law Library of Congress (May 2015) 4378:The Cambridge World History of Food 4027: 4003:"Adverse effects of khat: a review" 4000: 3325:"Yemen's khat habit soaks up water" 2970:. Bradbury & Evans. p. 176 2845:"Adverse effects of khat: A review" 2790: 2704: 2590:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2337:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2093:In Norway, khat is classified as a 1819: 1811: 1655:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1421: 24: 6867:. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. 6728:The Effects of Khat (Catha Edulis) 6653:. Khatresearch.org. Archived from 6476:(Cth) Reuglation 5 and Schedule 4. 5377:(in Dutch). Nu.nl. 10 January 2012 5142: 3769:1854/LU-01GSDH896EZMZ7XE4W43AFYSAM 3441: 3249:. PlantZAfrica.com. Archived from 3144:The Effects of Khat (Catha Edulis) 1661:that can produce mild to moderate 1617:nations on the other hand such as 25: 7552: 6905: 6698:Abdulle, Sahal (2 January 2007). 6578:"Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116" 6518:. 7 December 2016. Archived from 6445:LawTech Publishing Group (2016). 6162:. 10 January 2015. Archived from 4635:Barasa, Lucas (19 October 2015). 4612:. 28 January 2016. Archived from 4095:"Behavioral Effects of Cathinone" 4007:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 3748:Archives of Women's Mental Health 3523:"The drug that is starving Yemen" 3456:"The drug that is starving Yemen" 3382:Filkins, Dexter (11 April 2011). 3349:Marshall, Tim (15 January 2010). 2849:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2506:(IBRO) and its local affiliates. 2195: 1859:Khat is illegal in Saudi Arabia. 423:, the botanical specimen (plant) 7428:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:160276-1 7283:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:941530-1 6912: 6669: 6643: 6617: 6592: 6580:. legislation.govt.nz. July 2014 6570: 6558:. Law.uq.edu.au. 9 December 2009 6548: 6534: 6504: 6479: 6465: 6412: 6397: 6375: 6353: 6333: 6315: 6284: 6258: 6210: 6178: 6082: 5961: 5947: 5930: 5904: 5892:from the original on 3 June 2014 5844: 5817: 5748: 5569: 5523:"Annenhver somalier tygger khat" 5515: 5497: 5479: 3939:"Khat Chewing: A smokeless gun?" 3864:10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00303.x 2981: 2641:"The chewing of khat in Somalia" 2490:. The program was funded by the 2469: 2357: 2325: 2167:Khat (in kg) confiscated by the 2142: 2098: 2063: 1235:. These chemicals belong to the 1154:impaired inhibition (similar to 985: 893: 245: 91: 7506:Protected trees of South Africa 6889:. San Francisco: Mercury House. 6691: 6291:Powell, Betsy (20 April 2012). 5824:Warsi, Sayeeda (15 June 2008). 5734:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.038 5489:. 16 March 2007. Archived from 5449: 5419: 5389: 5367: 5341: 5319: 5293: 5279: 5275:(in Icelandic). 19 August 2010. 5265: 5239: 5213: 5183: 5068: 5043: 5025: 5011: 4993: 4967: 4930: 4905: 4851: 4824: 4805: 4762: 4741: 4715: 4697: 4683: 4665: 4602: 4546: 4529: 4511: 4449: 4406: 4369: 4353: 4326: 4309:"Everything about Qat/khat/kat" 4301: 4274: 4227: 4146: 4105: 4087: 4052: 3979: 3900: 3878: 3843: 3811:. Frontiers in cognition: 219. 3792: 3700: 3631: 3543: 3515: 3496: 3476: 3375: 3342: 3293: 2992: 2931: 2549: 2366:Bundles of khat, seized by the 1854: 1721: 1314: 840:, where the demand is highest. 491:. Other romanizations include 467: 6963:African plants – a Photo Guide 5463:(in Norwegian). Archived from 5433:(in Norwegian). Archived from 5403:(in Norwegian). Archived from 4725:. 25 July 2016. Archived from 4427:10.1080/02791072.1986.10471395 4193:Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 2919: 2897:10.1080/02791072.2009.10400669 2836: 2679: 2632: 2618: 2457: 2187: 2028: 1851:Khat is illegal in Indonesia. 1008:Khat consumption induces mild 921:add the appropriate references 640: 460:, which hosts a population of 13: 1: 6270:The Christian Science Monitor 6044:. bbc.co.uk. 27 November 2013 5957:. HM Government. 3 July 2013. 5826:"Conservatives will ban khat" 5722:Social Science & Medicine 5077:"How Yemen Chewed Itself Dry" 5075:Heffez, Adam (23 July 2013). 4458:Indonesia and the Malay World 4415:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 4252:10.1080/02791072.2022.2155735 4240:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 3564:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60464-4 3045:Agricultural Research Service 2885:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2814:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4 2565: 2492:National Institutes of Health 1749: 1636: 629:. The plant is also known as 27:Psychoactive species of plant 7541:Wakefulness-promoting agents 7491:Herbal and fungal stimulants 6779:Carrier, Neil C. M. (2007). 6730:. London: Yousif Al Zarouni. 6542:Drugs misuse Regulation 1987 5289:(in Icelandic). 18 May 2011. 4339:. Forum for Social Studies. 4281:Braukhamper, Ulrich (2002). 4167:10.1016/0740-5472(92)90034-L 4073:10.1016/0378-8741(93)90039-8 3911:. Al-bab.com. Archived from 3692:Drugs.com (1 January 2007). 3644:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3323:Kirby, Alex (7 April 2007). 3005:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2657:10.1016/0378-8741(83)90052-1 2645:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2427: 2111:males to be habitual users. 1955:investigated khat use among 1862: 1846: 1773: 1733:The use of khat is illegal. 1678:Khat is illegal in Morocco. 1056:, causing loss of appetite. 360:(WHO) classifies khat as a “ 7: 6403:Verhovek, Sam Howe (2006). 5755:Jones, Aidan (8 May 2009). 5549:"Dz.U. 2009 nr 63 poz. 520" 3142:Al Zarouni, Yousif (2015). 3001:"Č̣at (Catha edulis Forsk)" 2999:Hill, Bob (11 March 1965). 2964:"The Orsons of East Africa" 2639:Elmi, A. S. (August 1983). 2509: 2122: 1978:driving under the influence 1710:Khat is legal in Djibouti. 1705: 1694:Khat is legal in Ethiopia. 1681: 1651:Economic and Social Council 1593:The plant is native to the 1418:Kitab al-Saidala fi al-Tibb 1024:The use of khat results in 906:reliable medical references 10: 7557: 6846:. Trenton: Red Sea Press. 6323:"R. c. Ali, 2014 QCCQ 671" 5329:(in Dutch). Infopolitie.nl 4382:Cambridge University Press 3760:10.1007/s00737-023-01293-5 3076:. Park Street Press, U.S. 3072:Rätsch, Christian (2004). 2962:Dickens, Charles (1856) . 2579:Hilton-Taylor, C. (1998). 2518:, a herb in Southeast Asia 2422: 2012: 2003: 1991: 1970: 1942: 1934: 1903: 1891: 1834:Israeli Ministry of Health 1702:Khat is legal in Somalia. 1697: 1673: 1561:. These countries include 1425:, an 11th-century work on 1350: 1203:Chemistry and pharmacology 884: 580:African Great Lakes region 29: 7332: 6983: 6840:Gebissa, Ezekiel (2010). 6819:Gebissa, Ezekiel (2004). 6758:Beckerleg, Susan (2010). 5762:Christian Science Monitor 5427:"Khat 09-14 – Tolletaten" 4783:10.1080/15563650701517574 4287:. LitVerlag. p. 25. 4205:10.1007/s00508-009-1259-7 3721:10.3109/15563658208992500 3656:10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.002 3414:The Encyclopedia of Yemen 2939:Oxford English Dictionary 2736:Al-Mugahed, Leen (2008). 2447:The importation of Khat ( 2330: 2130: 2114: 2051: 1983: 1951:since 1993. In 2009, the 1947:Khat has been illegal in 1929: 1793: 1785: 1736: 1668: 1643:World Health Organization 1399:, khat originated in the 1237:PPA (phenylpropanolamine) 1151:infrequent hallucinations 912:or relies too heavily on 358:World Health Organization 215: 208: 88:Scientific classification 86: 64: 55: 46: 41: 7466:Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines 6900:. Lausanne: The Council. 6346: (13 October 2016), 6026:– via Youtube.com. 3818:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00219 3223:. Plot55. Archived from 2543: 2376:Controlled Substance Act 2263:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 2247:On 23 January 2013, the 2101:and the United Kingdom. 2020: 1899: 1873:Central Narcotics Bureau 1761: 1713: 1663:psychological dependence 1518:In 1856, English writer 1478:Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir 1239:family, a subset of the 1198:(clogging of the artery) 1106:increased blood pressure 366:psychological dependence 6340:R. v. Soufi and Mohamed 5287:"60 kíló af fíkniefnum" 5165:Danish Health Authority 4889:. Ekhat. Archived from 4497:. Brill. pp. 92–. 3943:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 3805:Frontiers in Psychology 2538:Use of drugs in warfare 2484:University of Minnesota 2351:Ontario Court of Appeal 2235:UK coalition government 2169:Swedish Customs Service 1953:Danish Health Authority 1883:Khat is illegal in the 1744: 1690:Khat market in Ethiopia 1196:acute coronary syndrome 1052:. Khat is an effective 879:child soldiers in Yemen 656:Khat is a slow-growing 5832:. London: The Guardian 5375:"Kabinet verbiedt qat" 3279:The New Zealand Herald 3221:"Growing Catha edulis" 2417: 2392: 2371: 2256:British Home Secretary 2182:Somali males in Sweden 1867:Khat is prohibited in 1691: 1627: 1550: 1533: 1516: 1467: 1381:Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari 1368: 1328: 1229:absolute configuration 1227:was isolated, and its 1212: 1005: 714: 680: 653: 554:. It is also known as 253:This article contains 7526:Amphetamine alkaloids 6799:Gatter, Peer (2012). 6350:(Ontario, Canada) 5912:"Hansard 11 Jan 2012" 5529:(in Norwegian Bokmål) 5050:Gatter, Peer (2012). 4887:"Khat (catha edulis)" 4577:Thomson Gale (Firm), 4131:10.1093/humrep/del454 3955:10.4065/mcp.2010.0658 3170:. ADF. Archived from 2754:10.2471/BLT.08.011008 2413: 2384: 2365: 2349:However, in 2012 the 2290:In January 2015, the 1920:severe water shortage 1730:is a protected tree. 1689: 1591: 1538: 1528: 1486: 1447: 1358: 1322: 1210: 1163:myocardial infarction 999: 709: 678: 648: 483:, which is regularly 32:Khat (disambiguation) 7521:Least concern plants 6861:Gezon, Lisa (2012). 6383:"Import Alert 66-23" 6110:. theyworkforyou.com 5670:Klein, Axel (2007). 5648:. legislation.gov.uk 5493:on 18 December 2008. 4875:on 15 November 2017. 4838:on 20 September 2015 4313:www.africa.upenn.edu 3694:"Complete Khat Info" 3384:"After the Uprising" 2942:, 1st edition, 1901 2597:: e.T34617A9878762. 2453:Biosecurity Act 2015 2341:medical practitioner 2254:On 3 July 2013, the 1885:United Arab Emirates 1879:United Arab Emirates 1435:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī 1422:كتاب الصيدلة في الطب 1359:Man chewing khat in 1301:adrenergic receptors 1109:increased heart rate 1070:Effects by timeframe 846:Yemen's water supply 702:Cultivation and uses 409:United Arab Emirates 377:controlled substance 30:For other uses, see 6487:"Drug Facts – Khat" 6329:. 10 December 2014. 6166:on 20 February 2015 6014:. 24 January 2014. 5792:Online Report 47/05 5457:"Khat – Tolletaten" 5437:on 23 December 2017 5407:on 23 December 2017 5397:"Khat – Tolletaten" 5349:"Qat niet verboden" 5201:on 26 December 2018 4771:Clinical Toxicology 4653:on 24 December 2015 4616:on 30 December 2016 4384:. pp. 672–73. 4364:Plantes et Sociétés 4155:J Subst Abuse Treat 4020:10.1192/apt.9.6.456 2862:10.1192/apt.9.6.456 2533:Phenylpropanolamine 1766:Khat is illegal in 1754:Khat is illegal in 1411:mystical experience 1371:The inhabitants of 1211:Cathinone structure 1125:suppressed appetite 820:, New Zealand, and 364:” that can produce 58:Conservation status 6724:Al Zarouni, Yousif 6631:on 8 December 2009 6272:. 16 December 2008 6094:legislation.gov.uk 5918:on 22 October 2020 5307:on 20 October 2017 4955:on 1 December 2017 4525:on 30 August 2003. 4199:(19–20): 604–614. 3509:The New York Times 2557:pathophysiological 2372: 2175:from 2000 to 2015. 1964:social integration 1957:Somalis in Denmark 1692: 1557:and South Western 1551: 1369: 1338:Yemeni unification 1329: 1213: 1161:increased risk of 1006: 747:Butambala District 715: 681: 654: 635:flower of paradise 312:Khat contains the 7481:Flora of Ethiopia 7438: 7437: 7410:Open Tree of Life 7239:Open Tree of Life 6977:Taxon identifiers 6941:Khat drug profile 6874:978-1-61132-788-5 6853:978-1-56902-317-4 6832:978-0-85255-480-7 6809:978-3-89500-910-5 6792:978-90-04-15659-3 6785:. Leiden: Brill. 6771:978-0-230-10778-6 6750:978-1-84788-335-3 6683:on 13 March 2010. 6545:(Qld) Schedule 2. 6458:978-1-889315-22-5 5856:Conservatives.com 5688:978-1-84619-093-3 5609:. United Kingdom 5487:"NOVA paper 1/06" 5195:Helsingin Sanomat 5061:978-3-89500-910-5 4729:on 24 August 2022 4504:978-90-04-22150-5 4470:10.1080/713672763 4391:978-0-521-40216-3 4346:978-99944-50-63-3 4294:978-3-8258-5671-7 3886:"Khat – DrugInfo" 3558:(9566): 1047–53. 3429:Missing or empty 3422:cite encyclopedia 3227:on 26 August 2013 3197:"Protected Trees" 3153:978-1-326-24867-3 3083:978-0-89281-978-2 2808:(9566): 1047–53. 2478:Research programs 2164: 2163: 2085: 2084: 1726:In South Africa, 1647:Fourteenth Report 1631:Aden Protectorate 1623:protected species 1621:consider it as a 1603:Arabian Peninsula 1595:Arabian Peninsula 1439:Persian scientist 1393:Arabian Peninsula 1194:stroke following 1048:, and diminished 994: 993: 970: 796:, in addition to 757:, it is grown in 723:Arabian peninsula 373:botanical species 281:), also known as 261:rendering support 241: 240: 81: 16:(Redirected from 7548: 7531:Drugs in Somalia 7511:Culture of Yemen 7496:Medicinal plants 7486:Flora of Somalia 7431: 7430: 7418: 7417: 7405: 7404: 7392: 7391: 7379: 7378: 7366: 7365: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7334:Celastrus edulis 7325: 7324: 7312: 7311: 7299: 7298: 7286: 7285: 7273: 7272: 7260: 7259: 7247: 7246: 7234: 7233: 7221: 7220: 7208: 7207: 7195: 7194: 7182: 7181: 7169: 7168: 7156: 7155: 7143: 7142: 7130: 7129: 7117: 7116: 7104: 7103: 7091: 7090: 7078: 7077: 7065: 7064: 7052: 7051: 7039: 7038: 7029: 7028: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6916: 6915: 6901: 6890: 6878: 6857: 6836: 6796: 6775: 6754: 6742: 6731: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6685: 6684: 6679:. Archived from 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6657:on 13 April 2010 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6552: 6546: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6483: 6477: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6416: 6410: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6357: 6351: 6348:Court of Justice 6337: 6331: 6330: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6068:Standard Digital 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5888:. 19 June 2010. 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5862:on 29 April 2010 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5798:. Archived from 5789: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5717: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5697: 5691:. Archived from 5676: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5511:on 19 July 2011. 5501: 5495: 5494: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5467:on 24 March 2018 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5303:. Archived from 5297: 5291: 5290: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5197:. 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Archived from 4588: 4582: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4550: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4373: 4367: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4133: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4101:on 15 June 1997. 4097:. Archived from 4091: 4085: 4084: 4061:J Ethnopharmacol 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4001:Cox, G. (2003). 3998: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3820: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3771: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3678: 3677: 3667: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3595: 3584: 3583: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3531:. 4 January 2018 3519: 3513: 3512: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3492:. 19 April 2015. 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3464:. 4 January 2018 3452: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3359:. 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Archived from 2765: 2733: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2576: 2560: 2553: 2320:Heathrow Airport 2146: 2145: 2138: 2109:Somali immigrant 2067: 2066: 2059: 1926:in the country. 1906:Culture of Yemen 1821: 1813: 1424: 1423: 1401:Emirate of Harar 1132:thought disorder 1002:delphic analysis 989: 988: 980: 977: 971: 969: 928: 897: 896: 889: 356:Since 1980, the 349:preparations in 327:loss of appetite 285:, especially in 249: 248: 221: 96: 95: 75: 70: 69: 51: 39: 38: 21: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7501:Trees of Africa 7441: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7426: 7421: 7413: 7408: 7400: 7395: 7387: 7382: 7374: 7369: 7361: 7356: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7328: 7320: 7315: 7307: 7302: 7294: 7289: 7281: 7276: 7268: 7263: 7255: 7250: 7242: 7237: 7229: 7226:Observation.org 7224: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7198: 7190: 7185: 7177: 7172: 7164: 7159: 7151: 7146: 7138: 7133: 7125: 7120: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7094: 7086: 7081: 7073: 7068: 7060: 7055: 7047: 7042: 7034: 7032: 7024: 7022: 7013: 7012: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6979: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6875: 6854: 6833: 6793: 6772: 6751: 6713: 6711: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6677:"KRP Symposium" 6675: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6522:on 9 March 2021 6510: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6198:on 24 June 2015 6195: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6136:on 15 June 2014 6128: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5830:Comment is free 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5753: 5749: 5718: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5698:on 23 July 2012 5695: 5689: 5674: 5668: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5565:(in Slovenian). 5561: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5355:on 19 July 2011 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5251:presseportal.de 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5157: 5156: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5081:Foreign Affairs 5073: 5069: 5062: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4820:. The Observer. 4810: 4806: 4767: 4763: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4723:"桃園市政府毒品危害防制中心" 4721: 4720: 4716: 4709:www.info.gov.hk 4703: 4702: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4679:. 16 July 2019. 4671: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4610:"What is khat?" 4608: 4607: 4603: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4534: 4530: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4464:(81): 173–213. 4454: 4450: 4411: 4407: 4392: 4374: 4370: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4232: 4228: 4189: 4182: 4151: 4147: 4110: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4032: 4028: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3935: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3858:(5–6): 319–26. 3848: 3844: 3797: 3793: 3740: 3736: 3705: 3701: 3690: 3681: 3636: 3632: 3621: 3614: 3596: 3587: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3489:The Independent 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3442: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3363:on 4 March 2016 3347: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3321: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3253:on 22 July 2013 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3209:on 5 July 2010. 3206: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3174:on 3 April 2014 3166: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3140: 3091: 3084: 3070: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3029: 3028: 3024: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2951: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2881: 2870: 2841: 2837: 2798: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2734: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2512: 2488:Mustafa al'Absi 2480: 2472: 2460: 2442:New South Wales 2430: 2425: 2360: 2333: 2328: 2198: 2190: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2165: 2160: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2125: 2117: 2099:the Netherlands 2091: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2043:health minister 2031: 2023: 2015: 2006: 1994: 1986: 1973: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1908: 1902: 1894: 1881: 1865: 1857: 1849: 1796: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1747: 1739: 1724: 1716: 1708: 1700: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1639: 1520:Charles Dickens 1449:commodity from 1353: 1317: 1262:(also known as 1241:phenethylamines 1205: 1072: 1038:sympathomimetic 1017:behaviours and 990: 986: 981: 975: 972: 929: 918: 914:primary sources 898: 894: 887: 774:southern Africa 704: 679:Qat tree, Yemen 649:Khat leaves of 643: 470: 343:Andes Mountains 305:, most notably 303:Southern Arabia 291:flowering plant 270: 269: 268: 259:Without proper 250: 246: 237: 223: 217: 204: 90: 82: 71: 67: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7554: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7516:Drugs in Yemen 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7419: 7406: 7393: 7380: 7367: 7354: 7338: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7322:wfo-0000590815 7313: 7300: 7287: 7274: 7261: 7248: 7235: 7222: 7209: 7196: 7183: 7170: 7157: 7144: 7131: 7118: 7105: 7092: 7079: 7066: 7053: 7040: 7030: 7020: 7005: 6989: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6969: 6968: 6949: 6947: 6918: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906:External links 6904: 6903: 6902: 6891: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6837: 6831: 6816: 6797: 6791: 6776: 6770: 6755: 6749: 6732: 6720: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6668: 6642: 6616: 6591: 6569: 6547: 6533: 6516:www.odc.gov.au 6503: 6478: 6464: 6457: 6437: 6411: 6396: 6374: 6352: 6332: 6314: 6283: 6257: 6246:on 5 June 2011 6231: 6209: 6177: 6147: 6121: 6099: 6081: 6070:. 7 March 2014 6055: 6029: 6003: 5978: 5975:. 3 July 2013. 5960: 5946: 5929: 5903: 5873: 5843: 5816: 5805:on 5 July 2010 5775: 5747: 5709: 5687: 5659: 5637: 5623: 5587: 5568: 5554: 5540: 5514: 5496: 5478: 5448: 5418: 5388: 5366: 5340: 5318: 5292: 5278: 5264: 5238: 5212: 5182: 5171:on 4 July 2019 5141: 5114: 5093: 5067: 5060: 5042: 5024: 5010: 4992: 4966: 4929: 4917:www.cnb.gov.sg 4904: 4893:on 21 May 2013 4878: 4850: 4823: 4804: 4761: 4740: 4714: 4696: 4682: 4664: 4627: 4601: 4592:"SAPTA – Khat" 4583: 4570: 4545: 4528: 4510: 4503: 4483: 4448: 4405: 4390: 4368: 4352: 4345: 4325: 4300: 4293: 4273: 4226: 4180: 4145: 4104: 4086: 4051: 4026: 3990: 3978: 3949:(11): 971–73. 3926: 3915:on 7 June 2010 3899: 3877: 3842: 3791: 3734: 3699: 3679: 3630: 3612: 3585: 3542: 3514: 3495: 3475: 3440: 3402: 3389:The New Yorker 3374: 3341: 3312: 3292: 3264: 3247:"Catha edulis" 3238: 3212: 3185: 3159: 3152: 3089: 3082: 3061: 3022: 2991: 2949: 2930: 2926:Sadeh ve'yerek 2918: 2868: 2855:(6): 456–463. 2835: 2789: 2748:(10): 741–42. 2703: 2678: 2651:(2): 163–176. 2631: 2617: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2511: 2508: 2496:Sharm El-Sheik 2479: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2444:is not clear. 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2359: 2356: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2316:Channel 4 News 2242:Mark Lancaster 2197: 2196:United Kingdom 2194: 2189: 2186: 2173:Swedish Police 2166: 2162: 2161: 2150: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2071: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1972: 1969: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1775: 1772: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1638: 1635: 1599:Horn of Africa 1431:materia medica 1397:Richard Burton 1385:Horn of Africa 1373:Ifat Sultanate 1367:(January 2009) 1352: 1349: 1336:daily. Before 1316: 1313: 1291:Receptors for 1256:norepinephrine 1249:catecholamines 1221:phenethylamine 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1165:(heart attack) 1159: 1152: 1149: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1096: 1095:dilated pupils 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1071: 1068: 1030:Dilated pupils 992: 991: 984: 982: 901: 899: 892: 886: 883: 853:levels in the 719:Horn of Africa 703: 700: 642: 639: 607:Abyssinian tea 560:Oromo language 469: 466: 413:United Kingdom 411:(UAE) and the 389:European Union 263:, you may see 251: 244: 243: 242: 239: 238: 224: 213: 212: 206: 205: 201:C. edulis 198: 196: 192: 191: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 147: 146: 141: 134: 133: 128: 121: 120: 115: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 84: 83: 65: 62: 61: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7553: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536:Masticatories 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7456:Catha (plant) 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6925: 6921: 6899: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6883:Pendell, Dale 6880: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6709: 6706:. Mogadishu. 6705: 6701: 6696: 6695: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6605: 6604:www.webmd.com 6601: 6595: 6579: 6573: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6543: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6460: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6426:on 7 May 2016 6425: 6421: 6415: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6384: 6378: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6345: 6344:2016 ONCJ 643 6341: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6219: 6213: 6194: 6187: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6109: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6017: 6013: 6007: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5939: 5933: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5728:(2): 309–18. 5727: 5723: 5716: 5714: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5664: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5627: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5376: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5328: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5274: 5268: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5222: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5103: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5034: 5028: 5020: 5014: 5002: 4996: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4871: 4867: 4866:BNN Indonesia 4860: 4854: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4777:(3): 206–10. 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4693:. 4 May 2014. 4692: 4686: 4678: 4677:Dhaka Tribune 4674: 4668: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421:(2): 155–58. 4420: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4366:, pp. 271–97. 4365: 4361: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4161:(4): 379–82. 4160: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4124:(3): 756–65. 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067:(3): 213–16. 4066: 4062: 4055: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4021: 4016: 4013:(6): 456–63. 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3887: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715:(5): 455–59. 3714: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3530: 3529: 3528:The Economist 3524: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3463: 3462: 3461:The Economist 3457: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2984: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2621: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482:In 2009, the 2475: 2470:South America 2467: 2465: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2358:United States 2355: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2326:North America 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2231:Sayeeda Warsi 2228: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2193: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2158: 2157:MediaWiki.org 2154: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2128: 2120: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2079: 2078:MediaWiki.org 2075: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1907: 1897: 1889: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1852: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Yemenite Jews 1791: 1783: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1742: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1719: 1711: 1703: 1695: 1688: 1679: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659:drug of abuse 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641:In 1965, the 1634: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1309:bromocriptine 1306: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:methcathinone 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1209: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184:Indeterminate 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128:talkativeness 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1086:concentration 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1019:hyperactivity 1016: 1011: 1003: 998: 983: 979: 968: 965: 961: 958: 954: 951: 947: 944: 940: 937: – 936: 932: 931:Find sources: 926: 922: 916: 915: 911: 907: 902:This section 900: 891: 890: 882: 880: 875: 871: 869: 864: 858: 856: 852: 847: 841: 839: 838:New York City 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 792:provinces of 791: 787: 783: 779: 778:KwaZulu-Natal 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:Mabira Forest 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 728: 724: 720: 713: 708: 699: 697: 692: 690: 685: 677: 673: 671: 668: 664: 659: 652: 647: 638: 636: 632: 628: 627:Bushman's tea 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 475: 465: 463: 462:Yemenite Jews 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 422: 418: 417:United States 415:(UK). In the 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 367: 363: 362:drug of abuse 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:South America 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 283:Bushman's tea 280: 279: 274: 266: 262: 258: 256: 255:Ethiopic text 236: 232: 228: 222: 220: 214: 211: 210:Binomial name 207: 203: 202: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118:Tracheophytes 116: 113: 110: 109: 106: 103: 100: 99: 94: 89: 85: 79: 74: 73:Least Concern 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7333: 7015:Catha edulis 6985:Catha edulis 6984: 6962: 6956:Catha edulis 6955: 6928: 6927: 6926:profile for 6923: 6896: 6886: 6863: 6842: 6821: 6800: 6781: 6760: 6738: 6727: 6712:. Retrieved 6703: 6692:Bibliography 6681:the original 6671: 6659:. Retrieved 6655:the original 6645: 6633:. Retrieved 6629:the original 6619: 6607:. Retrieved 6603: 6594: 6582:. Retrieved 6572: 6560:. Retrieved 6550: 6540: 6536: 6524:. Retrieved 6520:the original 6515: 6506: 6494:. Retrieved 6490: 6481: 6471: 6467: 6447: 6440: 6428:. Retrieved 6424:the original 6414: 6405: 6399: 6387:. Retrieved 6377: 6365:. Retrieved 6363:. Erowid.org 6355: 6339: 6335: 6317: 6305:. Retrieved 6296: 6286: 6274:. Retrieved 6269: 6260: 6248:. Retrieved 6244:the original 6234: 6222:. Retrieved 6212: 6200:. Retrieved 6193:the original 6180: 6168:. Retrieved 6164:the original 6160:Bristol Post 6159: 6150: 6138:. Retrieved 6134:the original 6124: 6112:. Retrieved 6102: 6093: 6084: 6072:. Retrieved 6067: 6058: 6046:. Retrieved 6041: 6032: 6020:. Retrieved 6006: 5994:. Retrieved 5990: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5949: 5932: 5920:. Retrieved 5916:the original 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5885: 5876: 5864:. Retrieved 5860:the original 5855: 5846: 5834:. Retrieved 5829: 5819: 5807:. Retrieved 5800:the original 5791: 5778: 5766:. Retrieved 5760: 5750: 5725: 5721: 5700:. Retrieved 5693:the original 5678: 5650:. Retrieved 5640: 5634:(in French). 5626: 5614:. Retrieved 5606: 5577: 5571: 5557: 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5526: 5517: 5509:the original 5499: 5491:the original 5481: 5469:. Retrieved 5465:the original 5460: 5451: 5439:. Retrieved 5435:the original 5430: 5421: 5409:. Retrieved 5405:the original 5400: 5391: 5379:. Retrieved 5369: 5357:. Retrieved 5353:the original 5343: 5331:. Retrieved 5321: 5309:. Retrieved 5305:the original 5295: 5281: 5267: 5255:. Retrieved 5250: 5241: 5229:. Retrieved 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5199:the original 5194: 5185: 5173:. Retrieved 5169:the original 5159: 5132:. Retrieved 5105:. Retrieved 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5080: 5070: 5051: 5045: 5027: 5013: 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4979: 4969: 4957:. Retrieved 4950:the original 4945: 4932: 4920:. Retrieved 4916: 4907: 4895:. Retrieved 4891:the original 4881: 4870:the original 4865: 4853: 4840:. Retrieved 4836:the original 4826: 4818:The Guardian 4817: 4807: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4755:The Guardian 4753: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4727:the original 4717: 4708: 4699: 4685: 4676: 4667: 4655:. Retrieved 4648:the original 4643: 4630: 4618:. Retrieved 4614:the original 4604: 4596:the original 4586: 4578: 4573: 4561:. Retrieved 4557: 4548: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4523:the original 4513: 4493: 4486: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4355: 4335: 4328: 4316:. Retrieved 4312: 4303: 4283: 4276: 4246:(1): 40–49. 4243: 4239: 4229: 4196: 4192: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4099:the original 4089: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4042:. Retrieved 4039:Drugfree.org 4038: 4029: 4010: 4006: 3988:, IUPAC name 3981: 3946: 3942: 3917:. Retrieved 3913:the original 3902: 3890:. Retrieved 3880: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3754:(1): 11–27. 3751: 3747: 3737: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3624: 3599: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3533:. Retrieved 3526: 3517: 3508: 3498: 3487: 3478: 3466:. Retrieved 3459: 3431:|title= 3413: 3393:. Retrieved 3387: 3377: 3365:. Retrieved 3361:the original 3354: 3344: 3332:. Retrieved 3328: 3300: 3295: 3283:. Retrieved 3277: 3267: 3255:. Retrieved 3251:the original 3241: 3229:. Retrieved 3225:the original 3215: 3204:the original 3176:. Retrieved 3172:the original 3168:"Khat facts" 3162: 3143: 3073: 3052:. Retrieved 3038: 3033:Catha edulis 3032: 3025: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2988:(Free eBook) 2972:. Retrieved 2967: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2888: 2884: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2805: 2801: 2780:. Retrieved 2776:the original 2745: 2741: 2694:. Retrieved 2690: 2681: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2620: 2608:. Retrieved 2594: 2588: 2583:Catha edulis 2582: 2574: 2551: 2516:Betel leaves 2481: 2473: 2461: 2449:Catha edulis 2448: 2446: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2395:Catha edulis 2394: 2393: 2388:Catha edulis 2387: 2385: 2373: 2370:in July 2006 2348: 2345: 2334: 2299:Bristol Post 2298: 2293:Bristol Post 2291: 2289: 2284:Catha edulis 2283: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2267: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2227:Conservative 2224: 2199: 2191: 2179: 2126: 2118: 2106: 2103: 2092: 2032: 2024: 2016: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1974: 1961: 1946: 1938: 1917: 1913:retail price 1909: 1895: 1882: 1866: 1858: 1855:Saudi Arabia 1850: 1842: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1797: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1740: 1732: 1728:Catha edulis 1727: 1725: 1722:South Africa 1717: 1709: 1701: 1693: 1677: 1646: 1640: 1628: 1619:South Africa 1592: 1552: 1529: 1517: 1511: 1487: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1417: 1415: 1407:Muslim Sufis 1405: 1370: 1346: 1334: 1330: 1315:Demographics 1298: 1290: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1245:amphetamines 1233:norephedrine 1214: 1183: 1182: 1140: 1139: 1103:friendliness 1092:constipation 1074: 1073: 1065: 1058: 1026:constipation 1023: 1007: 973: 963: 956: 949: 942: 930: 910:verification 903: 876: 872: 863:Yemeni rials 859: 842: 818:Rome (Italy) 794:South Africa 786:Western Cape 782:Eastern Cape 767: 732: 716: 693: 686: 682: 655: 634: 630: 626: 623:Somalian tea 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 604: 599: 595: 591: 587: 584:Catha edulis 583: 571: 563: 555: 543: 535: 531: 523: 519: 517: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 480: 476: 471: 468:Nomenclature 425:Catha edulis 424: 405:Saudi Arabia 370: 355: 316: 311: 287:South Africa 282: 278:Catha edulis 277: 276: 272: 271: 252: 219:Catha edulis 218: 216: 200: 199: 187: 177:Celastraceae 150: 137: 124: 111: 36: 7257:kew-2705603 7148:iNaturalist 7009:Wikispecies 6170:20 February 5796:Home Office 5611:Home Office 5527:Aftenposten 5441:23 December 5411:23 December 5257:29 December 5253:(in German) 5227:(in German) 5175:25 December 4657:23 December 4620:29 December 4558:www.ojp.gov 4118:Hum. Reprod 4035:"DF – Khat" 3054:10 December 2891:(1): 1–10. 2610:12 November 2458:New Zealand 2378:. The 1993 2259:Theresa May 2229:politician 2219:Home Office 2215:moral panic 2188:Switzerland 2153:Phabricator 2074:Phabricator 2029:Netherlands 1804:Beta Israel 1611:East Africa 1555:East Africa 1482:Al Hudaydah 1433:written by 1285:epinephrine 1252:epinephrine 1243:related to 1178:weight loss 1168:oral cancer 904:needs more 851:groundwater 834:Los Angeles 763:Embu County 759:Meru County 641:Description 611:Arabian tea 401:New Zealand 299:East Africa 167:Celastrales 131:Angiosperms 7476:Entheogens 7471:Cathinones 7461:Anorectics 7445:Categories 7252:Plant List 6714:26 January 6389:26 January 6307:26 January 6022:24 January 5996:24 January 5922:12 January 5616:2 December 5533:3 December 5381:10 January 5231:24 October 4985:1 December 4959:1 December 4842:21 January 4044:26 January 3608:1041776317 3334:26 January 3309:1041776317 3285:12 October 3257:15 January 3231:26 January 2696:11 January 2566:References 2559:mechanisms 1904:See also: 1756:Bangladesh 1750:Bangladesh 1637:Regulation 1579:Somaliland 1577:(includes 1484:in Yemen: 1379:historian 1268:Schedule I 1147:depression 1089:confidence 946:newspapers 868:World Bank 808:, Canada, 802:Mozambique 790:Mpumalanga 712:At Tawilah 474:genus name 351:South Asia 337:leaves in 7349:Q87614461 7114:250084159 7101:250084159 6526:3 October 6496:3 October 5866:21 August 5836:21 August 5702:21 August 4980:Gulf News 4733:24 August 4644:Newspaper 4478:162579224 4400:174647831 4260:0279-1072 3986:cathinone 3786:256104043 3650:: 78–85. 3535:1 October 3468:5 January 3367:1 October 2974:9 January 2782:9 January 2665:0378-8741 2428:Australia 2399:congeners 2225:In 2008, 2039:cathinone 1869:Singapore 1863:Singapore 1847:Indonesia 1830:cathinone 1780:Hong Kong 1774:Hong Kong 1524:green tea 1472:In 1854, 1463:batan-alu 1455:batan-alu 1451:Turkestan 1443:biologist 1342:man-hours 1325:Mogadishu 1305:half-life 1293:serotonin 1225:cathinone 1172:psychosis 1141:Long-term 1136:verbosity 1121:psychosis 1080:alertness 1075:Immediate 1061:hypomanic 1054:anorectic 1050:sex drive 1034:mydriasis 806:Amsterdam 667:evergreen 631:chat tree 578:. In the 570:, and as 564:mayirungi 485:romanized 419:(US) and 381:Australia 347:betel nut 329:and mild 323:stimulant 318:cathinone 195:Species: 101:Kingdom: 7389:10211611 7376:160276-1 7343:Wikidata 7309:50224405 7304:Tropicos 7179:10202236 7166:941530-1 7033:BioLib: 6994:Wikidata 6946:(EMCDDA) 6885:(2002). 6743:. Berg. 6726:(2015). 6708:Archived 6584:17 March 6301:Archived 6297:The Star 6074:17 March 6042:BBC News 6016:Archived 5991:BBC News 5973:BBC News 5890:Archived 5886:Sky News 5809:7 August 5768:7 August 5742:17544193 5471:23 March 5134:26 March 5107:13 April 4799:23603259 4791:17852166 4318:28 March 4268:36508190 4221:22816940 4213:19921126 4140:17158213 3973:21037041 3872:15255816 3837:21833274 3778:36689029 3674:25435289 3572:17382831 3356:Sky News 3329:BBC News 3017:41965724 2913:30637165 2905:19455904 2822:17382831 2772:18949206 2510:See also 2211:Ethiopia 2123:Slovenia 2095:narcotic 2046:Ab Klink 1924:a famine 1706:Djibouti 1682:Ethiopia 1597:and the 1567:Ethiopia 1563:Djibouti 1548:Ethiopia 1427:pharmacy 1391:and the 1281:reuptake 1247:and the 1112:insomnia 1099:euphoria 1010:euphoria 976:May 2018 798:Eswatini 721:and the 600:muirungi 582:, where 530:Arabic, 434:Ethiopia 430:Djibouti 331:euphoria 314:alkaloid 173:Family: 144:Eudicots 78:IUCN 2.3 7415:7631343 7127:3169158 7057:Ecocrop 7000:Q207642 6920:Scholia 6704:Reuters 6661:4 April 6635:4 April 6562:4 April 6367:2 April 6342:, 6276:2 April 6250:4 April 6224:24 June 6202:24 June 6140:21 June 6048:3 April 5652:28 June 5461:Toll.no 5431:Toll.no 5401:Toll.no 5359:2 April 5333:2 April 5311:13 July 5086:29 July 4897:29 June 4563:2 March 4443:1804158 4435:3734955 4175:1362228 4081:7903110 3964:2966359 3919:28 July 3892:28 July 3828:3153824 3729:7175990 3665:4281284 3580:5903121 3395:5 April 2830:5903121 2763:2649518 2673:6139513 2464:codeine 2423:Oceania 2311:Glasgow 2303:caution 2203:Somalia 2155:and on 2076:and on 2035:cathine 2013:Ireland 2004:Iceland 1992:Germany 1971:Finland 1949:Denmark 1943:Denmark 1935:Belgium 1892:Vietnam 1875:(CNB). 1871:by the 1838:Hagigat 1698:Somalia 1674:Morocco 1615:African 1613:, some 1575:Somalia 1476:author 1351:History 1323:Man in 1217:cathine 1156:alcohol 1083:arousal 960:scholar 925:removed 885:Effects 810:England 770:Red Sea 739:Kasenge 576:Swahili 568:Luganda 558:in the 552:Amharic 442:Somalia 345:or the 289:, is a 231:Forssk. 183:Genus: 163:Order: 105:Plantae 76: ( 7402:510502 7296:1884-3 7265:PLANTS 7244:282743 7231:430680 7218:123405 7192:506067 7153:190367 7075:405237 7036:199198 7023:APDB: 6922:has a 6871: 6850: 6829: 6807: 6789: 6768: 6747: 6609:25 May 6455: 6327:CanLII 6114:31 May 5740: 5685: 5607:gov.uk 5327:"khat" 5205:23 May 5058: 4922:28 May 4797: 4789: 4501: 4476: 4441: 4433: 4398: 4388: 4343: 4291: 4266: 4258: 4219: 4211: 4173: 4138: 4079: 3971: 3961: 3870: 3835: 3825: 3784: 3776: 3727: 3672: 3662: 3606: 3578: 3570: 3552:Lancet 3307: 3178:14 May 3150: 3080: 3015: 2911: 2903: 2828: 2820: 2802:Lancet 2770: 2760: 2691:dw.com 2671: 2663: 2331:Canada 2307:Easton 2131:Sweden 2115:Poland 2052:Norway 1984:France 1930:Europe 1820:תכזינה 1816:Hebrew 1808:Hebrew 1794:Israel 1786:Taiwan 1737:Uganda 1669:Africa 1585:, and 1583:Uganda 1559:Arabia 1540:Harari 1499:saliva 1457:. But 1046:ulcers 962: 955: 948: 941: 935:"Khat" 933: 855:Sana'a 836:, and 830:Dallas 826:Boston 814:Levant 812:, the 743:Wakiso 735:Uganda 727:coffee 696:samara 670:leaves 621:, and 596:muguka 592:muhulo 548:Harari 542:, and 540:Somali 528:Yemeni 511:, and 458:Israel 450:Uganda 421:Turkey 407:, the 397:Jordan 387:, the 385:Canada 157:Rosids 7384:IRMNG 7291:SANBI 7270:CAED7 7205:34617 7174:IRMNG 7088:CAVED 7026:78794 6924:topic 6651:"KRP" 6430:2 May 6196:(PDF) 6189:(PDF) 5941:(PDF) 5896:2 May 5803:(PDF) 5788:(PDF) 5696:(PDF) 5675:(PDF) 5603:(PDF) 5582:(PDF) 5225:(PDF) 5129:(PDF) 5037:(PDF) 5005:(PDF) 4953:(PDF) 4942:(PDF) 4873:(PDF) 4862:(PDF) 4795:S2CID 4651:(PDF) 4640:(PDF) 4474:S2CID 4439:S2CID 4217:S2CID 3782:S2CID 3576:S2CID 3207:(PDF) 3200:(PDF) 3013:JSTOR 2909:S2CID 2826:S2CID 2544:Notes 2500:Egypt 2207:Yemen 2021:Italy 1900:Yemen 1768:China 1762:China 1714:Kenya 1607:Yemen 1587:Yemen 1571:Kenya 1544:Harar 1508:honey 1494:betel 1474:Malay 1389:Kenya 1365:Yemen 1361:Sanaa 1266:), a 1190:death 1116:mania 1042:tooth 1015:manic 967:JSTOR 953:books 822:Wales 755:Kenya 689:cymes 658:shrub 651:Harar 619:jimaa 615:kafta 588:miraa 572:miraa 556:jimaa 497:quatt 477:Catha 456:. 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