818:
665:
52:
749:, the PAN won the state's nine biggest Municipalities, which held 70% of its population. The border state had been one of the most affected by the government's policies, specially the nationalization of the Bank decreed in the last months of former President López Portillo's administration. Rather than accepting that the unpopularity and corruption of the PRI in Chihuahua had led to such a defeat, the local PRI bosses claimed that the Catholic Church, the local businessmen and even "foreign influences" had persuaded voters to support the PAN. Most importantly, the local PRI stated that the electoral defeat was a "tragic disaster" that should never be repeated.
950:
1090:(DEA) began operating in Mexico without the consent of Mexican authorities. "In 1987, De la Madrid declared drug trafficking a national security problem and completely reorganized Mexican antidrug policy" and more government financial and personnel resources were devoted to the policy. Arrests in 1987 for drug trafficking reached 17,000. Front-line enforcement agents of the Mexican police were often corrupted by bribes from drug traffickers. Violence between traffickers and the police increased in this period. A major incident in the drug war and in U.S.-Mexican relations was the kidnap, torture, and murder of DEA agent
3468:
717:(GATT) following its efforts at reforming and decentralizing its economy. The number of state-owned industries went down from approximately 1,155 in 1982 to 412 in 1988. De la Madrid re-privatized companies that had been made state-run under his predecessors. He sought better public-private sector relations, but the private sector began backing opposition candidates nonetheless. Given the dire economic circumstances he inherited from his predecessor, he pursued policies of economic austerity, rather than deficit spending.
1406:), President De la Madrid was noted for making relatively few speeches and keeping a more reserved and moderate public image. Although that has been attributed to a strategy to break with his predecessors' populist legacies, President De la Madrid's public image was considered "gray". This perception worsened with his government's slow response to the 1985 Earthquake, when President De la Madrid also rejected International aid in the immediate aftermath of the tragedy.
1002:
widely criticized at various levels of
Mexican society, being seen as both authoritarian and incompetent. As most of the collapsed buildings were of recent construction and public works projects, the government was seen at fault due to mismanagement and corruption in these constructions. The government itself realized that it could not handle the crisis alone through already-established institutions and decided to open the process up to "opposition groups".
1070:
1481:
1188:. They also claimed that President De la Madrid had gone too far with his austerity and free-market reforms, and that his protégée Salinas represented a continuation of such policies. After many public discussions and proposals, the leadership of the PRI stood by President De la Madrid and confirmed Salinas as the party's presidential candidate, while expelling Cárdenas and Muñoz Ledo from the PRI, along with their followers.
767:, who officially ended in second place with 35.16% of the vote (at the time, the biggest percentage of votes that an opposition candidate had earned in Chihuahua) did not recognize the results, and the PAN promoted acts of civil disobedience to resist the alleged fraud. Many other local elections were marked by accusations of fraud in those years, sometimes ending with violent clashes. In some small municipalities of
1305:
in 1993 Library
Prospective, Mexican Library, Library Cervantes Prize (Spain), and History of the Americas Trust and Cruises, in 1994, Word of Life and Indians A Vision of America and the Modernization of Mexico; Files, Sunstone (Peru), Entre Voces, Reading and Designated Fund 2000; Encounters (Peru) History of Mexico, and five periodicals: Galeras Fund, Periolibros, Images, Spaces for Reading and the Fund page.
1168:, "It would be fair to say that the election of Carlos Salinas de Gortari in 1988 marked the low point of that office as well as the declining legitimacy of the state." In 1987, an internal conflict led to a division in the PRI, as President De la Madrid, like previous PRIísta Presidents had traditionally done, handpicked his successor for the Presidency and appointed the Secretary of Budget and Programming,
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890:
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President de la Madrid was also criticized for refusing to cut foreign debt payments to use the money to help with the recovery effort (at the time, his administration destined around 30% of the federal budget towards the payments of the foreign debt). The government's response to the earthquake was
639:
De la Madrid inherited the financial catastrophe from his predecessor; Mexico experienced per capita negative growth for his entire term. De la Madrid's handling of the devastating 1985 Mexico City earthquake was his own major misstep. The end of his administration was even worse, with his choice of
1304:
In publishing field, under his direction, 21 new collections were launched: in 1990, Keys (Argentina) in 1991, A la Orilla del Viento, Mexican
Codices, University Science and Special Editions of At the Edge of the wind; in 1992, Breviary of Contemporary Science (Argentina) and New Economic Culture,
1216:
was declared the winner. The expression "se cayó el sistema" became a euphemism for electoral fraud. All the opposition candidates refused to recognize the official results and claimed that a massive electoral fraud had been orchestrated by the government. Nevertheless, Salinas was confirmed by the
1014:. There were some protests against the tournament, as Mexico was going through an economic crisis at the time and the country was still recovering from the 1985 earthquake, therefore the World Cup was considered by many as a lavish and unnecessary expense. During the World Cup's inauguration at the
969:
In the morning of 19 September 1985, an 8.0 magnitude earthquake devastated Mexico City and caused the deaths of at least 5,000 people. De La Madrid's mishandling of the disaster damaged his popularity because of his initial refusal of international aid. It placed Mexico's delicate path to economic
1308:
During his administration, the FCE received several awards, among them: in 1992, FILIJ Book Award (CNCA) to children's books, in 1993 Golden Laurel Award (Department of
Culture of the City of Madrid) in 1993, honorable mention Juan García Bacca (Peruvian Cultural Association) Award, and Gold Aztec
1094:
in 1985. In 1984, the
Mexican government had staged a raid on a suspected site of drug trafficking in Chihuahua state. Traffickers suspected Camarena of providing information to the Mexican government and he was abducted in February 1985, tortured and killed; his body was found a month later. The
1018:
on 31 May, De la Madrid was jeered by a crowd of 100,000 while trying to give a speech, apparently in protest over his administration's poor reaction to the 1985 earthquake. An official who was present at the event recalled that " words were completely drowned out by boos and whistles I was dying
630:
and emerging technocrats." De la Madrid did not run against a strong opposition candidate. His campaign rhetoric emphasized traditional liberal values of representation, federalism, strengthening of the legislature and the judiciary. There was massive turnout in the election, for the first time in
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and
Federico, arrived at De la Madrid's home and reportedly asked him to retract his statements, arguing that they could damage the party. As a result, on the same day De la Madrid issued a statement retracting the comments he had made during the interview with Aristegui, claiming that due to his
1085:
expanded the so-called "war on drugs" to stop drugs at ports of entry from Mexico. More importantly, the U.S. began asserting extraterritorial jurisdiction over drug trafficking in
Mexican national territory. The crackdown on drug trafficking resulted in higher prices for drugs, since there was
925:
during transfer operations, which caused a plume of LPG to concentrate at ground level for 10 minutes. The plume eventually grew large enough to drift on the wind towards the west end of the site, where the facility's waste-gas flare pit was located. The explosions devastated the town of San Juan
838:
Since his campaign for the presidency, De la Madrid had mentioned the importance of discussing the topic of abortion, given the high national demographic growth and the scarce resources that the country had to deal with the necessities of an ever-growing population, specially in the middle of the
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For the first time since the PRI took power in 1929, the elections featured two strong opposition candidates with enough popularity to beat the PRI candidate. On one hand, after he and Muñoz Ledo were expelled from the PRI, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas was nominated presidential candidate by the Frente
929:
The tragedy sparked a national outrage, and
President De la Madrid visited the affected area on 20 November. He instructed the creation of a commission to help the survivors and to rebuild the destroyed homes. On 22 December, the Procuraduría General de Justicia found the state-run oil company
692:
All that was a stark reminder of the gross mismanagement and policies of his two immediate predecessors, particularly the financing of development with excessive overseas borrowing, which was often countered by high internal capital flights. De la Madrid himself had been
Minister of Budget and
1437:
Under his "Moral
Renovation" campaign, his administration attempted to fight corruption at all Government levels, fulfilling Mexico's foreign debt compromises, and creating the Secretaría de la Contraloría General de la Federación (Secretariat of the General Inspectorate of the Federation) to
725:
President De la Madrid initially stated that further democratization of the country was necessary, and the political system opened up to greater competition. As other parties showed the potential for their electoral success, however, his attitude later seemed to be hostile to the advance of
1134:, which occurred just two days later. An anonymous letter signed by those groups claimed that a suicide mission had sabotaged the plane in retaliation against the United States. However, sabotage was later dismissed as a cause of the crash, and the investigations carried out by the U.S.
850:
to decriminalize abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy "due to failure of the contraceptive methods, fetal alterations and pregnancies due to rape, with previous medical authorization and carried out at a hospital center". However, due to the highly negative reaction of the
490:
De la Madrid's administration was also famous for his "Moral Renovation" campaign, whose purported goal was to fight the government corruption that had become widespread under previous administrations, leading to the arrests of top officials of the López Portillo administration.
693:
Programming under López Portillo, and as such he was perceived by many as being co-responsible for the crisis that he himself had to deal with upon taking office. As an immediate reaction to the economic crisis, he first presented the Immediate Economic Reorganization Program (
688:
president. Inflation increased on an average of 100% a year and reached to an unprecedented level of 159% in 1987. The underemployment rate soared to 25% during the mid-1980s, income declined, and economic growth was erratic since prices rose usually much faster than incomes.
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934:
to be responsible for the incident, and was ordered to pay indemnification to the victims. Due to the tragedy apparently having been caused by corruption and incompetence at the state-run company, the public further resented the Government and public institutions.
1345:
to succeed him in the Presidency had been a mistake and that he felt "very disappointed" in his successor, lamenting the widespread corruption of the Salinas administration. De la Madrid then directly accused Salinas of having stolen the money of the Presidential
1086:
more risk involved, but trafficking in this era boomed. Drug trafficking organizations in Mexico grew in size and strength. As the U.S. asserted jurisdiction over trafficking in Mexico, Mexico could no longer pursue an autonomous drug policy. Agents of the U.S.
1468:
In a national survey conducted in 2012, 36% of the respondents considered that the De la Madrid administration was "very good" or "good", 26% responded that it was an "average" administration, and 30% responded that it was a "very bad" or "bad" administration.
1238:(FCE) in 1990. He implanted modernization programs in production and administration. It incorporated the most advanced techniques in book publishing and graphic arts and maintained the openness and plurality features in the publication policy of the company.
1184:, protested Salinas' appointment as they demanded that the PRI should put an end to the practice of the President choosing his own successor, and proposed that the PRI Presidential candidate should be democratically chosen by all of the PRI members through a
1095:
U.S. responded by sending a special unit of the DEA to coordinate the investigation in Mexico. In the investigation, Mexican government officials were implicated, including Manuel Ibarra Herrera, past director of Mexican Federal Judicial Police, and
1421:
to become president. On the other hand, those reforms and his unwillingness to allow a primary election to choose the PRI candidate for the 1988 Presidential elections are credited as the factors which led to the split of the party in 1987, with
1047:) within the PRI. The Democratic Current demanded the establishment of clear rules for the selection of the party's presidential candidate. When they failed, Cárdenas, Muñoz Ledo and Martínez left the PRI the following year and created the
726:
opposition parties, instead allowing the PRI to maintain near-absolute power of the country (at the time, the PRI still governed all of the Mexican states plus the Federal District, in addition to holding 299 of the 400 seats in the
618:, López Portillo designated De la Madrid as a candidate by elimination, not by choice, and that De la Madrid remained in contention as a candidate because he was never the bearer of bad news to the president. Other contenders were
526:, Mexico. He was the son of Miguel de la Madrid Castro, a notable lawyer (who was assassinated when his son was only two), and Alicia Hurtado Oldenbourg. His grandfather was Enrique Octavio de la Madrid, the governor of Colima.
1446:(Buendía had been investigating possible ties between Drug cartels, the CIA and the FSD itself). De la Madrid shut down the FSD in 1985, although in its place similar Intelligence agencies would be created in subsequent years.
708:
economic reforms that encouraged foreign investment, widespread privatization of state-run industries, and reduction of tariffs, a process that continued under his successors, and which immediately caught the attention of the
991:. The crisis was severe enough to have tested the capabilities of wealthier countries, but the government from local PRI bosses to President de la Madrid himself exacerbated the problem aside from the lack of money. The
2425:"2 Ex-Officials in Mexico Indicted in Camarena Murder : Narcotics: One-time high-ranking lawmen are alleged to have participated in the 1985 slaying. So far, 19 people have been charged in the drug agent's death"
478:
for the rest of his term, while the social effects of the austerity measures were particularly harsh on the lower and middle classes, with real wages falling to half of what they were in 1978 and with a sharp rise in
1256:
On the international scene in 1990, the existing facilities were remodeled subsidiaries. The presence of the Economic Culture Fund acquired a larger projection in the Americas: on 7 September 1990, the subsidiary in
1204:
as their presidential candidate. A businessman-turned-politician, Clouthier became popular, specially in Northern Mexico, for his populist rhetoric and his dennouncement of the political establishment and the media.
1269:. In 1994 FCE facilities were inaugurated in Venezuela, and in 1998, another subsidiary was established in Guatemala. This Thus, the FCE reached a significant presence in Latin America with nine subsidiaries:
1438:
guarantee fiscal discipline and to keep an eye on possible corrupt officials. Nevertheless, his administration still had some corruption scandals of its own, the most notorious being the murder of journalist
2271:
1312:
The Spanish Council for Latin American Studies, distinguished him for his contributions to the development of reading in the Spanish language, received in 1997 the IUS Award by the Faculty of Law of the
1561:
3552:
998:
It was also widely reported in the days after the earthquake that the military assisted factory owners in retrieving their machinery rather than in removing the bodies of dead factory workers.
1077:
As the U.S. consumption of illegal substances grew in the 1960s and 1970s, the U.S. became interested in strengthening enforcement of drug trafficking in Mexico. In the 1980s U.S. Presidents
3577:
626:. When his candidacy was revealed, his "candidacy was greeted with unusual hostility from some sectors of the political establishment--an indication of the emerging rift between the old
817:
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Democrático Nacional, a coalition of leftist parties. Cárdenas attained massive popularity as result of his efforts at democratizing the PRI, his successful tenure as Governor of
3522:
648:, and the government's handling of balloting with election results deemed fraudulent. His administration did have some bright spots, with Mexico's becoming a member of the
872:
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was launched by Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Mexico to promote peace in Latin America and to deal with the armed conflicts in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala.
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The federal government's first public response was President de la Madrid's declaration of a period of mourning for three days starting from 20 September 1985.
3572:
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and Mexican aeronautical authorities concluded that the cause of the accident was that the center landing gear tire was filled with compressed air, instead of
2143:
Velasco Molina, Carlos (20 September 1985). "Estricto Patrullaje Militar Para Garantizar paz: Aguirre" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Excélsior. pp. 1a, 22a.
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1449:
Finally, his administration's handling of the 1986 elections in Chihuahua and, specially, the 1988 Presidential elections, remains highly controversial.
1196:, his opposition to the austerity reforms and his association with his father's nationalist policies. On the other hand, the right-wing opposition party
1208:
On Election Day 1988, the computer system used to count the votes shut down, as Cárdenas held an initial lead. That event is remembered by the phrase
614:
De la Madrid had no political experience as an elected official prior to becoming the candidate for the PRI. In the assessment of political scientist
701:). Some of the measures proposed were a reduction of public spending, fiscal reforms, a restructuring of the bureaucracy, and employment protection.
573:
199:
2432:
2593:
2357:
1413:, and beginning mass privatization of state-run companies, a process which would be further deepened during the administration of his successor,
976:
De la Madrid initially refused to send the military to assist on the rescue efforts, and it was later deployed to patrol streets only to prevent
3097:
2645:
1739:
1241:
On 4 September 1992, he inaugurated the new facilities, on 227 Picacho-Ajusco Road. Surrounded by garden and offices, it hosts cultural unity
1099:, the former director of Interpol in Mexico. Drug trafficking as an issue has continued in Mexico in succeeding presidential administrations.
3592:
1456:"What hurts me the most, is that those years of economic adjustment and structural change, were also characterized by a deterioration of the
1130:, killing everyone on board. Initially, two Middle Eastern terrorist groups claimed responsibility for this crash, along with the bombing of
2065:
1409:
President De la Madrid's biggest legacy may have been his implementation of economic neoliberal reforms in Mexico, breaking with decades of
2693:
1654:
752:
2301:
3517:
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parade. Although the President was unharmed, the incident left many officials and guests injured, including the then-director of the
3567:
2943:
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De la Madrid died on 1 April 2012, at 7:30 am in a Mexican hospital, following a lengthy hospitalization due to complications from
1314:
530:
398:
2323:
2750:
2025:
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897:(LPG) containers exploded into huge fireballs killing 500–600 people and causing severe burns in 5000–7000 others.
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3192:
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2719:
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Calendar (Mexican Association of Radio and Television). In 1994 and 1995 Award Book Bank of Venezuela for children's books.
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involving deep cuts in public spending. In spite of these reforms, De la Madrid's administration continued to be plagued by
1135:
534:
1809:
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by her older brother. The couple began dating in 1955 and married four years later at the Santa Rosa de Lima Church in
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The earthquake created many political difficulties for the then-ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) or
437:
350:
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1452:
In a 1998 interview for a documentary produced by Clío TV about his administration, De la Madrid himself concluded:
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3106:
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in rank of Commander for his contribution to cultural development. In 1999, Mr. De la Madrid received the medal
1322:
1947:
1197:
992:
735:
3177:
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2132:"Suicidios in Tlatelolco:Sismo en Mexico" (in Spanish). Mexico City: La Prensa. 14 September 2005. p. 2.
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609:
499:
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109:
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788:
775:, the local population even seized or burned the local Town halls in response to alleged electoral frauds.
738:(also known as "PAN" for its initials in Spanish) started to become popular with the masses, especially in
727:
557:
386:
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recovery in an even more precarious situation, as the destruction extended to other parts of the country.
949:
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On 1 May 1984, an anti-government activist named José Antonio Palacios Marquina, along with others, threw
279:
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La reconstrucción de la identidad de San Juan Ixhuatepex, Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México, 1984-2006
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2056:(University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), ed. Rubén Gallo, trans. Lorna Scott Fox & Rubén Gallo, p. 73.
132:
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1974:
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503:
102:
51:
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2248:"INAUGURACION MUNDIAL "MÉXICO '86"... ABUCHEAN Y SE LA MIENTAN AL PRESIDENTE MIGUEL DE LA MADRID..."
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3250:
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227:
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90:
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Arturson, G. (April 1987). "The tragedy of San Juanico--the most severe LPG disaster in history".
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1464:, and an insufficient creation of jobs. In summary, by a deterioration of the social conditions."
245:
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3202:
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182:
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2272:"LAS RECHIFLAS AL PRESIDENTE MARCARON LA INAUGURACION: AL SEGUNDO JUEGO ASISTIO SIGILOSAMENTE"
1798:, Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, p.613.
1434:(PRD by its initials in Spanish) in 1989, taking a great number of former priístas with them.
1427:
1181:
1036:
799:) was increased from 100 to 200 and allowed for a better representation of opposition parties.
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Zamora, Gerardo (July–September 1990). "La política laboral del Estado Mexicano: 1982-1988".
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to overcome the crisis, beginning an era of market-oriented presidents in Mexico, along with
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on which Mexico had defaulted months before he took office, De la Madrid introduced sweeping
3446:
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1172:, as the PRI candidate for the 1988 elections. A group of left-wing PRI politicians, led by
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with embarrassment, but it seemed to be the right metaphor for the mood of the country."
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441:
67:
3167:
2001:
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advanced age and his poor health, he was not able to "correctly process" the questions.
1337:
De la Madrid made headlines in May 2009 after a controversial interview with journalist
1160:
imposed by his administration caused the ruling party to lose ground, leading up to the
3117:
2275:
1921:
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Roderic Ai Camp, "The Time of the Technocrats and Deconstruction of the Revolution" in
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538:
467:
407:
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Camp, "the Time of the Technocrats and Deconstruction of the Revolution", pp. 613-14.
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220:
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2179:
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746:
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1628:"Fuerte de carácter y muy íntegro Miguel de la Madrid (in Spanish, fifth paragraph)"
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company, after which he held several other bureaucratic posts in the government of
484:
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Ixhuatepec, and resulted in 500-600 deaths and 7,000 people with severe injuries.
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Library, which houses the growing publishing history of the Fund, and the seller
1165:
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at the balcony of the Presidential Palace, where De la Madrid was reviewing the
436:; 12 December 1934 – 1 April 2012) was a Mexican politician affiliated with the
3212:
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In response to these controversies, an electoral reform was conducted in 1986:
569:
549:
452:
362:
3132:
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Cops Across Borders: The Internationalization of U.S. Criminal Law Enforcement
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2325:¿Por Qué Perdimos?: Reflexiones Desde El Anonimato De Un Ciudadano Sin Futuro
1659:
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1286:
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713:(IMF) and other international observers. In January 1986, Mexico entered the
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In addition, his administration was criticized for its slow response to the
2911:
958:
673:
480:
22:
2621:"Ex-president of Mexico criticizes his successor, igniting scandal in PRI"
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1329:
Gold (UNESCO), for their work on the diffusion of Latin American culture.
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Castigo al Pato: 23 años de cárcel y el pago del traje de Carrillo Castro
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in 1959. Cordera and de la Madrid had five children - Margarita, Miguel,
519:
331:
311:
826:
533:(UNAM) and received a master's degree in Public Administration from the
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1925:
1901:
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The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District of Mexico was created.
705:
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Inheriting a severe economic and financial crisis from his predecessor
393:
2672:"Por miedo, Miguel de la Madrid se retractó de acusaciones contra CSG"
1298:
1290:
1270:
585:
475:
471:
2646:"La corrupción de Raúl Salinas, según el ex presidente De la Madrid"
2358:"MEXICANS, HURT IN THE OIL CRISIS, TURN THEIR ANGER ON DE LA MADRID"
1917:
1862:
Historia ilustrada de México: De Hernán Cortés a Miguel de la Madrid
1604:
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and the conservative sectors, the initiative was finally withdrawn.
2178:. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. p. 203.
1839:
1810:"Autoritarismo en tiempos de crisis. Miguel de la Madrid 1982-1988"
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1139:
918:
810:. An election of half of its members takes place every three years.
768:
463:
2247:
1655:"Muere Paloma Cordero, viuda del expresidente Miguel de la Madrid"
1357:
Only two hours after the interview had been broadcast, a group of
901:
On 19 November 1984, a massive series of explosions occurred at a
2030:
1326:
1261:, was founded. On 21 June 1991 Seller Azteca opened its doors in
1156:
Galloping inflation, the controversial privatization program and
977:
868:
745:
In 1983, during the municipal elections in the northern state of
734:). However, it was during his administration that the opposition
26:
697:) and, a couple of months later, the National Development Plan (
656:
process to find a solution of the conflicts in Central America.
2920:
1318:
1266:
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981:
914:
889:
842:
Upon becoming President, De la Madrid and the Attorney General
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315:
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Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
1111:
President de la Madrid arriving at Andrews Air Base, Maryland.
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is composed of two senators from each state and two from the
579:
2833:"Zedillo y Fox los ex presidentes de México más reconocidos"
572:
and lectured in law at UNAM before he got a position at the
3578:
Grand Crosses with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru
1294:
961:
of the United States (right) with US Ambassador to Mexico,
2694:"Las polémicas confesiones de Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado"
1365:, Ramón Aguirre, Francisco Rojas, and De la Madrid's sons
596:'s cabinet as Secretary of Budget and Planning, replacing
1234:
After completing his term, he became the director of the
1229:
893:
In the San Juanico Disaster, six of these spherical type
2751:"MIGUEL DE LA MADRID, EL PRESIDENTE DEL QUIEBRE PRIISTA"
2720:"Murió Miguel de la Madrid a causa de enfisema pulmonar"
2470:
Mexican jet pilots claim plane crash caused by explosion
1945:
644:
as his successor, the split in the PRI with the exit of
1530:
200:
Deputy Secretary of Finance and Public Credit of Mexico
2865:
Perpetuating Power: How Mexican Presidents Were Chosen
2506:
1212:("the system crashed"). When the system was restored,
763:, was officially pronounced winner, the PAN candidate
529:
He graduated with a bachelor's degree in law from the
1900:
Hurtado, Miguel de la Madrid; Nolan], [James (1982).
1625:
676:, Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid and his wife
3523:
Candidates in the 1982 Mexican presidential election
2302:"HACE 25 AÑOS SE INAUGURÓ EL MUNDIAL DE MÉXICO 1986"
1902:"Miguel de la Madrid on Population Policy in Mexico"
1476:
1043:, announced the creation of the Democratic Current (
631:
many years, voting overwhelmingly for De la Madrid.
2489:"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"
2159:Haber, Paul Lawrence (1995). "Earthquake of 1985".
1417:. De la Madrid was also the first of the so-called
1341:. During the interview, he said that his choice of
753:
The 1986 gubernatorial elections in that same state
576:in 1965. Between 1970 and 1972, he was employed by
2795:"El de Buendía, el primer crimen de narcopolítica"
1946:González de León Aguirre, Deyanira (Spring 1994).
1837:
1737:
1027:In October 1986, a group of politicians from the
3598:Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2122:. Ensayo para obtener tesis, UNAM, México, 100pp.
1899:
151:Secretary of Programming and the Budget of Mexico
3509:
2816:"Miguel de la Madrid - Oportunidades perdidas".
2552:
2384:Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico
1887:México, estructuras política, económica y social
1884:
3548:National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
1999:
1948:"El aborto y la salud de las mujeres en México"
1559:
858:
833:
821:Miguel de la Madrid (left) with U.S. President
704:During his presidency, De la Madrid introduced
33: and the second or maternal family name is
2773:"¿Cómo fue el sexenio de Miguel de la Madrid?"
2514:"The Crash of Mexicana de Aviacion Flight 940"
2142:
1738:Duncan, Richard; Kelly, Harry (21 June 2005).
965:, observing the damage done by the earthquake.
680:in Cross Hall, White House, at a state dinner.
3573:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
3528:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
3091:
2944:Deputy Secretary of Finance and Public Credit
2163:. Taylor & Frances Ltd. pp. 179–184.
1859:
1010:During his administration, Mexico hosted the
577:
2538:Camp, "The Time of the Technocrats", p. 615.
2453:
2154:
2152:
2150:
1770:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1164:. In the assessment of political scientist
695:Programa Inmediato de Reordenación Económica
652:(GATT) in 1985. Mexico also was part of the
518:Miguel de la Madrid was born in the city of
1808:Collado, Maria del Carmen (December 2011).
1689:, New York: The New Press 2000, pp. 45, 177
1332:
513:
122:15 January 1990 – 13 December 2000
80:1 December 1982 – 30 November 1988
3098:
3084:
2548:
2546:
2544:
1698:John W. Sherman, "Miguel de la Madrid" in
1393:
1055:), a loose alliance of left-wing parties.
846:attempted to reform the Penal Code of the
684:Unlike previous Mexican leaders, he was a
50:
2458:. Cengage Learning Editores. p. 387.
2422:
2400:. University Park: Penn State Press 1993.
2381:
2147:
2125:
1975:"La despenalización del aborto en México"
1838:Fernandez Menendez, Jorge (1 June 1992).
1833:
1831:
1775:. Cengage Learning Editores. p. 381.
1517:
878:
506:was declared winner, amid accusations of
3105:
3058:Director of the Fund of Economic Culture
2748:
2618:
2386:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 129.
2173:
2167:
2081:
2052:Fabrizio Mejía Madrid, "Insurgentes" in
1626:Carlos Valdez Ramírez (19 August 2016).
1560:Ortiz de Zárate, Roberto (10 May 2007).
1221:, controlled by the PRI, as the winner.
1106:
1068:
948:
888:
816:
663:
531:National Autonomous University of Mexico
498:, and the handling of the controversial
399:National Autonomous University of Mexico
212:29 September 1975 – 16 May 1979
162:16 May 1979 – 30 September 1981
110:Director of the Fund of Economic Culture
2830:
2541:
2328:(in Spanish). Palibrio. 12 March 2013.
2136:
1807:
1740:"An Interview with Miguel de la Madrid"
1715:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 763.
1555:
1553:
3510:
2355:
2222:"No queremos goles, queremos frijoles"
2192:
1889:. Pearson Educación. pp. 123–124.
1828:
1590:
1230:Director of Fondo de Cultura Económica
1005:
715:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
650:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
3079:
2158:
1972:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1380:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
921:on the site, likely caused by a pipe
720:
592:. In 1979, he was chosen to serve in
560:, Federico Luis and Gerardo Antonio.
431:
16:President of Mexico from 1982 to 1988
3593:Respiratory disease deaths in Mexico
2970:Secretary of Programming and Budget
2792:
2770:
2423:Weinstein, Henry (1 February 1990).
2413:. Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 419-20.
2304:(in Spanish). Record. 1 January 2013
1885:Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003).
1731:
1550:
1136:National Transportation Safety Board
535:John F. Kennedy School of Government
2831:Beltran, Ulises (29 October 2012).
2462:
1398:Unlike his predecessors (specially
1058:
1022:
995:declared it would not request aid.
917:). The disaster was initiated by a
778:
13:
3043:Non-profit organization positions
2855:
2577:
2435:from the original on 15 April 2018
2409:María Celia Toro. "Drug Trade" in
1642:
1432:Party of the Democratic Revolution
1224:
938:
659:
433:[miˈɣeldelamaˈðɾiðuɾˈtaðo]
14:
3614:
3518:20th-century presidents of Mexico
2895:
2619:Castillo, Eduardo (17 May 2009).
2553:Delgado de Cantú, Gloria (2002).
1973:Lamas, Marta (March–April 2009).
1906:Population and Development Review
1102:
1029:Institutional Revolutionary Party
989:Institutional Revolutionary Party
668:From left to right: US President
438:Institutional Revolutionary Party
351:Institutional Revolutionary Party
3583:20th-century Mexican politicians
3466:
3026:nominee for President of Mexico
2884:. New York: HarperCollins 1997.
2867:. New York: The New Press 2000.
2200:"El terremoto en Mexico de 1985"
2116:De Anda Torres, Abigaíl (2006).
2000:Brito Domínguez, Myriam (2001).
1702:. Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 400.
1667:from the original on 18 May 2020
1531:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008).
1479:
1317:, and in 1998 the government of
1145:
603:
453:international drop in oil prices
3568:Members of the Order of Jamaica
2824:
2809:
2786:
2764:
2742:
2712:
2686:
2664:
2638:
2612:
2586:
2571:
2532:
2481:
2468:Levi, Isaac A. (4 April 1986).
2447:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2375:
2349:
2316:
2294:
2264:
2240:
2214:
2110:
2075:
2059:
2046:
2018:
2002:"Abortion in Mexico, Year 2000"
1993:
1966:
1939:
1893:
1878:
1853:
1801:
1788:
1779:
1764:
1350:, and also accused his brother
1162:controversial elections of 1988
1088:Drug Enforcement Administration
905:(LPG) tank farm in the town of
563:
371:
2835:. Imagen Radio. Archived from
2749:Montalvo, Tania (April 2012).
2582:. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
2580:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico
2161:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico
2034:(in Spanish). 11 November 2014
1718:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1619:
1593:Revista Mexicana de Sociología
1584:
1537:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1354:of having ties to drug lords.
759:. Although the PRI candidate,
755:were marked by accusations of
730:and 63 of the 64 seats in the
548:In 1953, he was introduced to
1:
3558:Harvard Kennedy School alumni
2555:Historia de México, Volumen 2
2356:Riding, Alan (25 June 1986).
2278:. 7 June 1986. Archived from
2026:"Molotov en Palacio Nacional"
1562:"Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado"
1510:
1176:(the son of former President
1152:1988 Mexican general election
787:The number of members of the
634:
610:1982 Mexican general election
440:(PRI) who served as the 59th
3563:Politicians from Colima City
3533:20th-century Mexican lawyers
2594:"1988: La caída del sistema"
2454:Rivera Ayala, Clara (2008).
2096:10.1016/0305-4179(87)90096-9
1860:Fuentes Mares, Jose (1985).
1796:The Oxford History of Mexico
1771:Rivera Ayala, Clara (2008).
1495:List of presidents of Mexico
1444:Federal Security Directorate
1073:U.S. DEA agent Kiki Camarena
859:1984 Molotov cocktail attack
834:Attempt to legalize abortion
25:, the first or paternal
7:
3452:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
3178:Francisco Javier Echeverría
3158:Antonio López de Santa Anna
1472:
1053:Frente Democrático Nacional
993:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
945:1985 Mexico City earthquake
793:proportional representation
711:International Monetary Fund
699:Plan Nacional de Desarrollo
502:in which the PRI candidate
496:1985 Mexico City earthquake
425:Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado
299:Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado
10:
3619:
3304:Francisco León de la Barra
2882:Mexico: Biography of Power
1713:Mexico: Biography of Power
1236:Fondo de Cultura Económica
1149:
1062:
942:
882:
808:Federal District of Mexico
607:
20:
3475:
3464:
3427:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
3279:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
3113:
3064:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3037:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
3034:
3021:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2954:Jesús Silva-Herzog Flores
2950:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2674:. La Jornada. 16 May 2009
2174:Kirkwood, Burton (2000).
1442:in 1984 by agents of the
1415:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1343:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1170:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1049:National Democratic Front
765:Francisco Barrio Terrazas
642:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
504:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
418:
392:
381:
356:
346:
338:
321:
294:
289:
285:
280:Jesús Silva-Herzog Flores
273:
261:
236:
216:
205:
198:
188:
176:
166:
155:
150:
138:
126:
115:
108:
103:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
96:
84:
73:
65:
61:
49:
42:
3374:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
3051:Enrique González Pedrero
3011:Party political offices
2228:(in Spanish). 8 May 1986
1373:
1333:Controversial statements
1126:crashed in the state of
514:Early life and education
487:by the end of his term.
472:negative economic growth
133:Enrique González Pedrero
3603:Mexican Roman Catholics
3344:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
3223:Manuel María Lombardini
3188:José Joaquín de Herrera
2978:Ramón Aguirre Velázquez
2382:Foweraker, Joe (1990).
1864:. Océano. p. 467.
1394:Public image and legacy
1352:Raúl Salinas de Gortari
1092:Enrique "Kiki" Camarena
584:, Mexico's state-owned
246:Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma
194:Ramón Aguirre Velázquez
56:Official portrait, 1982
3299:Manuel González Flores
3218:Juan Bautista Ceballos
2820:(in Spanish). Clío TV.
2518:ecperez.blogspot.co.nz
2411:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2054:The Mexico City Reader
1700:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1466:
1460:, a depression of the
1122:On 31 March 1986, the
1112:
1074:
966:
898:
879:San Juanico explosions
875:, Alejandro Carrillo.
830:
681:
620:Javier García Paniagua
578:
574:Secretariat of Finance
429:Spanish pronunciation:
342:Iglesia de Santo Tomás
145:Gonzalo Celorio Blasco
3359:Plutarco Elías Calles
3324:Francisco S. Carvajal
3256:Manuel Robles Pezuela
3153:Valentín Gómez Farías
2596:. CNN. Archived from
2557:. Pearson Educación.
2456:Historia de México II
1773:Historia de México II
1533:"Miguel de la Madrid"
1454:
1259:San Diego, California
1150:Further information:
1110:
1072:
1063:Further information:
1045:Corriente Democrática
957:of Mexico (left) and
952:
892:
844:Sergio García Ramírez
820:
736:National Action Party
667:
608:Further information:
3397:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
3392:Miguel Alemán Valdés
3387:Manuel Ávila Camacho
3339:Roque González Garza
3238:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
3203:Pedro María de Anaya
3148:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
3138:Anastasio Bustamante
3128:José María Bocanegra
3107:Presidents of Mexico
2964:Ricardo García Sainz
2084:Burns Incl Therm Inj
1840:"Chihuahua otra vez"
1685:Jorge G. Castañeda,
1411:economic nationalism
1363:Emilio Gamboa Patrón
1097:Miguel Aldana Ibarra
903:liquid petroleum gas
895:liquid petroleum gas
885:San Juanico disaster
598:Ricardo García Sainz
183:Ricardo García Sainz
3481:President of Mexico
3422:Miguel de la Madrid
3417:José López Portillo
3402:Adolfo López Mateos
3369:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
3349:Adolfo de la Huerta
3329:Venustiano Carranza
3309:Francisco I. Madero
3284:José María Iglesias
3251:Félix María Zuloaga
3018:José López Portillo
2994:President of Mexico
2987:José López Portillo
2908:Miguel de la Madrid
2862:Castañeda, Jorge G.
2520:. 29 September 2009
2396:Nadelman, Ethan A.
1752:on 21 December 2008
1458:income distribution
1428:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
1424:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
1404:José López Portillo
1384:acute kidney injury
1361:leaders, including
1219:Chamber of Deputies
1182:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
1174:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
1124:Mexicana Flight 940
1037:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
1033:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
1012:1986 FIFA World Cup
1006:1986 FIFA World Cup
907:San Juan Ixhuatepec
789:Chamber of Deputies
728:Chamber of Deputies
646:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
594:José López Portillo
580:Petróleos Mexicanos
451:as a result of the
449:José López Portillo
444:from 1982 to 1988.
442:president of Mexico
240:Mario Ramón Beteta
228:José López Portillo
171:José López Portillo
91:José López Portillo
68:President of Mexico
44:Miguel de la Madrid
3447:Enrique Peña Nieto
3407:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
3266:José Ignacio Pavón
3198:José Mariano Salas
3118:Guadalupe Victoria
2937:Mario Ramón Beteta
2929:Political offices
2902:Biography by CIDOB
2839:on 26 January 2020
2793:Becerril, Andres.
2650:Aristegui Noticias
2600:on 29 October 2013
2362:The New York Times
1726:Perpetuating Power
1687:Perpetuating Power
1505:Politics of Mexico
1243:Jesús Silva Herzog
1210:se cayó el sistema
1158:austerity measures
1113:
1075:
967:
899:
831:
721:Domestic elections
682:
624:David Ibarra Muñoz
616:Jorge G. Castañeda
568:He worked for the
539:Harvard University
468:austerity measures
408:Harvard University
268:Mario Ramón Beteta
253:David Ibarra Muñoz
3505:
3504:
3492:Emperor of Mexico
3459:(President-elect)
3457:Claudia Sheinbaum
3364:Emilio Portes Gil
3334:Eulalio Gutiérrez
3319:Victoriano Huerta
3243:Ignacio Comonfort
3208:Manuel de la Peña
3183:Valentín Canalizo
3074:
3073:
3065:Succeeded by
3035:Succeeded by
3001:Succeeded by
2976:Succeeded by
2951:Succeeded by
2578:Werner, Michael.
2429:Los Angeles Times
2176:History of Mexico
2072:(30 August 1986).
1814:Historia y Grafía
1500:History of Mexico
1083:George H. W. Bush
1041:Ifigenia Martínez
865:Molotov cocktails
839:economic crisis.
791:being elected by
422:
421:
257:
250:
243:
232:
225:
3610:
3470:
3469:
3168:José Justo Corro
3123:Vicente Guerrero
3100:
3093:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3048:Preceded by
3016:Preceded by
2984:Preceded by
2961:Preceded by
2934:Preceded by
2926:
2925:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2771:Granados, Omar.
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2726:. Archived from
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2625:The Morning Call
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2550:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2475:Kentucky New Era
2466:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1748:. Archived from
1735:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1711:Enrique Krauze,
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1557:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1339:Carmen Aristegui
1321:awarded him the
1202:Manuel Clouthier
1065:Mexican Drug War
1059:Drug trafficking
1023:Split in the PRI
848:Federal District
779:Electoral reform
583:
485:informal economy
455:and a crippling
435:
430:
375:
373:
328:
309:12 December 1934
308:
306:
290:Personal details
276:
264:
255:
248:
241:
230:
223:
210:
191:
179:
160:
141:
129:
120:
99:
87:
78:
54:
40:
39:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3442:Felipe Calderón
3432:Ernesto Zedillo
3412:Luis Echeverría
3382:Lázaro Cárdenas
3378:
3314:Pedro Lascuráin
3270:
3247:
3193:Mariano Paredes
3163:Miguel Barragán
3143:Melchor Múzquiz
3109:
3104:
3070:
3068:Gonzalo Celorio
3061:
3053:
3038:
3028:
3019:
3006:
2997:
2989:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2956:
2947:
2939:
2898:
2878:Krauze, Enrique
2858:
2856:Further reading
2853:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2730:on 5 April 2012
2724:www.milenio.com
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
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2282:on 13 June 2018
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2019:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1971:
1967:
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1918:10.2307/1973019
1898:
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1663:. 11 May 2020.
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1605:10.2307/3540710
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1529:
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1513:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1400:Luis Echeverría
1396:
1382:, which led to
1376:
1335:
1232:
1227:
1225:Post-presidency
1178:Lázaro Cárdenas
1166:Roderic Ai Camp
1154:
1148:
1117:Contadora Group
1105:
1067:
1061:
1025:
1008:
947:
941:
939:1985 Earthquake
887:
881:
861:
853:Catholic church
836:
781:
757:Electoral fraud
740:Northern Mexico
723:
686:market-oriented
662:
660:Economic policy
637:
612:
606:
590:Luis Echeverría
566:
558:Enrique Octavio
516:
508:electoral fraud
428:
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374: 1959)
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347:Political party
330:
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3486:Vice president
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3354:Álvaro Obregón
3351:
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3301:
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3261:Miguel Miramón
3258:
3253:
3246:
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3213:Mariano Arista
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3004:Carlos Salinas
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1952:Salud Problema
1938:
1912:(2): 435–438.
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1630:. El Noticiero
1618:
1599:(3): 111–138.
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1572:on 20 May 2015
1566:Fundació CIDOB
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1132:TWA Flight 840
1104:
1103:Foreign policy
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1016:Estadio Azteca
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955:Paloma Cordero
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883:Main article:
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661:
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3173:Nicolás Bravo
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2090:(2): 87–102.
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1911:
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1871:968-493-160-3
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1816:(37): 149–177
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1146:1988 election
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1115:In 1983, the
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1079:Ronald Reagan
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1034:
1031:(PRI) led by
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984:was imposed.
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953:First ladies
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854:
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840:
828:
824:
823:Ronald Reagan
819:
812:
809:
805:
801:
798:
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737:
733:
729:
718:
716:
712:
707:
702:
700:
696:
690:
687:
679:
675:
672:, First Lady
671:
670:Ronald Reagan
666:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
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617:
611:
604:1982 election
601:
599:
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575:
571:
561:
559:
555:
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546:
544:
543:United States
540:
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501:
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492:
488:
486:
482:
477:
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458:
457:external debt
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36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
3479:
3421:
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2912:Find a Grave
2904:(in Spanish)
2881:
2864:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:the original
2826:
2817:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:the original
2723:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2700:. April 2012
2698:SDP Noticias
2697:
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2652:(in Spanish)
2649:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2598:the original
2588:
2579:
2573:
2554:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2517:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2428:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2324:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2280:the original
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2202:(in Spanish)
2194:
2175:
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2160:
2138:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1909:
1905:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:the original
1743:
1733:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1658:
1632:. Retrieved
1621:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1540:. Retrieved
1467:
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1448:
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1408:
1397:
1377:
1356:
1336:
1311:
1307:
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959:Nancy Reagan
928:
909:(outside of
900:
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825:(center) in
796:
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567:
564:Early career
547:
528:
517:
493:
489:
481:unemployment
446:
424:
423:
385:5 including
327:(2012-04-01)
325:1 April 2012
275:Succeeded by
207:
190:Succeeded by
157:
140:Succeeded by
117:
98:Succeeded by
75:
34:
31:de la Madrid
30:
23:Spanish name
18:
3543:2012 deaths
3538:1934 births
3437:Vicente Fox
3233:Rómulo Díaz
3133:Pedro Vélez
2917:Appearances
2797:. Excelsior
2367:25 November
2341:20 February
2308:20 February
2286:20 February
2232:20 February
2010:1 September
1985:1 September
1958:1 September
1931:1 September
1724:Castañeda,
1419:Technocrats
911:Mexico City
483:and in the
332:Mexico City
263:Preceded by
178:Preceded by
128:Preceded by
86:Preceded by
3512:Categories
3062:1990–2000
2998:1982–1988
2973:1979–1981
2948:1975–1979
2734:15 January
2656:8 December
2630:8 December
2604:26 October
2256:3 February
2038:14 October
1511:References
1462:real wages
1348:slush fund
1273:, Brazil,
1200:nominated
1186:convention
963:John Gavin
706:neoliberal
635:Presidency
554:Cuauhtémoc
461:neoliberal
394:Alma mater
305:1934-12-12
2843:26 August
2704:11 August
2678:11 August
2524:8 January
2498:8 January
2206:4 October
1728:, p. 178.
1299:Venezuela
1291:Guatemala
1271:Argentina
1263:São Paulo
1194:Michoacán
1128:Michoacán
747:Chihuahua
654:Contadora
628:políticos
586:petroleum
541:, in the
476:inflation
256:(1976–79)
249:(1976–77)
242:(1975–76)
237:Secretary
231:(1976–79)
224:(1975–76)
217:President
208:In office
167:President
158:In office
118:In office
76:In office
66:59th
2818:Sexenios
2433:Archived
1954:(25): 38
1665:Archived
1473:See also
1275:Colombia
1140:nitrogen
980:after a
919:gas leak
827:Mazatlán
769:Veracruz
464:policies
382:Children
334:, Mexico
21:In this
2801:10 July
2778:10 July
2756:10 July
2439:25 June
2276:Proceso
2251:YouTube
2226:El País
2104:3580941
2070:Proceso
2031:Milenio
1926:1973019
1845:10 July
1820:10 July
1613:3540710
1367:Enrique
1327:Picasso
978:looting
923:rupture
869:May Day
829:(1988).
387:Enrique
376:
368:
35:Hurtado
27:surname
3496:Regent
3032:(won)
2921:C-SPAN
2888:
2871:
2561:
2332:
2182:
2102:
1924:
1868:
1756:1 July
1671:18 May
1634:1 July
1611:
1576:1 July
1542:1 July
1319:France
1267:Brazil
1245:, the
1180:) and
982:curfew
915:Mexico
804:Senate
773:Oaxaca
732:Senate
524:Colima
520:Colima
357:Spouse
316:Mexico
312:Colima
2478:(AP).
2005:(PDF)
1981:(220)
1922:JSTOR
1609:JSTOR
1374:Death
1283:Spain
1279:Chile
932:Pemex
873:ISSTE
674:Nancy
370:(
366:
3030:1982
2886:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2845:2023
2803:2018
2780:2018
2758:2018
2736:2022
2706:2019
2680:2019
2658:2021
2632:2021
2606:2013
2559:ISBN
2526:2018
2500:2018
2441:2018
2369:2021
2343:2018
2330:ISBN
2310:2018
2288:2018
2258:2022
2234:2018
2208:2008
2180:ISBN
2100:PMID
2040:2017
2012:2022
1987:2022
1960:2022
1933:2022
1866:ISBN
1847:2018
1822:2018
1758:2008
1745:Time
1673:2020
1636:2017
1578:2008
1544:2008
1426:and
1402:and
1386:and
1315:UNAM
1297:and
1295:Peru
1081:and
1039:and
802:The
771:and
622:and
474:and
322:Died
295:Born
3024:PRI
2919:on
2910:at
2092:doi
1914:doi
1601:doi
1359:PRI
1198:PAN
537:at
412:MPA
403:LLB
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