Pelagic fish - Knowledge

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had four different migration patterns. One group confined itself to the western Atlantic for a year. Another group also stayed mainly in the western Atlantic, but migrated to the Gulf of Mexico for spawning. A third group moved across the Atlantic Ocean and back again. The fourth group crossed to the eastern Atlantic and then moved into the Mediterranean Sea for spawning. The study indicates that, while there is some differentiation by spawning areas, there is essentially only one population of Atlantic bluefin tuna, intermixing groups that between them, use all of the north Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Mediterranean Sea.

2007: 3038: 7336: 1528: 429: 2290: 1619: 8774: 1488: 1949: 2961: 2308: 3602: 471: 453: 1472: 3622: 1634: 2625: 1650: 585: 409: 7497: 1666: 1337: 3586: 3022: 2469: 2772: 1724: 8489: 8471: 7362: 2795: 7350: 3008: 33: 9028: 2816: 624: 1712: 314: 2994: 2830: 3638: 1358: 1736: 2323: 2449: 2027: 2980: 8501: 6968: 748: 2167: 162: 2844: 3167: 2604: 3030: 2429: 689: 2177: 2508: 2275: 1418:. The fish inflates its swimbladder to move up. Given the high pressures in the mesopelagic zone, this requires significant energy. As the fish ascends, the air in the swimbladder must decrease to prevent the swimbladder from bursting. To return to the depths, the swimbladder is deflated. The migration takes them through the 1878:. When photophores are used, it is usually to entice prey or attract a mate. Because food is so scarce, bathypelagic predators are not selective in their feeding habits, but grab whatever comes close enough. They accomplish this by having a large mouth with sharp teeth for grabbing large prey and overlapping 1507: 2922:

Tuna in particular are of major importance to commercial fisheries. Although tuna migrate across oceans, trying to find them there is not the usual approach. Tuna tend to congregate in areas where food is abundant, along the boundaries of currents, around islands, near seamounts, and in some areas of

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Mesopelagic fish do not constitute a major fishery as of 2024. Initial efforts in Iceland, Norway, and the Soviet Union did not create a commercial industry. The European Union funded the MEESO project to study abundance and fishing technologies for key mesopelagic species. To date, fish that appeal

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are an epipelagic/mesopelagic species that is carnivorous, eating other fish. Satellite tagging has shown that bigeye tuna often spend prolonged periods cruising deep below the surface during the daytime, sometimes making dives as deep as 500 metres (1,600 feet). These movements are thought to be in

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Partial residents occur in three groups: species that live in the zone only when they are juveniles (drifting with jellyfish and seaweeds); species that live in the zone only when they are adults (salmon, flying fish, dolphin, and whale sharks); and deep water species that make nightly migrations up

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Coastal epipelagic fish are among the most abundant in the world. They include forage fish as well as the predator fish that feed on them. Forage fish thrive in those inshore waters where high productivity results from the upwelling and shoreline run off of nutrients. Some are partial residents that

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from an area off North Carolina were studied with the help of special popup tags. When attached to a tuna, these tags monitored the movements of the tuna for about a year, then detached and floated to the surface where they transmitted their information to a satellite. The study found that the tuna

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Sonar operators, using the sonar technology developed during World War II, were puzzled by what appeared to be a false sea floor 300–500 metres deep at day, and less deep at night. This turned out to be due to millions of marine organisms, most particularly small mesopelagic fish, with swimbladders

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In the shallower epipelagic waters, the mirrors must reflect a mixture of wavelengths, and the fish accordingly, has crystal stacks with a range of different spacings. A further complication for fish with bodies that are rounded in cross-section is that the mirrors would be ineffective if laid flat

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At great depths, food scarcity and extreme pressure works to limit the survivability of fish. The deepest point of the ocean is about 11,000 metres (6.8 miles). Bathypelagic fishes are not normally found below 3,000 metres (1.9 miles). The greatest depth recorded for a benthic fish is 8,370 m

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The swimbladders of deep sea fish are either absent or scarcely operational, and bathypelagic fish do not normally undertake vertical migrations. Filling bladders at such great pressures incurs huge energy costs. Some deep sea fishes have swimbladders that function while they are young and inhabit

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at depths to 200 metres (660 feet). Important herring fisheries have existed in these areas for centuries. Herring of different sizes and growth rates belong to different populations, each of which have their own migration routes. When spawning, a female produces from 20,000 to 50,000 eggs. After

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are also common. These fishes are small, many about 10 centimetres (3.9 inches) long, and not many longer than 25 cm (9.8 in). They spend most of their time waiting patiently in the water column for prey to appear or to be lured by their phosphors. What little energy is available in the

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The 2010 Malaspina Circumnavigation Expedition traveled 60,000 km, undertaking acoustic observations. It reported that mesopelagic biomass was 10 billion tonnes or more (10x prior estimates), comprising about 90 percent of all ocean fish biomass. Estimates of how much carbon these fish sequester

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Ocean currents can shape how fish are distributed, both concentrating and dispersing them. Adjacent ocean currents can define distinct, if shifting, boundaries. These boundaries can even be visible, but usually their presence is marked by rapid changes in salinity, temperature, and turbidity.

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spawning, the herrings are depleted of fat, and migrate back to feeding grounds rich in plankton. Around Iceland, three separate populations of herring were fished traditionally. These stocks collapsed in the late 1960s, although two have since recovered. After the collapse, Iceland turned to

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bathypelagic zone filters from above in the form of detritus, faecal material, and the occasional invertebrate or mesopelagic fish. About 20% of the food that has its origins in the epipelagic zone falls down to the mesopelagic zone, but only about 5% filters down to the bathypelagic zone.

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and unspecialized diets, being willing to eat anything that comes along. They prefer to sit and wait for food rather than waste energy searching for it. The behaviour of bathypelagic fish can be contrasted with the behaviour of mesopelagic fish. Mesopelagic are often highly mobile, whereas

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Frazier, J. G.; Fierstine, H. L.; Beavers, S. C.; Achaval, F.; Suganuma, H.; Pitman, R. L.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Prigioni, C. M. (1994). "Impalement of marine turtles (Reptitia, Chelonia: Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae) by billfishes (Osteichthyes, Perciformes: Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae)".

2885:, and coastal mackerel. Many of these fish hunt forage fish, but are in turn, hunted by yet larger pelagic fish. Nearly all fish are predator fish to some measure, and apart from the top predators, the distinction between predator fish and prey or forage fish, is somewhat artificial. 639:, who do live above the continental shelf. However, the two types are not mutually exclusive, since there are no firm boundaries between coastal and ocean regions, and many epipelagic fish move between coastal and oceanic waters, particularly in different stages in their life cycle. 2158:

Deep sea benthic fish can be divided into strictly benthic fish and benthopelagic fish. Usually, strictly benthic fish are negatively buoyant, while benthopelagic fish are neutrally buoyant. Strictly benthic fish stay in constant contact with the bottom. They either lie in wait as

2259:, common and widely distributed, feed on benthopelagic zooplankton. Yet they are strictly benthic fish, since they stay in contact with the bottom. Their fins have long rays they use to "stand" on the bottom while they face the current and grab zooplankton as it passes by. 1527: 491:

Epipelagic fish are fascinated by floating objects. They aggregate in considerable numbers around objects such as drifting flotsam, rafts, jellyfish, and floating seaweed. The objects appear to provide a "visual stimulus in an optical void". Floating objects may offer

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Most mesopelagic fishes are small filter feeders that ascend at night to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the epipelagic zone. During the day, they return to the dark, cold, oxygen-deficient waters of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators.

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species that undertake migrations of significant, but variable distances across oceans for feeding, often on forage fish, or reproduction, and also have wide geographic distributions. Thus, these species are found both inside the 200-nautical-mile (370 km)

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The fish in the different pelagic and deep water benthic zones are physically structured, and behave, in ways that differ markedly from each other. Groups of coexisting species within each zone all seem to operate in similar ways, such as the small mesopelagic

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Many large pelagic fish are oceanic nomadic species that undertake long offshore migrations. They feed on small pelagic forage fish, as well as medium-sized pelagic fish. At times, they follow their schooling prey, and many species form schools themselves.

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species, with spiny fins, are rare among deep sea fishes, which suggests that deep sea fish are ancient and so well adapted to their environment that invasions by more modern fishes have been unsuccessful. The few ray fins that do exist are mainly in the

788:), fecal matter, sand, soot, and other inorganic dust. The "snowflakes" grow over time and may reach several centimetres in diameter, travelling for weeks before reaching the ocean floor. However, most organic components of marine snow are consumed by 3057:

brings cold water that is rich in nutrients to the surface. These upwellings support blooms of phytoplankton, which in turn, produce zooplankton and support many of the world's main fisheries. If the upwelling fails, then fisheries in the area fail.

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can interact with currents and upwellings in a manner that results in areas of high ocean productivity. Large eddies can form downcurrent or downwind from islands, concentrating plankton. Banks and reefs can intercept deep currents that upwell.

869:, which also are ancient forms. Most deep sea pelagic fishes belong to their own orders, suggesting a long evolution in deep sea environments. In contrast, deep water benthic species are in orders that include many related shallow water fishes. 1932: 555:. Yet farther out, to 500 m, was a dispersed group of various large adult tuna. The distribution and density of these groups was variable and overlapped. The FADs also were used by other fish, and the aggregations dispersed when it was dark. 708: 532:(FADs). FADs are anchored rafts or objects of any type, floating on the surface or just below it. Fishermen in the Pacific and Indian oceans set up floating FADs, assembled from all sorts of debris, around tropical islands, and then use 1680: 344:

Although the number of species is limited, epipelagic fishes are abundant. What they lack in diversity they make up for in numbers. Forage fish occur in huge numbers, and large fish that prey on them often are sought after as premier

2140:. Lateral lines detect low-frequency sounds, and some benthic fishes appear to have muscles that drum such sounds to attract mates. Smell is also important, as indicated by the rapidity with which benthic fish find traps baited with 2274: 3177:

Epipelagic fish generally move long distances between feeding and spawning areas, or as a response to changes in the ocean. Large ocean predators, such as salmon and tuna, can migrate thousands of kilometres, crossing oceans.

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also have operated in the Pacific, the Mediterranean, and the southeast Atlantic. The world annual catch of forage fish in recent years has been approximately 22 million tonnes, or one quarter of the world's total catch.

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The northwest Atlantic Ocean shark populations are estimated to have declined by 50% since the early 1970s. Oceanic sharks are vulnerable because they do not produce many young, and the young can take decades to mature.

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They can be divided into flabby or robust body types. Flabby benthopelagic fishes are like bathopelagic fishes, they have a reduced body mass, and low metabolic rates, expending minimal energy as they lie and wait to

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that function as small mirrors. This may give an effect of transparency. At medium depths at sea, light comes from above, so a mirror that is oriented vertically makes animals such as fish invisible from the side.

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that look upward. These give binocular vision and great sensitivity to small light signals. This adaptation gives improved terminal vision at the expense of lateral vision, and allows the predator to pick out

1396:, moving each night into the epipelagic zone, often following similar migrations of zooplankton, and returning to the depths for safety during the day. These vertical migrations occur over hundreds of meters. 1384:

Mesopelagic organisms migrate into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton. The layer is deeper when the moon is out, and may move higher when the sky is dark. This phenomenon has come to be known as the

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Essentially, highly migratory species coincide with the larger of the "large pelagic fish", discussed in the previous section, if cetaceans are added and some commercially unimportant fish, such as the

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Oceanic epipelagic fish can be true residents, partial residents, or accidental residents. True residents live their entire life in the open ocean. Only a few species are true residents, such as

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zone. Pressure continues to increase, at the rate of one atmosphere every 10 metres, while nutrient concentrations fall, along with dissolved oxygen and the rate at which the water circulates.

611:. Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres deep, it follows that coastal fish that are not demersal fish, are usually epipelagic fish, inhabiting the sunlit epipelagic zone. 2000:

has the largest teeth of any fish, proportionate to body size. Despite their ferocious appearance, bathypelagic fish are usually weakly muscled and too small to represent any threat to humans.

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species, such as the "spark anglemouth" above, are also bathypelagic ambush predators that can swallow prey larger than themselves. They are among the most abundant of all vertebrate families.

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Below the epipelagic zone, conditions change rapidly. Between 200 metres and approximately 1000 metres, light continues to fade until darkness is nearly complete. Temperatures fall through a

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one-quarter as long as its body. The jaw has no floor and is attached only by a hinge and a modified tongue bone. Large fang-like teeth in the front are followed by many small barbed teeth.

796:, and other filter feeding animals within the first 1,000 metres of their journey, that is, within the epipelagic zone. In this way marine snow can be considered the foundation of deep-sea 688: 1719:

is a bathypelagic ambush predator, which attracts prey with a bioluminescent lure. It can ingest prey larger than itself, which it swallows with an inrush of water when it opens its mouth.

263:, so the zone supports less than 2% of the world's known fish species. Much of the zone lacks nutrients for supporting fish, so epipelagic fish tend to be found in coastal water above the 1471: 4041:

Josse, E. (2000). "Typologie et comportement des agrégations thonières autour de dispositifs de concentration de poissons à partir de prospections acoustiques en Polynésie française".

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Bathypelagic fish are sedentary, adapted to outputting minimum energy in a habitat with very little food or available energy, not even sunlight, only bioluminescence. Their bodies are

391:. These attract the filter feeding plankton eaters, which in turn attract the higher predators. Tuna fishing tends to be optimum when water turbidity, measured by the maximum depth a 6799: 2960: 503:

Many coastal juveniles use seaweed for the shelter and the food that is available from invertebrates and other fish associated with it. Drifting seaweed, particularly the pelagic

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that digests the skin of his mouth and her body, fusing the pair to the point where the two circulatory systems join up. The male then atrophies into nothing more than a pair of

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Conditions are somewhat uniform throughout these zones, the darkness is complete, the pressure is crushing, and temperatures, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen levels are all low.

9364: 7291: 2357:) can intercept deep sea currents and cause productive upwellings that support benthic fish. Undersea mountain ranges may separate underwater regions into different ecosystems. 674:. Most of these species migrate back and forth across open oceans, rarely venturing over continental shelves. Some true residents associate with drifting jellyfish or seaweeds. 2353:). Deep sea benthic fishes are more likely to associate with canyons or rock outcroppings among the plains, where invertebrate communities are established. Undersea mountains ( 1465:

camouflages the silhouette of the fish. However, some of these predators have yellow lenses that filter the (red deficient) ambient light, leaving the bioluminescence visible.

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The marine pelagic environment is the largest aquatic habitat on Earth, occupying 1,370 million cubic kilometres (330 million cubic miles), and is the habitat for 11% of known

1365:. The sabertooth uses its telescopic, upward-pointing eyes to pick out prey silhouetted against the gloom above. Their recurved teeth prevent a captured fish from backing out. 1747:. When males mature into adults, they develop a massive liver and then their jaws fuse shut. They no longer eat, but continue to metabolise the energy stored in their liver. 9017: 1425:

Mesopelagic fish are adapted for an active life under low light conditions. Most of them are visual predators with large eyes. Some of the deeper water fish such as the

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who remain for long periods in the water also often attract a retinue of fish, with smaller fishes coming in close and larger fishes observing from a greater distance.

2896:, and the third population migrates southward along the west coast of Scotland and Ireland. The cruise speed of the mackerel is an impressive 10 kilometres per hour. 2307: 90:

have a mean depth of 4,000 metres (2.5 miles). About 98% of the total water volume is below 100 metres (330 ft), and 75% is below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).

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regions around the northeast Atlantic, off the coast of Japan, and off the west coasts of Africa and the Americas. Forage fish are generally short-lived, and their

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fishes are muscular with well developed organs. In this way they are closer to mesopelagic fishes than bathopelagic fishes. In other ways, they are more variable.

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Many species move daily between zones in vertical migrations. In the following table, they are listed in the middle or deeper zone where they regularly are found.

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are dark, black or red. Since the longer, red, wavelengths of light do not reach the deep sea, red effectively functions the same as black. Migratory forms use

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Chavez, F. P.; Ryan, John; Lluch-Cota, Salvador E.; Ñiquen c., Miguel (2003). "From Anchovies to Sardines and Back: Multidecadal Change in the Pacific Ocean".

3085:, dependent on the anchoveta, died. Since the mid-1980s, the upwelling has resumed, and the Peruvian anchoveta catch levels have returned to the 1960s levels. 1855:

Despite their ferocious appearance, these beasts of the deep are mostly miniature fish with weak muscles, and are too small to represent any threat to humans.

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In the deep ocean, the waters extend far below the epipelagic zone and support very different types of pelagic fishes adapted to living in these deeper zones.

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seaweed provides food and shelter for small epipelagic fish. The small round spheres are floats filled with carbon dioxide which provide buoyancy to the algae.

1665: 1633: 682:). Accidental residents occur occasionally when adults and juveniles of species from other environments are carried accidentally into the zone by currents. 240:

the water is, but can extend to 200 m (660 ft) in clear water, coinciding with the epipelagic zone. The photic zone allows sufficient light for

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with large mouths, smooth bodies, and deeply forked tails. Many use vision to prey on zooplankton or smaller fish, while others filter feed on plankton.

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Block, B. A.; Dewar, H; Blackwell, S. B.; Williams, T. D.; Prince, E. D.; Farwell, C. J.; Boustany, A; Teo, S. L.; Seitz, A; Walli, A; Fudge, D (2001).

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Oceanic fish (also called open ocean or offshore fish) live in the waters that are not above the continental shelf. Oceanic fish can be contrasted with

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These fish have muscular bodies, ossified bones, scales, well developed gills and central nervous systems, and large hearts and kidneys. Mesopelagic

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on the skin, as they would fail to reflect horizontally. The overall mirror effect is achieved with many small reflectors, all oriented vertically.

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structures. Since so much of the fish is water, they are not compressed by the great pressures at these depths. They often have extensible, hinged

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are partial residents of the ocean epipelagic zone During the day they hide in deep waters, but at night they migrate up to surface waters to feed.

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from predators. An abundance of drifting seaweed or jellyfish can result in significant increases in the survival rates of some juvenile species.

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uses its mouth like a net by opening its large mouth and swimming at its prey. It has a luminescent organ at the tip of its tail to attract prey.

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species, which means they mostly live in the open ocean and do not live near the sea floor, although they may spend part of their life cycle in

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because, rather than having an even distribution in open water, they occur in significantly higher abundances around structural oases, notably

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shark has declined by 99% since the late 1970s. Its status on the red list is that it is globally endangered, meaning it is near extinction.

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make long seasonal migrations. They appear to follow temperature gradients, and have been recorded travelling more than 4,500 km in one year.

528:. A simpler alternative is to leverage off the fascination fish have with floating objects. When fishermen use such objects, they are called 251:

A vast habitat for most pelagic fish, the epipelagic zone is well lit so visual predators can use their eyesight, is usually well mixed and

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Robust benthopelagic fish are muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They may live around features, such as

3126:. To complicate things, their distribution is further modified within the area defined by the two current systems by another current, the 9150: 8995: 8201: 7398: 6664: 5338: 6409: 5420: 5310: 4167: 3007: 2238:. Because these fish were once abundant, and because their robust bodies are good to eat, these fish have been harvested commercially. 5448: 7943: 4779: 6639: 5055: 4360: 9122: 4912:

Jumper, J.; Baird, R. C. (1991). "Location by Olfaction: A Model and Application to the Mating Problem in the Deep-Sea Hatchetfish

4406:(Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with Description of a New Species from the Temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean". 3137:

in an area where the eggs and larvae drift downstream into suitable feeding areas, and eventually, drift into adult feeding areas.

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resting on bottom. Hagfish coat themselves and any dead fish they find with noxious slime, making them inedible to other species.

1833:. The central nervous system is confined to the lateral line and olfactory systems, the eyes are small and may not function, and 5027: 2136:

Deep sea benthic fish are usually long and narrow. Many are eels or shaped like eels. This may be because long bodies have long

1627:. Lancetfish are ambush predators that frequent the mesopelagic. They are among the largest mesopelagic fishes (up to 2 metres). 5476: 4698: 2771: 3585: 6206: 6199: 6098: 6083: 6054: 6035: 5968: 5181:

Koslow, J. A. (1996). "Energetic and life-history patterns of deep-sea benthic, benthopelagic and seamount-associated fish".

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populations. Fisheries catches fell from 5 million tonnes in 1988 to 280 thousand tonnes in 1998. As a further consequence,

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system also can be important for males who find females by smell. Bathypelagic fish are black, or sometimes red, with few

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Ocean waters that are exceptionally clear contain little food. Areas of high productivity tend to be somewhat turbid from

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to attract tiny males. When a male finds her, he bites onto her and never lets go. When a male of the anglerfish species

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Dooley JK (1972). "Fishes associated with the pelagic sargassum complex, with a discussion of the sargassum community".

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for threatened oceanic sharks and rays. They claim that approximately one third of open ocean sharks and rays are under

1893:, which doubles their chances of producing both eggs and sperm when an encounter occurs. The female anglerfish releases 551:

aggregated closest to the devices, 10 to 50 m. Farther out, 50 to 150 m, was a less dense group of larger yellowfin and

5920: 1581:, several times the entire world fisheries catch. Lanternfish also account for much of the biomass responsible for the 570:, functioning as a mobile shelter for small fish, can be impaled accidentally by a swordfish trying to catch the fish. 5927: 1541:. As most of their prey cannot perceive red light, this allows it to hunt with an essentially invisible beam of light. 9379: 9112: 9107: 7800: 6819: 5759: 5531: 3310: 1852:. As with larvae, these features allow the fish to remain suspended in the water with little expenditure of energy. 8588: 6454: 6309: 4264:

Douglas, E.; Friedl, W.; Pickwell, G. (1976). "Fishes in oxygen-minimum zones: Blood oxygenation characteristics".

838:. The phenomenon is explained by the likewise abundance of prey species that also are attracted to the structures. 517:

mats. Jellyfish also are used by juvenile fish for shelter and food, even though jellyfish can prey on small fish.

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Many animal forms other than fish live in the bathypelagic zone, such as squid, large whales, octopuses, sponges,

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range from absent to well developed. They vary in size, with larger species greater than one metre not uncommon.

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Marshall (1984) "Progenetic tendencies in deep-sea fishes", pp. 91–101 in Potts GW and Wootton RJ (eds.) (1984)

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Hunter, JR; Mitchell CT (1966). "Association of fishes with flotsam in the offshore waters of Central America".

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Makris, N; Ratilal, P; Jagannathan, S; Gong, Z; Andrews, M; Bertsatos, I; Godo, OR; Nero, RW; Jech, JM (2009).

5909: 1422:, where the temperature changes between 10 and 20 °C, thus displaying considerable temperature tolerance. 2341:, where there is habitat diversity and often, food supplies. Approximately 40% of the ocean floor consists of 2080:

In deep waters, the fishes of the demersal zone are active and relatively abundant, compared to fishes of the

1763:. If the water is exceptionally deep, the pelagic zone below 4,000 metres (2.5 miles) sometimes is called the 9278: 9268: 9175: 8673: 6252: 4419: 2252:

Benthic fish are not pelagic fish, but they are discussed here briefly, by way of completeness and contrast.

509:, provide a niche habitat with its own shelter and food, and even supports its own unique fauna, such as the 6223: 4483: 4124:

Haedrich, R. L. (1996). "Deep-water fishes: Evolution and adaptation in the earth's largest living spaces".

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the upper epipelagic zone, but they wither or fill with fat when the fish move down to their adult habitat.

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to grow. However, it is an almost featureless habitat. This lack of habitat variation results in a lack of

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to the human palate have not been identified, leading harvesters to focus on animal feed markets instead.

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and is the only vertebrate known to employ a mirror, as opposed to a lens, to focus an image in its eyes.

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of ocean or lake waters—being neither close to the bottom nor near the shore—in contrast with

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are set up, because tuna, as well as some other pelagic fish, tend to congregate under floating objects.

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inhabit the vast and deep waters beyond the continental shelf (even though they also may swim inshore).

9304: 9193: 8191: 7918: 7888: 7775: 7384: 6604: 4547: 2155:. Smell, touch, and lateral line sensitivities seem to be the main sensory devices for locating these. 772:

falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive

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fishery was the world's largest fishery. The anchoveta population was greatly reduced during the 1972

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bathypelagic fish are almost all lie-in-wait predators, normally expending little energy in movement.

9492: 9458: 9453: 9430: 9339: 9170: 9145: 8464: 8457: 8424: 8166: 7838: 7519: 6912: 6806: 4807: 3037: 1848:, which suggests that during their evolution, bathypelagic fish have acquired these features through 807:: As sunlight cannot reach them, deep-sea organisms rely heavily on marine snow as an energy source. 3811: 368:

to strain small organisms from the water column. Some of the largest epipelagic fishes, such as the

9344: 9077: 9052: 8723: 8698: 8474: 8233: 7365: 7158: 7153: 6449: 6107:"Lifting the Cloak of Invisibility: The Effects of Changing Optical Conditions on Pelagic Crypsis1" 3190: 3161: 3123: 1373:

to temperatures between 4 °C (39 °F) and 8 °C (46 °F). This is the twilight or

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role as prey for larger organisms. The estimated global biomass of lanternfish is 550–660 million

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produces nutrient-rich upwellings. Cyclic changes in these currents resulted in a decline in the

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Wagner, H.J., Douglas, R.H., Frank, T.M., Roberts, N.W., and Partridge, J.C. (27 January 2009).

3567:. Now sharks are being increasingly targeted to supply emerging Asian markets, particularly for 144:, are solitary. There are also freshwater pelagic fish in some of the larger lakes, such as the 94: 9359: 9219: 8892: 8414: 8238: 8223: 8046: 7765: 7654: 6892: 6882: 6584: 6569: 6141: 3691: 3608: 3225: 2778: 2705: 2297: 287: 137: 37: 8773: 6091:

Dynamics of Pelagic Fish Distribution and Behaviour: Effects on Fisheries and Stock Assessment

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Some fishes do not fit into the above classification. For example, the family of nearly blind

428: 9243: 9117: 8743: 8638: 8444: 8429: 7938: 7755: 7311: 7238: 7173: 7038: 7013: 6988: 6872: 6619: 6399: 4527: 3233: 3182: 3119: 2970: 2712:

large distances between spawning grounds and feeding grounds. They are found particularly in

2327: 2013: 1609: 1582: 1386: 1350: 175:, have a deeply forked tail and a smooth body shaped like a spindle tapered at both ends and 172: 3741: 2928: 2334:(5.20 mi). It may be that extreme pressures interfere with essential enzyme functions. 2219:, a predator with a huge head and a body that is 90% water. This fish has the largest ears ( 93:

Marine pelagic fish can be divided into coastal (inshore) fish and oceanic (offshore) fish.

9487: 9102: 9082: 9042: 9012: 8959: 8439: 7735: 7046: 7008: 6339: 6153: 5860: 5652: 5256: 5153: 4972: 4959:

Pietsch, T. W. (1975). "Precocious sexual parasitism in the deep sea ceratioid anglerfish,

4458: 4275: 3653: 3592: 3563:

fisheries. In the past there were few markets for sharks, which were regarded as worthless

3229: 3104: 2314: 2235: 2180: 1547: 303: 232:. The photic zone is defined as the surface waters down to the depth where the sunlight is 3118:

are confined between two current systems. The northern boundary is determined by the cold

2803: 1569:. Indeed, lanternfish are among the most widely distributed, populous, and diverse of all 698:, a true resident of the ocean epipelagic zone, sometimes drifts with the current, eating 8: 9263: 9253: 9186: 9155: 9140: 8967: 8963: 8927: 8683: 8653: 8228: 8171: 7971: 7858: 7647: 7268: 6922: 6731: 6689: 6459: 6419: 6286: 5845: 5368:(Pisces, Chlorophthalmidae) with a revised classification of benthic myctophiform fishes" 3170: 1716: 1624: 1478: 991: 562:, often attract a retinue of small fish that accompany them in a strategically safe way. 540: 264: 6157: 5864: 5656: 5260: 5157: 5007: 4976: 4462: 4447:(Pisces: Stomiidae): An enigmatic feeding ecology to facilitate a unique visual system?" 4279: 2704:

and are usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 inches) long. They often stay together in

1686:

A collection of mesopelagic forage fishes trawled from the Gulf of Mexico that includes

364:

when that gives better results energetically. Filter feeding fish usually use long fine

9448: 9224: 9067: 8847: 7810: 7188: 7183: 7051: 6993: 6887: 6736: 6654: 6539: 6519: 6429: 6372: 6177: 5884: 5715: 5676: 5569: 5288: 5272: 5194: 4988: 4941: 4933: 4515: 4423: 4338: 4137: 4086: 3537: 3481: 3322: 3314: 3062: 2979: 2215: 2192: 2062: 1976: 1915:

ensures that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate immediately available.

1899: 1768: 1534: 1514: 1058: 1011: 1007: 819: 615:

spawn in streams, estuaries, and bays, but most complete their life cycle in the zone.

329: 5846:"Migratory Movements, Depth Preferences, and Thermal Biology of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna" 5627: 5581: 4054: 3794: 2843: 9329: 9314: 8797: 8718: 8648: 8593: 8578: 8562: 8156: 8061: 7966: 7878: 7873: 7820: 7627: 7434: 7424: 7198: 7076: 7023: 6942: 6609: 6574: 6514: 6474: 6444: 6414: 6325: 6234: 6195: 6169: 6128: 6094: 6079: 6050: 6031: 5964: 5876: 5755: 5668: 5527: 5363: 5280: 4635: 4569: 4507: 4442: 4291: 4266: 3968:"Biotic and abiotic structure in the pelagic environment: Importance to small fishes" 3967: 3883: 3747: 2993: 2746: 2346: 2338: 2081: 2058: 1912: 1756: 1066: 1062: 835: 608: 260: 98: 5958: 5888: 5680: 5292: 5240: 4945: 4519: 4342: 4090: 2829: 2815: 9410: 9214: 9209: 8917: 8837: 8633: 8618: 8613: 7898: 7843: 7805: 7760: 7718: 7642: 7429: 7306: 6998: 6902: 6854: 6766: 6659: 6357: 6214: 6181: 6161: 6118: 5868: 5814: 5711: 5660: 5264: 5190: 5161: 4992: 4980: 4925: 4625: 4617: 4497: 4466: 4427: 4415: 4330: 4283: 4133: 4078: 4050: 3556: 3541: 3298: 3127: 3093: 3070: 2985: 2065:

on the continental slope and the continental rise. They are not generally found at

1740: 1481:

have large, upward looking eyes, adapted to detecting the silhouettes of prey fish.

1074: 513:. One study, off Florida, found 54 species from 23 families living in flotsam from 493: 470: 198: 45: 6142:"Critical Population Density Triggers Rapid Formation of Vast Oceanic Fish Shoals" 2034: 1818: 452: 9415: 9273: 9062: 8852: 8807: 8792: 8693: 8115: 8095: 7923: 7910: 7893: 7848: 7730: 7669: 7593: 7588: 7524: 7511: 7481: 7276: 7243: 7104: 7056: 6932: 6907: 6716: 6669: 6594: 6439: 6424: 6189: 6025: 5931: 5801:

Casey, J. G.; Kohler, N. E. (1992). "Tagging studies on the Shortfin Mako Shark (

5749: 5557: 3681: 3134: 3089: 2916: 2781: 2280: 2210: 2160: 2111: 2030: 1955: 1886: 1538: 1462: 1450: 1362: 1127: 1038: 1003: 857: 559: 434: 245: 209: 5550: 2624: 2223:) and the smallest brain in relation to its body size of all known vertebrates. 298:. Most epipelagic fish have streamlined bodies capable of sustained cruising on 9405: 9334: 9248: 8897: 8877: 8857: 8832: 8782: 8713: 8703: 8663: 8603: 8566: 8391: 8364: 8256: 8248: 8181: 8151: 8090: 8072: 8026: 8016: 7620: 7573: 7140: 7094: 7089: 7061: 7028: 6897: 6756: 6684: 6674: 6524: 6469: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6007: 5905: 5901: 4606:"Seafaring in the 21St Century: The Malaspina 2010 Circumnavigation Expedition" 3612: 3572: 3326: 3217: 2966: 2892:. One population migrates to the North Sea, another stays in the waters of the 2749:

at depths between 100 and 1000 meters . They follow vertical migrations of the

2731: 2709: 1454: 894: 823: 548: 525: 510: 477: 325: 299: 176: 133: 8954: 5112: 4502: 4485: 4470: 4334: 2077:. They occupy a range of seafloors consisting of mud, sand, gravel, or rocks. 1361:

Most of the rest of the mesopelagic fishes are ambush predators, such as this

9481: 9425: 9420: 9324: 9087: 8985: 8955: 8842: 8827: 8812: 8688: 8493: 8396: 8310: 8130: 8105: 8100: 8056: 8051: 8006: 8001: 7981: 7853: 7632: 7551: 7354: 7248: 7213: 7114: 7109: 7084: 6614: 6579: 6554: 6404: 6367: 5732: 5472: 5444: 5416: 5334: 5306: 5208: 5079: 5051: 5023: 4803: 4775: 4722: 4694: 4639: 4356: 4163: 3676: 3671: 3568: 3533: 3281: 3221: 3213: 3205: 3078: 3054: 3013: 2912: 2860: 2697: 2599: 2584: 2410: 2342: 2301:), a species of spiderfish, uses its fin extensions to "stand" on the bottom. 2231: 2170: 2074: 2066: 2050: 2045: 1890: 1659:

slashes other mesopelagic fish when it bites them with its dagger-like teeth.

1640: 1426: 1400: 1042: 898: 756: 695: 671: 584: 567: 552: 497: 369: 361: 360:

or fish larvae out of the water column, and then change to filter feeding on

291: 283: 241: 168: 141: 121: 68: 41: 6165: 5872: 5696:"Decadal variation in the trans-Pacific migration of northern bluefin tuna ( 5664: 4287: 2753:

they feed on to the bottom during daytime and to the surface at night time.

2016:

can make nightly migrations from bathypelagic depths to near surface waters.

1958:, with its distensible stomach, is notable for its ability to swallow whole 1743:

make nightly vertical migrations into the lower mesopelagic zone to feed on

1674:

cruise the epipelagic zone at night and the mesopelagic zone during the day.

307: 8907: 8802: 8748: 8658: 8628: 8386: 8210: 8085: 7986: 7928: 7868: 7795: 7790: 7780: 7696: 7686: 7615: 7598: 7505: 7466: 7459: 7340: 7099: 7003: 6741: 6624: 6544: 6504: 6494: 6464: 6268: 6256: 6218: 6173: 6132: 6123: 6106: 5924: 5880: 5672: 5612: 5268: 4511: 3237: 3141: 2742: 2247: 2137: 2038: 1939: 1867: 1790: 1760: 1728: 1695: 1691: 1590: 1461:

producing low grade light. For a predator from below, looking upward, this

1336: 1070: 1022: 929: 866: 862: 636: 628: 596: 579: 563: 213: 125: 64: 5284: 4828: 4295: 2923:

upwelling along continental slopes. Tuna are captured by several methods:

2468: 408: 9160: 9072: 8922: 8902: 8887: 8872: 8867: 8817: 8598: 8517: 8369: 8357: 8283: 8041: 8036: 8011: 7991: 7933: 7828: 7723: 7701: 7691: 7664: 7534: 7486: 7253: 7228: 7223: 7193: 6976: 6952: 6917: 6726: 6629: 6549: 6509: 6362: 6238: 6227: 5504:: a new genus and species of oviparous ophidioids (Pisces, Brotulidae)". 3540:. There are 64 species of oceanic sharks and rays on the list, including 3209: 3074: 3021: 2874: 2785: 2750: 2717: 2693: 2687: 2490: 2202: 2130: 2070: 1838: 1826: 1810: 1806: 1699: 1671: 1656: 1604: 1562: 1419: 1415: 1374: 1370: 1342: 1054: 1050: 983: 954: 902: 811: 797: 793: 773: 765: 734: 715: 679: 667: 651: 631:, which is the deep open water which lies beyond the continental shelves. 544: 533: 392: 388: 373: 346: 279: 268: 233: 229: 194: 109: 4630: 2696:

that are hunted by larger pelagic fish and other predators. Forage fish

2147:

The main diet of deep sea benthic fish is invertebrates of the deep sea

1723: 9384: 9092: 8882: 8862: 8419: 8218: 8186: 8120: 8110: 8031: 8021: 7706: 7674: 7659: 7605: 7578: 7561: 7233: 7168: 6957: 6937: 6721: 6694: 6479: 6392: 6004:

Fishing puts a third of all oceanic shark species at risk of extinction

5395:: a new genus and species of oviparous ophidioids (Pisces, Brotulidae)" 5166: 5141: 4937: 4605: 4082: 3628: 3081:

production plummeted, as did the anchoveta population, and millions of

2256: 2197:

Benthopelagic fish inhabit the water just above the bottom, feeding on

2126: 2091: 1919: 1879: 1875: 1830: 1794: 1782: 1778: 1687: 1570: 1458: 1446: 1439: 1404: 1089: 1026: 950: 933: 920: 907: 847: 659: 438: 365: 333: 76: 9027: 7349: 5818: 4621: 4384:

Mystery Of Deep-sea Fish With Tubular Eyes And Transparent Head Solved

3066: 3053:

occurs both along coastlines and in midocean when a collision of deep

2053:

live on or near the bottom of the sea. Demersal fish are found by the

1980:

anglerfish trailing attached males that have atrophied into a pair of

1711: 32: 9354: 9319: 8932: 8912: 8176: 8161: 8146: 7976: 7637: 7583: 7568: 7546: 7529: 7476: 7258: 7163: 6947: 6711: 6704: 6679: 6589: 6294: 5276: 4984: 3696: 3644: 3560: 3549: 3290: 3253: 3050: 2999: 2951: 2943: 2893: 2882: 2870: 2727: 2713: 2141: 1997: 1959: 1894: 1871: 1863: 1802: 1798: 1551: 1518: 1494: 1408: 1046: 1034: 1030: 999: 995: 962: 946: 815: 804: 699: 589: 505: 416: 376:, are filter feeders, and so are some of the smallest, such as adult 350: 272: 217: 72: 49: 5695: 4890: 4486:"A Novel Vertebrate Eye Using Both Refractive and Reflective Optics" 3166: 1357: 623: 356:

Many forage fish are facultative predators that can pick individual

313: 9204: 8738: 8728: 8678: 8379: 8320: 8266: 8261: 8080: 7948: 7610: 7556: 7471: 7208: 7018: 6564: 6559: 6484: 6076:

Reproduction and Sexuality in Marine Fishes: Patterns and Processes

5485: 5457: 5429: 5347: 5319: 5221: 5092: 5064: 5036: 4929: 4812: 4788: 4735: 4707: 4591:"Deep-sea fish diversity and ecology in the benthic boundary layer" 4588: 4564:

Hulley, P. Alexander (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).

4369: 4321:

Muntz, W. R. A. (2009). "On yellow lenses in mesopelagic animals".

4176: 3666: 3494: 3490: 3425: 3269: 3249: 3241: 3149: 3115: 3029: 2932: 2908: 2889: 2866: 2701: 2620: 2553: 2448: 2444: 2354: 2227: 2115: 2107: 2054: 1923: 1885:

It is not easy finding a mate in this zone. Some species depend on

1822: 1744: 1735: 1558: 1445:

Mesopelagic fish usually lack defensive spines, and use colour for

1430: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1100: 970: 937: 831: 777: 769: 719: 647: 295: 201:, share similar body features as the predator fish described above. 4323:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

2337:

Benthic fishes are more diverse and are likely to be found on the

2026: 9400: 9369: 9299: 9199: 8733: 8548: 8352: 8347: 8325: 8298: 8293: 8288: 7833: 7785: 7679: 7449: 7444: 7218: 7178: 7148: 7126: 6746: 6534: 6434: 6191:

Fishes of the Open Ocean: A Natural History and Illustrated Guide

3564: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3294: 3277: 3265: 3097: 3082: 2835: 2821: 2807: 2800: 2761: 2757: 2736: 2723: 2538: 2523: 2503: 2350: 2220: 2198: 2152: 2148: 2122: 2103: 2099: 2087: 1849: 1574: 1566: 1501:

that generally are directed upward, but may be swivelled forward.

1346: 1155: 1108: 1104: 1085: 958: 941: 915: 911: 851: 801: 789: 781: 718:, another resident of the ocean epipelagic zone, filter feeds on 655: 600: 381: 357: 317: 117: 113: 53: 6967: 6337: 3193:(HMS) is a legal term that has its origins in Article 64 of the 2322: 2166: 1882:

that prevent small prey that have been swallowed from escaping.

220:

down to 200 m (660 ft). It is also referred to as the

8271: 7203: 6529: 4402:

Kenaley, C.P (2007). "Revision of the Stoplight Loosejaw Genus

3686: 3545: 3421: 3245: 2969:

are being fished as a replacement for the now largely depleted

2947: 2924: 2878: 2603: 1981: 1908: 1904: 1845: 1643:

has large, forward-pointing telescoping eyes with large lenses.

924: 785: 663: 237: 129: 6282: 5942: 5115:

Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 2 March 2009

4067: 2428: 747: 324:

Most epipelagic predator fish and their smaller prey fish are

161: 8374: 8303: 7713: 5642: 5245:, a Deep-Sea Teleost Fish with a Minute Brain and Large Ears" 3486: 3330: 3318: 3261: 3257: 2739:, which now account for about half of Iceland's total catch. 2464: 1608:

response to the vertical migrations of prey organisms in the

1586: 1578: 1435: 604: 377: 256: 87: 6139: 5560:

Pelagic Freezer-trawler Association. Retrieved 22 July 2009.

2317:

feeds on bottom-dwelling fish, bivalves, crabs, and shrimps.

2176: 320:

reflectors are nearly vertical for camouflage from the side.

271:

can provide nutrients, or in those parts of the ocean where

8276: 7863: 7416: 7407: 6699: 5982: 5843: 4891:"The swimbladder as a juvenile organ in stromateoid fishes" 3928:

Blackburn (1965). "Oceanography and the ecology of tunas".

3417: 3201: 2904: 2507: 2424: 1834: 987: 966: 643: 521: 187: 97:

inhabit the relatively shallow and sunlit waters above the

83: 1325:

variable, species greater than one metre are not uncommon

332:

incoming light. The silvering is achieved with reflective

8315: 7883: 6761: 6751: 5954: 5728: 5700:) coherent with climate-induced change in prey abundance" 5608: 3739: 2931:

that use poles baited with other smaller pelagic fish as

2095: 1751:

Below the mesopelagic zone it is pitch dark. This is the

1498: 1115: 8561: 6267:. MarineBio.org. Updated 28 August 2011. TED video from 4548:"Fish with four eyes can see through the deep sea gloom" 4420:

10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2

3073:, as part of a 50-year cycle, lowering the depth of the 722:, and periodically dives deep into the mesopelagic zone. 7376: 6235:

One fish, two fish: New MIT sensor improves fish counts

5249:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4451:

Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

2345:, but these flat, featureless regions are covered with 2061:, and in the open ocean they are found along the outer 349:. As a group, epipelagic fishes form the most valuable 302:. In general, predatory and forage fish share the same 140:

weighing hundreds of tonnes. Others, such as the large

2268:, eel-like and blind, feeds on benthic invertebrates. 1457:

silvery colours. On their bellies, they often display

524:

can be captured by travelling long distances in large

236:

to 1% of the surface value. This depth depends on how

5980:

Third of open ocean sharks threatened with extinction

5139: 4589:

Cornejo, R.; Koppelmann, R. & Sutton, T. (2006).

4263: 4199: 3946: 2888:

Around Europe there are three populations of coastal

2163:

or move actively over the bottom in search for food.

4563: 3016:

cruise on long migrations at 10 kilometres per hour.

2927:

enclose an entire surface school with special nets,

2262:

The deepest-living fish known, the strictly benthic

2094:

are common, and other well-established families are

1442:, and smaller fish that are silhouetted above them. 543:

in French Polynesia, found large shoals of juvenile

395:

can be seen during a sunny day, is 15 to 35 metres.

6072:"Reproduction and development in epipelagic fishes" 4829:"Scientists solve mystery: 3 fish are all the same" 4826: 1870:, which responds to changes in water pressure. The 1862:The most important sensory systems are usually the 6224:Scientists IDs genesis of animal behavior patterns 6078:, pp. 21–64, University of California Press. 5960:State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. 5113:Carl . "Coastal fish – Fish of the open sea floor" 2326:Cross-section of an ocean basin, note significant 2213:prey. An example of a flabby fish is the cusk-eel 1926:, but this zone is difficult for fish to live in. 278:Epipelagic fish can be divided broadly into small 5784:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 5747: 3930:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 3340:Capture production by groups of species in tonnes 1759:, extending from 1000 m to the bottom deep water 9479: 4554:. Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 2037:benthic fish with large eyes and well-developed 1565:account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish 1345:account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish 255:from wave action, and can be a good habitat for 9375:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 9001:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 5500:Nielsen, J.G. (1977). "The deepest living fish 4568:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 127–128. 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4119: 4117: 4115: 3195:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3122:and the southern boundary is determined by the 2230:, which have strong currents. Examples are the 1903:bites into the skin of a female, he release an 1781:to cope with these conditions – they have slow 1537:is also one of the few fishes that produce red 751:Scale diagram of the layers of the pelagic zone 328:with silvery colours that reduce visibility by 4200:Salvanes, A.G.V.; Kristoffersen, J.B. (2001). 3530:International Union for Conservation of Nature 462:can stretch for miles along the ocean surface. 108:Pelagic fish range in size from small coastal 8533: 7392: 6600:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 6310: 5499: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3869: 3867: 3069:event, when warm water drifted over the cold 1829:with recurved teeth. They are slimy, without 1411:have larger mouths and coarser gill rakers. 603:or inshore fish) inhabit the waters near the 5572:Icelandic fisheries. Retrieved 24 July 2009. 5005: 4532:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4477: 4440: 4401: 4184: 4112: 3965: 3114:For example, in the Asian northern Pacific, 1984:, for use when the female is ready to spawn. 1304:vertically migratory fish have swimbladders 558:Larger fish, even predator fish such as the 9151:List of commercially important fish species 8996:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 6665:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5800: 5774: 5623: 5621: 5238: 5123: 5121: 5107: 5105: 5103: 4911: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4760:"Deep-sea creatures: The bathypelagic zone" 4102: 4100: 3155: 1789:The dominant bathypelagic fishes are small 1593:, giving the appearance of a false bottom. 1429:have tubular eyes with big lenses and only 8547: 8540: 8526: 7399: 7385: 6317: 6303: 5388: 5239:Fine, M. L.; Horn, M. H.; Cox, B. (1987). 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4397: 4395: 4237:"Deep-sea creatures: The mesopelagic zone" 4231: 4229: 4013: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 2745:are found in the open ocean and above the 1844:These are the same features found in fish 810:Some deep-sea pelagic groups, such as the 7944:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 6122: 5522:Checkley D, Alheit J and Oozeki Y (2009) 5165: 4877:Fish reproduction: strategies and tactics 4820: 4629: 4501: 3988: 3927: 3799:Te Ara – The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 3746:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 8. 2205:. Most dermersal fish are benthopelagic. 1589:reflects off the millions of lanternfish 768:is a continuous shower of mostly organic 9123:Regional fishery management organisation 6279:. MarineBio.org. Updated 28 August 2011. 5988: 5825: 5693: 5618: 5516: 5201: 5118: 5100: 4852: 4835: 4763:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 4675: 4302: 4240:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 4144: 4123: 4097: 4001: 3165: 3107:stopped moving into the region to feed. 3036: 3028: 3020: 2321: 2175: 2165: 2025: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1356: 1335: 746: 622: 583: 312: 31: 27:Fish in the pelagic zone of ocean waters 6104: 5777:"Oceanography and the ecology of tunas" 5590: 5493: 5471: 5443: 5415: 5333: 5305: 5234: 5232: 5207: 5078: 5050: 5022: 4958: 4888: 4879:Fisheries Society of the British Isles. 4827:Schmid, Randolph E. (22 January 2009). 4802: 4774: 4743: 4721: 4693: 4655: 4392: 4355: 4226: 4162: 3896: 3873: 3839: 3760: 1137:Comparative structure of pelagic fishes 536:to capture the fish attracted to them. 14: 9480: 6324: 6047:Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology 6024:Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard (2008). 5963:Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5180: 5142:"Foraging strategies of deep-sea fish" 4999: 4603: 4443:"Trophic ecology of the deep-sea fish 4434: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3200:The highly migratory species include: 3041:Pacific decadal anomalies – April 2008 1597:remained highly uncertain as of 2024. 48:) sizing up a school of small pelagic 8953: 8560: 8521: 7380: 6853: 6852: 6336: 6298: 6194:University of New South Wales Press, 5925:Background: Highly Migratory Species 5524:Climate Change and Small Pelagic Fish 4952: 4651: 4649: 4604:Duarte, Carlos M. (28 January 2015). 4540: 4320: 4040: 3523: 3304: 2942:Other large pelagic fish are premier 2186: 776:. Marine snow includes dead or dying 678:into the surface waters (such as the 71:that live on or near the bottom, and 9006:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 5361: 5229: 3743:The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia 3740:Lal, Brij V.; Fortune, Kate (2000). 3702:Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project 3130:, whose flows fluctuate seasonally. 2903:Examples of larger pelagic fish are 2360: 2349:and largely devoid of benthic life ( 1706: 1349:and are largely responsible for the 1310:variable (well developed to absent) 1233:variable (well developed to absent) 884:Species and species groups include: 306:features. Predator fish are usually 9181:Future of Marine Animal Populations 9058:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 9048:Monitoring control and surveillance 8500: 7771:Electroreception and electrogenesis 6928:Oceanic physical-biological process 6790:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 6253:Glowing life in an underwater world 6205:Salvanesa AGV and Kristoffersen JB 6111:Integrative and Comparative Biology 6049:(5th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. 5537: 4656:Donovan, Moira (21 November 2023). 4610:Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin 4557: 3724: 2865:Medium size pelagic fishes include 2720:fluctuate markedly over the years. 1866:, which responds to sound, and the 1331: 846:plankton-feeders, the bathypelagic 480:has evolved to live among drifting 398: 24: 6064: 5921:Pacific Fishery Management Council 5805:) in the Western North Atlantic". 5716:10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00110.x 5195:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb06067.x 4646: 4138:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb06066.x 3317:in 2005 consisted of 93.2 million 3181:In a 2001 study, the movements of 742: 151: 25: 9504: 9380:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 9113:National Marine Fisheries Service 9108:European Fisheries Control Agency 6246: 6045:Moyle, PB & Cech, JJ (2004). 3311:Food and Agriculture Organization 102: 9026: 8772: 8589:Population dynamics of fisheries 8499: 8488: 8487: 8470: 8469: 7495: 7361: 7360: 7348: 7334: 6966: 6638: 6455:Colored dissolved organic matter 5364:"The systematics and biology of 5140:Mauchline J; Gordon JDM (1986). 3636: 3620: 3600: 3584: 3088:Off Japan, the collision of the 3006: 2992: 2978: 2959: 2854: 2842: 2828: 2814: 2793: 2770: 2623: 2602: 2506: 2467: 2447: 2427: 2306: 2288: 2273: 2021: 2005: 1989: 1967: 1947: 1931: 1679: 1664: 1648: 1632: 1617: 1526: 1506: 1486: 1470: 1215:lateral line and olfactory only 727: 707: 687: 469: 451: 427: 407: 186: 160: 9310:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 9166:Environmental impact of fishing 7455:Environmental impact of fishing 6800:Latin America and the Caribbean 5973: 5948: 5945:. FAO. Retrieved on 2015-05-01. 5936: 5914: 5895: 5837: 5794: 5768: 5751:Tuna distribution and migration 5741: 5738:Rome. Retrieved 18 August 2009. 5722: 5687: 5636: 5615:Rome. Updated 28 November 2008. 5602: 5575: 5563: 5465: 5437: 5409: 5382: 5355: 5327: 5299: 5174: 5133: 5072: 5044: 5016: 4905: 4882: 4869: 4796: 4768: 4715: 4687: 4597: 4582: 4377: 4349: 4314: 4257: 4245: 4156: 4071:Environmental Biology of Fishes 4061: 4034: 3991:Contributions in Marine Science 3982: 3959: 3940: 3280:, are excluded. These are high 3045: 2692:Small pelagic fish are usually 2241: 1777:Bathypelagic fish have special 1414:Vertically migratory fish have 618: 573: 520:Mobile oceanic species such as 286:that feed on them. Forage fish 275:moves nutrients into the area. 9284:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 8644:Otolith microchemical analysis 7282:Ecological values of mangroves 6825:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 6211:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 5807:Marine and Freshwater Research 5526:, Cambridge University Press. 5009:A Guide to the Study of Fishes 4441:Sutton, T.T. (November 2005). 4209:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 3921: 3821: 3804: 3787: 3293:outside these zones. They are 2365: 1821:with weak, watery muscles and 826:families are sometimes termed 13: 1: 9279:European Environmental Agency 9269:Grey nurse shark conservation 9176:Destructive fishing practices 8674:Pop-up satellite archival tag 4055:10.1016/S0990-7440(00)00051-6 3876:The Biology of the Deep Ocean 3713: 3631:, a large ray, is threatened. 3264:, as well as mammals such as 2129:are usually absent, eyes and 850:, and the deep water benthic 212:, the uppermost layer of the 9259:Marine conservation activism 8709:Climate change and fisheries 7540:intramembranous ossification 7302:Marine conservation activism 7287:Fisheries and climate change 5631:Institute of Marine Research 5585:Institute of Marine Research 4765:. Updated 21 September 2007. 4658:"All the Fish We Cannot See" 4546:Smith, L. (8 January 2009). 4242:. Updated 21 September 2007. 3793:McLintock, A H (ed.) (1966) 3707:Tagging of Pacific Predators 3595:is classified as endangered. 3077:. The upwelling stopped and 3025:Major ocean surface currents 1403:have small mouths with fine 208:Epipelagic fish inhabit the 136:. Many pelagic fish swim in 7: 7297:Human impact on marine life 7174:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 6410:Aquatic population dynamics 3816:Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3659: 3611:has declined by 99% in the 2679:Major marine wild fisheries 1497:has barrel-shaped, tubular 1392:Most mesopelagic fish make 1381:that reflected the sonar. 1230:small and may not function 1185:weak, minimal ossification 1092:are particularly abundant. 437:accompanied by a school of 10: 9509: 9305:Marine Stewardship Council 9098:EU Common Fisheries Policy 7919:Fin and flipper locomotion 7889:Sequential hermaphroditism 7776:Jamming avoidance response 7493: 6044: 5831: 5748:Nakamura, Hiroshi (1969). 5127: 4863: 4846: 4681: 4308: 4150: 4106: 4028: 4007: 3972:Bulletin of Marine Science 3915: 3858: 3781: 3652:In parts of the world the 3532:(IUCN) produced the first 3159: 2858: 2756:Traditional fisheries for 2685: 2595: benthopelagic 2245: 2190: 2043: 1837:, kidneys and hearts, and 754: 577: 9459:Glossary of fishery terms 9454:Index of fishing articles 9444: 9393: 9292: 9236: 9171:Fishing down the food web 9146:Maximum sustainable yield 9133: 9035: 9024: 8978: 8974: 8949: 8781: 8770: 8704:Match/mismatch hypothesis 8577: 8573: 8556: 8483: 8407: 8340: 8247: 8209: 8200: 8139: 8070: 7957: 7909: 7819: 7744: 7504: 7414: 7328: 7267: 7139: 7075: 7037: 6984: 6975: 6964: 6913:Marine primary production 6865: 6861: 6848: 6807:List of marine ecoregions 6782: 6647: 6636: 6350: 6346: 6332: 6023: 5943:Fisheries and Aquaculture 5633:. Retrieved 23 July 2009. 5596: 5587:. Retrieved 23 July 2009. 5391:"The deepest living fish 4503:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.061 4471:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.06.011 4335:10.1017/S0025315400021019 4251: 3338: 3033:Areas of upwelling in red 2618: 2597: 2589: 2551: 2536: 2521: 2501: 2494: 2462: 2442: 2422: 2415: 2403: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2121:The bodies of deep water 1394:daily vertical migrations 1322:usually under 25 cm 1170:poorly developed, flabby 627:Oceanic fish inhabit the 75:that are associated with 9345:Save Our Seas Foundation 9078:Individual fishing quota 9053:Vessel monitoring system 8699:Hydrographic containment 7406: 7159:Coastal biogeomorphology 7154:Marine coastal ecosystem 6283:Pelagic Advisory Council 5694:Polovina, J. J. (1996). 5475:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5447:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5419:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5341:Dissostichus eleginoides 5337:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5309:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5211:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5082:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5054:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5026:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4914:Argyropelecus hemigymnus 4806:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4778:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4725:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4697:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4359:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4166:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4043:Aquatic Living Resources 3801:. Accessed: 29 Sep 2022. 3287:exclusive economic zones 3191:highly migratory species 3162:Highly migratory species 3156:Highly migratory species 3124:North Equatorial Current 2937:fish aggregating devices 2057:in coastal areas on the 876:Species by pelagic zone 530:fish aggregating devices 124:oceanic fishes, such as 8991:Exclusive economic zone 8669:GIS and aquatic science 8624:Standard weight in fish 8435:Glossary of ichthyology 7997:Diel vertical migration 7067:Paradox of the plankton 6878:Diel vertical migration 6772:Freshwater swamp forest 6490:GIS and aquatic science 6338:General components and 6166:10.1126/science.1169441 5873:10.1126/science.1061197 5734:Sardinops melanostictus 5731:: Species Fact Sheets: 5665:10.1126/science.1075880 5502:Abyssobrotula galatheae 5423:Abyssobrotula galatheae 5393:Abyssobrotula galatheae 5313:Hoplostethus atlanticus 5183:Journal of Fish Biology 4918:The American Naturalist 4792:. January 2006 version. 4711:. October 2010 version. 4288:10.1126/science.1251208 4170:Argyropelecus aculeatus 4126:Journal of Fish Biology 3880:Oxford University Press 3874:Herring, Peter (2002). 3818:. Accessed: 29 Sep 2022 3204:and tuna-like species ( 2265:Abyssobrotula galatheae 1585:of the world's oceans. 1573:, playing an important 1182:strong, ossified bones 146:Lake Tanganyika sardine 9220:Turtle excluder device 8893:Shoaling and schooling 7801:Surface wave detection 7766:Hydrodynamic reception 7440:Diseases and parasites 6893:Large marine ecosystem 6585:Shoaling and schooling 6219:10.1006/rwos.2001.0012 6213:, pp. 1711–1717. 6074:In: Kathleen S Cole, 5704:Fisheries Oceanography 5489:. August 2009 version. 5461:. August 2009 version. 5451:Bathypterois grallator 5433:. August 2009 version. 5351:. August 2009 version. 5323:. August 2009 version. 5269:10.1098/rspb.1987.0018 5225:. August 2009 version. 5068:. August 2009 version. 5040:. August 2009 version. 5012:. H. Holt and Company. 4816:. August 2009 version. 4566:Encyclopedia of Fishes 4373:. August 2009 version. 4180:. August 2009 version. 3692:Ocean Tracking Network 3609:oceanic whitetip shark 3559:by swordfish and tuna 3174: 3133:Epipelagic fish often 3101:sardinops melanosticta 3042: 3034: 3026: 2330: 2298:Bathypterois grallator 2183: 2173: 2041: 1841:are small or missing. 1748: 1732: 1720: 1366: 1354: 1353:of the world's oceans. 752: 632: 593: 321: 57: 9244:Marine protected area 9118:Regional fishery body 8744:Census of Marine Life 8639:Catch per unit effort 7939:Undulatory locomotion 7756:Ampullae of Lorenzini 7312:Marine protected area 7239:Salt pannes and pools 7014:Marine larval ecology 6989:Census of Marine Life 6873:Deep scattering layer 6830:San Francisco Estuary 6795:Africa and Madagascar 6620:Underwater camouflage 6400:Aquatic biomonitoring 6340:freshwater ecosystems 6089:Freon, Pierre (1998) 5096:. April 2010 version. 5006:Jordan, D.S. (1905). 4782:Gonostoma bathyphilum 4739:. April 2010 version. 3966:Kingsford MJ (1993). 3557:captured incidentally 3183:Atlantic bluefin tuna 3169: 3120:North Pacific Current 3040: 3032: 3024: 2971:Southern bluefin tuna 2929:pole and line vessels 2328:vertical exaggeration 2325: 2179: 2169: 2029: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1610:deep scattering layer 1583:deep scattering layer 1387:deep scattering layer 1360: 1351:deep scattering layer 1339: 750: 626: 587: 316: 179:with silvery colours. 173:Atlantic bluefin tuna 35: 9083:Minimum landing size 9043:Fisheries management 9018:Magnuson–Stevens Act 9013:Fisheries Convention 8764:Fisheries scientists 8167:Genetically modified 7047:Marine bacteriophage 7009:Marine invertebrates 6207:"Mesopelagic Fishes" 6124:10.1093/icb/43.4.580 6070:Collette, BB (2010) 5775:Blackburn M (1965). 5146:Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 5058:Anoplogaster cornuta 4363:Dissostichus mawsoni 4202:"Mesopelagic Fishes" 3654:scalloped hammerhead 3593:scalloped hammerhead 3571:, which are used in 3538:threat of extinction 3208:, Atlantic bluefin, 3105:Pacific bluefin tuna 2915:, sharks, and large 2315:blotched fantail ray 2236:Patagonian toothfish 2181:Patagonian toothfish 1548:brownsnout spookfish 1227:large and sensitive 844:vertically migrating 670:, ocean sharks, and 103:oceanic pelagic fish 95:Coastal pelagic fish 9360:Defying Ocean's End 9264:Salmon conservation 9254:Marine conservation 9194:The End of the Line 9187:The Sunken Billions 9156:Sustainable seafood 9141:Sustainable fishery 8754:Fisheries databases 8684:Age class structure 8654:Fisheries acoustics 7972:Aquatic respiration 7859:Life history theory 6923:Ocean fertilization 6732:Trophic state index 6690:Lake stratification 6420:Aquatic respiration 6287:European Commission 6188:Pepperell J (2011) 6158:2009Sci...323.1734M 6152:(5922): 1734–1737. 6105:Johnsen, S (2003). 6093:, Wiley-Blackwell. 6030:. Garland Science. 5865:2001Sci...293.1310B 5657:2003Sci...299..217C 5389:Nielsen JG (1977). 5261:1987RSPSB.230..257F 5158:1986MEPS...27..227M 4977:1975Natur.256...38P 4961:Cryptopsaras couesi 4831:. Associated Press. 4463:2005DSRI...52.2065S 4389:, 24 February 2009. 4280:1976Sci...191..957D 3882:. pp. 192–95. 3555:Oceanic sharks are 3453:Other pelagic fish 3414:Large pelagic fish 3375:Small pelagic fish 3171:Shortfin mako shark 2935:, and rafts called 2925:purse seine vessels 1962:ten times its mass. 1717:humpback anglerfish 1625:Longnose lancetfish 1479:Antarctic toothfish 1139: 992:longnose lancetfish 877: 592:, a coastal species 265:continental shelves 228:, and includes the 9449:Outline of fishing 9068:Fisheries observer 8719:Aquatic ecosystems 7811:Weberian apparatus 7189:Intertidal wetland 7184:Intertidal ecology 7052:Marine prokaryotes 6994:Deep-sea community 6888:Iron fertilization 6811:Specific examples 6737:Upland and lowland 6655:Freshwater biology 6520:Microbial food web 6430:Aquatic toxicology 6373:Aquatic adaptation 6326:Aquatic ecosystems 6242:, 2 February 2006. 5930:2009-07-12 at the 5904:Convention on the 5556:2012-02-11 at the 5243:Acanthonus armatus 5215:Acanthonus armatus 5167:10.3354/meps027227 4808:"Family Gonostoma" 4729:Anotopterus pharao 4083:10.1007/BF00004759 3524:Threatened species 3482:Cartilaginous fish 3323:commercial fishing 3305:Capture production 3175: 3063:Peruvian anchoveta 3043: 3035: 3027: 2849:Peruvian anchoveta 2331: 2216:Acanthonus armatus 2201:and benthopelagic 2193:Benthopelagic fish 2187:Benthopelagic fish 2184: 2174: 2063:continental margin 2042: 2014:Sloane's viperfish 1977:Haplophryne mollis 1900:Haplophryne mollis 1769:abyssopelagic zone 1749: 1733: 1721: 1557:Sampling via deep 1535:stoplight loosejaw 1515:stoplight loosejaw 1367: 1355: 1307:reduced or absent 1135: 1059:black scabbardfish 1012:marine hatchetfish 1008:stoplight loosejaw 875: 836:continental slopes 820:marine hatchetfish 753: 633: 594: 322: 58: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9431:Threatened sharks 9330:Ocean Conservancy 9315:Friend of the Sea 8945: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8853:Lobster fisheries 8798:Diversity of fish 8594:Shifting baseline 8563:Fisheries science 8515: 8514: 8425:Fish common names 8336: 8335: 7967:Aquatic predation 7791:Capacity for pain 7520:Age determination 7374: 7373: 7355:Oceans portal 7324: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7199:Hydrothermal vent 7135: 7134: 7024:Seashore wildlife 6855:Marine ecosystems 6844: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6610:Thermal pollution 6575:Ramsar Convention 6515:Microbial ecology 6475:Fisheries science 6415:Aquatic predation 6200:978-1-74223-267-6 6099:978-0-85238-241-7 6084:978-0-520-26433-5 6056:978-0-13-100847-2 6037:978-0-203-88522-2 6027:Biology of Fishes 5969:978-92-5-105568-7 5819:10.1071/MF9920045 5803:Isurus oxyrinchus 5086:Chauliodus sloani 4622:10.1002/lob.10008 4575:978-0-12-547665-2 4457:(11): 2065–2076. 4445:Malacosteus niger 3889:978-0-19-854956-7 3829:"Lake Tanganyika" 3753:978-0-8248-2265-1 3521: 3520: 3309:According to the 3061:In the 1960s the 2747:continental slope 2726:are found in the 2684: 2683: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2563: 2480: 2479: 2361:Pelagic fisheries 2339:continental slope 2082:bathypelagic zone 2073:depths or on the 2059:continental shelf 1922:, sea stars, and 1913:sexual dimorphism 1757:bathypelagic zone 1707:Bathypelagic fish 1329: 1328: 1133: 1132: 1067:unicorn crestfish 1063:bobtail snipe eel 609:continental shelf 261:species diversity 193:Small epipelagic 167:Large epipelagic 99:continental shelf 40:of large pelagic 16:(Redirected from 9500: 9493:Fishing industry 9411:Marine pollution 9215:Cetacean bycatch 9210:Incidental catch 9030: 8976: 8975: 8951: 8950: 8918:Humboldt current 8776: 8694:Trophic cascades 8634:Data storage tag 8619:Fish measurement 8614:Stock assessment 8575: 8574: 8558: 8557: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8519: 8518: 8503: 8502: 8491: 8490: 8473: 8472: 8207: 8206: 7499: 7430:Ethnoichthyology 7401: 7394: 7387: 7378: 7377: 7364: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7343: 7341:Lakes portal 7339: 7338: 7337: 7307:Marine pollution 6999:Deep-water coral 6982: 6981: 6970: 6903:Marine chemistry 6863: 6862: 6850: 6849: 6767:Freshwater marsh 6660:Freshwater biome 6642: 6358:Acoustic ecology 6348: 6347: 6334: 6333: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6231:, 26 March 2009. 6185: 6136: 6126: 6060: 6041: 6012: 6001: 5986: 5977: 5971: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5918: 5912: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5859:(5533): 1310–4. 5850: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5754:. Fishing News. 5745: 5739: 5736:(Schlegel, 1846) 5726: 5720: 5719: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5651:(5604): 217–21. 5640: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5548: 5535: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5255:(1259): 257–65. 5236: 5227: 5226: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5116: 5109: 5098: 5097: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5030:Chiasmodon niger 5020: 5014: 5013: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4985:10.1038/256038a0 4956: 4950: 4949: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4889:Horn MH (1970). 4886: 4880: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4833: 4832: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4772: 4766: 4756: 4741: 4740: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4561: 4555: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4505: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4206: 4197: 4182: 4181: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4121: 4110: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3949:Fishery Bulletin 3944: 3938: 3937: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3894: 3893: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3837: 3836: 3825: 3819: 3810:Walrond, Carl. 3808: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3758: 3757: 3737: 3640: 3624: 3604: 3588: 3336: 3335: 3299:nearshore waters 3234:southern bluefin 3128:Kuroshio Current 3094:Kuroshio Current 3071:Humboldt Current 3010: 2996: 2986:Atlantic pomfret 2982: 2963: 2846: 2832: 2818: 2797: 2782:Pacific sardines 2774: 2627: 2606: 2592: 2591: 2510: 2497: 2496: 2471: 2451: 2431: 2418: 2417: 2406: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2310: 2295:The tripodfish ( 2292: 2277: 2161:ambush predators 2009: 1993: 1971: 1951: 1935: 1741:flabby whalefish 1683: 1668: 1652: 1636: 1621: 1550:is a species of 1530: 1510: 1490: 1474: 1451:Ambush predators 1401:plankton feeders 1332:Mesopelagic fish 1207:nervous systems 1167:muscular bodies 1140: 1134: 1075:flabby whalefish 878: 874: 731: 711: 691: 476:The camouflaged 473: 455: 431: 411: 399:Floating objects 199:Atlantic herring 190: 164: 46:bluefin trevally 21: 18:Mesopelagic fish 9508: 9507: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9463: 9440: 9436:Threatened rays 9416:Mercury in fish 9389: 9288: 9274:Shark sanctuary 9232: 9129: 9063:Catch reporting 9031: 9022: 8970: 8937: 8843:Krill fisheries 8808:Coral reef fish 8793:Ocean fisheries 8784: 8777: 8768: 8609:Condition index 8580: 8569: 8552: 8546: 8516: 8511: 8479: 8403: 8332: 8243: 8196: 8135: 8066: 7959: 7953: 7905: 7849:Ichthyoplankton 7815: 7747: 7740: 7736:Digital Library 7731:Teleost leptins 7670:Shark cartilage 7594:pharyngeal slit 7589:pharyngeal arch 7525:Anguilliformity 7510: 7508: 7500: 7491: 7410: 7405: 7375: 7370: 7347: 7346: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7316: 7277:Coral bleaching 7263: 7244:Seagrass meadow 7141:Marine habitats 7131: 7105:Coral reef fish 7071: 7057:Marine protists 7033: 6971: 6962: 6933:Ocean turbidity 6908:Marine food web 6857: 6836: 6778: 6717:River ecosystem 6670:Freshwater fish 6643: 6634: 6440:Bioluminescence 6425:Aquatic science 6342: 6328: 6323: 6292: 6255:TED video from 6249: 6067: 6065:Further reading 6057: 6038: 6015: 6011:, 26 June 2009. 6002: 5989: 5985:. 25 June 2009. 5978: 5974: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5932:Wayback Machine 5919: 5915: 5900: 5896: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5799: 5795: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5746: 5742: 5727: 5723: 5698:Thunnus thynnus 5692: 5688: 5641: 5637: 5626: 5619: 5611:: LAPE project 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5558:Wayback Machine 5551:Pelagic species 5549: 5538: 5521: 5517: 5506:Galathea Report 5498: 5494: 5479:Taeniura meyeni 5470: 5466: 5442: 5438: 5414: 5410: 5399:Galathea Report 5387: 5383: 5360: 5356: 5332: 5328: 5304: 5300: 5237: 5230: 5206: 5202: 5179: 5175: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5077: 5073: 5049: 5045: 5021: 5017: 5004: 5000: 4971:(5512): 38–40. 4957: 4953: 4910: 4906: 4887: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4853: 4845: 4836: 4825: 4821: 4801: 4797: 4773: 4769: 4757: 4744: 4720: 4716: 4701:Gigantura chuni 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4654: 4647: 4602: 4598: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4562: 4558: 4545: 4541: 4525: 4524: 4490:Current Biology 4482: 4478: 4439: 4435: 4400: 4393: 4382: 4378: 4354: 4350: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4274:(4230): 957–9. 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4234: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4185: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4122: 4113: 4105: 4098: 4066: 4062: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3987: 3983: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3897: 3890: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3840: 3833:pcwww.liv.ac.uk 3827: 3826: 3822: 3809: 3805: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3725: 3716: 3711: 3682:Freshwater fish 3662: 3648: 3645:porbeagle shark 3641: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3605: 3596: 3589: 3526: 3307: 3260:and oceangoing 3230:Pacific bluefin 3164: 3158: 3090:Oyashio Current 3048: 3017: 3011: 3002: 2997: 2988: 2983: 2974: 2964: 2946:, particularly 2863: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2838: 2833: 2824: 2819: 2810: 2798: 2789: 2775: 2690: 2680: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2574: 2565: 2481: 2368: 2363: 2318: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2281:Pacific hagfish 2278: 2250: 2244: 2195: 2189: 2048: 2031:Giant grenadier 2024: 2017: 2010: 2001: 1996:The widespread 1994: 1985: 1972: 1963: 1956:black swallower 1952: 1943: 1936: 1911:. This extreme 1887:bioluminescence 1709: 1702: 1684: 1675: 1669: 1660: 1653: 1644: 1637: 1628: 1622: 1561:indicates that 1542: 1539:bioluminescence 1531: 1522: 1511: 1502: 1491: 1482: 1475: 1463:bioluminescence 1363:sabertooth fish 1334: 1260:well developed 1250:usually absent 1212:well developed 1039:black swallower 764:In deep water, 759: 745: 743:Deep water fish 738: 732: 723: 712: 703: 692: 621: 582: 576: 560:great barracuda 526:fishing vessels 489: 488: 487: 486: 485: 474: 465: 464: 463: 456: 445: 444: 443: 442: 441: 435:Great barracuda 432: 423: 422: 421: 412: 401: 389:plankton blooms 246:photosynthesize 216:, ranging from 210:epipelagic zone 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 197:, such as this 191: 182: 181: 180: 171:, such as this 165: 154: 152:Epipelagic fish 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9506: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9473: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9406:Fish slaughter 9403: 9397: 9395: 9394:Related issues 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9335:Ocean Outcomes 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9249:Marine reserve 9246: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9134:Sustainability 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9009: 9008: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8972: 8971: 8964:sustainability 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8898:Marine habitat 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8858:Shrimp fishery 8855: 8850: 8848:Kelp fisheries 8845: 8840: 8835: 8833:Crab fisheries 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8787: 8779: 8778: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8714:Marine biology 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8664:Coded wire tag 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8604:Fish mortality 8601: 8596: 8591: 8585: 8583: 8571: 8570: 8567:wild fisheries 8554: 8553: 8551:science topics 8545: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8497: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8467: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8253: 8251: 8249:Wild fisheries 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8213: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8172:Hallucinogenic 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8047:Schooling fish 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8007:Filter feeders 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7982:Bottom feeders 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7752: 7750: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7628:Leydig's organ 7625: 7624: 7623: 7621:pharyngeal jaw 7618: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7574:branchial arch 7566: 7565: 7564: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7502: 7501: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7412: 7411: 7404: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7358: 7344: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7095:Saltwater fish 7092: 7090:Marine reptile 7087: 7081: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7062:Marine viruses 7059: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7039:Microorganisms 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7029:Wild fisheries 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6943:Thorson's rule 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6898:Marine biology 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6858: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6809: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6757:Brackish marsh 6754: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6685:Lake ecosystem 6682: 6677: 6675:Hyporheic zone 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6525:Microbial loop 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6470:Eutrophication 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6450:Cascade effect 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6378:Aquatic animal 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6330: 6329: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6280: 6274:The Open Ocean 6271: 6262:The Open Ocean 6259: 6248: 6247:External links 6245: 6244: 6243: 6232: 6221: 6203: 6186: 6137: 6117:(4): 580–590. 6102: 6087: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6042: 6036: 6014: 6013: 6008:guardian.co.uk 5987: 5972: 5947: 5935: 5913: 5906:Law of the Sea 5902:United Nations 5894: 5836: 5832:Moyle and Cech 5824: 5793: 5767: 5760: 5740: 5721: 5710:(2): 114–119. 5686: 5635: 5617: 5613:Forage species 5601: 5597:Bone and Moore 5589: 5574: 5570:Pelagic fishes 5562: 5536: 5515: 5492: 5473:Froese, Rainer 5464: 5445:Froese, Rainer 5436: 5417:Froese, Rainer 5408: 5381: 5354: 5335:Froese, Rainer 5326: 5307:Froese, Rainer 5298: 5228: 5209:Froese, Rainer 5200: 5173: 5132: 5128:Moyle and Cech 5117: 5099: 5080:Froese, Rainer 5071: 5052:Froese, Rainer 5043: 5024:Froese, Rainer 5015: 4998: 4951: 4930:10.1086/285295 4904: 4881: 4868: 4864:Moyle and Cech 4851: 4847:Moyle and Cech 4834: 4819: 4804:Froese, Rainer 4795: 4776:Froese, Rainer 4767: 4742: 4723:Froese, Rainer 4714: 4695:Froese, Rainer 4686: 4682:Moyle and Cech 4674: 4662:Hakai Magazine 4645: 4596: 4581: 4574: 4556: 4539: 4496:(2): 108–114. 4476: 4433: 4414:(4): 886–900. 4391: 4376: 4357:Froese, Rainer 4348: 4329:(4): 963–976. 4313: 4309:Moyle and Cech 4301: 4256: 4252:Bone and Moore 4244: 4225: 4183: 4164:Froese, Rainer 4155: 4151:Moyle and Cech 4143: 4111: 4107:Moyle and Cech 4096: 4060: 4049:(4): 183–192. 4033: 4029:Moyle and Cech 4012: 4008:Moyle and Cech 4000: 3981: 3958: 3939: 3920: 3916:Moyle and Cech 3895: 3888: 3863: 3859:Moyle and Cech 3838: 3820: 3812:"Oceanic fish" 3803: 3786: 3782:Moyle and Cech 3759: 3752: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3647:is threatened. 3642: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3613:Gulf of Mexico 3606: 3599: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3573:shark fin soup 3525: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3327:wild fisheries 3306: 3303: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3055:ocean currents 3047: 3044: 3019: 3018: 3014:King mackerels 3012: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2967:Yellowfin tuna 2965: 2958: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2811: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2776: 2769: 2732:North Atlantic 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2343:abyssal plains 2320: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2294: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2243: 2240: 2188: 2185: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2004: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1891:hermaphrodites 1765:lower midnight 1708: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1623: 1616: 1544: 1543: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1131: 1130: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1083: 1082:Benthopelagic 1079: 1078: 1019: 1015: 1014: 981: 977: 976: 975: 974: 944: 927: 918: 905: 890: 886: 885: 882: 744: 741: 740: 739: 733: 726: 724: 713: 706: 704: 693: 686: 620: 617: 607:and above the 578:Main article: 575: 572: 568:Marine turtles 549:yellowfin tuna 539:A study using 511:sargassum fish 478:sargassum fish 475: 468: 467: 466: 457: 450: 449: 448: 447: 446: 433: 426: 425: 424: 413: 406: 405: 404: 403: 402: 400: 397: 353:in the world. 222:surface waters 192: 185: 184: 183: 166: 159: 158: 157: 156: 155: 153: 150: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9505: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9426:Shark finning 9424: 9422: 9421:Shark culling 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9350:Sea Around Us 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9325:Seafood Watch 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9226:Shrimp-Turtle 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088:Pulse fishing 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:Fisheries law 8984: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8956:Fisheries law 8952: 8948: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8838:Eel fisheries 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8828:Cod fisheries 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8813:Demersal fish 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8780: 8775: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8689:Trophic level 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8550: 8543: 8538: 8536: 8531: 8529: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8508: 8507: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8476: 8475:more lists... 8468: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430:Fish families 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8415:Aquarium life 8413: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8397:fleshy-finned 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8365:Cartilaginous 8363: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8002:Electric fish 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7633:Mauthner cell 7631: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7552:Chromatophore 7550: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7367: 7359: 7356: 7351: 7345: 7342: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7249:Sponge ground 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Marine biomes 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Demersal fish 7113: 7111: 7110:Deep-sea fish 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085:Marine mammal 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6615:Trophic level 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6580:Sediment trap 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Phytoplankton 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6405:Aquatic plant 6403: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368:Anoxic waters 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6277:MarineBio.org 6275: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6265:MarineBio.org 6263: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5761:9780852380024 5757: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5533: 5532:0-521-88482-9 5529: 5525: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5011: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4535: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4031:, pp. 574–575 4030: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4009: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3978:(2): 393–415. 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3677:Demersal fish 3675: 3673: 3672:Deep sea fish 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528:In 2009, the 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:world harvest 3312: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3282:trophic level 3279: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3079:phytoplankton 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3039: 3031: 3023: 3015: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913:king mackerel 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2861:Predator fish 2855:Predator fish 2845: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2677: 2676: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2324: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2232:orange roughy 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2171:Orange roughy 2168: 2164: 2162: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2138:lateral lines 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2075:abyssal plain 2072: 2068: 2067:abyssopelagic 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:Demersal fish 2047: 2046:Demersal fish 2040: 2039:lateral lines 2036: 2032: 2028: 2022:Demersal fish 2015: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1889:. Others are 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1701: 1697: 1696:bristlemouths 1693: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1641:telescopefish 1635: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1591:swim bladders 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:countershaded 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1427:Telescopefish 1423: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1359: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1151:Bathypelagic 1150: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043:telescopefish 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1018:Bathypelagic 1017: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982: 979: 978: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:atheriniforms 928: 926: 922: 919: 917: 913: 909: 906: 904: 900: 896: 893: 892: 891: 888: 887: 883: 880: 879: 873: 870: 868: 864: 859: 855: 853: 849: 845: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 758: 757:Deep sea fish 749: 736: 730: 725: 721: 717: 710: 705: 701: 697: 696:ocean sunfish 690: 685: 684: 683: 681: 675: 673: 672:ocean sunfish 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 630: 625: 616: 612: 610: 606: 602: 599:(also called 598: 591: 586: 581: 571: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 553:albacore tuna 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 507: 501: 499: 498:juvenile fish 495: 483: 479: 472: 461: 454: 440: 436: 430: 419: 418: 410: 396: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 370:basking shark 367: 363: 362:phytoplankton 359: 354: 352: 348: 342: 338: 335: 331: 327: 326:countershaded 319: 315: 311: 309: 305: 304:morphological 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284:predator fish 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 242:phytoplankton 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 200: 196: 189: 178: 177:countershaded 174: 170: 169:predator fish 163: 149: 147: 143: 142:ocean sunfish 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 122:apex predator 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 91: 89: 86:species. The 85: 80: 78: 74: 70: 69:demersal fish 66: 62: 55: 51: 47: 43: 42:predator fish 39: 34: 30: 19: 9237:Conservation 9225: 9192: 9185: 8968:conservation 8923:Algal blooms 8908:Water column 8823:Pelagic fish 8822: 8803:Coastal fish 8749:OSTM/Jason-2 8724:Bioeconomics 8659:Acoustic tag 8629:Fish counter 8504: 8492: 8392:spiny-finned 8341:Major groups 8125: 8062:Intelligence 8042:Scale eaters 7987:Cleaner fish 7869:Mouthbrooder 7821:Reproduction 7796:Schreckstoff 7781:Lateral line 7697:Swim bladder 7687:Spiral valve 7616:hyomandibula 7599:pseudobranch 7482:Hypoxia in - 7269:Conservation 7120:Pelagic fish 7119: 7100:Coastal fish 7004:Marine fungi 6742:Water garden 6625:Water column 6570:Productivity 6545:Pelagic zone 6505:Macrobenthos 6495:Hydrobiology 6465:Ecohydrology 6291: 6276: 6269:Edith Widder 6264: 6257:Edith Widder 6237: 6226: 6210: 6190: 6149: 6145: 6114: 6110: 6090: 6075: 6046: 6026: 6018:Bibliography 6017: 6016: 6006: 5975: 5959: 5950: 5938: 5916: 5897: 5856: 5852: 5839: 5827: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5787: 5783: 5770: 5750: 5743: 5733: 5724: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5689: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5604: 5592: 5582:Blue whiting 5577: 5565: 5523: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5484: 5478: 5467: 5456: 5450: 5439: 5428: 5422: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5384: 5375: 5372:Galathea Rep 5371: 5366:Bathypterois 5365: 5357: 5346: 5340: 5329: 5318: 5312: 5301: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5220: 5214: 5203: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5091: 5085: 5074: 5063: 5057: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5018: 5008: 5001: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4822: 4811: 4798: 4787: 4781: 4770: 4762: 4734: 4728: 4717: 4706: 4700: 4689: 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4661: 4631:10754/347123 4616:(1): 11–14. 4613: 4609: 4599: 4584: 4565: 4559: 4552:Times Online 4551: 4542: 4528:cite journal 4493: 4489: 4479: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4387:ScienceDaily 4386: 4379: 4368: 4362: 4351: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4304: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4247: 4239: 4216:. 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7692:Suckermouth 7665:Root effect 7487:Ichthyology 7254:Sponge reef 7229:Rocky shore 7224:Oyster reef 7194:Kelp forest 7077:Vertebrates 6977:Marine life 6953:Viral shunt 6918:Marine snow 6820:Maharashtra 6727:Stream pool 6630:Zooplankton 6550:Photic zone 6510:Meiobenthos 6363:Algal bloom 6239:PhysOrg.com 6228:PhysOrg.com 5152:: 227–238. 4924:(6): 1431. 4667:19 February 4404:Malacosteus 3542:hammerheads 3476:11 179 641 3473:11 181 871 3470:11 525 390 3467:11 772 320 3464:12 332 170 3461:10 654 041 3458:10 712 994 3409:22 404 769 3406:23 047 541 3403:18 840 389 3400:22 289 332 3397:20 640 734 3394:24 919 239 3391:22 671 427 3313:(FAO), the 3289:and in the 3210:bigeye tuna 3075:thermocline 2875:flying fish 2804:ram feeding 2786:forage fish 2751:zooplankton 2698:filter feed 2694:forage fish 2688:Forage fish 2366:Forage fish 2203:zooplankton 2127:Photophores 2071:hadopelagic 1960:bony fishes 1920:brachiopods 1880:gill rakers 1876:photophores 1811:barracudina 1807:daggertooth 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reef 8032:Salmon run 8022:Paedophagy 7924:Amphibious 7911:Locomotion 7719:pharyngeal 7707:physostome 7660:Photophore 7606:Glossohyal 7579:gill raker 7562:dorsal fin 7512:physiology 7234:Salt marsh 7169:Coral reef 6958:Whale fall 6938:Photophore 6815:Everglades 6783:Ecoregions 6722:Stream bed 6695:Macrophyte 6648:Freshwater 6480:Food chain 6393:Water bird 5790:: 299–322. 5362:Sulak KJ. 5111:Walrond C 4218:4 November 3936:: 299–322. 3714:References 3629:devil fish 3569:shark fins 3546:devil rays 3448:6 243 122 3445:6 160 868 3442:6 197 087 3439:6 138 999 3436:5 782 841 3433:5 816 647 3430:5 943 593 3426:billfishes 3197:(UNCLOS). 3160:See also: 2859:See also: 2686:See also: 2246:See also: 2191:See also: 2116:lumpfishes 2044:See also: 1940:gulper eel 1895:pheromones 1795:anglerfish 1688:Myctophids 1575:ecological 1447:camouflage 1440:cuttlefish 1409:piscivores 1071:gulper eel 1027:anglerfish 1004:sabretooth 963:barracudas 947:perciforms 921:Salmonidae 858:Ray finned 805:ecosystems 755:See 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3051:Upwelling 3000:Swordfish 2952:swordfish 2944:game fish 2894:Irish Sea 2883:mahi mahi 2871:barracuda 2836:Anchovies 2779:schooling 2758:anchovies 2728:North Sea 2714:upwelling 2355:seamounts 2228:seamounts 2142:bait fish 2112:batfishes 2108:greeneyes 2104:hagfishes 1998:fangtooth 1924:echinoids 1872:olfactory 1864:inner ear 1819:elongated 1803:viperfish 1799:fangtooth 1690:, larval 1552:barreleye 1519:lower jaw 1495:Barreleye 1431:rod cells 1177:skeleton 1154:Deep sea 1047:hammerjaw 1035:viperfish 1031:fangtooth 1000:ridgehead 996:barreleye 938:halfbeaks 832:seamounts 824:lightfish 816:ridgehead 700:jellyfish 694:The huge 660:pilotfish 590:threadfin 515:Sargassum 506:Sargassum 482:Sargassum 460:Sargassum 458:Lines of 417:Sargassum 414:Drifting 382:anchovies 351:fisheries 347:food fish 273:upwelling 218:sea level 73:reef fish 54:anchovies 50:prey fish 9365:HERMIONE 9293:Advocacy 9205:Discards 8739:FishBase 8729:EconMult 8679:EcoSCOPE 8494:Category 8445:Smallest 8358:lampreys 8321:flatfish 8311:Demersal 8267:mackerel 8262:billfish 8202:Commerce 8131:Tropical 8106:Demersal 8101:Deep-sea 8057:Venomous 7949:RoboTuna 7899:triggers 7894:Spawning 7854:Juvenile 7839:Egg case 7472:FishBase 7366:Category 7292:HERMIONE 7209:Mangrove 7019:Seagrass 6565:Pleuston 6560:Plankton 6540:Particle 6485:Food web 6174:19325116 6133:21680466 5928:Archived 5889:32126319 5881:11509729 5834:, p. 578 5681:37990897 5673:12522241 5628:Mackerel 5599:, p. 443 5554:Archived 5512:: 41–48. 5486:FishBase 5458:FishBase 5430:FishBase 5405:: 41–48. 5348:FishBase 5320:FishBase 5293:19183523 5222:FishBase 5130:, p. 588 5093:FishBase 5065:FishBase 5037:FishBase 4946:84386858 4895:Breviora 4866:, p. 587 4849:, p. 594 4813:FishBase 4789:FishBase 4736:FishBase 4708:FishBase 4684:, p. 336 4520:18680315 4512:19110427 4370:FishBase 4343:86353657 4311:, p. 590 4254:, p. 38. 4177:FishBase 4153:, p. 586 4109:, p. 591 4091:23551149 4010:, p. 576 3955:: 13–29. 3918:, p. 572 3861:, p. 571 3784:, p. 585 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