1394:
1281:
1220:
1162:
944:
749:
300:
31:
178:
515:
Although membrane proteins play an important role in all organisms, their purification has historically, and continues to be, a huge challenge for protein scientists. In 2008, 150 unique structures of membrane proteins were available, and by 2019 only 50 human membrane proteins had had their
76:
Membrane proteins are common, and medically important—about a third of all human proteins are membrane proteins, and these are targets for more than half of all drugs. Nonetheless, compared to other classes of proteins, determining membrane
528:, but these can also alter protein structure and function. Making membrane proteins water-soluble can also be achieved through engineering the protein sequence, replacing selected hydrophobic amino acids with
1550:
283:
are transmembrane proteins that span across the membrane only once. Transmembrane helices from these proteins have significantly different amino acid distributions to transmembrane helices from polytopic
1458:
Hochuli E, Bannwarth W, Döbeli H, Gentz R, Stüber D (November 1988). "Genetic
Approach to Facilitate Purification of Recombinant Proteins with a Novel Metal Chelate Adsorbent".
475:
are thought to be membrane proteins, 600 of which have been experimentally verified to be membrane resident. In humans, current thinking suggests that fully 30% of the
190:
901:"Charged residues next to transmembrane regions revisited: "Positive-inside rule" is complemented by the "negative inside depletion/outside enrichment rule""
1344:
1106:
1175:
Daley DO, Rapp M, Granseth E, Melén K, Drew D, von Heijne G (May 2005). "Global topology analysis of the
Escherichia coli inner membrane proteome".
365:, and other non-covalent interactions. Peripheral proteins dissociate following treatment with a polar reagent, such as a solution with an elevated
663:"Mapping the human membrane proteome: a majority of the human membrane proteins can be classified according to function and evolutionary origin"
57:. Membrane proteins fall into several broad categories depending on their location. Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a
2026:
1839:
1776:- Database of 3D structures of integral membrane proteins and hydrophobic peptides with an emphasis on crystallization conditions
81:
remains a challenge in large part due to the difficulty in establishing experimental conditions that can preserve the correct (
1544:
Cook BL, Steuerwald D, Kaiser L, Graveland-Bikker J, Vanberghem M, Berke AP, Herlihy K, Pick H, Vogel H, Zhang S (July 2009).
1066:
827:
767:
434:
542:
is a commonly used tag for membrane protein purification, and the alternative rho1D4 tag has also been successfully used.
1730:
123:
290:
are integral membrane proteins that are attached to only one side of the membrane and do not span the whole way across.
1670:
957:
Sun C, Benlekbir S, Venkatakrishnan P, Wang Y, Hong S, Hosler J, Tajkhorshid E, Rubinstein JL, Gennis RB (May 2018).
17:
1782:
1413:
216:
are permanently attached to the membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using
1867:
1383:
1147:
562:
329:
1497:"Expression, surface immobilization, and characterization of functional recombinant cannabinoid receptor CB2"
618:
2019:
1832:
1760:
1546:"Large-scale production and study of a synthetic G protein-coupled receptor: human olfactory receptor 17-4"
1114:
577:
303:
Schematic representation of the different types of interaction between monotopic membrane proteins and the
239:
are transmembrane proteins that span across the membrane more than once. These proteins may have different
2104:
1744:
350:
345:
225:
70:
2195:
1714:
1614:
1345:"Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden Markov model: application to complete genomes"
1107:"Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden Markov model: application to complete genomes"
1071:
287:
236:
115:
66:
2095:
1769:
1740:
516:
structures elucidated. In contrast, approximately 25% of all proteins are membrane proteins. Their
385:
213:
204:
1393:
1280:
1219:
1161:
943:
748:
716:"The substitution of Arg149 with Cys fixes the melibiose transporter in an inward-open conformation"
260:
2012:
1825:
1799:
582:
535:
159:
2108:
2090:
1020:
500:
496:
406:
264:
240:
148:
1726:
812:
616:
Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL (December 2006). "How many drug targets are there?".
2144:
2099:
1971:
1754:
593:
426:
208:
182:
62:
811:
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1559:
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1184:
970:
250:
8:
1807:
552:
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109:
54:
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1188:
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521:
1802:
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1208:
1139:
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958:
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572:
532:
ones, taking great care to maintain secondary structure while revising overall charge.
458:
397:
2149:
1903:
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1790:
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1633:
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1526:
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1367:
1325:
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1131:
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1047:
996:
932:
877:
823:
819:
784:
762:
737:
696:
635:
539:
488:
101:
97:
Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:
86:
78:
1379:
1143:
959:"Structure of the alternative complex III in a supercomplex with cytochrome oxidase"
796:
647:
2164:
1981:
1939:
1929:
1676:
1658:
1623:
1577:
1567:
1516:
1508:
1481:
1469:
1430:
1422:
1359:
1315:
1307:
1259:
1212:
1192:
1154:
1123:
1080:
1037:
1029:
986:
978:
922:
912:
867:
776:
727:
686:
676:
627:
471:
450:
221:
151:
allow cells to identify each other and interact. For example, proteins involved in
2004:
372:
Integral and peripheral proteins may be post-translationally modified, with added
2159:
1887:
1872:
1811:
1786:
1773:
1512:
872:
855:
732:
715:
714:
Lin Y, Fuerst O, Granell M, Leblanc G, LĂłrenz-FonfrĂa V, PadrĂłs E (August 2013).
557:
504:
430:
280:
152:
520:
surfaces make structural and especially functional characterization difficult.
495:. Among the human diseases in which membrane proteins have been implicated are
469:
encode for membrane proteins. For instance, about 1000 of the ~4200 proteins of
2044:
1908:
1610:"Amphitropic proteins: regulation by reversible membrane interactions (review)"
1551:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
885:
377:
319:
134:
35:
1311:
982:
917:
314:
parallel to the membrane plane (in-plane membrane helix) 2. interaction by a
193:) 2. a polytopic transmembrane α-helical protein 3. a polytopic transmembrane
2189:
2169:
2129:
2052:
2036:
1966:
1961:
1250:
525:
454:
438:
422:
362:
354:
304:
299:
177:
58:
1628:
1609:
1572:
1196:
388:(glycosylphosphatidylinositol), which may be anchored in the lipid bilayer.
2067:
2057:
1690:
1637:
1591:
1530:
1444:
1371:
1363:
1329:
1273:
1204:
1135:
1127:
1098:
1051:
1000:
936:
881:
840:
788:
741:
700:
681:
639:
476:
272:
268:
246:
82:
1647:"Membrane protein dynamics and functional implications in mammalian cells"
1264:
1245:
1033:
158:
The localization of proteins in membranes can be predicted reliably using
2062:
1986:
1976:
1495:
Locatelli-Hoops SC, Gorshkova I, Gawrisch K, Yeliseev AA (October 2013).
1473:
1084:
667:
567:
402:
358:
337:
308:
256:
138:
1795:
1779:
1494:
1426:
899:
Baker JA, Wong WC, Eisenhaber B, Warwicker J, Eisenhaber F (July 2017).
538:
is one of the best solutions for purification of membrane proteins. The
228:
agents. They can be classified according to their relationship with the
2139:
2134:
1913:
1014:
Andreeva A, Howorth D, Chothia C, Kulesha E, Murzin AG (January 2014).
529:
517:
373:
324:
315:
166:
163:
30:
1733:, a comprehensive classification of transmembrane transporter proteins
311:
194:
186:
1991:
418:
414:
217:
142:
105:
39:
1543:
780:
631:
2174:
2124:
1944:
1882:
421:, are sometimes considered a separate category. These proteins are
1954:
1949:
1848:
661:
Almén MS, Nordström KJ, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB (August 2009).
410:
229:
130:
50:
27:
Proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes
1343:
Krogh A, Larsson B, von Heijne G, Sonnhammer EL (January 2001).
1342:
1097:
660:
2154:
2072:
1296:"Overcoming the challenges of membrane protein crystallography"
956:
466:
381:
1736:
856:"Assembly of β-barrel proteins into bacterial outer membranes"
122:
across the membrane. They can be categorized according to the
1789:- A curated list of selected transmembrane proteins from the
1501:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics
1016:"SCOP2 prototype: a new approach to protein structure mining"
1013:
860:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
587:
1750:
898:
615:
1817:
1457:
462:
243:. These proteins have one of two structural architectures:
1766:
1294:
Carpenter EP, Beis K, Cameron AD, Iwata S (October 2008).
1798:- a database of membrane protein structures simulated by
1293:
119:
65:) or associate with one or the other side of a membrane (
1709:
854:
Selkrig J, Leyton DL, Webb CT, Lithgow T (August 2014).
853:
713:
366:
1763:- Genomics-oriented database of transporters from TIGR
1715:
Experts for
Membrane Protein Research and Purification
1174:
1737:
Orientations of
Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database
814:
Cell and
Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments
510:
2034:
73:are transiently associated with the cell membrane.
720:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
461:, are common. It is estimated that 20–30% of all
1409:"Membrane proteins: always an insoluble problem?"
2187:
1246:"Elucidating the Structure of Membrane Proteins"
1710:Membrane Protein Structural Dynamics Consortium
1067:"Dissecting the Structure of Membrane Proteins"
294:
162:of protein sequences, i.e. the localization of
1607:
765:(December 2006). "Membrane-protein topology".
611:
609:
590:(TransMembrane Protein Helix-Packing Database)
2020:
1833:
1720:
1644:
172:
1757:approximately arranged in the lipid bilayer.
1243:
1072:Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
357:or to integral proteins by a combination of
249:proteins, which are present in all types of
1751:Protein Data Bank of Transmembrane Proteins
1389:on 2020-08-04 – via Semantic Scholar.
950:
809:
606:
318:loop 3. interaction by a covalently bound
199:The membrane is represented in light-brown.
2027:
2013:
1840:
1826:
847:
761:
104:proteins relay signals between the cell's
89:in isolation from its native environment.
1680:
1627:
1581:
1571:
1520:
1434:
1319:
1263:
1064:
1041:
990:
926:
916:
871:
731:
690:
680:
1406:
1244:Martin, Joseph; Sawyer, Abigail (2019).
524:can be used to render membrane proteins
298:
176:
29:
803:
353:are temporarily attached either to the
61:and can either penetrate the membrane (
14:
2188:
768:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
2008:
1821:
1300:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1168:
391:
744:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
53:that are part of, or interact with,
1731:Transporter Classification database
417:, and certain proteins involved in
124:Transporter Classification database
24:
1663:10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00003-9
1601:
1226:
1058:
259:proteins, which are found only in
133:may have many activities, such as
25:
2207:
1698:
511:Purification of membrane proteins
1703:
1414:Biochemical Society Transactions
1392:
1279:
1218:
1160:
1105:, Sonnhammer EL (January 2001).
942:
747:
449:Membrane proteins, like soluble
1868:Post-translational modification
1608:Johnson JE, Cornell RB (1999).
1537:
1488:
1451:
1400:
1336:
1287:
1091:
563:Inner nuclear membrane proteins
1645:Alenghat FJ, Golan DE (2013).
1258:(4). Future Science: 167–170.
1065:Liszewski K (1 October 2015).
1007:
892:
755:
707:
654:
619:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
34:Membrane protein complexes of
13:
1:
1747:arranged in the lipid bilayer
600:
482:
444:
369:or high salt concentrations.
1847:
1814:from several model organisms
1745:peripheral membrane proteins
1513:10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.003
1352:Journal of Molecular Biology
1115:Journal of Molecular Biology
873:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.009
733:10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.003
578:List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
425:but can undergo significant
351:Peripheral membrane proteins
295:Peripheral membrane proteins
185:: 1. a single transmembrane
181:Schematic representation of
71:Peripheral membrane proteins
7:
2105:Peripheral membrane protein
1810:provides information about
1651:Current Topics in Membranes
545:
479:encodes membrane proteins.
346:Peripheral membrane protein
288:Integral monotopic proteins
237:Integral polytopic proteins
92:
87:conformation of the protein
10:
2212:
2096:Integral membrane proteins
1909:Protein structural domains
1721:Membrane protein databases
1615:Molecular Membrane Biology
1153:on 2020-08-04 – via
1028:(Database issue): D310-4.
491:of over 50% of all modern
487:Membrane proteins are the
395:
343:
214:Integral membrane proteins
202:
173:Integral membrane proteins
2117:
2081:
2043:
1922:
1896:
1855:
1407:Rawlings AE (June 2016).
1312:10.1016/j.sbi.2008.07.001
983:10.1038/s41586-018-0061-y
918:10.1186/s12915-017-0404-4
267:, and outer membranes of
205:Integral membrane protein
191:bitopic membrane protein
2140:Lipid raft/microdomains
1629:10.1080/096876899294544
1573:10.1073/pnas.0811089106
1197:10.1126/science.1109730
583:Receptor (biochemistry)
536:Affinity chromatography
437:or reversibly with the
328:) 4. electrostatic or
307:: 1. interaction by an
160:hydrophobicity analyses
149:Cell adhesion molecules
2145:Membrane contact sites
2109:Lipid-anchored protein
2091:Membrane glycoproteins
1755:transmembrane proteins
1364:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315
1128:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315
1021:Nucleic Acids Research
682:10.1186/1741-7007-7-50
594:Transmembrane proteins
427:conformational changes
407:antibacterial peptides
341:
332:with membrane lipids (
265:Gram-negative bacteria
241:transmembrane topology
200:
183:transmembrane proteins
43:
2100:transmembrane protein
1972:Photoreceptor protein
1265:10.2144/btn-2019-0030
884:– via Elsevier
302:
209:Transmembrane protein
180:
33:
2125:Caveolae/Coated pits
1863:Protein biosynthesis
1474:10.1038/nbt1188-1321
1461:Nature Biotechnology
1085:10.1089/gen.35.17.02
1079:(17): 1, 14, 16–17.
810:Gerald Karp (2009).
431:oligomeric complexes
251:biological membranes
55:biological membranes
1808:Membranome database
1739:- 3D structures of
1564:2009PNAS..10611925C
1427:10.1042/BST20160025
1189:2005Sci...308.1321D
1034:10.1093/nar/gkt1242
975:2018Natur.557..123S
820:John Wiley and Sons
553:Annular lipid shell
459:disordered proteins
118:move molecules and
2150:Membrane nanotubes
2035:Structures of the
1803:molecular dynamics
1785:2013-12-25 at the
1772:2020-08-03 at the
573:Ion pump (biology)
398:Pore-forming toxin
392:Polypeptide toxins
342:
330:ionic interactions
201:
116:Transport proteins
79:protein structures
67:integral monotopic
44:
2196:Membrane proteins
2183:
2182:
2083:Membrane proteins
2002:
2001:
1904:Protein structure
1878:Protein targeting
1791:Protein Data Bank
1468:(11): 1321–1325.
969:(7703): 123–126.
829:978-0-470-48337-4
822:. pp. 128–.
540:polyhistidine-tag
451:globular proteins
222:nonpolar solvents
102:Membrane receptor
47:Membrane proteins
18:Membrane proteins
16:(Redirected from
2203:
2165:Nuclear envelope
2160:Nodes of Ranvier
2029:
2022:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1982:Phycobiliprotein
1940:Globular protein
1935:Membrane protein
1930:List of proteins
1842:
1835:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1812:bitopic proteins
1780:Mpstruc database
1694:
1684:
1641:
1631:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1558:(29): 11925–30.
1541:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:. Archived from
1349:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1241:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1183:(5726): 1321–3.
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1155:Semantic Scholar
1152:
1146:. Archived from
1111:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1011:
1005:
1004:
994:
954:
948:
947:
946:
940:
930:
920:
896:
890:
889:
875:
851:
845:
844:
838:
836:
817:
807:
801:
800:
759:
753:
752:
751:
745:
735:
711:
705:
704:
694:
684:
658:
652:
651:
613:
455:fibrous proteins
405:toxins and many
281:Bitopic proteins
21:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2113:
2077:
2045:Membrane lipids
2039:
2033:
2003:
1998:
1962:Fibrous protein
1918:
1892:
1888:Protein methods
1873:Protein folding
1851:
1846:
1787:Wayback Machine
1774:Wayback Machine
1753:- 3D models of
1723:
1706:
1701:
1673:
1604:
1602:Further reading
1599:
1542:
1538:
1507:(10): 2045–56.
1493:
1489:
1456:
1452:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1254:(Print issue).
1242:
1227:
1217:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1150:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1063:
1059:
1012:
1008:
955:
951:
941:
897:
893:
852:
848:
834:
832:
830:
808:
804:
781:10.1038/nrm2063
760:
756:
746:
712:
708:
659:
655:
632:10.1038/nrd2199
614:
607:
603:
598:
558:Carrier protein
548:
513:
505:cystic fibrosis
493:medicinal drugs
485:
447:
400:
394:
348:
297:
261:outer membranes
224:, or sometimes
211:
203:Main articles:
198:
175:
153:immune response
95:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2170:Phycobilisomes
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Cell junctions
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
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1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1800:coarse-grained
1793:
1777:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1734:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:External links
1697:
1696:
1695:
1671:
1642:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1536:
1487:
1450:
1399:
1335:
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1225:
1167:
1090:
1057:
1006:
949:
891:
886:Science Direct
866:(8): 1542–50.
846:
828:
802:
775:(12): 909–18.
754:
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544:
512:
509:
484:
481:
446:
443:
433:and associate
396:Main article:
393:
390:
378:diacylglycerol
344:Main article:
320:membrane lipid
296:
293:
292:
291:
285:
278:
277:
276:
254:
174:
171:
156:
155:
146:
135:oxidoreductase
127:
113:
94:
91:
36:photosynthesis
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2208:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Myelin sheath
2153:
2151:
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2146:
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2126:
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2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Sphingolipids
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Phospholipids
2056:
2054:
2053:Lipid bilayer
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:cell membrane
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2007:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Chromoprotein
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:Organizations
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1672:9780124170278
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1622:(3): 217–35.
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:(3): 567–80.
1357:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1251:BioTechniques
1248:. Tech News.
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:(3): 567–80.
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1101:, Larsson B,
1100:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
938:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
887:
883:
879:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
842:
831:
825:
821:
816:
815:
806:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
758:
750:
743:
739:
734:
729:
726:(8): 1690–9.
725:
721:
717:
710:
702:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
657:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:(12): 993–6.
625:
621:
620:
612:
610:
605:
595:
592:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
543:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
526:water-soluble
523:
519:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:heart disease
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
442:
440:
439:lipid bilayer
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:water-soluble
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
363:electrostatic
360:
356:
355:lipid bilayer
352:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
305:cell membrane
301:
289:
286:
282:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
244:
242:
238:
235:
234:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
170:
168:
165:
161:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
112:environments.
111:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
90:
88:
84:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:transmembrane
60:
59:cell membrane
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2082:
2063:Lipoproteins
1934:
1767:Membrane PDB
1654:
1650:
1619:
1613:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1421:(3): 790–5.
1418:
1412:
1402:
1384:the original
1355:
1351:
1338:
1306:(5): 581–6.
1303:
1299:
1289:
1255:
1249:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1148:the original
1119:
1113:
1103:von Heijne G
1093:
1076:
1070:
1060:
1025:
1019:
1009:
966:
962:
952:
908:
904:
894:
863:
859:
849:
841:Google Books
839:– via
833:. Retrieved
813:
805:
772:
766:
763:von Heijne G
757:
723:
719:
709:
672:
666:
656:
623:
617:
534:
514:
486:
470:
448:
435:irreversibly
401:
371:
349:
333:
323:
273:chloroplasts
269:mitochondria
247:Helix bundle
212:
157:
96:
75:
46:
45:
1987:Phytochrome
1977:Biliprotein
1761:TransportDB
905:BMC Biology
835:13 November
668:BMC Biology
622:(Opinion).
568:Ion channel
530:hydrophilic
518:hydrophobic
501:Alzheimer's
403:Polypeptide
384:chains, or
359:hydrophobic
338:calcium ion
316:hydrophobic
309:amphipathic
257:Beta barrel
169:sequences.
164:hydrophobic
139:transferase
49:are common
2135:Glycocalyx
1914:Proteasome
1897:Structures
1657:: 89–120.
1179:(Report).
601:References
522:Detergents
483:In disease
445:In genomes
415:hemolysins
409:, such as
374:fatty acid
336:through a
325:lipidation
226:denaturing
218:detergents
167:amino acid
2175:Porosomes
1992:Lipocalin
1856:Processes
1796:MemProtMD
1075:(paper).
911:(1): 66.
419:apoptosis
284:proteins.
143:hydrolase
129:Membrane
40:thylakoid
2190:Category
1945:Globulin
1883:Proteome
1849:Proteins
1783:Archived
1770:Archived
1741:integral
1691:24210428
1638:10503244
1592:19581598
1531:23777860
1445:27284043
1380:15769874
1372:11152613
1330:18674618
1274:30987442
1205:15919996
1144:15769874
1136:11152613
1052:24293656
1001:29695868
937:28738801
882:24135059
797:22218266
789:17139331
742:23500619
701:19678920
648:11979420
640:17139284
546:See also
465:in most
411:colicins
197:protein
110:external
106:internal
93:Function
51:proteins
42:membrane
2073:Sterols
1955:Albumin
1950:Edestin
1682:4193470
1583:2715541
1560:Bibcode
1522:3779079
1482:9518666
1436:4900757
1321:2580798
1213:6942424
1185:Bibcode
1177:Science
1099:Krogh A
1043:3964979
992:6004266
971:Bibcode
928:5525207
692:2739160
489:targets
472:E. coli
467:genomes
429:, form
312:α-helix
230:bilayer
195:β-sheet
187:α-helix
131:enzymes
38:in the
1689:
1679:
1669:
1636:
1590:
1580:
1529:
1519:
1480:
1443:
1433:
1378:
1370:
1328:
1318:
1272:
1211:
1203:
1142:
1134:
1050:
1040:
999:
989:
963:Nature
935:
925:
880:
826:
795:
787:
740:
699:
689:
675:: 50.
646:
638:
477:genome
457:, and
382:prenyl
83:native
2118:Other
1923:Types
1478:S2CID
1387:(PDF)
1376:S2CID
1348:(PDF)
1209:S2CID
1151:(PDF)
1140:S2CID
1110:(PDF)
793:S2CID
644:S2CID
588:TMPad
463:genes
1743:and
1727:TCDB
1687:PMID
1667:ISBN
1634:PMID
1588:PMID
1527:PMID
1505:1834
1441:PMID
1368:PMID
1326:PMID
1270:PMID
1201:PMID
1132:PMID
1048:PMID
997:PMID
933:PMID
878:PMID
864:1843
837:2010
824:ISBN
785:PMID
738:PMID
724:1828
697:PMID
636:PMID
503:and
334:e.g.
271:and
207:and
120:ions
108:and
1677:PMC
1659:doi
1624:doi
1578:PMC
1568:doi
1556:106
1517:PMC
1509:doi
1470:doi
1431:PMC
1423:doi
1360:doi
1356:305
1316:PMC
1308:doi
1260:doi
1193:doi
1181:308
1124:doi
1120:305
1081:doi
1038:PMC
1030:doi
987:PMC
979:doi
967:557
923:PMC
913:doi
868:doi
777:doi
728:doi
687:PMC
677:doi
628:doi
413:or
386:GPI
380:or
263:of
141:or
69:).
2192::
1729:-
1685:.
1675:.
1665:.
1655:72
1653:.
1649:.
1632:.
1620:16
1618:.
1612:.
1586:.
1576:.
1566:.
1554:.
1548:.
1525:.
1515:.
1503:.
1499:.
1476:.
1464:.
1439:.
1429:.
1419:44
1417:.
1411:.
1374:.
1366:.
1354:.
1350:.
1324:.
1314:.
1304:18
1302:.
1298:.
1268:.
1256:66
1228:^
1207:.
1199:.
1191:.
1138:.
1130:.
1118:.
1112:.
1077:35
1069:.
1046:.
1036:.
1026:42
1024:.
1018:.
995:.
985:.
977:.
965:.
961:.
931:.
921:.
909:15
907:.
903:.
876:.
862:.
858:.
818:.
791:.
783:.
771:.
736:.
722:.
718:.
695:.
685:.
671:.
665:.
642:.
634:.
608:^
507:.
499:,
453:,
441:.
376:,
367:pH
361:,
232::
220:,
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85:)
2107:/
2098:/
2028:e
2021:t
2014:v
1841:e
1834:t
1827:v
1693:.
1661::
1640:.
1626::
1594:.
1570::
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1533:.
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1484:.
1472::
1466:6
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1332:.
1310::
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779::
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730::
703:.
679::
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630::
624:5
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189:(
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126:.
20:)
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