472:; is for the poor in this impoverished eastern Maharashtra district a crucial source of livelihood. Summer when temperatures touch 45 degrees Celsius, is peak earning time for the Madia. Tens of thousands of tribal women and children are engaged in collecting tendu leaves every summer. Women and children get up at 4.30 in the morning and walk towards the forests near their village. In no time the forests are transformed into a beehive of activity, with small armies of women and children plucking tendu leaves with assembly-line precision. The plucking session ends around 11 am and the women and children walk back balancing the weight of the leaves on their heads. Back in their villages, the women sort out the leaves and tie them up in bundles, squatting for hours inside their huts. They do the bulk of the work; it is they who bear the brunt of the hot sun and the drudgery. The day's collection of tendu patta is taken to the market or phad at around 4.30 pm and laid out in long, neat rows that stretch for acres in sun-baked fields or dry riverbeds. Men appointed by private contractors count the bundles and record them in their registers for future payments. The names in the register are those of the men. It is the husbands and fathers of the toiling women and children who claim the money. Although the tendu patta season doesn't last more than two weeks, each healthy family unit can make a significant earning in this time. Tendu patta thus helps the poor earn enough money to survive the two months before the onset of the monsoons.
323:
the hamlet. The favourite dance is a peculiar rippling step forward with the foot dragged, not very graceful when done by a single individual, but looking quite different when done in unison by a great circle of dancers singing a 're-la', 're-la', chorus to which the step keeps time. In some villages, where the headman is an enthusiast for the pastime, a trained band performs weird and wonderful step dances to the sound of the drum. At a big dance, the trained band occupies the inner ring round the fire, while the common folk, men and maids, in separate rings move round in great circles in opposite ways. All are dressed for the occasion in their best, bearing in their hands weird ornaments of wicker work, with garlands of flowers on their necks and in their hair, feather ornaments humorously or coquettishly placed. Seen in the glow of a huge log fire, glinting on the shining beads and barbaric ornaments of the dancers, with the throb of the drums and the beat of many feet moving in unison to the wild music of the voices in chorus, a Madia dance is a spectacle not easily forgotten, but lingers as a characteristic scene when other details have faded out of the memory. Men and women ordinarily dance in separate circles but in the dances where the young men choose their brides, they dance in couples.
656:, in Bagul village of Gadchiroli District, to assert their independence, the breaking of Madia customs which triggered a group member to be brutalised and paraded naked by her husband, her committing suicide, the subsequent coming together of the other members in protest, further breaking of tribal taboos, the decision taken to wear blouses and to the breaking of isolation and pollution norms during menstruation, the initiative taken in execution of government development schemes. The Naxal fear of loss of influence in the face of development and inclusion in the mainstream of the Madia. Their opposition to the activities of the
328:
341:
273:
305:, a strip of cloth wound tightly round the waist in rope-like folds and passed between the legs with the spare end hanging down in front below the knees. Often this garment diminishes to the scantiest rag. They adorn their necks with handsome strings of beads and their arms occasionally with metal and glass bangles. Their ears are pulled out of shape by the weight of numerous brass rings with which they are usually garnished and occasionally they wear
490:
83:
432:. In the jungles and 120-odd naxalite-affected villages of eastern Gadchiroli, it is the Adivasis who pay the price for extremist violence. "Whether a policeman or a naxalite, it is the Adivasis who is caught in the crossfire. The bosses are never Adivasis. They are safe in their offices or hideouts," a resident of Bhamragad is mentioned saying in the article.The police are quoted as saying that
27:
322:
All Gonds and especially Madias, are very fond of dancing. It is the great amusement of the people. Night after night in the eastern tracts in the cool, moon-lit nights of the hot weather, the rhythmic lilt of a Gondi chorus fills the air, as the villagers dance round a fire in some open space near
365:
for domestic consumption on obtaining toddy licences for a period of one year (i.e. July to June every year). This privilege is given to the people of this community as they are used to toddy drinking as a part of their food for ages. According to the excise arrangements now in force in that area,
832:
Three distinct type of survey schedules were designed and canvassed. The assistance of field level staff of Tribal
Development Department was taken to fill in the survey schedules. The survey was restricted to tribal households only. Accordingly the survey has encompassed 8,338 villages and their
809:
crop is invariably light rice, generally sown broadcast; this is reaped in
October, and the fields are again ploughed and cropped with gram, linseed and rabi pulses; occasionally wheat is the second crop. This system is quite distinct from the 'ordinary double-cropping, when pulses are sown as a
480:
A Madia Gond girl has the freedom to have premarital sex and choose husband. As a married woman she has a freedom to take divorce if the husband gives ill treatment to her or if she cannot beget a child from him. She has a right to spend her earnings. A husband does not interfere in her affairs.
436:
has around 250 full-time members and 3,000-odd local supporters. Many tribals accused of being informers are killed by naxalites or harassed by the police. Despite the constant fear, Adivasis do agree that naxalites have forced contractors to give them higher wages for tendu leaves collected and
352:
is deeply rooted in Madia Gond culture. Traditionally the Madia have a Ghotul in every village where unmarried boys and girls assemble in the evening and play, mix, dance and sing until late night but return to their houses for sleeping, which marks the difference between Bastar
Ghotuls and the
291:
The Marias inhabit the wilder tracts, and are in their unsophisticated state a very attractive people. The villages are usually built deep in the jungle near some wide shallow stream, which offers facilities for the gata cultivation, and the surrounding jungles supplement the fruits of their
296:
trees, the juice of which, fermented or unfermented, is ever acceptable to the Gond. The Marias are a lithe, active looking, well-built set of men, open, hearty manner, and the cheerful smile of good fellowship. Their dress is scanty, consisting of a compromise between a langoti (a
638:
tribal populations were genetically differentiated from castes of similar morphology, suggesting different evolutionary mechanisms operating upon the populations. The populations showed genetic and linguistic similarity, barring a few groups with varied migratory histories. The
819:
Bench Mark Survey At the instance of
Central Government, the Bench Mark Survey was organised in the Tribal Area of the Maharashtra State with a view to collect factual information of the socio-economic conditions of the tribals. The survey was carried out in three levels
437:
bamboo cut. The possibility of justice and action against their exploiters – the forest department, the police, the government, the contractors, makes the Madia Gonds sympathise with the naxals. Harassment by the police pushes many naxalite sympathisers underground.
263:
state, a Madia girl student has figured in the merit list of candidates at the state level. The following are the descriptions of the Madia Gond as recorded by the
British Rulers in the District Gazettes, which has been carried in the Gazettes of independent India.
313:
of strong cloth usually white with a coloured strip in the border. They wear no choli (blouse), no Gond woman ever does, and their necks, like their husbands are garnished with beads. They frequently tattoo their faces and limbs in intricate patterns."
453:), a novel written by Vilas Balkrishna Manohar, a volunteer with the Lok Biradari Prakalp, is a fictional account of a Madia Gond Juru's unwilling journey of life his metamorphosis from an exploited nameless tribal to a Naxal, a fugitive from the law.
810:
catch-crop after rice; here, the light rice is a "catch" crop, and 'the second harvest is the more important; but the profits from the cultivation are high, because the out-turn of the rice is heavy, and the expenses of transplantation are saved.
1441:
Gaikwad, S; Vasulu, TS; Kashyap, VK (February 2006). "Microsatellite diversity reveals the interplay of language and geography in shaping genetic differentiation of diverse Proto-Australoid populations of west-central India".
660:. The murder of an engineer by the Naxals. The ongoing struggle engaged by the Madia women against poverty, prejudice, male domination and vested interests in the form of the Naxals, the politicians and the bureaucracy.
643:
variation clearly demonstrates the interplay of sociocultural factors including linguistic, geographical contiguity, and microevolutionary processes in shaping the genetic diversity of populations in contemporary India.
634:. Results demonstrate that Gondi tribes comprising the Madia-Gond, a hunter-gatherer population, harbour lower diversity than Marathi tribal groups, which are culturally and genetically distinct. The
366:
each individual applicant is granted Toddy licence for tapping trees ranging from 1 to 5 for domestic consumption. The permit fee and tree tax per toddy tree is 75 paise per annum respectively.
833:
hamlets and about 650,000 tribal households in the Tribal Area of the State. The field work was completed in the year 1997–98. Data processing was completed in the year 1999–2000.
309:. A curved knife with a brass mounted handle is stuck into the waist cloth and, from the shoulder dangles the ever handy axe without which a Gond seldom moves. Maria women wear a
554:
895:
1159:
1484:. Veena Poonacha, Professor and Director, Research Centre for Women's Studies, SNDT Women's University, Mumbai, India. 23 November 2006. Archived from
670:
The results of the Bench Mark Survey was organised in the tribal area of the
Maharashtra State pertinent to the Madia Gond are tabulated hereunder.
259:
Madias today are doctors, teachers, government employees and naxalites. Performance of school going Madia children is on par with other children of
1477:
566:
Historically the Madia Gond were victims of the ravages of small-pox and skin-diseases and a mild form of leprosy called Gondi rog. Prevalence of
1005:
247:
practices amongst the Madia Gonds. One of the findings of The Bench Mark Survey done in 1997–1998: 91.08 per cent of Madia Gond families lived
1308:
A Research Study On
Migrant Tribal Women Girls in Ten Cities – A Study of Their Socio-Cultural and Economic Reference to Social Intervention
1341:
1219:
433:
966:
1101:
1037:
594:
speaking Proto – Australoid tribal groups, to understand their genetic structure and to identify the congruence between language and
1072:
1151:
367:
1271:
1513:
218:
1415:
1518:
1236:
1051:
1174:
Linke, Uli (October 1992). "Manhood, Femaleness, and Power: A Cultural
Analysis of Prehistoric Images of Reproduction".
610:
in studied tribes was compared with data of 22 Indo-European- and
Dravidian-speaking caste and tribal populations using
1287:
1246:
1128:
1118:
861:
376:
Mundha is one-piece decorative wooden pillar carved by a bridegroom after he is engaged. It is kept in front of
37:
619:
578:
The primitive tribe status of the Madia Gond make them the subject of various studies, such as the following:
917:
380:
during his marriage ceremony perhaps the best example of skill in wood carving. These are reminiscent of the
1482:
UNIFEM Informs seminar, co-presented by UNIFEM Australia and The Bob Hawke Prime
Ministerial Centre at UniSA
1217:
Guerilla zone, Cover Story, Frontline, Volume 22 – Issue 21, Oct. 08 – 21, 2005 DIONNE BUNSHA in Gadchiroli
1367:
652:
The study is a record and analysis of the following events. The coming together of Madia women to form a
1485:
1307:
538:
to adapt positively in today's India, through healing and teaching and other compassionate interventions
1012:
640:
623:
481:
However, even these women are taboo during menstruation and are not allowed attending the festivals.
967:"Living Megalithic practices amongst the Madia gonds of Bhamragad, District Gadchiroli, Maharashtra"
233:
activities. The Madia Gond use the self designation Madia, and call the area where they live Madia
1076:
1345:
1216:
978:
525:
465:
1098:
627:
509:
410:
277:
226:
90:
940:
8:
607:
603:
494:
284:
198:
194:
114:
1199:
1191:
761:
567:
327:
248:
222:
1459:
1242:
1203:
1124:
1031:
911:
150:
44:
1451:
1268:
1183:
1058:
635:
591:
446:
353:
Ghotuls of Madia Gonds. There is a taboo against married women entering a Ghotul.
1275:
1223:
1105:
898:. InfoChange News & Features. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009
206:
138:
122:
1419:
611:
587:
393:
238:
1187:
1507:
361:
The Government has granted concession to Adivasis to manufacture and possess
340:
154:
1463:
1416:"Health Problems of Tribal Population Groups from the State of Maharashtra"
521:
461:
272:
210:
126:
396:
and that when these teeth were removed, the wound never healed completely
631:
429:
260:
202:
170:
118:
873:
468:(an ebony tree with date-like fruit) in which tobacco is rolled to make
1478:"No Single Path: Cultural Perspectives in overcoming Domestic Violence"
1455:
528:
for Community Leadership. In the citation the board of trustees stated:
381:
292:
agricultural efforts. Few villages lack the customary grove of toddy –
244:
190:
1195:
520:
of Gadchiroli, where many Madia Gond live. It was established in 1973
1319:
595:
534:
the board of trustees recognizes their enhancing the capacity of the
514:
498:
489:
414:
362:
298:
293:
1393:
450:
425:
230:
158:
82:
421:
234:
392:
About menstruation, the Maria Gond believe that the vagina once
806:
615:
599:
517:
513:
is an NGO working in the fields of health and education in the
501:
417:
349:
555:
Society For Education, Action and Research In Community Health
469:
306:
302:
267:
214:
1339:
1371:
310:
1099:
The School that Built Many Lives, By Brishti Bandyopadhyay
52:
48:
524:
working for the Lok Biradari Prakalp received the 2008
241:. The shifting agriculture of madia is known as jhoom.
1320:"Lok Biradari Prakalp – People's Brotherhood Project"
548:: Established in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in 2008.
1440:
590:
speaking Madia Gonds of Maharashtra and three other
229:
programme. The Madia Gonds are strongly affected by
287:gazette description of the Madia is as follows:
1505:
546:The Tribal Cultural Heritage of India Foundation
1368:"Tribal Cultural Heritage of India Foundation"
456:
440:
356:
47:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
663:
874:"SHABARI ADIVASI VITTA VA VIKAS MAHAMANDAL"
586:A Microsatellite diversity was analysed in
484:
1176:Comparative Studies in Society and History
449:: एका नक्षलवाद्याचा जन्म – The birth of a
399:
268:Description in the Chanda district gazette
1413:
217:. They have been granted the status of a
930:Manohar V. B, Eka Nakshalwadya cha Janma
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
647:
488:
339:
326:
271:
254:
893:
522:Dr. Prakash Amte and Dr. Mandakini Amte
1506:
1238:Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M
1036:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
344:A Madia Gond memorial to a dead person
276:A Madia Gond family on the grounds of
16:Indigenous tribe of Maharashtra, India
1173:
1116:
1000:
998:
996:
964:
846:
570:is very high amongst the Madia Gond.
221:by the Government of India under its
219:Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
89:Madia school girls on the grounds of
38:too many or overly lengthy quotations
1234:
1052:"..:: Lok Biradari Prakalp ::."
581:
434:The Communist Part of India (Maoist)
331:Bison Horn Maria Tribal Dance Bastar
109:Regions with significant populations
20:
573:
497:, Perimili a Madia Gond village in
404:
13:
1342:"Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation"
1340:Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation.
993:
475:
237:. They speak the Madia dialect of
81:
14:
1530:
896:"Gadchiroli: Inside the Red Line"
561:
25:
1470:
1434:
1407:
1386:
1360:
1333:
1312:
1301:
1280:
1262:
1228:
1210:
1166:
1144:
1110:
1091:
813:
799:
1065:
1044:
958:
933:
924:
887:
866:
620:analysis of molecular variance
348:The youth dormitory system or
1:
1235:Dutt, Kartik Chandra (1999).
839:
445:Eka Nakshalwadya Cha Janma, (
1514:Social groups of Maharashtra
1394:"Abhay Bang & Rani Bang"
894:Malekar, Anosh (June 2006).
793:
464:patta, or the leaves of the
7:
739:
708:
677:
10:
1535:
1519:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha
457:Collection of tendu leaves
441:Eka Nakshalwadya Cha Janma
357:Government's liquor policy
1188:10.1017/s0010417500018004
1182:(4). Uli Linke: 579–620.
1152:"TRTI, Tribal Handicraft"
916:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
665:Bench Mark Survey 1997–98
624:Glutathione S-transferase
371:
335:
169:
164:
149:
144:
137:
132:
113:
108:
103:
98:
80:
1222:21 February 2009 at the
977:(1): 244. Archived from
862:Chanda District Gaztteer
485:Organisations associated
387:
243:A study mentions living
45:summarize the quotations
1274:26 October 2008 at the
965:Anuja, Geetali (2002).
632:Mantel correlation test
424:live, the heart of the
400:Contemporary life style
1444:Am. J. Phys. Anthropol
1055:lokbiradariprakalp.org
736:Occupation family wise
542:
504:
413:Cover Story calls the
345:
332:
325:
280:
193:Gond tribes living in
86:
1269:Dyospyros melanoxylon
1117:Bhanu, B. V. (2004).
1104:12 March 2004 at the
648:Emancipation of women
600:Allele frequency data
531:
526:Ramon Magsaysay Award
492:
466:Diospyros melanoxylon
420:where the Madia Gond
343:
330:
289:
275:
255:Tradition and culture
165:Related ethnic groups
155:significant influence
85:
616:allele size variance
510:Lok Biradari Prakalp
278:Lok Biradari Prakalp
91:Lok Biradari Prakalp
826:Pada (hamlet) Level
746:Agriculture labour
604:Short tandem repeat
495:Bank of Maharashtra
285:Chandrapur district
199:Gadchiroli District
195:Chandrapur District
115:Gadchiroli District
77:
1456:10.1002/ajpa.20283
1422:on 27 October 2015
568:sickle cell anemia
505:
346:
333:
281:
249:Below Poverty Line
223:affirmative action
104:77,000 (1997–1998)
87:
75:
1374:on 8 January 2010
1348:on 27 August 2008
1288:"EmpowerPoor.com"
1162:on 10 April 2009.
791:
790:
758:Migration %
733:
732:
702:
701:
582:Genetic diversity
426:naxalite-affected
384:of the Americas.
176:
175:
70:
69:
1526:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1418:. Archived from
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1370:. Archived from
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1344:. Archived from
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1278:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1232:
1226:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1158:. Archived from
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1114:
1108:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:. Archived from
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:. Archived from
1048:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:on 19 March 2009
1017:
1011:. Archived from
1010:
1002:
991:
990:
988:
986:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
937:
931:
928:
922:
921:
915:
907:
905:
903:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
870:
864:
859:
834:
817:
811:
805:system in which
803:
740:
709:
678:
636:Proto-Australoid
574:Research studies
405:Naxal Activities
99:Total population
78:
74:
65:
62:
56:
29:
28:
21:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1414:Dr. S.L. Kate.
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1276:Wayback Machine
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1224:Wayback Machine
1215:
1211:
1171:
1167:
1156:trti.mah.nic.in
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1120:People of India
1115:
1111:
1106:Wayback Machine
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1073:"Yahoo! Groups"
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:on 30 May 2008.
1050:
1049:
1045:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1006:"Archived copy"
1004:
1003:
994:
984:
982:
963:
959:
949:
947:
939:
938:
934:
929:
925:
909:
908:
901:
899:
892:
888:
878:
876:
872:
871:
867:
860:
847:
842:
837:
829:Household Level
818:
814:
804:
800:
796:
668:
658:Self Help Group
654:Self Help Group
650:
584:
576:
564:
487:
478:
476:Status of women
459:
443:
407:
402:
394:contained teeth
390:
374:
359:
338:
270:
257:
242:
207:Bastar division
189:are one of the
123:Bastar division
94:
73:
66:
60:
57:
51:or excerpts to
42:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1500:
1499:
1488:on 3 July 2009
1469:
1433:
1406:
1385:
1359:
1332:
1311:
1300:
1279:
1261:
1247:
1227:
1209:
1165:
1143:
1129:
1109:
1090:
1079:on 8 July 2012
1064:
1043:
992:
981:on 10 May 2013
957:
932:
923:
886:
865:
844:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:
831:
830:
827:
824:
812:
797:
795:
792:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
765:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:Forest labour
747:
744:
731:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
716:
713:
700:
699:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
667:
662:
649:
646:
641:microsatellite
622:(AMOVA), GST (
612:heterozygosity
588:Gondi language
583:
580:
575:
572:
563:
560:
559:
558:
549:
530:
529:
486:
483:
477:
474:
458:
455:
442:
439:
406:
403:
401:
398:
389:
386:
373:
370:
358:
355:
337:
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269:
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256:
253:
174:
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167:
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162:
161:
147:
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142:
141:
135:
134:
130:
129:
111:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
88:
76:The Madia Gond
71:
68:
67:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1531:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1373:
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34:This article
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211:Chhattisgarh
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127:Chhattisgarh
72:Ethnic group
58:
43:Please help
35:
18:
1378:19 February
1022:25 February
985:21 February
536:Madia Gonds
430:Maharashtra
382:totem poles
261:Maharashtra
227:reservation
205:State, and
203:Maharashtra
179:Madia Gonds
171:Gond people
119:Maharashtra
1508:Categories
971:Purātattva
945:Ethnologue
840:References
674:Population
428:region in
245:megalithic
191:endogamous
61:March 2009
53:Wikisource
1204:145640615
794:Footnotes
596:gene pool
515:Bhamragad
499:Bhamragad
415:Bhamragad
411:Frontline
299:loincloth
294:Palm wine
151:Koyapunem
133:Languages
49:Wikiquote
36:contains
1464:16323197
1272:Archived
1220:Archived
1102:Archived
1032:cite web
912:cite web
764: %
705:Literacy
493:Board –
422:Adivasis
301:) and a
159:Hinduism
145:Religion
1492:5 March
1426:1 April
1399:1 April
1352:1 April
1325:1 April
1293:1 April
1254:1 April
1136:1 April
1083:1 April
950:1 April
941:"Maria"
902:5 March
879:1 April
712:female
681:female
628:PC plot
592:Marathi
447:Marathi
93:school.
1462:
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1196:179348
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807:kharif
787:91.08
781:13351
769:10444
755:Total
752:Other
729:23.19
726:16.09
723:30.19
718:total
698:76905
695:38156
692:38749
687:total
630:, and
606:(STR)
602:at 15
552:SEARCH
518:taluka
502:Taluka
470:beedis
418:Taluka
378:Ghotul
372:Mundha
350:Ghotul
336:Ghotul
311:lugada
307:pagris
213:State
139:Madiya
1200:S2CID
1192:JSTOR
1016:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
772:2260
715:male
684:male
462:Tendu
451:Naxal
388:Myths
363:toddy
318:Dance
303:dhoti
239:Gondi
231:Naxal
215:India
187:Maria
183:Madia
157:from
153:with
1494:2009
1460:PMID
1428:2015
1401:2015
1380:2009
1354:2015
1327:2015
1295:2015
1256:2015
1243:ISBN
1138:2015
1125:ISBN
1085:2015
1038:link
1024:2009
987:2009
952:2015
918:link
904:2009
881:2015
778:282
775:365
608:loci
283:The
235:Desh
197:and
1452:doi
1448:129
1184:doi
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762:BPL
225:or
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