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widespread bio-behavioral effects in infant rats during the hours after separation from their mothers, and defined the mechanisms for these effects as withdrawal (i.e. loss) of numerous unexpected regulators of infant physiology and behavior that he found within the sensorimotor, thermal and nutrient-based interactions between mothers and their infants. The discovery of these “hidden regulators” added a new dimension to the concept of early attachment. Hofer and his colleagues went on to study infant behaviors that initiate and maintain proximity to the mother and mediate complex interactions such as nursing, and sleep-wake state regulation, and showed that altering the patterns and types of interactions between mothers and infants caused short and long-term changes in offspring development, and biological vulnerability, extending into adulthood, even into the next generation. These studies provided clues and ideas that have guided subsequent research on human mother-infant attachment behaviors, and clinical research and thinking about human bereavement. Subsequent research led to an animal model for studying the development of anxiety, extending from childhood separation sensitivity to adult anxiety disorder. Hofer and colleagues explored how the
26:. He is known for his research on basic developmental processes at work within the mother-infant relationship. Using animal models, he found unexpected neurobiological and behavioral regulatory processes within the observable interactions of the infant rat and its mother. Through an experimental analysis of these sensorimotor, thermal and nutrient-based processes, he has contributed to our understanding of the impact of early maternal separation, the origins of the attachment system, and the shaping of later development by variations in how mothers and infants interact.
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Following his early clinical research as member of the NIMH group studying threatened loss and bereavement in the parents of children with leukemia, Hofer turned to animal model research to study the biological basis for the impact of separation and loss in a typical laboratory mammal. He described
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isolation calling response of the infant rat is regulated at the sensory, behavioral and neurochemical levels. He then used selective breeding for high and for low levels of the infant trait, as a model for studying evolution and how it can interact with developmental processes in the creation of
108:. Hofer’s research and its implications have been periodically reported in the Science section of the N.Y. Times. He has served on the National Academy of Medicine committee on the management of the consequences of bereavement. and later on the national advisory committee for development of the
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Brake, SC, Shair, HN and Hofer, MA (1988) Exploiting the
Nursing Niche: Infant's sucking and feeding behavior in the context of the mother-infant interaction. Blass, E (Ed.) Developmental Psychobiology and Behavioral Ecology, Vol. 9 Plenum Publishing Corp., New York
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Rosenblatt JS ( 2010) “Behavioral development during the mother-young interaction in placental mammals” in Hood KE, Halpern CT, Greenberg G and Lerner R (Eds) “Handbook of
Developmental Science, Behavior and Genetics” Wiley Blackwell pp.
117:, and has recently contributed invited chapters on his research and thinking about development, for Handbooks in the fields of attachment, developmental and cognitive neuroscience, mammalian vocalization and anxiety disorders.
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that has been effective in applying new treatment principles in
Pediatrics for mothers and young children. He was asked to write the entry on "Development, psychobiology" for the “Encyclopedia of Human Biology”, edited by
137:. His awards include the Thomas William Salmon Memorial Lectures, the Senior Investigator Award of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, and the Paul Hoch Award, presented at the 2012 meeting of the
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Brunelli, SA, Hofer, MA (2007) Selective breeding for infant rat separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations: Developmental precursors of passive and active coping styles. Behavioural Brain
Research 182:
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Pryce CR and Feldon J (2003) “Long-term neurobehavioural impact of the postnatal environment in rats: manipulations, effects and mediating mechanisms” “Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews” 27: 57
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Hofer, MA (2009) Developmental
Neuroscience. In Berntson, GG and Cacioppo, JT (Eds.), Handbook of Neuroscience for the Behavioral Sciences Vol 1 Wiley & Sons, New York pp. 12–31
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Branchi I, Santucci D and Alleva E (2001) “Ultrasonic vocalisation emitted by infant rodents: a tool for assessment of neurobehavioural development” “Behavioural Brain
Research” 125: 50
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Sullivan R, Perry R, Sloan R, Kleinhaus K, Burtchen, N (2011) “Infant bonding and attachment to the caregiver: Insights from basic and clinical science” “Clin. Perinatol.” 38: 648
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Glavin GB, Murisonb R, Overmier JB, Pared RP, Bakke HK, Henkef PG and
Hernandez DG (1991) “The Neurobiology of stress ulcers” “Brain Research Reviews” 16: 306 and 309
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Simpson HB, Neria Y, Lewis-Fernandez R, and
Schneir F (2010) “Anxiety Disorders: Theory, Research, and Clinical Perspectives” Cambridge Univ. Press pp. 358–359
22:(born December 20, 1931) is an American psychiatrist and research scientist, currently Sackler Institute Professor Emeritus in the Department of Psychiatry at
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Hofer, MA (2002) The Riddle of
Development. In Lewkowicz, DJ and Lickliter, R (Eds.) Conceptions of Development, Psychology Press: Philadelphia pp. 5–29
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Osterweiss, M, Solomon, F and Green, M (eds.), Bereavement: Reactions, Care and Consequences, Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1984, pp. 145–178
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Skolnick, NJ, Ackerman, SH, Hofer, MA and Weiner, H (1980) Vertical transmission of acquired ulcer susceptibility in the rat. Science 208: 1161–1163.
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Winberg J (2005) "Mother and newborn baby: mutual regulation of physiology and behavior-a selective review" "Developmental Psychobiology" 47: 217–229
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Stein, DJ, Hollander, E & Rothenbaum, BO (Eds.) (2010) “Textbook of Anxiety Disorders” 2nd Ed., American Psychiatric Publishing Co., 129–145
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Main M (1999) “Epilogue: Attachment Theory” in Cassidy J and Shaver PR. (Eds) “Handbook of Attachment” Guilford Press pp. 845, 849, 865–866
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Berntson, GG & Cacioppo, JT (Eds.) (2009) “Handbook of Neuroscience for the Behavioral Sciences” Wiley and Sons, New York Vol 1: 12–31
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Bowlby, J. (1980) “Attachment and Loss,Vol.3, Loss, Sadness and Depression” Basic Books-Harper Collins, Ch. 7, 112–125, Ch.9, 143–156
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in 1939 when his father, Philip Hofer, became curator of the Department of Printing and Graphic Arts at Harvard's newly built
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Hofer, MA (1996) Multiple regulators of ultrasonic vocalization in the infant rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology 21(2): 203–217
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Hofer, MA (1984) Relationships as regulators: A psychobiological perspective on bereavement. Psychosom. Med. 46: 183–197
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Nelson, CA and Luciana, M (Eds.) (2008) “Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience”- 2nd Ed., MIT Press, 787–805
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Hofer, MA (1994) Early relationships as regulators of infant physiology and behavior. Acta Pediatrica Suppl. 397: 9–18
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Cassidy, J and Shaver, PR (Eds.) (2008) “Handbook of Attachment Theory and Research” 2nd Ed., Guilford Press, 162–180
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Dulbecco, R (Ed.) (1997) “Encyclopedia of Human Biology” 2nd Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, Vol.3: 249–259
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Shear K and Shair H (2005) “Attachment, Loss and Complicated Grief” “Developmental Psychobiology” 47 (3): 253–267
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Weiner, H (2005) “Research Review. Myron Hofer: an appreciation” "Developmental Psychobiology" 47: (3) 200–208
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Harry Shair, Susan Brunelli, Michael Myers, Sigurd Ackerman, Herbert Weiner, Jonathan Polan and William Fifer
42:. Hofer went to school and college in the Boston area and married in 1954. His wife, Lynne, co-founded
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in 1966, where he began his animal model research. In 1984, Hofer moved with his research group to the
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Pipp S. and Harmon RJ (1987) “Attachment As Regulation: A Commentary” “Child Development” 58: 648–652
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Hofer MA (2002) Unexplained infant crying: an evolutionary perspective. Acta Paediatrica 91: 491–496
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Brudzynski, SM (Ed.) (2010) “Handbook of Mammalian Vocalization” Academic Press, New York, 29–35
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Gallagher, W (1992) "Works in Progress” "The Sciences", N.Y. Academy of Sciences, 32: 12–16
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and later became a psychoanalyst. The Hofers have three children and eight grandchildren.
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Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
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Hofer, M (1981) The Roots of Human Behavior. WH Freeman, San Francisco
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