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may be a cause of preterm delivery and miscarriage. It is also implicated in postpartum fever, because it may be a cause of endometritis. M. hominis is also suspected to be the cause of neonatal infections such as conjunctivitis, respiratory distress, fever, meningitis, abscesses, and congenital pneumonia. In adults, M. hominis may be implicated in pharyngitis, septicaemia, lung infections, central nervous system infections, other respiratory tract infections, joint infection, and wound infections. M. hominis infections are usually not seen in healthy adults. Understanding how M. hominis contributes to infections in adult patients, particularly in areas outside the genital tract like the central nervous system (CNS), post-operative wound sites, the chest, and joints, has posed a challenge. Recent data shows an increase in reported post-operative CNS infections caused by
Mycoplasma, likely due to the more extensive use of advanced diagnostic methods like PCR and DNA sequencing, especially when routine cultures fail to detect bacterial growth.
37:
247:
with coccoid forms and ring- or disc-shaped cells reigning predominant. Coccal forms of the species are associated with binary fission while fragmentary filaments, and budding cells were also encountered. This fact along with the fact that in different labs, the same strains grew at different rates, leads to the conclusion that cultural conditions have influenced the rate of division and cellular morphology in this species.
306:
is more than likely implicated in many different diseases, but its role is unclear for most of them. M. hominis is implicated in pelvic inflammatory disease, which may cause ectopic pregnancy. It prospers in the environment created by other gram negative bacteria implicated in bacterial vaginosis and
250:
The internal components of the much larger cells in the species are also variable. These cells can contain different structures such as ribosome-like granules, nuclear areas of netlike strands, dense cytoplasmic bodies and large vacuoles. These observations indicate multiple modes of reproduction for
246:
The morphology is quite variable and seems to depend, in part, on the age of the culture as the smallest form observed, coming from the elementary body, is 80nm to 100nm wide in diameter. Different cell forms have been observed varying from coccoid cells to filaments and irregularly shaped structures
234:
is innately resistant to β-lactams and to all antibiotics which target the cell wall. Additionally, it is the simplest self-replicating microorganism known. This reaps consequences such as a lack of detection by light microscopy, and complex nutritional requirements. Due to the fact that it does not
276:
Mycoplasma hominis, a microorganism without a cell wall, is difficult to detect because it cannot be identified through Gram staining. Culturing it is demanding and time-consuming due to specialized requirements and while direct DNA testing is an option, it's not always highly sensitive, and not all
281:
prepared from batch cultures show uniform exponential growth and appear to divide through the process of binary fission with pleomorphic forms appearing upon further incubation. Similar behavior was demonstrated by another laboratory-adapted strain and by three other clinical isolates, making this
1351:
Song, Tiejun; Ye, Aiqing; Xie, Xinyou; Huang, Jun; Ruan, Zhi; Kong, Yingying; Song, Jingjuan; Wang, Yue; Chen, Jianzhong; Zhang, Jun (September 2014). "Epidemiological investigation and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of ureaplasma species and
Mycoplasma hominis in outpatients with genital
263:
PG21 genome sequence shows that this organism is the second smallest genome among self-replicating free living organisms. Due to their minimal genomes, M. hominis have reduced metabolic capabilities which are characterized by distinct energy-generating pathways. Three energy pathways that
352:
infections occurring in immunocompromised patients, combination of drugs usually active against the mycoplasmas have been recommended. In those cases, guidelines for optimal therapy remain to be established. Current therapeutic considerations are based only upon case reports.
377:
uses an atypical type of energy metabolism, dependent upon the degradation of arginine. Other mycoplasmas lack this characteristic. Determining the genome will provide information that would facilitate the understanding of metabolic reconstitutions.
734:
Pereyre, Sabine; Sirand-Pugnet, Pascal; Beven, Laure; Charron, Alain; Renaudin, Hélène; Barré, Aurélien; Avenaud, Philippe; Jacob, Daniel; Couloux, Arnaud; Barbe, Valérie; de
Daruvar, Antoine (October 2009).
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grows in a variety of defined laboratory media, such as arginine broth and can also be cultivated in water. Growth in this species, as well as all species of mycoplasmas, is driven by anaerobic respiration.
1435:
Pignanelli S, Pulcrano G, Schiavone P, Iula VD, Catania MR. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of
Mycoplasma hominis genital isolates. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015 May-Jun;81(3):286-8.
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Many antibiotics kill bacteria by weakening the cell wall. However, mycoplasma bacteria lack this cellular structure causing some antibiotics, like penicillin, to be ineffective treatment options.
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The primary sites of localization for M. hominis is the oropharynx and the genitourinary tract with positive pathogenicity. It is capable of infecting human beings as well as non-human primates.
1669:
1177:
Mayer, Gene. Mycoplasma and
Ureaplasma, The MicrobeLibrary, www.microbiologybook.org/mayer/myco.htm#:~:text=The mycoplasmas are facultative anaerobes,pear shaped and even filamentous.
1389:
Hasebe, Akira; Mu, Hong-Hua; Cole, Barry C (September 2014). "A Potential
Pathogenic Factor from Mycoplasma hominisis a TLR2-Dependent, Macrophage-Activating, P50-Related Adhesin".
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In locations and patient populations where tetracycline resistance or treatment failures are common, other drugs such as fluoroquinolones should be considered guided by
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labs possess its capabilities. This likely leads to underreporting of M. hominis infections, causing delayed diagnosis and less favorable treatment outcomes Cells of
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Robertson, J & Alfa, Michelle & Boatman, E. (1983). Morphology of the cells and colonies of
Mycoplasma hominis. Sexually transmitted diseases. 10. 232-9.
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Lo, Shyh-Ching; Wang, Richard Y.-H.; Grandinetti, Teresa; Zou, Nianxiang; Haley, Christine L.-D.; Hayes, Michael M.; Wear, Douglas J.; Shih, James W.-K. (2003).
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Pavoni, Matteo; Principe, Luigi; Foschi, Claudio; Meroni, Elisa; Briozzo, Elena; Lazzarotto, Tiziana; Ambretti, Simone; Di Bella, Stefano (2023-12-07).
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1281:"Antimicrobial Resistance of Genital Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma : A Multicentre Study Over a 5-Year Period in Italy (2017–2021)"
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954:"Unit activity of the cerebral and visceral ganglia of the mussel, Mytilus edulis and the coordinated control of ciliary movement"
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676:
Contini C, Rotondo JC, Magagnoli F, Maritati M, Seraceni S, Graziano A, Poggi A, Capucci R, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F (2018).
737:"Life on arginine for Mycoplasma hominis: clues from its minimal genome and comparison with other human urogenital mycoplasmas"
402:
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1679:
1032:"Interactions between drugs and saliva-stimulating parafilm and their implications in measurements of saliva drug levels"
330:
Oral tetracyclines have historically been the drugs of choice for use against urogenital and systemic infections due to
1189:, www.clongen.com/mycoplasma-hominis/#:~:text=The incubation period is two,for years in hypogammaglobulinemic patients.
930:
Bredt, W. 1971. Cellular
Morphology of Newly Isolated Mycoplasma hominis Strains. Journal of Bacteriology 105:1 449.
678:"Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage"
361:
The bacterium is often passed through sex, so to help keep this infection away, safe sex practices should be used.
1623:
1457:
507:"Review: Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health"
387:
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is capable of going through is Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (EMP), arginine dihydrolase and
Riboflavin metabolism.
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1664:
806:
Mycoplasma
Species (M. Hominis, M. Genitalium, M. Fermentans) - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents
189:
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is an opportunistic human mycoplasma species residing in the lower urogenital tract. It is a common human
824:-Associated Membrane Protein Antigens for Effective Detection ofM. Hominis–Specific Antibodies in Humans"
181:
446:
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are resistant to ciprofloxacin and 61% are resistant to azithromycin. Resistance to minocycline is 6%.
36:
470:
Taylor-Robinson, D (Oct 1996). "Infections due to species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: an update".
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592:"Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Growth of "fried egg" colonies on glucose agar medium within 24–48 hours is a characteristic of
1584:
1482:
1123:"Use of arginine aminopeptidase activity in characterization of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas"
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1209:, www.msdsonline.com/resources/sds-resources/free-safety-data-sheet-index/mycoplasma-hominis/
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Some infections may be treated by a single antibiotic. In other cases such as severe
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Mycoplasma species that lacks a cell wall. Due to the absence of the cell wall,
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Felson, Sabrina. “Mycoplasma Infections: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention.”
1066:"Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells"
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C. Huang; H.L. Zhu; K.R. Xu; S.Y. Wang; L.Q. Fan; W.B. Zhu (September 2015).
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1269:, WebMD, 28 Mar. 2020, www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/mycoplasma-infections#1.
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Pereyre, Sabine. “Mycoplasma Hominis, M. Genitalium and Ureaplasma Spp.”
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has the ability to penetrate the interior of human cells. Along with
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993:"Acetylcholine-ATP binding by direct membrane electrode measurement"
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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C: Comparative Pharmacology
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188:. It is also associated with male infertility. This species causes
48:
558:"Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics"
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tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome.
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675:
1036:
Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology
556:
Mastromarino, Paola; Vitali, Beatrice; Mosca, Luciana (2013).
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although it is surprisingly often described as gram-negative.
167:, mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms known.
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Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission
1278:
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Robertson, J.; Gomersall, M.; Gill, P. (November 1975).
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Ball, H. J.; Neill, S. D.; Reid, L. R. (January 1982).
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Ljubin-Sternak, Sunčanica; Meštrović, Tomislav (2014).
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Recent epidemiologic studies demonstrate that 18% of
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Ureaplasma Infection: eMedicine Infectious Diseases
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Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
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952:Hamburg, M. D.; Paparo, A. A.; Morris, E. (1976).
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1660:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
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1225:Modern Healthcare. [Short-Term Care Ed.]
932:http://jb.asm.org/content/105/1/449.full.pdf
874:Anderson, D. R.; Barile, M. F. (July 1965).
170:They have no cell wall and therefore do not
1391:American Journal of Reproductive Immunology
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1472:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
1221:"Tuning in can turn on your work force"
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991:Kobos, R. K.; Rechnitz, G. A. (1976).
876:"Ultrastructure of Mycoplasma hominis"
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403:List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
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206:This pathogen may latently infect the
192:. It is susceptible to the antibiotic
149:is a species of bacteria in the genus
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369:DNA sequence data is incomplete for
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282:seem characteristic of the species.
639:Ljubin-Sternak & Meštrović 2014
338:susceptibility data when possible.
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1127:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1030:Chang, K.; Chiou, W. L. (1976).
190:a sexually transmitted infection
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1329:. Site du Genoscope. 2013-10-19
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1082:10.1128/JB.124.2.1007-1018.1975
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425:. Site du Genoscope. 2013-10-19
1460:for some images of mycoplasmas
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388:Sexually transmitted infection
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1366:10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202248
1354:Journal of Clinical Pathology
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1009:10.1016/0006-291x(76)90896-2
970:10.1016/0306-4492(76)90069-1
892:10.1128/JB.90.1.180-192.1965
828:Clinical Infectious Diseases
754:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000677
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7:
1458:Kenyon College Microbe Wiki
1139:10.1128/JCM.15.1.28-34.1982
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182:pelvic inflammatory disease
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1680:Bacteria described in 1955
137:(Freundt 1953) Edward 1955
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1327:"Mycoplasma hominis PG21"
1285:Microbial Drug Resistance
423:"Mycoplasma hominis PG21"
315:The incubation period of
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32:Scientific classification
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1441:10.4103/0378-6323.153520
657:. FA Davis Company. 2017
484:10.1093/clinids/23.4.671
214:Biology and biochemistry
1070:Journal of Bacteriology
880:Journal of Bacteriology
1205:“Mycoplasma Hominis.”
1297:10.1089/mdr.2023.0202
1219:Hayes, J. L. (1976).
447:"Gram Staining Rules"
820:"Mycoplasma hominis
511:Journal of Pathogens
296:Site of localization
16:Species of bacterium
1675:Bacterial vaginosis
1665:Pathogenic bacteria
524:10.1155/2014/183167
219:Type and morphology
186:bacterial vaginosis
180:is associated with
1611:mycoplasma-hominis
1491:Mycoplasma hominis
1466:Mycoplasma hominis
609:10.1111/andr.12078
565:New Microbiologica
517:(183167): 183167.
343:Mycoplasma hominis
304:Mycoplasma hominis
237:Mycoplasma hominis
235:have a cell wall,
224:Mycoplasma hominis
201:Mycoplasma hominis
178:Mycoplasma hominis
146:Mycoplasma hominis
131:Mycoplasma hominis
25:Mycoplasma hominis
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1632:Open Tree of Life
1483:Taxon identifiers
1403:10.1111/aji.12279
1352:manifestations".
834:(10): 1246–1253.
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393:Vaginal infection
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652:"Clindamycin"
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1187:Clongen.com
661:15 December
332:M. hominis.
194:clindamycin
165:ureaplasmas
1685:Mycoplasma
1654:Categories
1412:2115/59366
1333:2015-08-30
1207:MSDSonline
456:2020-08-02
429:2015-08-30
409:References
375:M. hominis
371:M. hominis
357:Prevention
350:M. hominis
317:M. hominis
284:M. hominis
279:M. hominis
266:M. hominis
261:M. hominis
255:Metabolism
241:gram stain
232:M. hominis
228:urogenital
172:Gram stain
152:Mycoplasma
100:Mycoplasma
69:Mollicutes
1429:206987133
1305:1076-6294
1230:(6): 62.
1147:0095-1137
1090:0021-9193
900:0021-9193
763:1553-7404
596:Andrology
323:Treatment
239:does not
107:Species:
1585:10527709
1506:Q2616475
1500:Wikidata
1421:24938999
1374:24982440
1313:38060805
918:16562016
850:12746769
781:19816563
714:30078192
626:39834287
618:26311339
577:23912864
543:25614838
382:See also
336:in vitro
85:Family:
55:Phylum:
49:Bacteria
45:Domain:
1637:1070018
1572:3225943
1515:BacDive
1382:6089358
1165:6764773
1108:1102522
858:9676461
772:2751442
534:4295611
492:8909826
161:hominis
95:Genus:
75:Order:
65:Class:
1598:963932
1559:MYPLHO
1546:975250
1468:at Bac
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1580:IRMNG
1533:44XFW
1425:S2CID
1378:S2CID
1267:WebMD
854:S2CID
822:Lipid
655:(PDF)
622:S2CID
561:(PDF)
1624:2098
1619:NCBI
1606:LPSN
1593:ITIS
1567:GBIF
1554:EPPO
1520:8607
1470:Dive
1417:PMID
1370:PMID
1309:PMID
1301:ISSN
1236:6879
1232:PMID
1161:PMID
1143:ISSN
1104:PMID
1086:ISSN
1048:3832
1044:PMID
1017:9084
1013:PMID
978:8262
974:PMID
914:PMID
896:ISSN
846:PMID
777:PMID
759:ISSN
710:PMID
663:2017
614:PMID
573:PMID
539:PMID
515:2014
488:PMID
184:and
1541:EoL
1528:CoL
1437:doi
1407:hdl
1399:doi
1362:doi
1293:doi
1151:PMC
1135:doi
1094:PMC
1078:doi
1074:124
1005:doi
966:doi
904:PMC
888:doi
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767:PMC
749:doi
700:hdl
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686:234
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529:PMC
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