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may be a cause of preterm delivery and miscarriage. It is also implicated in postpartum fever, because it may be a cause of endometritis. M. hominis is also suspected to be the cause of neonatal infections such as conjunctivitis, respiratory distress, fever, meningitis, abscesses, and congenital pneumonia. In adults, M. hominis may be implicated in pharyngitis, septicaemia, lung infections, central nervous system infections, other respiratory tract infections, joint infection, and wound infections. M. hominis infections are usually not seen in healthy adults. Understanding how M. hominis contributes to infections in adult patients, particularly in areas outside the genital tract like the central nervous system (CNS), post-operative wound sites, the chest, and joints, has posed a challenge. Recent data shows an increase in reported post-operative CNS infections caused by
Mycoplasma, likely due to the more extensive use of advanced diagnostic methods like PCR and DNA sequencing, especially when routine cultures fail to detect bacterial growth.
48:
258:
with coccoid forms and ring- or disc-shaped cells reigning predominant. Coccal forms of the species are associated with binary fission while fragmentary filaments, and budding cells were also encountered. This fact along with the fact that in different labs, the same strains grew at different rates, leads to the conclusion that cultural conditions have influenced the rate of division and cellular morphology in this species.
317:
is more than likely implicated in many different diseases, but its role is unclear for most of them. M. hominis is implicated in pelvic inflammatory disease, which may cause ectopic pregnancy. It prospers in the environment created by other gram negative bacteria implicated in bacterial vaginosis and
261:
The internal components of the much larger cells in the species are also variable. These cells can contain different structures such as ribosome-like granules, nuclear areas of netlike strands, dense cytoplasmic bodies and large vacuoles. These observations indicate multiple modes of reproduction for
257:
The morphology is quite variable and seems to depend, in part, on the age of the culture as the smallest form observed, coming from the elementary body, is 80nm to 100nm wide in diameter. Different cell forms have been observed varying from coccoid cells to filaments and irregularly shaped structures
245:
is innately resistant to β-lactams and to all antibiotics which target the cell wall. Additionally, it is the simplest self-replicating microorganism known. This reaps consequences such as a lack of detection by light microscopy, and complex nutritional requirements. Due to the fact that it does not
287:
Mycoplasma hominis, a microorganism without a cell wall, is difficult to detect because it cannot be identified through Gram staining. Culturing it is demanding and time-consuming due to specialized requirements and while direct DNA testing is an option, it's not always highly sensitive, and not all
292:
prepared from batch cultures show uniform exponential growth and appear to divide through the process of binary fission with pleomorphic forms appearing upon further incubation. Similar behavior was demonstrated by another laboratory-adapted strain and by three other clinical isolates, making this
1362:
Song, Tiejun; Ye, Aiqing; Xie, Xinyou; Huang, Jun; Ruan, Zhi; Kong, Yingying; Song, Jingjuan; Wang, Yue; Chen, Jianzhong; Zhang, Jun (September 2014). "Epidemiological investigation and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of ureaplasma species and
Mycoplasma hominis in outpatients with genital
274:
PG21 genome sequence shows that this organism is the second smallest genome among self-replicating free living organisms. Due to their minimal genomes, M. hominis have reduced metabolic capabilities which are characterized by distinct energy-generating pathways. Three energy pathways that
363:
infections occurring in immunocompromised patients, combination of drugs usually active against the mycoplasmas have been recommended. In those cases, guidelines for optimal therapy remain to be established. Current therapeutic considerations are based only upon case reports.
388:
uses an atypical type of energy metabolism, dependent upon the degradation of arginine. Other mycoplasmas lack this characteristic. Determining the genome will provide information that would facilitate the understanding of metabolic reconstitutions.
745:
Pereyre, Sabine; Sirand-Pugnet, Pascal; Beven, Laure; Charron, Alain; Renaudin, Hélène; Barré, Aurélien; Avenaud, Philippe; Jacob, Daniel; Couloux, Arnaud; Barbe, Valérie; de
Daruvar, Antoine (October 2009).
297:
grows in a variety of defined laboratory media, such as arginine broth and can also be cultivated in water. Growth in this species, as well as all species of mycoplasmas, is driven by anaerobic respiration.
1446:
Pignanelli S, Pulcrano G, Schiavone P, Iula VD, Catania MR. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of
Mycoplasma hominis genital isolates. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015 May-Jun;81(3):286-8.
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Many antibiotics kill bacteria by weakening the cell wall. However, mycoplasma bacteria lack this cellular structure causing some antibiotics, like penicillin, to be ineffective treatment options.
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The primary sites of localization for M. hominis is the oropharynx and the genitourinary tract with positive pathogenicity. It is capable of infecting human beings as well as non-human primates.
1680:
1188:
Mayer, Gene. Mycoplasma and
Ureaplasma, The MicrobeLibrary, www.microbiologybook.org/mayer/myco.htm#:~:text=The mycoplasmas are facultative anaerobes,pear shaped and even filamentous.
1400:
Hasebe, Akira; Mu, Hong-Hua; Cole, Barry C (September 2014). "A Potential
Pathogenic Factor from Mycoplasma hominisis a TLR2-Dependent, Macrophage-Activating, P50-Related Adhesin".
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In locations and patient populations where tetracycline resistance or treatment failures are common, other drugs such as fluoroquinolones should be considered guided by
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labs possess its capabilities. This likely leads to underreporting of M. hominis infections, causing delayed diagnosis and less favorable treatment outcomes Cells of
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953:
Robertson, J & Alfa, Michelle & Boatman, E. (1983). Morphology of the cells and colonies of
Mycoplasma hominis. Sexually transmitted diseases. 10. 232-9.
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Lo, Shyh-Ching; Wang, Richard Y.-H.; Grandinetti, Teresa; Zou, Nianxiang; Haley, Christine L.-D.; Hayes, Michael M.; Wear, Douglas J.; Shih, James W.-K. (2003).
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Pavoni, Matteo; Principe, Luigi; Foschi, Claudio; Meroni, Elisa; Briozzo, Elena; Lazzarotto, Tiziana; Ambretti, Simone; Di Bella, Stefano (2023-12-07).
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1292:"Antimicrobial Resistance of Genital Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma : A Multicentre Study Over a 5-Year Period in Italy (2017–2021)"
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965:"Unit activity of the cerebral and visceral ganglia of the mussel, Mytilus edulis and the coordinated control of ciliary movement"
1603:
687:
Contini C, Rotondo JC, Magagnoli F, Maritati M, Seraceni S, Graziano A, Poggi A, Capucci R, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F (2018).
748:"Life on arginine for Mycoplasma hominis: clues from its minimal genome and comparison with other human urogenital mycoplasmas"
413:
1608:
1690:
1043:"Interactions between drugs and saliva-stimulating parafilm and their implications in measurements of saliva drug levels"
341:
Oral tetracyclines have historically been the drugs of choice for use against urogenital and systemic infections due to
1200:, www.clongen.com/mycoplasma-hominis/#:~:text=The incubation period is two,for years in hypogammaglobulinemic patients.
941:
Bredt, W. 1971. Cellular
Morphology of Newly Isolated Mycoplasma hominis Strains. Journal of Bacteriology 105:1 449.
689:"Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage"
372:
The bacterium is often passed through sex, so to help keep this infection away, safe sex practices should be used.
1634:
1468:
518:"Review: Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health"
398:
279:
is capable of going through is Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (EMP), arginine dihydrolase and
Riboflavin metabolism.
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1675:
817:
Mycoplasma
Species (M. Hominis, M. Genitalium, M. Fermentans) - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents
200:
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is an opportunistic human mycoplasma species residing in the lower urogenital tract. It is a common human
835:-Associated Membrane Protein Antigens for Effective Detection ofM. Hominis–Specific Antibodies in Humans"
192:
457:
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are resistant to ciprofloxacin and 61% are resistant to azithromycin. Resistance to minocycline is 6%.
47:
17:
481:
Taylor-Robinson, D (Oct 1996). "Infections due to species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: an update".
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603:"Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Growth of "fried egg" colonies on glucose agar medium within 24–48 hours is a characteristic of
1595:
1493:
1134:"Use of arginine aminopeptidase activity in characterization of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas"
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1220:, www.msdsonline.com/resources/sds-resources/free-safety-data-sheet-index/mycoplasma-hominis/
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Some infections may be treated by a single antibiotic. In other cases such as severe
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Mycoplasma species that lacks a cell wall. Due to the absence of the cell wall,
1516:
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Felson, Sabrina. “Mycoplasma Infections: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention.”
1077:"Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells"
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C. Huang; H.L. Zhu; K.R. Xu; S.Y. Wang; L.Q. Fan; W.B. Zhu (September 2015).
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1280:, WebMD, 28 Mar. 2020, www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/mycoplasma-infections#1.
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Pereyre, Sabine. “Mycoplasma Hominis, M. Genitalium and Ureaplasma Spp.”
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has the ability to penetrate the interior of human cells. Along with
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1004:"Acetylcholine-ATP binding by direct membrane electrode measurement"
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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C: Comparative Pharmacology
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199:. It is also associated with male infertility. This species causes
59:
569:"Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics"
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tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome.
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686:
1047:
Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology
567:
Mastromarino, Paola; Vitali, Beatrice; Mosca, Luciana (2013).
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although it is surprisingly often described as gram-negative.
178:, mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms known.
1681:
Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission
1289:
1075:
Robertson, J.; Gomersall, M.; Gill, P. (November 1975).
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Ball, H. J.; Neill, S. D.; Reid, L. R. (January 1982).
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Ljubin-Sternak, Sunčanica; Meštrović, Tomislav (2014).
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Recent epidemiologic studies demonstrate that 18% of
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Ureaplasma Infection: eMedicine Infectious Diseases
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Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
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963:Hamburg, M. D.; Paparo, A. A.; Morris, E. (1976).
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1001:
1671:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
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1236:Modern Healthcare. [Short-Term Care Ed.]
943:http://jb.asm.org/content/105/1/449.full.pdf
885:Anderson, D. R.; Barile, M. F. (July 1965).
181:They have no cell wall and therefore do not
1402:American Journal of Reproductive Immunology
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1483:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
1232:"Tuning in can turn on your work force"
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14:
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1002:Kobos, R. K.; Rechnitz, G. A. (1976).
887:"Ultrastructure of Mycoplasma hominis"
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414:List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
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217:This pathogen may latently infect the
203:. It is susceptible to the antibiotic
160:is a species of bacteria in the genus
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819:, 2002, www.antimicrobe.org/m06.asp.
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380:DNA sequence data is incomplete for
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293:seem characteristic of the species.
650:Ljubin-Sternak & Meštrović 2014
349:susceptibility data when possible.
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1138:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1041:Chang, K.; Chiou, W. L. (1976).
201:a sexually transmitted infection
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1340:. Site du Genoscope. 2013-10-19
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1093:10.1128/JB.124.2.1007-1018.1975
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436:. Site du Genoscope. 2013-10-19
1471:for some images of mycoplasmas
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399:Sexually transmitted infection
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1377:10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202248
1365:Journal of Clinical Pathology
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1020:10.1016/0006-291x(76)90896-2
981:10.1016/0306-4492(76)90069-1
903:10.1128/JB.90.1.180-192.1965
839:Clinical Infectious Diseases
765:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000677
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7:
1469:Kenyon College Microbe Wiki
1150:10.1128/JCM.15.1.28-34.1982
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193:pelvic inflammatory disease
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1691:Bacteria described in 1955
148:(Freundt 1953) Edward 1955
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1338:"Mycoplasma hominis PG21"
1296:Microbial Drug Resistance
434:"Mycoplasma hominis PG21"
326:The incubation period of
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43:Scientific classification
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1452:10.4103/0378-6323.153520
668:. FA Davis Company. 2017
495:10.1093/clinids/23.4.671
225:Biology and biochemistry
1081:Journal of Bacteriology
891:Journal of Bacteriology
1216:“Mycoplasma Hominis.”
1308:10.1089/mdr.2023.0202
1230:Hayes, J. L. (1976).
458:"Gram Staining Rules"
831:"Mycoplasma hominis
522:Journal of Pathogens
307:Site of localization
27:Species of bacterium
1686:Bacterial vaginosis
1676:Pathogenic bacteria
535:10.1155/2014/183167
230:Type and morphology
197:bacterial vaginosis
191:is associated with
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1502:Mycoplasma hominis
1477:Mycoplasma hominis
620:10.1111/andr.12078
576:New Microbiologica
528:(183167): 183167.
354:Mycoplasma hominis
315:Mycoplasma hominis
248:Mycoplasma hominis
246:have a cell wall,
235:Mycoplasma hominis
212:Mycoplasma hominis
189:Mycoplasma hominis
157:Mycoplasma hominis
142:Mycoplasma hominis
36:Mycoplasma hominis
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1643:Open Tree of Life
1494:Taxon identifiers
1414:10.1111/aji.12279
1363:manifestations".
845:(10): 1246–1253.
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404:Vaginal infection
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752:PLOS Genetics
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716:11392/2393176
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663:"Clindamycin"
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133:Binomial name
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1198:Clongen.com
672:15 December
343:M. hominis.
205:clindamycin
176:ureaplasmas
1696:Mycoplasma
1665:Categories
1423:2115/59366
1344:2015-08-30
1218:MSDSonline
467:2020-08-02
440:2015-08-30
420:References
386:M. hominis
382:M. hominis
368:Prevention
361:M. hominis
328:M. hominis
295:M. hominis
290:M. hominis
277:M. hominis
272:M. hominis
266:Metabolism
252:gram stain
243:M. hominis
239:urogenital
183:Gram stain
163:Mycoplasma
111:Mycoplasma
80:Mollicutes
18:M. hominis
1440:206987133
1316:1076-6294
1241:(6): 62.
1158:0095-1137
1101:0021-9193
911:0021-9193
774:1553-7404
607:Andrology
334:Treatment
250:does not
118:Species:
1596:10527709
1517:Q2616475
1511:Wikidata
1432:24938999
1385:24982440
1324:38060805
929:16562016
861:12746769
792:19816563
725:30078192
637:39834287
629:26311339
588:23912864
554:25614838
393:See also
347:in vitro
96:Family:
66:Phylum:
60:Bacteria
56:Domain:
1648:1070018
1583:3225943
1526:BacDive
1393:6089358
1176:6764773
1119:1102522
869:9676461
783:2751442
545:4295611
503:8909826
172:hominis
106:Genus:
86:Order:
76:Class:
1609:963932
1570:MYPLHO
1557:975250
1479:at Bac
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1591:IRMNG
1544:44XFW
1436:S2CID
1389:S2CID
1278:WebMD
865:S2CID
833:Lipid
666:(PDF)
633:S2CID
572:(PDF)
1635:2098
1630:NCBI
1617:LPSN
1604:ITIS
1578:GBIF
1565:EPPO
1531:8607
1481:Dive
1428:PMID
1381:PMID
1320:PMID
1312:ISSN
1247:6879
1243:PMID
1172:PMID
1154:ISSN
1115:PMID
1097:ISSN
1059:3832
1055:PMID
1028:9084
1024:PMID
989:8262
985:PMID
925:PMID
907:ISSN
857:PMID
788:PMID
770:ISSN
721:PMID
674:2017
625:PMID
584:PMID
550:PMID
526:2014
499:PMID
195:and
1552:EoL
1539:CoL
1448:doi
1418:hdl
1410:doi
1373:doi
1304:doi
1162:PMC
1146:doi
1105:PMC
1089:doi
1085:124
1016:doi
977:doi
915:PMC
899:doi
847:doi
778:PMC
760:doi
711:hdl
701:doi
697:234
615:doi
540:PMC
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491:doi
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