Istanbul - Knowledge

138: 5637: 5718: 1662: 3709: 7469: 7140: 152: 7721: 1942: 24514: 6069: 5607: 66: 5111: 3126: 6827: 7423: 3188: 7156: 1476: 252: 5913: 2987: 285: 6818: 1393: 6950: 90: 219: 5509: 7579: 3698: 5240: 7437: 1544: 7796: 6690: 3523: 8063: 8016: 1118: 5032: 118: 7810: 7019: 7451: 5815: 7735: 1359: 5667: 1586: 1259: 5354: 3925: 1826: 24557: 3473: 6154: 4224: 169: 3676: 24524: 2732: 2078: 196: 292: 259: 226: 6143: 3258: 1009: 20258: 6479: 22666: 21494: 19969: 3687: 22690: 22654: 104: 6176: 4140: 4195:

Parliament—and an appointed Executive Committee. Mirroring the executive committee at the municipal level, the Provincial Executive Committee includes a secretary-general and leaders of departments that advise the Provincial Parliament. The Provincial Administration's duties are largely limited to the building and maintenance of schools, residences, government buildings, and roads, and the promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation.

20249: 21544: 7124: 22702: 3983: 2780: 21482: 19957: 7768: 358: 5947: 6165: 3357: 25242: 7782: 24567: 9899:

flight and emigration of the Greek minority of Istanbul, which once numbered some 100,000 and was subsequently reduced to a few thousand. The vast destruction of Greek property, businesses, and churches provides evidence of the Turkish authorities' intent to terrorize the Greeks in Istanbul into abandoning the territory, thus eliminating the Greek minority. This practice falls within the ambit of the crime of

5464: 22678: 7493: 7069:, of which 100 were private. Turkish citizens are entitled to subsidized healthcare in the nation's state-run hospitals. As public hospitals tend to be overcrowded or otherwise slow, private hospitals are preferable for those who can afford them. Their prevalence has increased significantly over the last decade, as the percentage of outpatients using private hospitals increased from 5943:), pubs and restaurants. İstiklal Avenue, originally known for its taverns, has shifted toward shopping, but the nearby Nevizade Street is still lined with winehouses and pubs. Some other neighborhoods around İstiklal Avenue have been revamped to cater to Beyoğlu's nightlife, with formerly commercial streets now lined with pubs, cafes, and restaurants playing live music. 7521: 4171:

swift decisions, often at the expense of transparency. The Municipal Council is advised by the Metropolitan Executive Committee, although the committee also has limited power to make decisions of its own. All representatives on the committee are appointed by the metropolitan mayor and the council, with the mayor—or someone of his or her choosing—serving as head.

5710:, opened in the 2000s to complement the exhibition spaces and auction houses that have already contributed to the cosmopolitan nature of the city. These museums have yet to attain the popularity of older museums on the historic peninsula, including the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, which ushered in the era of modern museums in Turkey, and the 5606: 9904:

including at least one priest, were subjected to forced circumcision. The riots were accompanied by enormous material damage, estimated by Greek authorities at US$ 500 million, including the burning of churches and the devastation of shops and private homes. As a result of the pogrom, the Greek minority eventually emigrated from Turkey.

7264:, entered service on 26 August 2016. The O-7 motorway connects Istanbul Atatürk Airport with Istanbul Airport. Environmentalist groups worry that the third bridge will endanger the remaining green areas to the north of Istanbul. Apart from the three Bosphorus Bridges, the dual-deck, 14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi) 3472: 9903:

which the UN General Assembly and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia have interpreted as constituting a form of genocide... Besides the deaths, thousands were injured; some 200 Greek women were raped, and there are reports that Greek boys were raped as well. Many Greek men,

7701:

Istanbul Atatürk Airport, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center, on the European side, near the Marmara Sea coast, was formerly the city's largest airport. After its closure to commercial flights in 2019, it was briefly used by cargo aircraft and the official state aircraft owned

7635:

forced the station to close in 2012. New stations to replace both the Haydarpaşa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's disjointed railway networks, now the Marmaray second phase opened to the public. Private bus companies still operation to this day. Istanbul's main bus station is the largest

5278:, where Istanbul voted 'No' by 51.4% to 48.6%. The AKP government had supported a 'Yes' vote and won the vote nationally due to high support in rural parts of the country. A major turning point for the government came in the 2019 local elections, where their candidate for Mayor, former Prime Minister 5182:

Istanbul became one of the world's most important Jewish centers in the 16th and 17th century. Romaniote and Ashkenazi communities existed in Istanbul before the conquest of Istanbul, but it was the arrival of Sephardic Jews that ushered a period of cultural flourishing. Sephardic Jews settled in the

1467:

in place of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair, and its population had dwindled to a hundred thousand from half a

6986:

in 1956. Capacity declined until the power station reached the end of its economic life and shut down in 1983. The state-run Turkish Electrical Authority (TEK) briefly—between its founding in 1970 and 1984—held a monopoly on the generation and distribution of electricity, but now the authority—since

5055:

A 2019 survey study by KONDA that examined the religiosity of the voting-age adults in Istanbul showed that 57% of the surveyed had a religion and were trying to practise its requirements. This was followed by nonobservant people with 26% who identified with a religion but generally did not practise

4170:

is responsible for citywide issues, including managing the budget, maintaining civic infrastructure, and overseeing museums and major cultural centers. Since the government operates under a "powerful mayor, weak council" approach, the council's leader—the metropolitan mayor—has the authority to make

2111:

The city's summers are warm to hot and moderately dry, with an average daytime temperature of about 28 °C (82 °F), and less than 7 days of precipitation per month. Despite the generally acceptable temperature range, mid-summer in Istanbul is considered moderately uncomfortable, due to high

1919:

from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. This sudden, sharp rise in the city's population caused a large demand for housing, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the

1918:

From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings. The overall population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people

1558:

welcomed everyone–foreigners, criminals, and runaways– showing extraordinary openness and willingness to incorporate outsiders that came to define Ottoman political culture. He also invited people from all over Europe to his capital, creating a cosmopolitan society that persisted through much of the

9898:

the Greek minority in Istanbul was demonstrably present, the pogrom having been orchestrated by the government of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Even if the number of deaths (estimated at thirty-seven) among members of the Greek community was relatively low, the result of the pogrom was the

8145:

UEFA does not apparently keep a list of Category 4 stadiums, but regulations stipulate that only these elite stadiums are eligible to host UEFA Champions League Finals, which Atatürk Olympic Stadium did in 2005, and UEFA Europa League (formerly UEFA Cup) Finals, which Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium did in

8093:

concurs with 685 BCE as the year Chalcedon was founded, but places Byzantion's establishment in 659 BCE. Among more modern historians, Carl Roebuck proposed the 640s BCE and others have suggested even later. The foundation date of Chalcedon is itself subject to some debate; while many sources place

5662:

By the end of the 19th century, Istanbul had established itself as a regional artistic center, with Turkish, European, and Middle Eastern artists flocking to the city. Despite efforts to make Ankara Turkey's cultural heart, Istanbul had the country's primary institution of art until the 1970s. When

5655:

Istanbul was historically known as a cultural hub, but its cultural scene stagnated after the Turkish Republic shifted its focus toward Ankara. The new national government established programs that served to orient Turks toward musical traditions, especially those originating in Europe, but musical

4174:

District councils are chiefly responsible for waste management and construction projects within their respective districts. They each maintain their own budgets, although the metropolitan mayor reserves the right to review district decisions. One-fifth of all district council members, including the

1581:

was ignored by the rampant plague, which killed the rich and the poor alike in the 16th century. Money could not protect the rich from all the discomforts and harsher sides of Istanbul. Although the Sultan lived at a safe remove from the masses, and the wealthy and poor tended to live side by side,

4162:

Small settlements adjacent to major population centers in Turkey, including Istanbul, were merged into their respective primary cities during the early 1980s, resulting in metropolitan municipalities. The main decision-making body of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is the Municipal Council,

3921:. The Hagia Sophia stood as the world's largest cathedral in the world until it was converted into a mosque in the 15th century. The minarets date from that period. Because of its historical significance, it was reopened as a museum in 1935. However, it was re-converted into a mosque in July 2020. 3666:

that depict Theodosius I and his courtiers. The lower part of the obelisk was damaged in antiquity, probably during its transport to Alexandria in 357 CE or during its re-erection at the Hippodrome of Constantinople in 390 CE. As a result, the current height of the obelisk is only 18.54 meters, or

1653:

period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city. Bridges across the Golden Horn were constructed during this period, and Constantinople was connected to the rest of the European railway network in the 1880s. Modern facilities, such as a water supply

6221:, established in 1903, is considered the oldest of these sports clubs. Due to its initial status as Turkey's only club, Beşiktaş occasionally represented the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic in international sports competitions, earning the right to place the Turkish flag inside its team logo. 4786:

Istanbul experienced especially rapid growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population increasing tenfold between 1950 and 2000. This growth was fueled by internal and international migration. Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit increased dramatically, from

6994:

The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in 1840 and the first post office, the Imperial Post Office, opened near the courtyard of Yeni Mosque. By 1876, the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the Ottoman Empire had been established. Sultan

5729:

The first film screening in Turkey was at Yıldız Palace in 1896, a year after the technology publicly debuted in Paris. Movie theaters rapidly cropped up in Beyoğlu, with the greatest concentration of theaters being along the street now known as İstiklal Avenue. Istanbul also became the heart of

4194:

With the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province having equivalent jurisdictions, few responsibilities remain for the provincial government. Like the MMI, the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration has a governor, a democratically elected decision-making body—the Provincial

3285:

and gardens. But in the second half of the 20th century, the Asian side experienced major urban growth; the late development of this part of the city led to better infrastructure and tidier urban planning when compared with most other residential areas in the city. Much of the Asian side of the

7675:

IST was also transferred to the new airport. Once all phases are completed in 2025, the airport will have six sets of runways (eight in total), 16 taxiways, and will be able to accommodate 200 million passengers a year. The transfer from the airport to the city is via the O-7, and it will

4023:

the previous year. Government meetings took place here until 1786, when the seat of government was moved to the Sublime Porte. After several hundred years of royal residence, it was abandoned in 1853 in favor of the baroque Dolmabahçe Palace. Topkapı Palace became public property following the

7399:, inaugurated in 2013 as the first rail connection between Thrace and Anatolia, having 13.5 km (8.4 mi) length. The Marmaray tunnel together with the suburban railways lines along the Sea of Marmara, form the intercontinental commuter rail line in Istanbul, named officially B1, from 2050:

The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development, with over 500,000 vulnerable buildings demolished and replaced since 2012. According to ministry statements and geologist comments made in 2023, the city's infrastructure was in reasonably good shape,

8118:

on the population of the city in the mid-1920s (with the former suggesting 817,000 in 1925), but Turan, p. 224, is used as the source of population figures between 1924 and 2005. Turan's figures, as well as the 2010 figure, come from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The drastic increase in

5489:

Haydarpaşa, at the southeastern end of the Bosporus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s. Since then operations were shifted to Ambarlı, with plans to convert Haydarpaşa into a tourism complex. In 2019, Ambarlı, on the western edge of the urban center, had an annual capacity of

2115:

Istanbul's precipitation is unevenly distributed, with winter months getting at least twice the level of precipitation of their summerly counterparts. The mode of precipitation also varies by season. Winter precipitation is generally light, persistent and often of mixed precipitation such as

4002:

Topkapı Palace, dating back to 1465, is the oldest seat of government surviving in Istanbul. Mehmed II built the original palace as his main residence and the seat of government. The present palace grew over the centuries as a series of additions enfolding four courtyards and blending

4996:

study, Kurds constituted around 17% of Istanbul's adult total population who were Turkish citizens. Although the initial Kurdish presence in the city dates back to the early Ottoman period, the majority of Kurds in the city originate from villages in eastern and southeastern Turkey.

6977:

along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952. Following the founding of the Turkish Republic, the plant underwent renovations to accommodate the city's increasing demand; its capacity grew from

6004:, 15 kilometers (9 mi) from the city center, are also popular for their seafood restaurants. Because of their restaurants, historic summer mansions, and tranquil, car-free streets, the Princes' Islands are a popular vacation destination among Istanbulites and foreign tourists. 8793:

Algan, O.; Yalçın, M.N.K.; Özdoğan, M.; Yılmaz, Y.C.; Sarı, E.; Kırcı-Elmas, E.; Yılmaz, İ.; Bulkan, Ö.; Ongan, D.; Gazioğlu, C.; Nazik, A.; Polat, M.A.; Meriç, E. (2011). "Holocene coastal change in the ancient harbor of Yenikapı–İstanbul and its impact on cultural history".

2124:; while summer precipitation is generally abrupt and sporadic. Cloudiness, as with precipitation, varies greatly by season. Winters are quite cloudy, with around 20 percent of days being sunny or partly cloudy. Meanwhile, summers experience 60-70 percent of possible sunshine. 5236:, winning the mayoralty of Istanbul was a huge moral victory, but for Erdoğan it had practical ramifications: His party, AKP, lost control of the $ 4.8 billion municipal budget, which had sustained patronage at the point of delivery of many public services for 25 years. 7315:

date back to 1872, when they were horse-drawn, but even the first electrified trams were decommissioned in the 1960s. Operated by Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnels General Management (İETT), trams slowly returned to the city in the 1990s with the introduction of the

14283: 1582:

for the most part Istanbul was not zoned as modern cities are. Opulent houses shared the same streets and districts with tiny hovels. Those rich enough to have secluded country properties had a chance of escaping the periodic epidemics of sickness that blighted Istanbul.

6595:

Radio broadcasts in Istanbul date back to 1927, when Turkey's first radio transmission came from atop the Central Post Office in Eminönü. Control of this transmission, and other radio stations established in the following decades, ultimately came under the state-run

1043:

colonists around 657 BCE. Megarian colonists claimed a direct line back to the founders of the city, Byzas, the son of the god Poseidon and the nymph Ceroëssa. Modern excavations have raised the possibility that the name Byzantium might reflect the sites of native

7231:) is 353 km (219 mi) (2021), totaling 896 km (557 mi) of expressway roads (minimum 2x2 lanes), excluding secondary roads and urban streets. The density of expressway network is 16.8 km/100 km. The O-1 forms the city's inner 7268:(which entered service on 20 December 2016) under the Bosphorus strait also provides road crossings for motor vehicles between the Asian and European sides of Turkey. Road transport emits significant carbon dioxide, estimated at 7 million tons in 2021. 1413:

Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named

11601:

Bu Kanunun yürürlüğe girdiği tarihte; büyükşehir belediye sınırları, İstanbul ve Kocaeli ilinde, il mülkî sınırıdır. (On the date this law goes in effect, the metropolitan city boundaries, in the provinces of İstanbul and Kocaeli, are those of the

1344:

cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity.

1965:. Historically, the city has been ideally situated for trade and defense: The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Golden Horn provide both ideal defense against enemy attack and a natural toll-gate. Several picturesque islands— 1157:), literally 'to the city' and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks. This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its nickname 2030:

7.0 is very likely in the 21st century, though an earthquake with a magnitude above 7.5 is thought to be impossible. Istanbul Municipality's Directorate of Earthquake and Ground Research is responsible for analysing the methods to reduce the

4790:

According to 2020 TÜİK data around 2.1 million people in a population of over 15.4 million have been registered in Istanbul, meanwhile the vast majority of the residents ultimately originate from Anatolian provinces, especially those in the

6745:

are among other public high schools in the city. Istanbul also contains high schools established by the European and American expatriates and missionaries in the 19th century that currently offer secular, foreign-language education such as

1448:, the latter part of the Byzantine era, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople is generally considered to be the center and the "cradle of Orthodox 1427:

The establishment of Constantinople was one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including

8114:, which also does a comprehensive analysis of sources, including Chandler (1987); Morris notes that many of Chandler's estimates during that time seem too large for the city's size, and presents smaller estimates. Chandler disagrees with 8110:, pp. 463–505 examines different sources' estimates and chooses the most likely based on historical conditions; it is the source of most population figures between 100 and 1914. The ranges of values between 500 and 1000 are due to 1903:, in which hundreds of Greek men, women and children were attacked and raped and dozens murdered, led to the emigration of most of the remaining Greeks in Istanbul. Government persecution of Greeks and religious minorities, especially 7255:

each day. The O-7 or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. The O-7 motorway from Kinali Gişeleri to Istanbul Park Service has 139.2 km (86.5 mi), with 8 lanes (4x4), and from Odayeri-K10 to

6450:. The 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix was initially cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but on 25 June 2021, it was announced that the 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix will take place on 3 October 2021. Istanbul Park was also a venue of the 3963:, built by Suleiman the Magnificent, was designed by his chief architect Mimar Sinan, the most illustrious of all Ottoman architects, who designed many of the city's renowned mosques and other types of public buildings and monuments. 14908: 3010:) is noted to be very prevalent, with estimates ranging from a hundred thousand to over a million stray cats. The feral cats in the city have gained widespread media and public attention and are considered to be symbols of the city. 5027:

who are Turkish citizens are found to be making up less than 1% of city's total adult population. As of August 2023, there were more than 530,000 refugees of the Syrian civil war in Istanbul, the highest number in any Turkish city.

6233:

titles, at 22 and 19 times, respectively. Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe have a long-standing rivalry, with Galatasaray based in the European part and Fenerbahçe based in the Anatolian part of the city. Istanbul has seven basketball

5455:

between the Black and the Mediterranean seas, even when tankers carry oil, natural gas, chemicals, and other flammable or explosive materials as cargo. In 2011, as a workaround solution, the then Prime Minister Erdoğan presented

2949:

compose the economically important species. Fish diversity in the waters of Istanbul has dwindled in the recent decades. From around 60 different fish species recorded in the 1970s only 20 of them still survive in the Bosporus.

16302:

The opening date has been pushed back three times, but authorities insist that the main terminal building and two runways will be fully operational by Sunday, in what critics say it is a rushed and dangerous attempt to stay on

15009: 1171:) meaning the 'Gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman Turkish. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from "Constantinople", with the first and third syllables dropped. Some Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as 5588:

are Turkey's two largest international gateways, receiving a quarter of the nation's foreign tourists. Istanbul has more than fifty museums, with the Topkapı Palace, the most visited museum in the city, bringing in more than

1281:

artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. That early settlement, important in the spread of the

14287: 6600:(TRT), which held a monopoly on radio and television broadcasts between its founding in 1964 and 1990. Today, TRT runs four national radio stations; these stations have transmitters across the country so each can reach over 6011:. Following the influx of immigrants from southeastern and eastern Turkey, which began in the 1960s, the city's foodscape has drastically changed by the end of the century; with influences of Middle Eastern cuisine such as 836:, the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is considered the country's economic, cultural and historic capital. The city has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey, and is the 5158:

from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century. The community had more than 15,000 members during Atatürk's presidency in the 1920s and 1930s, but today is reduced to only a few hundreds, according to Italo-Levantine writer

2978:

were present in Bosporus, and Princes' Islands and Tuzla shores were seal breeding areas during summer, but they have not been observed in Istanbul since the 1960s and thought to be extinct in the region. Water pollution,

1654:

network, electricity, telephones, and trams, were gradually introduced to Constantinople over the following decades, although later than to other European cities. The modernization efforts were not enough to forestall the

4175:

district mayors, also represent their districts in the Municipal Council. All members of the district councils and the Municipal Council, including the metropolitan mayor, are elected to five-year terms. Representing the

1444:. Constantinople's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time; for many centuries, its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east and the advance of Islam. During most of the 7062:, which split from the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone in 1995, was privatized in 2005. Postal services remain under the purview of what is now the Post and Telegraph Organization (retaining the acronym PTT). 5439:

Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus strait, houses international ports that link Europe and Asia. The Bosporus, providing the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, is the world's busiest and narrowest

8064: 8017: 1119: 3978:

fortresses, which assisted the Ottomans during their siege of the city. Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans made an indelible impression on the skyline of Istanbul, building towering mosques and ornate palaces.

8081:) is sometimes, especially in encyclopedic or other tertiary sources, placed firmly in 667 BCE. Historians have disputed the precise year the city was founded. Commonly cited is the work of 5th-century-BCE historian 1420:; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted into the 20th century. On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of 4132:, but they were not fully implemented until 1908 when the city was declared a province with nine constituent districts. This system continued beyond the founding of the Turkish Republic, with the province renamed a 7883:*According to the size of the population and the status of megacity, the limits of the Istanbul city correspond to the limits of the province, and the province is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Istanbul. 7407:

on the Asian side. This rail line has 76.6 km (47.6 mi), and the full line opened on 12 March 2019. Until then, buses provide transportation within and between the two-halves of the city, accommodating

3537:

Istanbul is primarily known for its Byzantine and Ottoman architecture. Despite its development as a Turkish city since 1923, it contains many ancient, Roman, Byzantine, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish monuments.

1499:

began a strategy of gradually taking smaller towns and cities, cutting off Constantinople's supply routes and strangling it slowly. On 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege during which the last Roman emperor,

5099:. Following Greek migration to the city for work in the 2010s, the Greek population rose to nearly 3,000 in 2019, still greatly diminished since 1919, when it stood at 350,000. There are today 50,000 to 70,000 1865:

was signed on 24 July 1923, and the occupation of Constantinople ended with the departure of the last forces of the Allies from the city on 4 October 1923. Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by

6489:

Most state-run radio and television stations are based in Ankara, but Istanbul is the primary hub of Turkish media. The industry has its roots in the former Ottoman capital, where the first Turkish newspaper,

5777:

Coinciding with this cultural reemergence was the establishment of the Istanbul Festival, which began showcasing a variety of art from Turkey and around the world in 1973. From this flagship festival came the

5203:

were allowed to work in any profession. Ottoman Jews in Istanbul excelled in commerce and came to particularly dominate the medical profession. By 1711, using the printing press, books came to be published in

4712:

Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for the

15865: 3466:, spreading across 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) at the northern edge of the city. The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times survive. 1062:, the Roman emperor who refounded the city in 324 CE. Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the 1930s, when Turkish authorities began to press for the use of "Istanbul" ( 6612:

is the most popular radio station in Turkey. Istanbul's airwaves are the busiest in Turkey, primarily featuring either Turkish-language or English-language content. One of the exceptions, offering both, is

5750:(2005), both filmed in Istanbul, the nation's movies began to see substantial international success. Istanbul and its picturesque skyline have also served as a backdrop for several foreign films, including 6628:

TRT-Children is the only TRT television station based in Istanbul. Istanbul is home to the headquarters of several Turkish stations and regional headquarters of international media outlets. Istanbul-based

3556:

railway tunnel. It is the oldest known human settlement on the European side of the city. The oldest known human settlement on the Asian side is the Fikirtepe Mound near Kadıköy, with relics dating to the

8930:

On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium, a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo,

7614:

continued until the early 2010s, when the former was interrupted for Marmaray construction but started running again in 2019 and the latter was halted due to economic problems in Greece. After Istanbul's

5620:

and the skyscrapers of Levent financial district in the background. Providing the only sea route to the Black Sea, the Bosporus is the world's busiest waterway that is used for international navigation.

3230:, a set of corridors lined with office buildings, residential towers, shopping centers, and university campuses, and over 2,000,000 m (22,000,000 sq ft) of class-A office space in total. 14599: 13635: 16832:

Efe, Recep; Cürebal, Isa (2011). "Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul". In Brunn, Stanley D (ed.).

23389: 19629: 4124:) across the city. Pera (now Beyoğlu) was the first area of the city to have its own director and council, with members instead being longtime residents of the neighborhood. Laws enacted after the 16394: 23619: 19546: 14133: 10704:

Altay, Volkan; Ouml, Brahim Lker; zyiit; Yarci, Celal (31 January 2010). "Urban flora and ecological characteristics of the Kartal District (Istanbul): A contribution to urban ecology in Turkey".

6793:. As of 2019 Istanbul has 61 colleges and universities, with more than 1.8 million students enrolled according to official figures. Of those, fourteen are state-owned, 44 are "foundation-owned" 10313: 5794:, held every two years since 1987. Its early incarnations were aimed at showcasing Turkish visual art, and it has since opened to international artists and risen in prestige to join the elite 4087:

Since 2004, the municipal boundaries of Istanbul have been coincident with the boundaries of its province. The city, considered capital of the larger Istanbul Province, is administered by the

1424:

upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the empire; during the following millennium of Roman history the state is commonly referred to as the "Byzantine Empire".

14819: 14781: 5659:

Much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, and by the 1980s and 1990s Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory.

6851:, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, dates back to 1453 and its dental, law, medical schools were founded in the 19th century.The city's largest private universities include 5682:

Beyoğlu has been transformed into the artistic center of the city, with young artists and older Turkish artists formerly residing abroad finding footing there. Modern art museums, including

19387: 8043:

Istanbul straddles both Europe and Asia, with its commercial and historical centre and two-thirds of the population in Europe, the rest in Asia. Since Istanbul is a transcontinental city,

5969:

Istanbul is known for its historic seafood restaurants. Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosporus (particularly in neighborhoods like

3286:

Bosporus functions as a suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul, accounting for a third of the city's population but only a quarter of its employment. However,

1286:

from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the

8106:

Historians disagree—sometimes substantially—on population figures of Istanbul (Constantinople), and other world cities, prior to the 20th century. A follow-up to Chandler & Fox 1974,

16615:

Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...

3955:

Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with a vast building scheme that included the construction of towering mosques and ornate palaces. The

6934:. At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000 cu ft) of water to 251: 19917: 19741: 15394: 7085:

than any other country in the world, with most concentrated in its big cities. The high quality of healthcare, especially in private hospitals, has contributed to a recent upsurge in

24427: 15704: 7562:(Istanbul Sea Buses) runs a combination of high-speed passenger ferries and vehicle ferries within Istanbul and to destinations across the Sea of Marmara. A smaller private company, 6890:(formerly the higher education section of Robert College until 1971) provide education in English as the primary foreign language, while the primary foreign language of education at 284: 19357: 18946: 11264: 4069:

styles, which went on to influence the architecture of a variety of structures in Beyoğlu—including churches, stores, and theaters—and official buildings such as Dolmabahçe Palace.

14460: 13922: 4981:

Istanbul has been a cosmopolitan city throughout much of its history, but it has become more homogenized since the end of the Ottoman era. The dominant ethnic group in the city is

19362: 6470:

on the Bosporus took place on 19–21 June 2009. Istanbul Sailing Club, established in 1952, hosts races and other sailing events on the waterways in and around Istanbul each year.

218: 14208: 24251: 10579: 1440:; accommodating tens of thousands of spectators, the hippodrome became central to civic life and, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the center of episodes of unrest, including the 23893: 19412: 11098: 8094:

it in 685 BC, others put it in 675 BCE or even 639 BCE (with Byzantion's establishment placed in 619 BCE). Some sources refer to Byzantium's foundation as the 7th century BCE.

5091:

form the largest Christian population in the city. While Istanbul's Greek population was exempted from the 1923 population exchange with Greece, changes in tax status and the

13751: 1554:

Following the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II immediately set out to revitalize the city. Cognizant that revitalization would fail without the repopulation of the city,

11702: 9180: 5266:

More recently, Istanbul and many of Turkey's metropolitan cities are following a trend away from the government and their right-wing ideology. In 2013 and 2014, large scale

2974:) make up the marine mammals presently found in the Bosporus and surrounding waters, though since the 1950s the number of dolphin observations has become increasingly rare. 23701: 10008: 7336:

in London. It still carries passengers between Karaköy and İstiklal Avenue along a steep 573-meter (1,880 ft) track; a more modern funicular between Taksim Square and

17348: 9838: 9429:

Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–49. p. 236

8881: 1575:), porticoes, pavilions, walkways, as well as more than a dozen new mosques. Mehmed II turned the ramshackle old town into something that looked like an imperial capital. 15757: 3344:, have faced criticism. The Turkish government also has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with the new 25322: 19898: 14909:"İstanbul'daki en iyi liseler hangileri: 2022 İstanbul Anadolu Liseleri, Fen Liseleri, İmam Hatip ve Teknik Liseleri taban puanları ve yüzdelik dilimleri belli oldu mu?" 5460:, a project to open a new strait between the Black and Marmara seas. While the project was still on Turkey's agenda in 2020, there has not been a clear date set for it. 20990: 12062: 6123:

government, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year. Critics have claimed that the bans were in fact due to ideological reasons.

1305:

The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE, when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosporus. The settlers built an

14486: 10386: 5860:, from the historic to the modern. Istanbul also has an active nightlife and historic taverns, a signature characteristic of the city for centuries, if not millennia. 4985:, which also forms the majority group in Turkey. According to survey data 78% of the voting-age Turkish citizens in Istanbul state "Turkish" as their ethnic identity. 4843:

has the highest percentage with more than 760 thousand residents in the city. A 2019 survey found that only 36% of the Istanbul's population was born in the province.

14335: 14309: 3910:

in Yenikapı, once the busiest port in Constantinople, was among the numerous archeological discoveries that took place during the excavations of the Marmaray tunnel.

23711: 15869: 10499: 6709:. The average class size was 30 for primary education institutes, 27 for vocational schools and 23 for general high schools. Of the 842 public high schools, 263 are 4118:. Following the model of French cities, this religious system was replaced by a mayor and a citywide council composed of representatives of the confessional groups ( 3045:

remains at a level so as to affect the heart and lungs of healthy street bystanders during peak traffic hours, and almost 200 days of pollution were measured by the

17268:

Köse, Yavuz (2009). "Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)". In Atabaki, Touraj; Brockett, Gavin (eds.).

1384:

in Istanbul. It is one of the few Byzantine era churches that were never converted into mosques; during the Ottoman period it served as Topkapı's principal armoury.

21227: 5881:

ushered in the age of modern shopping malls in Turkey when it opened in 1987. Since then, malls have become major shopping centers outside the historic peninsula.

837: 510: 19214: 13639: 10817: 3552:

and predates the formation of the Bosporus by approximately a millennium, when the Sea of Marmara was still a lake, was discovered during the construction of the

22546: 16427: 13273: 6255: 5449: 3667:

25.6 meters if the base is included. Between the four corners of the obelisk and the pedestal are four bronze cubes, used in its transportation and re-erection.

939:

and one of the most important cities in history. The city played a key role in the advancement of Christianity during Roman/Byzantine times, hosting four of the

2755:

has caused an increase in Istanbul's heatwaves, droughts, storms, and flooding in Istanbul. Furthermore, as Istanbul is a large and rapidly expanding city, its

21143: 8586: 5844:

on the Anatolian side of the city have evolved into high-end shopping districts. Other focal points for shopping, leisure and entertainment include Nişantaşı,

4772: 3776:

in 479 BCE. The three serpent heads of the 8-meter (26 ft) high column remained intact until the end of the 17th century (one is on display at the nearby

1752: 23773: 15835: 14603: 14181: 25282: 23586: 22740: 21061: 17753:

Tigrek, Sahnaz; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül (2011). "Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey". In Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Scheumann, Waltina; Kramer, Annika (eds.).

16368: 15809: 15126: 15088: 7468: 15423: 10441: 6987:

split between the Turkish Electricity Generation Transmission Company (TEAŞ) and the Turkish Electricity Distribution Company (TEDAŞ)—competes with private

1175:, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word 21005: 19934: 16253: 15645: 13726: 12839: 10865: 8217: 7035: 5286:

candidate Ekrem İmamoğlu. İmamoğlu won the vote with 48.77% of the vote, against Yıldırım's 48.61%, but the elections were controversially annulled by the

5274:

where the center-left opposition candidate won an impressive 40% of the vote, despite not winning. The first government defeat in Istanbul occurred in the

2112:

dew points and relative humidity. Winters, meanwhile, are cool, quite rainy, and relatively snow-rich for a city with above-freezing average temperatures.

13534: 12494: 9709: 25287: 24244: 23396: 18855: 15518: 15157: 13430:"Panoramic view of the modern skyline of Istanbul's European side, with the skyscrapers of Levent at the center and the Bosphorus Bridge (1973) at right" 10905: 9894:

The Septemvriana satisfies the criteria of article 2 of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) because the

6498:

street on which the newspaper was printed, Bâb-ı Âli Street, rapidly became the center of Turkish print media, alongside Beyoğlu across the Golden Horn.

23686: 23640: 18017: 10960: 24457: 24449: 23886: 23671: 23661: 12330: 6871:. Istanbul's first private university, Koç University, was founded as late as 1992, because private universities were not allowed in Turkey before the 6436: 6278: 5613: 697: 23726: 19267: 14533: 14258: 16402: 14155: 7740: 6625:, although based in Ankara, also features English-language popular music, and English-language news programming is provided on NTV Radyo (102.8 FM). 3348:, opened in 2019; the new parts of the city will include four different settlements with specified urban functions, housing 1.5 million people. 1563:. Like many monarchs before and since, Mehmed II transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with wholesale redevelopment of the city center. There was a 21046: 20980: 18820: 16175: 16086: 14823: 14785: 10180: 5212:, Yiddish, and Hebrew. In large part due to emigration to Israel, the Jewish population in the city dropped from 100,000 in 1950 to 15,000 in 2021. 23681: 21015: 7711: 6037:

Apart from the city's numerous stadiums, sports halls and concert halls, there are several open-air venues for concerts and festivals, such as the

5486:, the Port of Ambarlı, and the Port of Zeytinburnu – as well as several smaller ports and oil terminals along the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara. 2903:, a total of 576 plant taxa were recorded; of those 477 were natural and 99 were exotic and cultivated. The most prominent native taxa were in the 21056: 21051: 21020: 15308: 12160: 11756: 7686:, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009; the airport handled 7077:

between 2005 and 2009. Many of these private hospitals, as well as some of the public hospitals, are equipped with high-tech equipment, including

4051:, all of which were built at the peak of the Ottoman Empire, in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the following centuries, and especially after the 23691: 21672: 19204: 13973: 10481: 7753: 5554:

and Turkey are the 352 m (1,154 ft 10 in) tall Turkish Central Bank Tower in the Ataşehir district on the Asian side of the city;

21066: 11964: 8136:

Based on state register data, which is unchangeable and inherited from the family. A married women is also registered to her husband's province.

24237: 23676: 21102: 18007: 15257: 14384: 6501:

Istanbul now has a wide variety of periodicals. Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and İzmir editions.

6384:, which opened in 2012 as the home court of Fenerbahçe's basketball teams. Despite the construction boom, five bids for the Summer Olympics—in 5331:

to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which has a total of 600 seats. For the purpose of parliamentary elections, Istanbul is divided into

1530:, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque due to the city's refusal to surrender peacefully. Mehmed declared himself as the new 928: 13180: 11214: 3806:

There are traces of the Byzantine era throughout the city, from ancient churches that were built over early Christian meeting places like the

25327: 23879: 22209: 21465: 21041: 20020: 19432: 18936: 17910: 14059: 13999: 12304: 8497: 2759:

has been intensifying the effects of climate change. If trends continue, sea level rise is likely to affect city infrastructure, for example

606: 18012: 14626: 13366: 10932: 6380:, have also been inaugurated since 2000, serving as the home courts of Istanbul's sports clubs. The most recent of these is the 13,800-seat 22372: 21751: 21220: 20985: 20949: 18065: 16285: 15708: 2036: 1402:(532–537) by Byzantine emperor Justinian I was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the 11268: 10267: 6938:

each day. In later years, in response to increasing public demand, water from various springs was channeled to public fountains, like the

6467: 5734:, although Turkish films were not consistently developed until the 1950s. Since then, Istanbul has been the most popular location to film 1915:

took place in 1964-1965. As a result of these policies, the Greek population of Istanbul decreased from 110,000 in 1919 to 2,500 today.

1468:

million during the 8th century. After the reconquest of 1261, however, some of the city's monuments were restored, and some, like the two

25317: 18085: 17599:

Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites

15783: 10792: 4032: 2866: 1899:

assessed mainly on non-Muslims led to the transfer or liquidation of many businesses owned by religious minorities. The state-sanctioned

1884:

On 29 October 1923 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the establishment of the Turkish Republic, with Ankara as its capital.

320: 15219: 15186: 10714: 7450: 5636: 4992:

form one of the largest ethnic minorities in Istanbul and are the biggest group after Turks among Turkish citizens. According to a 2019

3917:. The Hagia Sophia, topped by a dome 31 meters (102 ft) in diameter over a square space defined by four arches, is the pinnacle of 22345: 21746: 20787: 19905: 17997: 12572: 12378: 11053: 7656:

Istanbul has had three large international airports, two of which currently serve commercial passenger flights. The largest is the new

6783: 5020: 5007:

form the city's other largest ethnic minority, with an estimated population of more than 2 million. Following Turkey's support for the

4734: 825: 18641: 17901: 12544: 10037: 5683: 4733:

for the position of the world's largest city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained the

23579: 22733: 18132: 14233: 10368: 10063: 5886: 4714: 1992:, there are, in fact, more than 50 hills within the city limits. Istanbul's tallest hill, Aydos, is 537 meters (1,762 ft) high. 17926: 13378: 11106: 10208: 7627:; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul. Service to Ankara and other points across Turkey is normally offered by 6482: 1436:

and remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years. Constantine also undertook a major renovation and expansion of the

137: 25332: 22143: 18108: 16208:[Istanbul Bus Station] (in Turkish). Avrasya Terminal İşletmeleri A.Ş. (Eurasian Terminal Management, Inc.). Archived from 16205: 13755: 8276: 7833: 7679: 6597: 6239: 5441: 5290:

due to AKP's claim of electoral fraud. In the re-run İmamoğlu gathered 54.22% of the total vote and widened his margin of victory.

5115: 3152:), corresponds to what was the whole of Constantinople until the Ottoman conquest; today it is the capital district and called the 1677: 975: 18951: 17975: 15990: 14361: 11713: 9188: 7682:, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeast of the city center, on the Asian side, was opened in 2001 to relieve Atatürk. Dominated by 7046:

became operational in Istanbul in 1909, the Ministry of Post and Telegraph became the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone.

25272: 21532: 21213: 20844: 20737: 18597: 17992: 15675: 15481: 14504: 14107: 11381: 10681: 3662:

of the Hippodrome there. When re-erected at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, the obelisk was mounted on a decorative base, with

3249:-style business, residential and shopping corridor with over 900,000 m (9,700,000 sq ft) of class-A office space. 15760:[F1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Funicular Line] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 10727: 9828: 8885: 7422: 2127:

Snowfall is sporadic, but accumulates virtually every winter; and when it does, it is highly disruptive to city infrastructure.

24503: 24493: 24488: 24478: 24442: 22635: 21777: 21724: 21236: 18326: 18202: 15761: 14035: 7720: 7707: 6251: 6120: 5663:

additional universities and art journals were founded in Istanbul during the 1980s, artists formerly based in Ankara moved in.

5547: 5275: 4200: 3479: 3440: 2870: 1693: 1495:, such as the reduction of military forces, weakened the empire and left it vulnerable to attack. In the mid-14th-century, the 18961: 17376: 16145: 5717: 5015:, including former presidential candidates from Egypt, Kuwaiti MPs, and former ministers from Jordan, Saudi Arabia (including 3959:(Blue Mosque), another landmark of the city, faces the Hagia Sophia at Sultanahmet Square (Hippodrome of Constantinople). The 1294:), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym 25312: 24260: 20916: 20570: 19561: 18118: 17865: 17846: 17827: 17808: 17781: 17762: 17743: 17724: 17705: 17686: 17663: 17644: 17625: 17606: 17587: 17568: 17549: 17530: 17511: 17492: 17474: 17455: 17436: 17417: 17365: 17334: 17315: 17296: 17277: 17258: 17239: 17220: 17199: 17180: 17161: 17140: 17121: 17102: 17083: 17064: 17045: 17026: 17007: 16988: 16940: 16921: 16902: 16883: 16864: 16845: 16822: 16803: 16784: 16763: 16744: 16725: 16706: 16687: 16668: 16649: 16630: 16601: 16580: 16561: 16542: 16523: 16504: 16485: 16466: 16371:[Passenger Traffic (Incoming-Outgoing)] (in Turkish). General Directorate of State Airports Authority. Archived from 15069: 14948: 13948: 13816: 13150: 12966: 12737: 12712: 12687: 12659: 12607: 12287: 12248: 12070: 11540: 11515: 11411: 11139: 10843: 10517: 9961: 9927: 9881: 9694: 9571: 9529: 9491: 9463: 8594: 8561: 8391: 8364: 8336: 6081: 5787: 5551: 2787: 1981:, and five smaller islands—are part of the city. Istanbul's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Large sections of 1713: 583: 493: 47: 18840: 12197: 7671:

to Istanbul Airport on 6 April 2019, following the closure of Istanbul Atatürk Airport for scheduled passenger flights. The

1870:(3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the "Liberation Day of Istanbul" ( 24822: 24192: 23572: 22726: 21655: 21510: 19551: 19541: 19480: 18278: 18002: 17656:

Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert"

15707:[T1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Tram Line] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 14751: 14602:[2012 Race Schedule and General Sailing Instructions] (in Turkish). The Istanbul Sailing Club. 2012. Archived from 14339: 14313: 12517: 11794: 11358:"Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Sultan Abdulaziz and the Beylerbeyi Palace", Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu, 6809:

as well as four foundation-owned vocational universities of higher education which are not affiliated with any university.

6755: 6742: 6357: 6132: 6085: 5779: 5225: 4760: 3226:, luxurious chalet mansions built by Ottoman aristocrats and elites as summer homes. Inland, north of Taksim Square is the 1782:

on 13 November 1918. The Ottoman Parliament was dissolved by the Allies on 11 April 1920 and the Ottoman delegation led by

21317: 16459:

The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline

14085: 13778: 13673: 11990: 8925: 5584:

foreign tourists visited the city in 2018, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city in that year. Istanbul and

5336: 3176:) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center and includes 3168:

on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the

3085:

were reported in the Sea of Marmara and Bosporus (especially in Golden Horn), and regularly happen in urban lakes such as

1313:

on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy. The city experienced a brief period of

25297: 22102: 21817: 21643: 20690: 20625: 18080: 18050: 15614: 14882: 13248: 11838: 11011: 5255: 5155: 4756: 4188: 18516: 16271: 16034: 12092: 11812: 11580: 8170: 6428: 24513: 24067: 23382: 22593: 22133: 22123: 20507: 20475: 20280: 19798: 19722: 19229: 19187: 18845: 17958: 15917: 15891: 15730: 12891: 12353: 10887: 10242: 9792:

Ağır, Seven; Artunç, Cihan (2019). "The Wealth Tax of 1942 and the Disappearance of Non-Muslim Enterprises in Turkey".

7632: 7081:

machines, or associated with medical research centers. Turkey has more hospitals accredited by the United States–based

5906: 5857: 5294: 5287: 4775:. The high population growth mirrors an urbanization trend across the country, as the second and third fastest-growing 4088: 4082: 3227: 1768: 1700:. The civil strife and political uncertainties in the Ottoman Empire during the months after the revolution encouraged 18473: 16431: 13403: 13281: 11163: 10141: 5519:

In 1995, keeping up with the financial trends, Borsa Istanbul moved its headquarters (which was originally located on

3719: 2051:

however, due to very high costs, buildings were not: over half a million flats were still vulnerable to collapse, and

24435: 22138: 22085: 22023: 21711: 21694: 20309: 20013: 19829: 18746: 18706: 15571: 13884: 10463: 9280: 9255: 8454: 7989: 7934: 6314: 6197: 3115: 1912: 1807: 1798: 19876: 19793: 19690: 19319: 15596: 12448: 9653: 7436: 6247: 5332: 1985:

sit on areas of landfill, increasing the total area of the city to 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi).

1620:'s reign from 1520 to 1566 was a period of especially great artistic and architectural achievement; chief architect 25342: 22571: 22256: 22055: 21979: 21767: 20942: 19929: 19841: 19763: 19402: 18870: 18850: 18815: 18671: 18582: 18113: 15843: 14990: 13700: 6876: 6298: 6294: 6286: 5687: 4062: 3318:

As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of

1559:

Ottoman period. Revitalizing Istanbul also required a massive program of restorations, of everything from roads to

1463:

was diverted from its purpose in 1204, and the city was sacked and pillaged by the crusaders. They established the

19893: 19805: 19712: 18835: 17791:

Turan, Neyran (2010). "Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul". In Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro (eds.).

16372: 16061: 15813: 15130: 15092: 13095: 12800: 6525:, the country's top four papers, are all headquartered in Istanbul, boasting more than 275,000 weekly sales each. 5183:

city after their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1497. Sympathetic to the plight of Sephardic Jews,

2147: 25292: 23933: 22251: 21699: 19768: 19347: 19332: 18741: 18022: 14185: 9722: 7050:

cellular networks arrived in Turkey in 1994, with Istanbul among the first cities to receive the service. Today,

6661:

has a regional office in Istanbul, assisting its Turkish-language news operations, and the American news channel

6463: 6432: 5711: 5596:

Istanbul expects 1 million tourists from cruise companies after the renovation of its cruise port, also known as

5312:, Ekrem İmamoğlu was re-elected by a 12-point margin. İmamoğlu won 51.15% of the vote, while the AKP's candidate 5060:

who did not believe the rules and requirements of a religion. 24% of the surveyed also identified themselves as "

3708: 1329:, before gaining independence in 355 BCE. Long allied with the Romans, Byzantium officially became a part of the 940: 19619: 12812: 12020: 10394: 10166: 7734: 7395:) and extensions under construction. The two sides of Istanbul's metro are connected under the Bosphorus by the 6759: 6617:(94.9 FM). Among Turkey's first private stations, and the first featuring foreign popular music, was Istanbul's 4061:. Areas around İstiklal Avenue were filled with grand European embassies and rows of buildings in Neoclassical, 1696:, closed since 14 February 1878, was reopened 30 years later on 23 July 1908, which marked the beginning of the 990:, and the city hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish companies, accounting for more than thirty percent of 25337: 22393: 22090: 22045: 21959: 21937: 21850: 19886: 19614: 15456: 13538: 10091: 8445: 7691: 6790: 6608:

is based in Istanbul. Offering a range of content from educational programming to coverage of sporting events,

6451: 6269:

Many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded since 2000 to bolster the city's bids for the

6038: 5309: 5271: 5259: 5229: 4993: 4748:

estimates that the population of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was 15,519,267 at the end of 2019, hosting

2052: 1568: 370: 24177: 19654: 18931: 18455: 18427: 17902:

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos from 1946, 1966, 1970, 1982, 2006, 2011 and 2013

15526: 15161: 14110:[League Table: 2015–16 Season, Round 30] (in Turkish). Turkish Basketball Super League. Archived from 10656: 6946:

system managed by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi, İSKİ).

6633:

was the first private television network to be established following the end of the TRT monopoly; Star TV and

6259: 5786:

in the early 1980s. With its focus now solely on music and dance, the Istanbul Festival has been known as the

3913:

However, it is the Hagia Sophia that fully conveys the period of Constantinople as a city without parallel in

1733: 24461: 24202: 24187: 22482: 22199: 21920: 20289: 19881: 19868: 19851: 19649: 18860: 18417: 16108: 15279: 13067: 10554: 10532: 8284: 8255: 8225: 7101:

surgery is particularly common among medical tourists, as Turkey is known for specializing in the procedure.

6883: 6839: 6779: 6775: 6459: 5200: 5084: 4745: 4167: 4100: 4078: 3859: 3795:

was originally adorned with a sculpture of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great depicted as the solar god

2760: 1867: 1661: 1655: 1524:. Hours after the fall of the city, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sophia and summoned an imam to proclaim the 433: 408: 19773: 19700: 19695: 18830: 18751: 16343: 15312: 14964: 14857: 13561: 11898: 9949: 9750: 6786:

for admission, with Galatasaray and Robert College only accepting the top 0.1% to 0.01% of the exam takers.

1290:

period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE, On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (

768: 24149: 22694: 22566: 22261: 21892: 21872: 21427: 21405: 20006: 19705: 19407: 19392: 19327: 18701: 18666: 18402: 18103: 14537: 7838: 7243:. The O-2 continues west to Edirne and the O-4 continues east to Ankara. The O-2, O-3, and O-4 are part of 7171: 6909: 6637:(also based in Istanbul) remain highly popular throughout the country, airing Turkish and American series. 6353: 6061:

was the biggest open-air rock festival in Turkey, sponsored by Coca-Cola. It was traditionally held at the

5868: 5752: 5671: 5298: 5283: 5247: 5221: 5096: 4752:

of the country's population. 64.4% of the residents live on the European side and 35.6% on the Asian side.

4176: 4125: 3777: 2983:

and destruction of coastal habitats caused by urbanization are main threats to Istanbul's marine ecology.

2795: 2001: 1779: 1437: 1252: 450: 423: 151: 17427:

Necipoğlu, Gülru (2010). "From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye". In ölcer, Nazan (ed.).

15812:[Network Maps] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 15786:[Rail Systems] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 13803:

Hensel, Michael; Sungurogl, Defne; Ertaş, Hülya, eds. (January–February 2010). "Turkey at the Threshold".

12021:"File 11a: The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950–2035" 8580: 7591: 7416:, a form of bus rapid transit, crosses the Bosphorus Bridge, with dedicated lanes leading to its termini. 6970: 6954: 6864: 6548:

in 2014, has overtaken it in circulation. Several smaller newspapers, including popular publications like

3328:

areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds. Moreover, large scale

24010: 23595: 22749: 22521: 22148: 22128: 22050: 21974: 21719: 21525: 20935: 20351: 19810: 19523: 19510: 19060: 18999: 18990: 18916: 18587: 18529: 18446: 18027: 16316: 16183: 10630: 10580:"Temperature to increase significantly in Turkey in 30 years due to global warming, warns climate expert" 8863: 6702: 6458:

in 2005 and 2006, but the track has not seen either of these competitions since then. It also hosted the

6416: 5958: 5498: 5491: 3090: 2959: 1794: 963: 952: 127: 18656: 8196: 7602:

International rail service from Istanbul launched in 1889, with a line between Bucharest and Istanbul's

7257: 6068: 5790:

since 1994. The most prominent of the festivals that evolved from the original Istanbul Festival is the

2105: 24207: 23995: 23947: 23741: 23614: 22244: 22219: 22097: 21947: 21784: 21772: 21638: 21381: 20958: 18926: 18696: 18344: 17918: 17886: 13124: 12909: 11760: 7240: 7145: 7139: 7078: 6763: 5270:

began in İstanbul and spread throughout the nation. This trend first became evident electorally in the

5103:

down from a peak of 164,000 in 1913. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Christian

4184: 3855: 3799:

on its top, which fell in 1106 and was later replaced by a cross during the reign of Byzantine emperor

3394: 3324:(literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. At present, some 3111: 2059:

were built to a low seismic standard in the 20th century, and residents think the city is not properly

1501: 1215:. In English the stress is on the first or last syllable, but in Turkish it is on the second syllable ( 987: 983: 901:) after himself. In 1930, the city's name was officially changed to Istanbul, the Turkish rendering of 761: 676: 20708: 19594: 19475: 16020: 14720: 11459: 8845: 8421: 7400: 6274: 6187: 5920: 5220:

Politically, Istanbul is seen as the most important administrative region in Turkey. In the run-up to

5110: 3386:—but they were repurposed as public parks in the early decades of the Turkish Republic. Another park, 3125: 65: 24212: 24129: 23985: 23928: 23706: 22422: 22060: 22040: 21687: 19422: 19382: 19147: 18731: 14410: 13303: 8502: 7261: 7161: 7023: 6962: 6802: 5699: 5543: 5080: 4057:

reforms, Ottoman architecture was supplanted by European styles. An example of which is the imperial

4020: 4004: 2951: 1697: 1492: 20: 24356: 20547: 19586: 19514: 19167: 18339: 16591: 15993:[Port Services] (in Turkish). Turkey Maritime Organization. 10 February 2011. Archived from 10599:"Xeriscaping Feasibility as an Urban Adaptation Method for Global Warming: A Case Study from Turkey" 6826: 6334: 5803: 5524: 3086: 24815: 24498: 24483: 24020: 22620: 22286: 21984: 21913: 21682: 20257: 18893: 18888: 18374: 14063: 14003: 13429: 7823: 7698:

rise in passenger traffic between 2011 and 2012 was the highest among the world's top 30 airports.

7583: 7456: 7189: 6974: 6887: 6751: 6107:

became the first gay pride event in a Muslim-majority country. Since 2015, all types of parades at

5735: 5648: 5036: 4764: 4212: 4129: 3509: 3448: 3390:, is on a hillside adjacent to the Bosphorus Bridge in Anatolia, opposite Yıldız Palace in Europe. 2747: 2023: 2019: 1709: 1617: 1182: 1164: 1100: 1077: 792: 647: 515: 21000: 20643: 20053: 19682: 19095: 18463: 18265: 17984: 17906: 13328: 12865: 12119: 9950:

Whitman, L.; Helsinki Watch (Organization : U.S.); Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1992).

7661: 6886:(the world's third-oldest university dedicated entirely to engineering, established in 1773), and 6420: 6243: 5328: 4144: 3735: 2929:

and semipelagic fish species and more than 130 different taxa have been documented in the strait.

1885: 195: 25302: 24401: 24134: 22682: 21969: 21942: 21887: 21882: 21734: 21390: 21341: 21304: 20894: 20590: 20359: 19397: 19377: 19337: 19280: 18976: 18971: 18787: 18569: 18364: 18192: 14585: 7428: 7317: 6798: 6730: 6455: 6342: 5825: 5764: 5656:

institutions and visits by foreign classical artists were primarily centered in the new capital.

5555: 5397: 5061: 4800: 4796: 4120: 3899: 3887: 3030: 2986: 2975: 2803: 2060: 1989: 1643:

A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan

1377: 1271: 686: 23871: 21729: 21327: 21174: 19609: 19110: 19050: 18726: 18316: 17408:

Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

11129: 8119:

population between 1980 and 1985 is largely due to an enlargement of the city's limits (see the

7694:

named it the world's fastest-growing airport. Atatürk had also experienced rapid growth, as its

6875:

to the constitution. Istanbul is also home to several conservatories and art schools, including

6734: 6263: 5939:('Flower Passage'), a 19th-century shopping gallery which is today home to winehouses (known as 5420:

of the economic output in the city. In 2019, companies based in Istanbul produced exports worth

5302: 5279: 3310:", i.e. corridors and nodes of business and shopping centers and of tall residential buildings. 1560: 24167: 24119: 23903: 22948: 22477: 22417: 22405: 22298: 22155: 21648: 21571: 21518: 21179: 20595: 20173: 19822: 19566: 19209: 19196: 19134: 18956: 18941: 18288: 17951: 17800: 15944: 12753: 12279:

Methodological Approaches in Kurdish Studies: Theoretical and Practical Insights from the Field

11841:[Organization] (in Turkish). Istanbul Special Provincial Administration. Archived from 10818:"İstanbul'da istilacı yeşil papağan uyarısı: Sayıları 5-6 bini geçti, kent faunası bozulabilir" 10167:"Turkey's earthquake is a warning for Istanbul, which would face even more deaths from a quake" 7628: 7582:

Originally opened in 1873 with a smaller terminal building as the main terminus at the Ottoman

7301: 7260:

has 30.4 km (18.9 mi). The completed section of highway crosses the Bosporus via the

7248: 7155: 6923: 6891: 6872: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6093: 6054: 5912: 5864: 5783: 5497:

Istanbul has been an international banking hub since the 1980s, and is home to the only active

5393: 4357: 4218: 4028:

in 1922. After extensive renovation, it became one of Turkey's first national museums in 1924.

3918: 3907: 3517: 3405:('Cypress Forest') during the Byzantine period. In the Ottoman period, it was first granted to 3208:

district on the European shore of the Bosporus, to the north of Beyoğlu. The former village of

2999: 2884: 2880: 2131:

with more than 30 centimetres (1 ft) of snowfall happen almost annually, most recently in

2027: 1904: 1572: 1509: 1475: 1449: 1326: 944: 871: 841: 571: 178: 24556: 24306: 22472: 21435: 20863: 20334: 19644: 19012: 18966: 18908: 18880: 18807: 18681: 18633: 18624: 15787: 15541: 15035: 14756: 12997: 10068: 7664:

district to the northwest of the city center, on the European side, near the Black Sea coast.

7616: 6942:, by means of supply lines. Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a 6817: 6534: 5916: 4839:

provinces represent the biggest population groups in Istanbul, meanwhile people registered in

3727: 3382:

were originally included within the grounds of two of Istanbul's palaces — Topkapı Palace and

3368: 935:(1453–1922) empires. The city grew in size and influence, eventually becoming a beacon of the 22625: 22410: 22400: 22367: 22107: 21930: 19427: 19372: 19075: 18898: 18392: 18359: 18273: 18245: 18215: 18187: 18149: 15223: 12430: 8697: 7578: 7289: 6939: 6913: 6903: 6806: 6714: 5982: 5508: 5452: 5377: 5316:

received 39.59%. Additionally, the CHP won the mayoralties in 26 of İstanbul's 39 districts.

5100: 5088: 5076: 4048: 4025: 4015:

architectural forms. In 1639, Murad IV made some of the most lavish additions, including the

3948: 3883: 3851: 3815: 3792: 3584: 3063: 2767:

of green spaces has been suggested, and Istanbul has a climate-change action plan, but not a

2097: 2088:

are two seaside resorts on the Black Sea, the body of water which tempers Istanbul's climate.

2056: 2007: 1776: 1689: 1578: 1059: 1012: 863: 89: 75: 24316: 24291: 21540: 20445: 20324: 20318: 18559: 18539: 17792: 16833: 11189: 8277:"GDP by Provinces, 2022 - İstanbul had the highest share of GDP with 30.4% (Tables 1 and 3)" 8147: 6852: 6381: 6322: 5483: 5040: 4339: 3960: 2735: 25307: 24030: 22561: 22556: 22541: 22487: 22432: 22316: 22175: 22160: 22008: 21925: 21739: 20900: 20805: 19673: 19470: 19437: 19352: 19342: 19305: 19252: 19080: 18646: 18554: 18407: 18095: 18075: 11912: 10416: 10343: 8803: 7442: 7392: 7388: 7372: 7333: 7321: 7308: 7004: 6794: 6767: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6326: 6270: 5974: 5894: 5849: 5746: 5293:

Following the 2019 election, a trend towards the CHP has persisted across the city. In the

5160: 5057: 5048: 4852: 4012: 3967: 3867: 3823: 3788: 3697: 3635: 3607: 3513: 3046: 3011: 1555: 1543: 1283: 1267: 24406: 23990: 20852: 20600: 20340: 20113: 20063: 19998: 19500: 19490: 19447: 19295: 19017: 18772: 18486: 17582:. Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts. New York: Archaeological Institute of America. 10906:"Major cities blighted by nitrogen dioxide pollution, research finds | Air pollution" 10314:"Analysis of Climate in the Megacity of Istanbul Based on Human Bioclimatic Comfort Index" 7337: 7042:

A nascent telephone system began to emerge in Istanbul in 1881 and after the first manual

6718: 5936: 5617: 5239: 5195:

to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. In marked contrast to

5056:

its requirements. 11% stated they were fully devoted to their religion, meanwhile 6% were

5001:

are also present in the city and constitute around 1% of the total voting-age population.

3723: 3495: 3387: 3201: 1392: 8: 24808: 24523: 24043: 23972: 23952: 23780: 23696: 22437: 22388: 22321: 22271: 22170: 22080: 22028: 21841: 21822: 21608: 21194: 20772: 20414: 20276: 20048: 19756: 19367: 19090: 19065: 19055: 18549: 18544: 18534: 18235: 18230: 18154: 18070: 17922: 15190: 12145: 7843: 7566:

also operates services across the Bosphorus. The city's main cruise ship terminal is the

7553: 7541: 7504: 7413: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7297: 7179: 6848: 6694: 6684: 6576: 6338: 6318: 6001: 5997:

along the Sea of Marmara has a pedestrian zone that hosts around fifty fish restaurants.

5631: 5348: 5320: 5243: 5233: 4882: 4874: 4858: 4180: 4152: 4058: 3995: 3956: 3928: 3839: 3819: 3522: 3487: 3306:, all together having around 1.4 million sqm of class-A office space, are now important " 2874: 2849: 2840: 2117: 2072: 2040: 1932: 1889: 1772: 1640:

flourished. The population of Constantinople was 570,000 by the end of the 18th century.

1633: 1548: 1246: 750: 587: 497: 446: 382: 51: 24229: 21376: 21092: 20810: 20653: 20385: 18506: 18311: 17799:. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. pp. 16701:. Vol. 1. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch. 16209: 16037:[Regional Passenger Trains] (in Turkish). Turkish State Railways. Archived from 15965: 12775: 11068: 11066: 8807: 7702:

by the Turkish government, until the demolition of its runway began in 2020. It handled

5559: 5031: 1787: 24321: 23962: 23923: 23746: 22608: 22551: 22531: 22444: 22333: 22276: 22072: 21994: 21660: 21581: 21576: 20870: 20745: 20680: 20658: 19717: 19485: 19120: 19027: 18921: 18686: 18661: 18524: 18432: 18382: 18210: 18182: 17639:. Experimental Futures (illustrated ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press. 17406: 17232:

Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning

17212:

Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies

17210: 17151: 17097:. Vol. 1A (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16967: 15994: 13223: 12972: 11876: 9809: 9561: 8827: 7594:

building was constructed between 1888 and 1890, and became the eastern terminus of the

7545: 7509: 7244: 7193: 7043: 6988: 6771: 6466:, with the last race on the Bosporus strait on 12–13 August 2000. The last race of the 6447: 6218: 6116: 5897:

won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category in 2006.

5814: 5703: 5301:, received 48.56% of the city's vote, while the incumbent president and AKP candidate, 5267: 5151: 5147: 4866: 4804: 4044: 3891: 3879: 3831: 3784: 3765: 3456: 3429: 3383: 3364: 2892: 2768: 2032: 1862: 1318: 117: 23635: 21312: 20795: 20638: 19290: 18676: 18159: 17464: 14435: 14111: 12652:

The Ottoman Jewish communities and their role in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

11863: 11376: 10688: 10500:"Lightning electrifies Istanbul, northwestern Turkey skies as thunderstorms take over" 9710:

Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and the Dönme in Ottoman Salonica and Turkish Istanbul

8123:). Explanations for population changes in pre-Republic times can be inferred from the 7668: 6835: 6657:—both based in the city—are mainly just known for their news coverage in Turkish. The 6226: 6112: 5932: 5878: 5818: 5691: 5119: 3197:

residences along the Bosporus are now homes in some of Istanbul's elite neighborhoods.

3177: 2921:

and other marine animals between Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Sea. Bosporus hosts

1669: 1665: 1258: 123: 25277: 24464:'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024. 24057: 22706: 22653: 22615: 22578: 22464: 22449: 22266: 22204: 22191: 22165: 22033: 21964: 21908: 21827: 21620: 21595: 21556: 20995: 20760: 20560: 20178: 20030: 19973: 19856: 19729: 19604: 19556: 19536: 19007: 18865: 18792: 18481: 18412: 18354: 18225: 17944: 17861: 17842: 17823: 17804: 17793: 17777: 17758: 17739: 17720: 17701: 17682: 17675: 17659: 17640: 17621: 17602: 17583: 17564: 17545: 17526: 17507: 17488: 17470: 17451: 17432: 17413: 17361: 17330: 17311: 17292: 17273: 17254: 17235: 17216: 17195: 17176: 17157: 17136: 17117: 17098: 17079: 17076:

World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings

17060: 17041: 17022: 17003: 16984: 16936: 16917: 16898: 16879: 16860: 16841: 16834: 16818: 16799: 16780: 16759: 16740: 16721: 16702: 16683: 16664: 16645: 16626: 16597: 16576: 16557: 16538: 16519: 16500: 16481: 16462: 16102: 15273: 15065: 14944: 13812: 12976: 12962: 12733: 12708: 12683: 12655: 12603: 12283: 12244: 12237: 11536: 11511: 11407: 11135: 11063: 10886:[Black Report 2020: Air Pollution and Health Effects] (Report) (in Turkish). 10735: 10325: 10216: 9957: 9923: 9873: 9813: 9690: 9567: 9525: 9487: 9459: 9276: 9251: 8831: 8819: 8590: 8557: 8450: 8440: 8387: 8360: 8332: 7312: 7293: 7113: 6726: 6710: 6673: 6618: 6571: 6515: 6509: 6377: 6310: 6235: 6089: 6062: 5791: 5770: 5571: 5535:, in the vicinity of Maslak, which hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish banks. 5353: 5324: 5251: 5132: 4989: 4920: 4862: 4156: 3843: 3773: 3731: 3455:

in 1921, before being demolished in 1940 for building Gezi Park) sparked a series of

3432:

in the 19th century. Emirgan Park is known for its diversity of plants and an annual

3409: 3161: 3042: 3038: 2860: 2756: 2673: 2626: 2578: 2093: 2044: 2015: 1958: 1941: 1936: 1920: 1783: 1756: 1725: 1721: 1637: 1613: 1403: 1358: 1341: 1314: 1003: 991: 948: 95: 24381: 24336: 24286: 21169: 20648: 20605: 20439: 20398: 20379: 20365: 19275: 19022: 18610: 18501: 10766: 6882:

Public universities with a major presence in the city, such as Istanbul University,

6860: 6847:

Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in Turkey are in Istanbul.

6424: 6073: 5867:, in operation since 1461, is among the world's oldest and largest covered markets. 5829: 5164: 3987: 3491: 3281:

were outside the scope of the urban area, serving as tranquil outposts with seaside

3213: 1896: 1564: 1381: 182: 143: 25088: 24773: 24411: 24391: 24361: 24346: 24341: 24311: 24301: 24281: 23268: 22536: 22504: 22326: 22281: 22224: 21877: 21800: 21615: 21281: 20827: 20816: 20766: 20755: 20750: 20726: 20703: 20584: 20578: 20541: 20523: 20490: 20459: 20452: 20422: 20372: 19785: 19734: 19599: 19465: 19442: 19417: 19242: 19177: 19172: 19085: 18721: 18605: 18491: 18422: 18293: 18177: 18037: 17385: 16959: 16149: 15539: 14695: 13026: 12954: 12221:

Handbook of Kurdish Human Rights Watch, Inc: A Non-profit Humanitarian Organization

10610: 9801: 8811: 8057: 8030: 8010: 7998: 7954: 7948: 7896: 7726: 7683: 7657: 7603: 7567: 7236: 7129: 7082: 6943: 6630: 6349: 6222: 6007:

Istanbul is also famous for its sophisticated and elaborately-cooked dishes of the

5890: 5731: 5520: 5513: 5205: 4870: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4792: 4092: 3924: 3895: 3875: 3863: 3444: 3425: 3379: 3360: 3345: 3187: 3145: 3019: 3003: 2967: 2946: 2845: 2128: 1830: 1825: 1801:

in Ankara abolished the Sultanate on 1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan,

1764: 1480: 1337: 1204: 1194: 1131: 1112: 1063: 920: 558: 23645: 23188: 21133: 21010: 20404: 20148: 19285: 18825: 18767: 18334: 18169: 16016: 5885:

was awarded the titles of "Europe's best" and "World's best" shopping mall by the

5841: 5738:. The Turkish film industry ramped up in the second half of the century, and with 5558:(70 floors / 301 metres including its twin spires) also in the Ataşehir district; 5546:(IFC), where the new headquarters of the state-owned Turkish banks, including the 5482:

of imports in 2018 executed by sea. Istanbul has three major shipping ports – the

5416:

higher than the national average. Trade is economically important, accounting for

3971: 1625: 1585: 1364:

Originally built by Constantine the Great in the 4th century and later rebuilt by

1172: 24396: 24376: 24371: 24366: 24276: 23851: 23048: 22868: 22670: 22603: 22583: 22514: 22509: 22454: 22427: 22338: 22311: 21989: 21954: 21498: 21205: 21164: 20882: 20857: 20800: 20698: 20664: 20633: 20615: 20554: 20529: 20484: 20465: 20391: 20329: 20223: 20103: 20083: 19495: 19105: 18736: 18283: 17930: 17914: 17890: 17234:. Urban and Regional Planning and Development. Surrey, Eng.: Ashgate Publishing. 12602:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, ND: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 211. 12404: 12354:"Arab Exiles Sound Off Freely in Istanbul Even as Turkey Muffles Its Own Critics" 12277: 12219: 12161:"İstanbul'da en çok nereli var: İstanbul'da en çok hangi ilden vatandaş yaşıyor?" 11385: 9951: 9917: 9861: 9833: 9684: 8381: 7809: 7620: 7396: 7185: 7098: 7086: 6958: 6927: 6856: 6738: 6614: 6373: 6282: 6008: 5799: 5707: 5675: 5104: 5092: 5024: 5016: 4950: 4820: 3800: 3768:

in Delphi that was erected to commemorate the Greeks who fought and defeated the

3644: 3417: 3406: 3217: 3094: 2914: 2101: 1950: 1900: 1701: 1605: 1317:

rule at the turn of the 5th century BCE, but the Greeks recaptured it during the

1299: 833: 71: 23666: 21444: 21189: 21184: 20822: 20073: 19247: 19157: 18782: 17540:

Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)". In Mango, Cyril (ed.).

12521: 11798: 10883: 10866:"Understanding Vehicular Pollution – AQI, Harmful Effects and How to Reduce It?" 10296: 8815: 8767: 7059: 6996: 6153: 5902: 4771:

ranks as one of the highest among the seventy-eight largest metropolises in the

3975: 3715: 3375: 1532: 25166: 24725: 24351: 24326: 24296: 24271: 24109: 22718: 22526: 22306: 22229: 21862: 21630: 21591: 21439: 21364: 20888: 20876: 20675: 20670: 20610: 20535: 20516: 20496: 20433: 20163: 19910: 19846: 19817: 19571: 19142: 18255: 18250: 17504:

The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism

16680:

The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century

16231: 15600: 14025: 13677: 13184: 12633: 12622: 11998: 9640:

The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century

9344: 8935: 8306: 7607: 7595: 7460: 7344: 7265: 7175: 6770:

are allowed to establish and attend their respective schools as granted in the

6747: 6706: 6495: 6409: 6405: 6104: 6092:

is a contemporary art exhibition that has been held biennially since 1987. The

6058: 6046: 5990: 5758: 5502: 5457: 5209: 5196: 5168: 4982: 4905: 4878: 4832: 4040: 3769: 3762: 3750: 3640: 3611: 3483: 3463: 3452: 3337: 3329: 3287: 3133: 3075:. However a trial of congestion pricing is planned for the historic peninsula. 3058: 2942: 2918: 2854: 2831: 2783: 2752: 2011: 1978: 1962: 1842: 1748: 1717: 1705: 1594: 1537: 1521: 1460: 1263: 1153: 1136: 1049: 1025: 932: 913: 892: 884: 852: 627: 397: 375: 23721: 23564: 23318: 21107: 21071: 16774: 15622: 15424:"Lengths of State Highways according to surface types by Provinces (Km)(2024)" 14581: 14461:"2021 F1 calendar reshuffled as Turkey drops off and extra Austria race added" 11842: 9805: 7332:

opened in 1875 as the world's second-oldest subterranean rail line, after the

6100:

is an annual festival of aviation, aerospace and technology, held since 2018.

5721:

The restored Paket Postanesi (Parcel Post Office) building is now a symbol of

5228:

carried deep political, economic and symbolic significance for Erdoğan, whose

4223: 3936: 3757:

in 324 CE, during the reign of Constantine the Great, and also erected at the

3054: 25266: 25246: 25192: 24386: 24005: 23967: 23374: 23173: 22658: 22598: 22499: 22239: 22234: 21867: 21812: 21603: 21486: 21244: 21112: 20777: 20720: 20714: 20427: 20153: 20123: 20093: 20078: 20068: 19961: 19300: 19070: 18496: 18397: 18220: 18141: 17860:. Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment. Los Altos, CA: Mansell. 17618:

A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566

17343: 16038: 15920:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 15894:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 15681:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 14651: 12705:

Jewish journalism and printing houses in the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey

11816: 11588: 11455: 11265:"Water Supply Systems, Reservoirs, Charity and Free Fountains, Turkish Baths" 10329: 10220: 10181:"600,000 flats would collapse in major earthquake in Istanbul, says minister" 9877: 9862:"The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law" 8907: 8823: 8324: 8174: 7801: 7787: 7773: 7624: 7348: 7277: 7018: 6949: 6443: 6330: 6202: 6108: 6023: 5319:

Administratively, Istanbul is divided into 39 districts, more than any other

5065: 4836: 4808: 4155:

to the southeast of Istanbul, which collectively form the Adalar district of

4148: 4016: 3847: 3827: 3739: 3374:

Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, but it has several green areas.

3333: 3220:. Lining both the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus are the historic 3205: 3181: 2926: 2799: 2410: 1966: 1908: 1760: 1629: 1496: 1334: 1322: 860: 335: 322: 24592: 24566: 23716: 20138: 20088: 19985: 19162: 17308:

Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople

17057:

The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City

16457:ʻAner, Nadav (2005). Pergola, Sergio Della; Gilboa, Amos; Ṭal, Rami (eds.). 15921: 15895: 15734: 12276:

Baser, Bahar; Toivanen, Mari; Zorlu, Begum; Duman, Yasin (6 November 2018).

9642:. Berkeley. Los Angeles. London: University of California Press. p. 37. 8615: 8416: 6689: 5978: 3835: 3675: 2143: 2077: 168: 25213: 25098: 24850: 24416: 24048: 23736: 23731: 23353: 22888: 22630: 22588: 22214: 21665: 21449: 20833: 20233: 20158: 19834: 19634: 19257: 19219: 19152: 18797: 18711: 18651: 18349: 18060: 18045: 16625:. New Anthropologies of Europe. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 16286:"Turkish Airlines is switching to a new Istanbul airport – all in 45 hours" 15682: 10937: 10910: 10901: 10615: 10598: 10185: 7611: 7304: 7051: 7007:

in 1847, and construction of the first telegraph line—between Istanbul and

7000: 6919: 6782:

are highly selective and demand high scores from the national standardized

6701:

As of 2019, excluding universities more than 3.1 million students attended

6654: 6646: 6642: 6277:, the largest multi-purpose stadium in Turkey, was completed in 2002 as an 6031: 5950: 5898: 5872: 5853: 5188: 4115: 4036: 3944: 3811: 3580: 3558: 3526: 3398: 3278: 3274: 3169: 3015: 2995: 2922: 2896: 2739: 1838: 1737: 1720:

was deposed in 1909, following the counter-revolution attempt known as the

1598: 1464: 1455:

Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of

1429: 1421: 1399: 1330: 924: 592: 109: 79: 25171: 24712: 23288: 23133: 22918: 18691: 18387: 14184:. The Union of European Football Associations. 20 May 2009. Archived from 10417:"Rivista Ligure di Meteorologia 44 - La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo" 8498:"2023's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: Triumphs and Turmoil Uncovered" 6566: 6419:

is one of the major volleyball arenas in the city and hosts clubs such as

6230: 5505:, which was originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1866. 4196: 3575:

There are numerous ancient monuments in the city. The most ancient is the

3257: 1008: 25223: 25187: 24784: 24096: 23756: 23751: 23329: 23028: 22795: 22494: 21805: 21252: 21138: 21097: 20238: 20213: 19624: 19576: 19531: 19115: 19100: 18777: 18716: 18577: 18055: 16123: 12892:"Istanbul election rerun set to be won by opposition, in blow to Erdogan" 12456: 11190:"Forced gentrification plan spells end for old Roma district in Istanbul" 10482:"Gov't forced to take measures amid below average rainfall across Turkey" 10268:"Istanbulites concerned over impending earthquake: Survey - Türkiye News" 8436: 8352: 7828: 7815: 7094: 7012: 6540: 6478: 6214: 6192: 6142: 5954: 5924: 5695: 5563: 5494:, making it the third-largest cargo terminal in the Mediterranean basin. 5313: 5044: 5008: 4722: 4066: 3991: 3914: 3903: 3807: 3307: 3157: 3078: 3014:

colonies are present in urban areas, similar to other European cities as

2980: 2764: 2132: 2104:

of the northwestern coasts of the country. Much divergence exists in the

1982: 1744: 1729: 1621: 1590: 1484: 1445: 1433: 1373: 1365: 1310: 959:

replaced the city as the capital of the newly formed Republic of Turkey.

919:

The city served as an imperial capital for almost 1600 years: during the

635: 24736: 23283: 20228: 20058: 17755:

Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation

17736:

Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne

14136:. The International Association of Athletics Federations. 1 January 2013 12958: 7552:

ferries on 891 daily trips between 53 piers across the Bosporus and the

6733:

was established in 1481 and is the oldest public high school in Turkey.

6666: 6503: 5539: 5369: 5224:, Erdoğan claimed 'if we fail in Istanbul, we will fail in Turkey'. The 4803:

regions due to internal migration since the 1950s. People registered in

3587:). Built of red granite, 31 m (100 ft) high, it came from the 3542: 3303: 3291: 2731: 916:

speakers used since the 11th century to colloquially refer to the city.

781: 25031: 24072: 23445: 23223: 22878: 21331: 21294: 21262: 20218: 20208: 20188: 17078:(illustrated ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 16623:

Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance

16593:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque

16535:

Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique

16514:

Baynes, Norman H. (1949). Baynes, Norman H.; Moss, Henry S.L.B (eds.).

12948: 11360:

Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, And Eclecticism

11349:, The Religious Tract Society, London, 1926, reprinted 1990, p.160-165. 10116: 9754: 6868: 6551: 6521: 6042: 6027: 5986: 5833: 5722: 5597: 5365: 5192: 5184: 5012: 3871: 3633:

or 20 years on the throne in 357. The other obelisk was erected on the

3626: 3295: 3050: 3033:

is acute in İstanbul with cars, buses and taxis causing frequent urban

2904: 2888: 1970: 1812: 1771:

population declined from 450,000 to 240,000 between 1914 and 1927. The

1441: 1369: 1291: 1287: 524: 23363: 23193: 20193: 20118: 20108: 19457: 16971: 15010:"İstanbul'un en iyi liseleri açıklandı! İşte 2023 lise taban puanları" 13450: 10715:

Inventory of Existing Species and Their Habitats in the Bosphorus Area

6801:

of higher education. There are also military academies, including the

6368:

Final Fours. Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010,

6057:

has been held every year since 1994. Organized between 2003 and 2013,

6019: 6018:

Restaurants featuring foreign cuisines are mainly concentrated in the

5994: 5970: 5845: 5837: 5567: 5532: 5123: 5075:

Into the 19th century, the Christians of Istanbul tended to be either

3686: 3266: 3209: 3173: 1846: 1673: 24979: 24964: 24948: 24908: 24898: 24749: 24139: 24114: 23938: 23541: 23511: 23451: 23439: 23421: 23311: 23148: 23068: 23063: 22988: 22968: 22898: 22785: 21266: 20927: 20248: 19659: 19639: 17817: 17156:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 16952:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

16815:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

16478:

Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law

15747:(Note: It is apparent this is a machine translation of the original.) 15522: 15351: 15339: 14559: 13779:"A Big Night Out in Istanbul – And a Big Breakfast the Morning After" 13044: 12840:"A Turkish Opposition Leader Is Fighting Erdoğan With 'Radical Love'" 11072: 11029: 8884:. Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 8086: 8082: 8078: 7672: 7645: 7285: 7232: 7224: 7031: 6352:, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 6097: 5962: 5666: 5114:

There are 234 active churches and chapels in the city, including the

4717:. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as 4139: 4128:

aimed to expand this structure across the city, imitating the twenty

3320: 3246: 2835: 1974: 1954: 1802: 1732:(1912–1913), plagued the ailing empire's capital and resulted in the 1644: 1624:

designed several iconic buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of

1609: 1505: 1306: 1278: 1212: 1090:

were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule.

1020: 936: 848: 713: 618: 103: 25208: 23529: 23143: 22943: 17635:

Sanal, Aslihan (2011). Fischer, Michael M.J.; Dumit, Joseph (eds.).

15540:

ERM Group (Germany and UK) and ELC-Group (Istanbul) (January 2011).

13537:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 13181:"Istanbul Finance Center opens with inauguration of banking section" 11267:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 7227:

is 543 km (337 mi) (2023) and the state highways network (

6645:

are other stations in Istanbul that offer a mix of news and series;

6175: 5163:. They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in Karaköy, Beyoğlu and 5154:) and France, who obtained special rights and privileges called the 4892:

Ethnic groups among Turkish citizens in Istanbul (2019 KONDA survey)

3982: 2907:

family (50 species), while the most diverse exotic plant family was

2779: 1681: 441: 25015: 24943: 24923: 24918: 24913: 24903: 24888: 24855: 24831: 24197: 24154: 24124: 24092: 24052: 24025: 23957: 23523: 23475: 23433: 23338: 23293: 23273: 23218: 22933: 22928: 22775: 21677: 21271: 20133: 19237: 19037: 18303: 16963: 16642:

Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911

13353: 12732:(Third ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 11965:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2019" 10961:"'Sea snot' outbreak off Turkish coast poses threat to marine life" 10933:"Istanbul Municipality launches sustainable transportation program" 9919:

Eastern Orthodoxy in a Global Age: Tradition Faces the 21st Century

9521: 8218:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023" 8090: 7474: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7123: 7055: 6559: 5946: 5893:

has been one of the continent's largest since opening in 2005; and

5882: 5795: 5644: 4053: 3854:, etc.; to palaces like the Great Palace of Constantinople and its 3553: 3482:

Panoramic view of Istanbul from the confluence of the Bosporus and

3413: 3341: 3204:, the seat of government during the late Ottoman period, is in the 3097:

wave allegedly caused by water pollution spread to Sea of Marmara.

3082: 2938: 2930: 2908: 2823: 2807: 2146:(normals 1991–2020, precipitation days and sunshine 1981–2010; see 1649: 1456: 1416: 1190: 1045: 1040: 867: 666: 174: 24760: 24605: 24561: 23178: 22360: 19922: 15572:"Plan for New Bosphorus Bridge Sparks Row Over Future of Istanbul" 15064:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Preess. pp. 183–85. 12866:"Erdoğan's defeat in Istanbul shows opposition's changing tactics" 8449:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 508–512. 7329: 6485:(369 m (1,211 ft)) is the tallest structure in the city. 6229:

have fared better in international competitions and have won more

5143: 4780: 3990:, the inner core of which was built in 1459–1465, from across the 25078: 25057: 25010: 25005: 24984: 24969: 24928: 24893: 24883: 24664: 24653: 24182: 24062: 24015: 24000: 23901: 23547: 23493: 23487: 23427: 23333: 23233: 23128: 23118: 23083: 23003: 22958: 22953: 22848: 22818: 21413: 21322: 21289: 21257: 20203: 20128: 19751: 17820:

Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective

17561:

Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision

16950:

Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople".

14943:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 155–57. 14883:"Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı İstanbul Eğitim İstatistikleri Açıklandı" 14728: 13923:"Managing the Difficult Balance Between Tourism and Authenticity" 12776:"Why Jews in Terror-stricken Turkey Aren't Fleeing to Israel Yet" 10442:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020" 7667:

All scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred from

7251:. In 2011, the first and second bridges on the Bosphorus carried 7027: 6931: 6638: 6634: 6582: 6372:

was Istanbul's primary indoor arena, having hosted the finals of

6164: 5871:

is an open-air market extending between the Grand Bazaar and the

5585: 5528: 5468: 5360:

is one of the main business districts in Istanbul, together with

5172: 5069: 4726: 4718: 4047:, Süleymaniye Mosque, Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the Blue Mosque), and 3940: 3870:; and other public places and buildings like the Hippodrome, the 3738:

palaces on the Bosporus were designed by members of the Armenian

3596: 3576: 3356: 3239: 2827: 2121: 1819: 1526: 1176: 1071: 943:

before its transformation to an Islamic stronghold following the

550: 23158: 23103: 20198: 19045: 17717:

Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change

17093:

Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977).

15189:. Turkish Electricity Transmission Company. 2001. Archived from 14701:. The Library of Congress Federal Research Division. August 2008 14511: 14411:"Turkey Grand Prix Heads for the Scrapyard Over $ 26m Price Tag" 14234:"Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2010–12" 14209:"Aşçıoğlu Sues Partners in Joint Project Over Ali Sami Yen Land" 13198: 10369:"İstanbul'da bazı ilçelerde kar kalınlığı 85 santimetreyi buldu" 7606:, which ultimately became famous as the eastern terminus of the 6768:

Turkish citizens of Jewish, Armenian, Greek and Assyrian descent

6462:

between 2005 and 2007. Istanbul was occasionally a venue of the

5640: 5412:

of the economic output respectively. Istanbul's productivity is

3222: 3193: 2081: 25138: 25133: 25108: 25062: 25036: 24989: 24938: 24688: 24640: 24581: 24547: 24528: 24144: 24087: 23942: 23535: 23505: 23469: 23457: 23415: 23263: 23253: 23248: 23238: 23208: 23203: 23038: 22983: 22938: 22923: 22908: 22858: 22838: 22828: 22798: 22765: 22355: 21548: 21543: 21417: 20183: 20168: 20098: 20034: 18240: 17837:

Wedel, Heidi (2000). Ibrahim, Ferhad; Gürbey, Gülistan (eds.).

17465:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008).

17133:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

16696: 16430:. Airports Council International. 17 March 2014. Archived from 11314: 8044: 7587: 7563: 7008: 6302: 6050: 5575: 5523:, the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, and later at the 5463: 5361: 5357: 4738: 4008: 3796: 3754: 3663: 3588: 3530: 3299: 3262: 3235: 3231: 3172:, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. Galata ( 3165: 2934: 2900: 2802:, reflecting the city's transitional, Mediterranean-influenced 2085: 1854: 1850: 1540:

of Rome, and the Ottoman state was reorganized into an empire.

1469: 967: 956: 856: 829: 704: 623: 363: 157: 14822:. The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. Archived from 14784:. The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. Archived from 13676:. The Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts. Archived from 12431:"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association" 12305:"How Istanbul won back its crown as heart of the Muslim world" 11971:. Istanbul, Turkey: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. 4 February 2020 11913:"Address Based Population Registration System Results of 2010" 10634: 9953:

Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks of Turkey

9411: 8914:. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. pp. 10ff. 7559: 7527: 7276:

Istanbul's local public transportation system is a network of

5965:, the city's largest performing arts theatre and concert hall. 5380:

among the world's urban areas in 2018, and is responsible for

2100:

typical of the western and southern coasts of Turkey, and the

25143: 25103: 25083: 25041: 24974: 24933: 24860: 24845: 24800: 24701: 24677: 24629: 24616: 24571: 24172: 24077: 23553: 23517: 23499: 23463: 23304: 23113: 23093: 23053: 23018: 23013: 22973: 22808: 21372: 21354: 20143: 17896: 17114:

The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest

14156:"Istanbul to host 2020 Champions League final, Uefa confirms" 14088:. The Union of European Football Associations. 8 October 2011 14030: 12889: 12754:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour - Jewish Virtual Library" 11533:

The age of Sinan: architectural culture in the Ottoman Empire

11131:

Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism

10597:Çetin, Nefise; Mansuroğlu, Sibel; Kalaycı Önaç, Ayşe (2018). 9915: 8357:

The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

7404: 6650: 6306: 6012: 5004: 4998: 4935: 4840: 3791:

in 330 CE to mark the founding of the new Roman capital, the

3592: 3433: 3141: 3129: 2819: 2018:

just south of the city. This fault caused the earthquakes in

1520:

Sultan Mehmed declared Constantinople the new capital of the

1143: 1140: 1034: 1029: 971: 907: 902: 896: 878: 734: 17882: 16682:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 15129:. Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Archived from 15091:. Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Archived from 11427: 10064:"64 pct chance of Istanbul quake to hit before 2030: Expert" 9689:(1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. pp. 21–22. 8726: 6697:, the city's oldest Turkish institution, established in 1453 5909:

which include the stores of the world's top fashion brands.

5574:(54 floors / 238 metres; 261 metres including its spire) in 4136:(municipality), but the municipality was disbanded in 1957. 3643:

in Rome in the autumn of that year, and is now known as the

3424:. The 47-hectare (120-acre) park was later owned by Khedive 1547:

Map of Istanbul in the 16th century by the Ottoman polymath

25218: 23348: 23163: 23078: 22998: 21395: 20028: 19746: 17936: 16998:

Göktürk, Deniz; Soysal, Levent; Türeli, İpek, eds. (2010).

14582:"Powerboat P1 – 2009 World Championship – Istanbul, Turkey" 13125:"The Imperial Ottoman Bank Patrimoines Partagés تراث مشترك" 13068:"Istanbul's new Bosphorus canal 'to surpass Suez or Panama" 12917: 12405:"Syrian migrants in Turkey face deadline to leave Istanbul" 11864:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2008

11164:"Poor but Proud Istanbul Neighborhood Faces Gentrification" 11054:

Istanbul Office Market General Overview: Third Quarter 2021

10596: 8247: 7570:

in Karaköy, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour.

7492: 7281: 6965:, was Istanbul's sole source of power between 1914 and 1952 6722: 6588: 6570:

are also based in Istanbul. Istanbul also has long-running

6290: 5875:, which has been Istanbul's major spice market since 1660. 5740: 5474:

Shipping is a significant part of the city's economy, with

5176: 5023:

residing in Istanbul was estimated to be around 1 million.

5011:, Istanbul emerged as a hub for dissidents from across the 4776: 4730: 4111: 3622: 3034: 2994:

Apart from the wild land mammals Istanbul hosts a sizeable

2830:

comprise the most prominent temperate forest genera, while

1612:

in 1517, with Constantinople remaining the capital of this

709: 597: 17272:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–114. 16836:

Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects

16254:"Last flight leaves Ataturk as Istanbul switches airports" 15866:"GEBZE-HALKALI BANLİYÖ HATTI 2018 SONUNDA HİZMETE GİRİYOR" 15733:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel. Archived from 14965:"Türkiye'de kaç yabancı lise var? Yasaktan neden muaflar?" 14510:. FIA World Touring Car Championship. 2012. Archived from 13274:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Campus Phase I-II" 10117:"Directorate of Earthquake and Geotechnical Investigation" 9387: 9363: 9325: 9301: 8652: 7978: 7923: 7239:, and the O-2 is the city's outer ring road, crossing the 5146:

are the descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian

1907:, intensified through the 1960s as part of the process of 1724:. A series of wars in the early 20th century, such as the 1208: 727: 24259: 21349: 17192:

Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul

16876:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

16718:

Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census

15549:

Eurasia Tunnel Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

14264:. The Union of European Football Associations. p. 17 14239:. The Union of European Football Associations. p. 14 13777:

Tomasetti, Kathryn; Rutherford, Tristan (23 March 2012).

13451:"A view of the skyscrapers in Levent from Sporcular Park" 12813:"Erdoğan: 'İstanbul'da teklersek, Türkiye'de tökezleriz'" 12682:. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press. pp. 75–104. 12573:"Assyrian community thrives again in southeastern Turkey" 12217: 10312:

Abbasnia, Mohsen; Toros, Hüseyin; Memarian, Hadi (2019).

10038:"Turkey recovers from one earthquake and braces for more" 9745: 9743: 9289: 9094: 8714: 7969: 7960: 7911: 7902: 7676:

eventually be linked by two lines of the Istanbul Metro.

7619:

opened in 1908, it served as the western terminus of the

7047: 6662: 6658: 3658:) had it transported to Constantinople and put up on the 2815: 2811: 1755:

was among the major events which marked the start of the

1684:

advertisement is visible on a building in the background.

28:

Metropolitan municipality and province in Marmara, Turkey

17601:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. 16773:

De Sélincourt, Aubery (2003). Marincola, John M. (ed.).

16089:. Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 15868:(in Turkish). Marmaray. 18 November 2018. Archived from 14362:"Fenerbahce Ulker's new home, Ulker Sports Arena, opens" 12099:. Istanbul, Turkey: Türk İstatistik Kurumu. 17 July 2020 10555:"Climatologie globale à Istanbul / Ataturk - Infoclimat" 10209:"Earthquake fears loom large in Istanbul's mayoral race" 9484:

Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

8792: 8664: 8085:, which says the city was founded seventeen years after 6538:, has been printed since 1961, but the English-language 6103:

When it was held for the first time in 2003, the annual

5404:

in 2018, with manufacturing and services accounting for

1716:

in a jointly coordinated move on 5 October 1908. Sultan

17637:

New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy

15395:"YILLAR İTİBARIYLA YAPIMI TAMAMLANMIŞ OTOYOLLAR (2023)" 12275: 8984: 8982: 8950: 8682:

Necdet Sakaoğlu (1993/94a): "İstanbul'un adları" . In:

8610: 8608: 8606: 7520: 7247:(the Trans-European Motorway) between Portugal and the 6442:

Between the 2005–2011 seasons, and in the 2020 season,

17795:

Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability

17681:. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16914:

The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara

16344:"Sabiha Gökçen: New Terminal Lands on Time and Budget" 15260:. Emporis. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 14752:"Young editor to take helm of Turkish-Armenian weekly" 14487:"Turkish Grand Prix to rejoin 2021 Formula 1 calendar" 14086:"UEFA Champions League 2007/08 – History – Fenerbahçe" 13443: 13005:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

12495:"Greeks in Istanbul keeping close eye on developments" 11333:, American University in Cairo Press, 1985, p.145-151. 10793:"How the street cats of Istanbul landed on their feet" 9916:

Roudometof, V.; Agadjanian, A.; Pankhurst, J. (2005).

9740: 9313: 9046: 8587:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

8556:(4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 8411: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8212: 8210: 5542:

district on the Asian side of the city is home to the

5019:), Syria, and Yemen. As of August 2019, the number of 4773:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

4737:

in Europe from 1500 to 1750, when it was surpassed by

3906:(Golden Gate), among numerous others. The 4th century 1949:

Istanbul is in north-western Turkey and straddles the

1753:

deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

17695: 17483: 17349:

Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924

16983:. Comprehensive Grammars. Abingdon, Eng.: Routledge. 16840:. London & New York: Springer. pp. 715–734. 16516:

Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization

16428:"Preliminary 2013 World Airport Traffic and Rankings" 16395:"Sabiha Gökçen Named World's Fastest Growing Airport" 15842:. Oxford Business Group. 7 March 2012. Archived from 15357: 15345: 15222:. The Post and Telegraph Organization. Archived from 13974:"Turkey's LGBT community draws hope from Harvey Milk" 13701:"10 of the Best Exhibitions at the Istanbul Biennial" 13050: 12746: 12331:"Istanbul: An Unlikely Refuge for Exiled Journalists" 12239:

Spoils of War: The Human Cost of America's Arms Trade

11035: 10311: 9082: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 7990: 7972: 7963: 7935: 7914: 7905: 7899: 7223:. The total length of Istanbul Province's network of 6045:, Paraf Kuruçeşme Open-Air on the Bosphorus shore in 4106:

The current city structure can be traced back to the

3651:

remained in Alexandria until 390, when Theodosius I (

2899:

to Istanbul. In a study that examined urban flora in

2794:

The natural vegetation of the province is made up of

2096:, and is often described as transitional between the 1491:

Various economic and military policies instituted by

1398:

Originally a church, later a mosque, the 6th-century

947:

in 1453 CE—especially after becoming the seat of the

17469:. OECD Territorial Reviews. Paris: OECD Publishing. 16272:"Turkish Airlines relocates to new Istanbul Airport" 16062:"How Your Greek Summer Holiday Can Help Save Greece" 15597:"Istanbul's $ 1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open" 14385:"2020 Olympics: Six cities lodge bids for the games" 13802: 13422: 12545:"Armenian Labor Migrants in Istanbul: Reality Check" 11899:"Population of Istanbul in Turkey from 2007 to 2019" 11815:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11797:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11759:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11450: 11448: 9375: 9070: 9058: 9022: 9010: 8979: 8738: 8603: 8307:"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab" 8150:

is noted as an elite UEFA stadium by its architects.

7981: 7975: 7966: 7926: 7920: 7908: 7763: 6922:

systems date back to the city's early history, when

6672:

Further information on the monthly publication:

6096:

is an annual shopping festival held since 2011, and

3412:

in the 16th century, before being granted by Sultan

3336:

projects have been taking place, such as the one in

3037:, as it is one of the few European cities without a 1818:

on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in

1189:) on coinage was in 1730 during the reign of Sultan 17698:

Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia

17448:

Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform

17384:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Archived from 17229: 16997: 16699:

Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula

16232:"Eurolines Germany–Deutsche Touring GmbH–Europabus" 13908: 13776: 13621: 13609: 13597: 13585: 13518: 13506: 13494: 13470: 12198:"23 Haziran 2019 Sandık Analizi ve Seçmen Kümeleri" 12146:"Doğum yerlerine göre İstanbul nüfusu ve iç göçler" 11121: 11099:"Gov't launches plan to fight illegal construction" 9399: 9034: 8463: 8400: 8383:

Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire

8250:[National Accounts - GDP per capita ($ )]. 8207: 7957: 7917: 4110:period of reform in the 19th century, before which 3621:) had it and another obelisk transported along the 1759:during WWI. Due to Ottoman and Turkish policies of 866:made it his imperial capital, renaming it first as 25323:Populated places established in the 7th century BC 21235: 17674: 17405: 14934: 14932: 14930: 14749: 14624: 12998:"Regions and Cities in Turkey at a Glance in 2018" 12269: 12236: 11997:. The United Nations. 5 April 2012. Archived from 10884:Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri 10518:"Istanbul flood result of Turkey's climate change" 8750: 6494:(Calendar of Affairs), was published in 1831. The 3545:quarter on the European side, which dates back to 3420:emir Gûne Han in the 17th century, hence the name 1472:mosaics in Hagia Sophia and Kariye, were created. 1048:settlements that preceded the fully-fledged town. 17883:Website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 17135:. USAK Publications. Vol. 17. Ankara: USAK. 17059:(Revised Paperback ed.). London: IB.Tauris. 16813:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2007). 13061: 13059: 12063:"Starting Up in Turkey: Expats Getting Organized" 11445: 11073:WCTR Society & Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō 2004 10444:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 10009:"Locked and creeping fault segments off Istanbul" 9181:"Blue Versus Green: Rocking the Byzantine Empire" 4114:and imams led the city under the auspices of the 25264: 22748: 17818:WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō (2004). 17563:. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, LLC. 17092: 16551: 15670: 15668: 15666: 15646:"Istanbul Commuters Skeptical of Transit Change" 11918:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 28 January 2011 11048: 11046: 11044: 9544: 9438: 9417: 8351: 8173:. Istanbul Buyuksehir Belediyesi. Archived from 7754:List of twin towns and sister cities of Istanbul 7058:service is provided by private companies, after 5043:(1550–1557) was designed by his chief architect 3761:of the Hippodrome. It was originally part of an 3462:Popular during the summer among Istanbulites is 1333:in 73 CE. Byzantium's decision to side with the 23594: 20273: 17841:. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 181–93. 17771: 17752: 17677:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 17153:The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization 17130: 17000:Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe? 16480:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. 15113: 15089:"Istanbul and the History of Water in Istanbul" 15083: 15081: 14927: 14806: 14536:. European Le Mans Series. 2012. Archived from 14436:"Turkish Grand Prix 2020 (12-15 November 2020)" 14310:"2010 FIBA World Championship Istanbul: Arenas" 14259:"Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2010/11" 12520:. Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians. Archived from 12028:World Urbanization Prospects, the 2018 Revision 11995:World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision 11781: 11740: 11688: 11637: 11347:Cleopatra's Needles and Other Egyptian Obelisks 11289: 9273:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 7300:. Fares across modes are integrated, using the 6119:took place) have been denied permission by the 2106:terminology used to classify the city's climate 23404: 17355: 17208: 16978: 16720:. Lewiston, NY: St. David's University Press. 16554:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 16176:"2012 Sees End of Line for Haydarpaşa Station" 15451: 15449: 15447: 15244: 15187:"Short History of Electrical Energy in Turkey" 14727:(in Turkish). 25 December 2016. Archived from 13056: 12673: 12671: 12371: 12263: 12211: 11905: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11331:The Obelisks of Egypt, skyscrapers of the past 11215:"New city construction to begin in six months" 11127: 9712:. Marc Baer, University of California, Irvine. 9166: 8864:"Marmaray kazılarında tarih gün ışığına çıktı" 8732: 8484: 8139: 8102: 8100: 5919:is situated on the Asian side of Istanbul and 5725:. The district is also home to Museums Square. 5282:, was defeated by a very narrow margin by the 4846: 3105: 1571:, a new covered market (still standing as the 1302:as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium. 24816: 24443: 24245: 23887: 23580: 23390: 22734: 21526: 21466:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia 21221: 20943: 20014: 19990: 17952: 17501: 17270:Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History 16812: 16772: 16475: 15966:"İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri - Online Bilet Al" 15663: 15381: 14776: 14774: 14600:"2012 Yarış Programı ve Genel Yarış Talimatı" 13379:"Top city destinations by overnight visitors" 13371: 12322: 12296: 11041: 10728:"Deniz Kirliliğini Önlemeye İlişkin Hedefler" 10393:. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from 9956:. Helsinki Watch report. Human Rights Watch. 9779: 9646: 9477: 9475: 9449: 9447: 9187:. The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 8973: 7610:from Paris. Regular service to Bucharest and 7387:on the Asian side) with several other lines ( 7011:—finished in time to announce the end of the 6930:) deposited the water in the city's numerous 6705:in Istanbul, about half of the schools being 6557: 6549: 6376:. Several other indoor arenas, including the 6015:taking an important place in the food scene. 5137: 4440: 3245:The Atatürk Airport corridor is another such 3212:is within Beşiktaş and gives its name to the 2742:is the first climate change museum in Turkey. 2035:, whereas the national government-controlled 1876:), and has been commemorated annually since. 1871: 1849:, while numerous Turkish banks have moved to 1262:This large keystone might have belonged to a 1228: 1222: 1216: 1198: 1158: 1094: 1085: 1039:), the name given to it at its foundation by 25283:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey 17858:Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe 17696:Tarasov, Oleg; Milner-Gulland, R.R. (2004). 17356:Masters, Bruce Alan; Ágoston, Gábor (2009). 15078: 14054: 14052: 14000:"Besiktas: The Black Eagles of the Bosporus" 13752:"Shopping in Singapore is Better than Paris" 13727:"Abdi İpekçi Avenue to be new Champs Elysee" 13404:"Turkey expects cruise tourism boom in 2022" 13151:"nBorsa Istanbul: A Story of Transformation" 13102:. Lloyd's Insurance Services. 24 August 2020 12943: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12935: 12831: 11684: 11682: 10243:"Is Istanbul prepared for a big earthquake?" 10032: 10030: 8089:, which came into existence around 685 BCE. 6213:Istanbul is home to some of Turkey's oldest 6076:, one of Istanbul's premier shopping streets 5809: 5678:in 1891, form Turkey's oldest modern museum. 4988:With estimates ranging from 2 to 4 million, 2873:distribution. Apart from the natural flora, 2037:Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 1926: 1837:) in the late 1920s. Completed in 1892, the 17719:. Delft, the Neth.: Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. 17450:. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. 17230:Knieling, Jörg; Othengrafen, Frank (2009). 16859:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 16779:. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin Books. 16758:. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing. 16620: 16499:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 16148:. Turkish National Railways. Archived from 15444: 14690: 14688: 14686: 14684: 13946: 13830: 13828: 13500: 13296: 12668: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12552:Migration Research Center at Koç University 12228: 11959: 11957: 11751: 11749: 11736: 11734: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11420: 11390: 9559: 8702:. Vol. 1. Roberts Brothers. p. 69 8490: 8480: 8478: 8097: 8047:is the largest city entirely within Europe. 7631:, but the construction of Marmaray and the 7262:Yavuz Sultan Selim (Third Bosphorus) Bridge 6084:has been held annually since 1973, and the 5512:Ottoman Central Bank Head Office (1892) on 5339:, electing 28, 35 and 35 MPs respectively. 5150:of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and 5064:". Around 90% of Istanbul's population are 4163:with members drawn from district councils. 3144:district, which was named after Mehmed II ( 1953:, which provides the only passage from the 1945:Satellite view of Istanbul and the Bosporus 1053: 474:5,343.22 km (2,063.03 sq mi) 25288:Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region 24823: 24809: 24450: 24436: 24252: 24238: 23894: 23880: 23587: 23573: 23397: 23383: 22741: 22727: 21533: 21519: 21228: 21214: 20950: 20936: 20021: 20007: 17959: 17945: 17917:); Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The 17209:Klimczuk, Stephen; Warner, Gerald (2009). 17173:Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local 16831: 16590:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). 16589: 16570: 15505: 14771: 13529: 13527: 13178: 13090: 13088: 12857: 12677: 12591: 12379:"Why dissidents are gathering in Istanbul" 12093:"International Migration Statistics, 2019" 11587:(in Turkish). 10 July 2004. Archived from 11524: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11239: 10318:Journal of Research in Atmospheric Science 9995: 9791: 9472: 9444: 8956: 8582:OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8373: 7747: 7533:(seabus) high-speed ferry departs Istanbul 5647:are among the frequently used settings in 5448:tons of oil passing through it each year. 5072:forms the second biggest religious group. 5021:refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey 3393:Along the European side, and close to the 3340:; some of these projects, like the one in 1841:headquarters is seen at left. In 1995 the 1321:. Byzantium then continued as part of the 18947:Museum of Science and Technology in Islam 17714: 17673:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). 17426: 17403: 17215:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. 16949: 16854: 16575:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16461:. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 15303: 15301: 15181: 15179: 15152: 15150: 15148: 15053: 14182:"2008/09: Pitmen strike gold in Istanbul" 14108:"Puan Durumu: 2015–2016 Sezonu 30. Hafta" 14049: 13992: 13846: 13360: 12932: 12696: 12542: 12488: 12486: 12345: 11679: 11673: 11649: 11535:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 11530: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11298: 10614: 10027: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 8765: 8695: 8686:, ed. Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, Istanbul. 8670: 8658: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8386:. Princeton University Press. p. 5. 8248:"Ulusal Hesaplar - Kişi başına GSYH ($ )" 6337:as the home turf of Beşiktaş, hosted the 5887:International Council of Shopping Centers 4767:. The city's annual population growth of 3156:of Istanbul on the southern shore of the 2917:and Sea of Marmara play a vital role for 2002:Architecture of Turkey § Earthquakes 466:2,576.85 km (994.93 sq mi) 17672: 17305: 17175:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 16793: 16715: 16697:Chamber of Architects of Turkey (2006). 16639: 16552:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 16169: 16167: 16146:"Transports to Middle-Eastern Countries" 15292: 15007: 14681: 14675: 14408: 14364:. Euroleague Basketball. 24 January 2012 14134:"List of Certified Athletics Facilities" 14060:"Galatasaray: The Lions of the Bosporus" 13920: 13825: 13249:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey" 13224:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey" 13019: 12950:OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020 12794: 12721: 12638: 12302: 12111: 11954: 11948: 11746: 11731: 11494: 11320: 11128:Atkinson, Rowland; Bridge, Gary (2005). 11078: 10631:"İstanbul İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı" 10379: 9859: 9682: 9625: 9609: 9607: 9586: 9135: 9133: 9100: 9052: 8475: 8359:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 704. 8107: 8071: 7878:Urban (36 districts) = 2,576.85 km 7872:Europe (25 districts) = 3,474.35 km 7834:List of cities with the most skyscrapers 7577: 7271: 7017: 6948: 6838:(left) and Taşkışla (right) campuses of 6789:Istanbul contains almost a third of all 6688: 6598:Turkish Radio and Television Corporation 6477: 6067: 5945: 5911: 5813: 5716: 5665: 5635: 5507: 5462: 5442:strait used for international navigation 5436:, respectively, of the national totals. 5352: 5238: 5109: 5030: 4694: 4222: 4138: 3981: 3923: 3521: 3355: 3256: 3186: 3124: 2985: 2778: 2730: 2076: 1940: 1824: 1660: 1584: 1542: 1536:, the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of the 1474: 1257: 1007: 17653: 17620:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. 17577: 17558: 17539: 17520: 17487:. Oxford: Oxford Business Group. 2009. 17289:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 17131:Kapucu, Naim; Palabiyik, Hamit (2008). 17116:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. 17035: 16796:The Greek and Persian Wars, 499–386 B.C 16734: 16422: 16420: 16341: 15542:"Volume I: Non Technical Summary (NTS)" 15519:"3rd Bosphorus bridge opening ceremony" 15474: 15369: 15214: 15212: 15210: 15208: 14562:. F1 Powerboat World Championship. 2000 13724: 13698: 13633: 13524: 13482: 13321: 13199:"Istanbul Financial Center: Properties" 13172: 13119: 13117: 13096:"Maritime intelligence on Ambarlı port" 13085: 12837: 12727: 12649: 12351: 12328: 11942: 11712:. Urban Age. London: 46. Archived from 11505: 11478: 11371:Istanbul Governor's official website – 11336: 11161: 10464:"Turkey reeling from African heat wave" 9826: 9560:Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (1974). 9555: 9553: 9393: 9369: 9331: 9319: 9307: 9295: 9160: 9154: 9150: 9148: 9000: 8575: 8573: 7093:increase between 2007 and 2008). Laser 6088:has been held annually since 1982. The 5684:İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum 4779:metropolises are the Turkish cities of 3966:Among the oldest surviving examples of 3061:. It is one of the 10 worst cities for 2055:on how many collapse. As of 2024, most 25265: 23620:State College of Fine and Applied Arts 22463: 21391:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex 20957: 19547:Istanbul International Puppet Festival 19046:Yalı (Ottoman-era waterfront mansions) 17733: 17445: 17374: 17324: 17286: 17248: 17170: 17149: 17073: 17019:The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire 16979:Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (2005). 16930: 16916:. Woodbridge, Eng.: Companion Guides. 16911: 16892: 16873: 16753: 16739:. CAB Books. Wallingford, Eng.: CABI. 16658: 16596:. Oxford University Press. p. 1. 16513: 16494: 16342:Strauss, Delphine (25 November 2009). 16059: 15643: 15569: 15298: 15176: 15145: 14991:"Azınlık Okulları Sorunlarla Açılıyor" 14877: 14875: 14844: 14588:from the original on 21 December 2021. 14382: 13870: 13858: 13699:Gibbons, Fiachra (21 September 2011). 13660: 13559: 13191: 12483: 12234: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12085: 12042: 11936: 11583:[Metropolitan Municipal Law]. 11489: 11472: 11295: 11251: 11090: 11084: 11009: 10900: 10524: 10344:"La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo" 10291: 10289: 9983: 9767: 9723:"Milestones in Borsa Istanbul History" 9613: 9500: 9481: 9453: 9381: 9275:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 368. 9233: 9221: 9209: 9139: 9124: 9112: 9076: 9064: 9028: 9016: 8926:"Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI: 8744: 8720: 8633: 8518: 8379: 8355:; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). 8111: 7887: 7875:Asia (14 districts) = 1,868.87 km 7706:passengers in 2015, which made it the 6649:(partnered with American media outlet 6604:of the country's population, but only 6446:racing circuit hosted the Formula One 6317:, Fenerbahçe's home field, hosted the 4698: 3529:dominates the skyline of the medieval 1775:was signed on 30 October 1918 and the 1135:) is commonly held to derive from the 24804: 24431: 24261:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey 24233: 23875: 23568: 23378: 22722: 21514: 21209: 20931: 20002: 19989: 17940: 17836: 17790: 17738:. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 17634: 17615: 17111: 17016: 16677: 16532: 16456: 16164: 16124:"Iraq – Turkey railway link re-opens" 15333: 15059: 14938: 14625:Turkish Daily News (23 August 2008). 14206: 13882: 13754:. CNN. 6 January 2012. Archived from 13143: 13065: 12863: 12702: 12597: 12492: 12477: 12158: 12117: 12048: 11700: 11625: 11567: 11555: 11401: 11096: 10997: 10985: 10767:"Why so many stray cats in Istanbul?" 9896:intent to destroy in whole or in part 9853: 9670: 9654:"Meclis-i Mebusan (Mebuslar Meclisi)" 9637: 9604: 9598: 9515: 9482:Madden, Thomas F. (7 November 2017). 9458:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9405: 9270: 9245: 9130: 9088: 9040: 9004: 8988: 8906: 8900: 8551: 8469: 8435: 8323: 8115: 8056: 8029: 8009: 7644:, serving destinations as distant as 7203:Istanbul's motorways network are the 6082:Istanbul International Music Festival 5788:Istanbul International Music Festival 5562:(2 x 284 metres) located adjacent to 5230:election of mayor of Istanbul in 1994 4702: 2043:, and will be helped by NGOs such as 1811:. Leaving aboard the British warship 1152: 1130: 1111: 25328:Populated places along the Silk Road 22689: 22677: 19481:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse 17897:Website of the Istanbul Governorship 17855: 17596: 17267: 17189: 16573:A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul 16417: 16173: 16121: 15563: 15533: 15205: 15036:"The City of Universities: Istanbul" 14383:Wilson, Stephen (2 September 2011). 13834: 13114: 12120:"City stats: Istanbul versus Athens" 12060: 11891: 11661: 11508:Architects of Ottoman Constantinople 11315:Chamber of Architects of Turkey 2006 11187: 10750:Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi 10682:"Bosphorus as our cultural heritage" 10336: 10142:"İHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation" 9943: 9909: 9841:from the original on 20 October 2016 9550: 9250:. Infobase Publishing. p. 139. 9248:Christianity: Religions of the World 9178: 9145: 9003:, p. 119, also as mentioned in 8766:Rainsford, Sarah (10 January 2009). 8684:Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi 8646: 8570: 8380:Herrin, Judith (28 September 2009). 8203:. Hava Durumu Forumu. 15 April 2020. 7862:İstanbul Province = 5,460.85 km 7636:in Europe, with a daily capacity of 6358:2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships 6345:(formerly five-star) UEFA stadiums. 6133:List of sport facilities in Istanbul 6086:International Istanbul Film Festival 5780:International Istanbul Film Festival 5550:, are located. As of 2023, the five 3753:, from 479 BCE. It was brought from 3647:. The obelisk that would become the 3242:are important nodes within the CBD. 1432:which was built during the reign of 1186: 1168: 1104: 1081: 1018:The first known name of the city is 18051:Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols 17757:. London & New York: Springer. 17544:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 17054: 16122:Head, Jonathan (16 February 2010). 15892:"Public Transportation in Istanbul" 15758:"F1 Taksim–Kabataş Füniküler Hattı" 15705:"T1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Tramvay Hattı" 14872: 14750:Vercihan Ziflioğlu (17 June 2010). 14286:. 'asp' Architekten. Archived from 13329:"Image of Metropol Istanbul Towers" 12890:Isil Sariyuce and Ivana Kottasová. 12634:Interview with Giovanni Scognamillo 12329:Lepeska, David (27 December 2013). 12179: 12061:Kamp, Kristina (17 February 2010). 11613: 11012:"For Turks, Art to Mark 700th Year" 10732:İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi 10547: 10305: 10286: 10240: 9827:Erdemir, Aykan (7 September 2016). 8768:"Istanbul's ancient past unearthed" 8429: 8120: 7680:Sabiha Gökçen International Airport 7544:in Istanbul. The municipally-owned 7307:, introduced in 2009, or the older 5570:district on the European side, and 5428:; these figures were equivalent to 4787:43,000 in 2007 to 856,377 in 2019. 4227:Istanbul population pyramid in 2022 3436:festival is held there since 2005. 1879: 13: 25318:Populated coastal places in Turkey 23610:Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 20256: 20247: 17358:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 17329:. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. 17253:. Bristol, Eng.: Intellect Books. 16640:Brummett, Palmira Johnson (2000). 16556:. New York and London: Routledge. 16476:Athanasopulos, Haralambos (2001). 13947:Schillinger, Liesl (8 July 2011). 13921:Schäfers, Marlene (26 July 2008). 13725:Emeksiz, İpek (3 September 2010). 13100:Lloyd's List Maritime Intelligence 12303:McKernan, Bethan (18 April 2020). 12218:Mustafa Mohamed Karadaghi (1995). 12118:Peace, Fergus (29 November 2020). 12030:. The United Nations. 5 April 2012 11757:"Metropolitan Executive Committee" 10888:Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey 10535:. Mercator–IPC Fellowship Program= 10146:İHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation 8696:Grosvenor, Edwin Augustus (1895). 8446:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 7633:Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway 6897: 6341:game. All four stadiums are elite 6329:as Galatasaray's home turf, while 6321:three years after its completion. 5566:in the Huzur neighbourhood of the 4761:second-largest urban agglomeration 4435: 4251: 4089:Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 4083:List of neighbourhoods of Istanbul 3820:Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus 3447:with a replica of the Ottoman era 3228:Istanbul Central Business District 2774: 1736:, which brought the regime of the 1380:located in the outer courtyard of 14: 25354: 24458:Largest cities or towns in Turkey 21318:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital 17876: 17658:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. 17525:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. 17360:. New York: Infobase Publishing. 16933:A History of Ottoman Architecture 16571:Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). 15570:Letsch, Constanze (8 June 2012). 15160:. SantralIstanbul. Archived from 14906: 14627:"Sailing Week Starts in Istanbul" 14409:Richards, Giles (22 April 2011). 13634:Nikitin, Nikolaj (6 March 2012). 13622:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13610:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13598:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13586:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13560:Hansen, Suzy (10 February 2012). 13519:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13507:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13495:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13471:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 12801:Jewish Population by country 2021 12707:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 12515: 12493:Magra, Iliana (5 November 2020). 12143: 11059:(Report). Prop In. pp. 3, 9. 11010:Moonan, Wendy (29 October 1999). 10790: 8552:Heper, Metin (2018). "Istanbul". 7690:passengers in 2012, a year after 7104: 7003:his first official honor for the 6665:established the Turkish-language 6049:, and Parkorman in the forest of 5467:Deutsche Orientbank AG (1909) in 5232:had served as his launchpad. For 4072: 3824:Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos 3787:and erected at the center of the 3459:covering a wide range of issues. 3443:government's decision to replace 3116:List of urban centers in Istanbul 2726: 1799:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1751:and was ultimately defeated. The 1515: 25240: 24565: 24555: 24522: 24512: 22700: 22688: 22676: 22665: 22664: 22652: 22056:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 21542: 21493: 21492: 21480: 19968: 19967: 19955: 18583:Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque 17923:Historic Cities Research Project 17412:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 16981:Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar 16935:. Southampton, Eng.: WIT Press. 16537:. Paris: Éditions Desjonquères. 16401:. 18 August 2011. Archived from 16387: 16361: 16335: 16308: 16278: 16264: 16246: 16224: 16198: 16174:Akay, Latifa (5 February 2012). 16138: 16115: 16079: 16053: 16027: 16009: 15983: 15958: 15936: 15910: 15884: 15858: 15828: 15802: 15776: 15750: 15723: 15697: 15637: 15607: 15589: 15525:. 25 August 2016. Archived from 15511: 15499: 15416: 15387: 15375: 15363: 15327: 15286: 15250: 15238: 15119: 15107: 15028: 15001: 14983: 14957: 14900: 14850: 14838: 14812: 14800: 14743: 14713: 14669: 14644: 14618: 14592: 14574: 14552: 14526: 14497: 14479: 14453: 14428: 14402: 14376: 14354: 14328: 14302: 14276: 14251: 14226: 14200: 14174: 14148: 14126: 14100: 14078: 14018: 13966: 13940: 13914: 13902: 13876: 13864: 13852: 13840: 13796: 13770: 13744: 13718: 13692: 13666: 13654: 13627: 13615: 13603: 13591: 13579: 13553: 13512: 13488: 13476: 13464: 13396: 13346: 13266: 13241: 13216: 12990: 12902: 12883: 12838:Ingleby, Melvyn (14 June 2019). 12805: 12768: 12730:Historical dictionary of Judaism 12627: 12616: 12565: 12536: 12509: 12471: 12441: 12423: 12397: 12257: 12159:Şafak, Yeni (11 February 2021). 12152: 12137: 12054: 12013: 11983: 11930: 11869: 11857: 11831: 11787: 11775: 11694: 11667: 11655: 11643: 11631: 11619: 11607: 11573: 11561: 11549: 11466: 11365: 11352: 11283: 11257: 11245: 11233: 11207: 11181: 11162:Bourque, Jessica (4 July 2012). 11155: 11003: 10991: 10979: 10953: 10925: 10894: 10876: 10858: 10836: 10810: 10784: 10759: 10742: 10720: 10707: 10698: 10674: 10649: 10623: 10590: 10572: 10510: 10492: 10474: 10456: 10434: 10409: 10361: 10260: 10241:EFE, Agencia (5 February 2024). 10234: 10201: 10173: 10159: 10134: 10109: 10084: 10056: 9884:from the original on 19 May 2022 9860:de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). 9456:Istanbul: A Tale of Three Cities 8329:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 8197:"İstanbul'un En Yüksek Tepeleri" 8130: 7953: 7895: 7808: 7794: 7780: 7766: 7733: 7719: 7586:, which connected Istanbul with 7519: 7491: 7467: 7449: 7435: 7421: 7154: 7138: 7122: 6877:Mimar Sinan Academy of Fine Arts 6825: 6816: 6574:newspapers, notably the dailies 6287:2005 UEFA Champions League Final 6262:—that play in the premier-level 6256:İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor 6174: 6163: 6152: 6141: 5688:National Palaces Painting Museum 5605: 5025:Native Arab population in Turkey 3707: 3696: 3685: 3674: 3604: 1479 – 1425 BCE 3541:The Neolithic settlement in the 3533:at the north of the Golden Horn. 3498:—can be seen along their shores. 3471: 3451:(which was transformed into the 3120: 1391: 1357: 1348: 1221:). A person from the city is an 356: 291: 290: 283: 258: 257: 250: 225: 224: 217: 194: 167: 150: 136: 116: 102: 88: 64: 25333:Port cities and towns in Turkey 23809:Abstract by Ali Teoman Germaner 22701: 19769:Getronagan Armenian High School 18742:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 18279:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) 17542:The Oxford History of Byzantium 17040:. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons. 16855:El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). 16817:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 16661:Civilization of the Middle Ages 16449: 15836:"Turkey: Connecting Continents" 15676:"Chronological History of IETT" 15615:"Emissions Map - Climate TRACE" 15220:"About Us | Brief History" 15062:Historical dictionary of Turkey 14941:Historical dictionary of Turkey 14207:Aktaş, İsmail (14 March 2012). 13909:Knieling & Othengrafen 2009 13638:. Credit-Suisse. Archived from 13636:"Golden Age for Turkish Cinema" 13535:"İstanbul – Archaeology Museum" 12600:Historical dictionary of Turkey 12282:. Lexington Books. p. 87. 11710:Istanbul: City of Intersections 10530: 10520:. Anadolu Agency. 27 July 2017. 10092:"Earthquake hazard in Istanbul" 10001: 9989: 9977: 9922:. AltaMira Press. p. 273. 9866:Genocide Studies and Prevention 9820: 9794:The Journal of Economic History 9785: 9773: 9761: 9715: 9703: 9676: 9664: 9631: 9619: 9592: 9580: 9538: 9518:Encyclopedia of the Black Death 9432: 9423: 9337: 9264: 9239: 9227: 9215: 9203: 9172: 9118: 9106: 8994: 8962: 8918: 8874: 8856: 8838: 8786: 8689: 8676: 8554:Historical dictionary of Turkey 8050: 8037: 7708:third-busiest airport in Europe 6797:and three are foundation-owned 6743:Cağaloğlu Anatolian High School 6717:, 207 are religiously oriented 6468:Powerboat P1 World Championship 6464:F1 Powerboat World Championship 5712:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 5560:Skyland Istanbul Towers 1 and 2 5552:tallest skyscrapers in Istanbul 5384:of Turkey's industrial output, 5335:; two on the European side and 4706:Pre-Republic figures estimated 4305: 4294: 4283: 4206: 3832:Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes 3653: 3616: 3601: 3503: 1747:(1914–1918) on the side of the 1251:For a chronological guide, see 984:The historic centre of Istanbul 941:first seven ecumenical councils 912:'to the City', the appellation 773:Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 542: • Metro density 534: • Urban density 25273:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 24830: 21237:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 19887:Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery 19630:Lütfi Kırdar Exhibition Center 19615:Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre 18707:Museum of the Princes' Islands 17839:The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey 17523:Climatology for Airline Pilots 17502:Papathanassis, Alexis (2011). 17251:World Film Locations: Istanbul 17095:The Cambridge History of Islam 16495:Barnes, Timothy David (1981). 16317:"Havalimanı değil zafer anıtı" 16314: 16060:Keenan, Steve (22 June 2012). 15644:Songün, Sevim (16 July 2010). 15551:. The European Investment Bank 15311:. Türk Telekom. Archived from 13949:"A Turkish Idyll Lost in Time" 13562:"The Istanbul Art-Boom Bubble" 12680:The Mediterranean and the Jews 12352:Hubbard, Ben (14 April 2019). 11703:"Local Governance in Istanbul" 11581:"Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu" 10844:"Fed up with Istanbul traffic" 10717:. Marine bio abs., 1: 112–023. 9751:"6 Ekim İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu" 9545:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 9516:Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2012). 9439:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 8882:"Cultural Details of Istanbul" 8345: 8317: 8299: 8269: 8240: 8189: 8163: 7856: 7692:Airports Council International 7412:passenger trips each day. The 7375:on the European side, and the 6452:World Touring Car Championship 6293:to host the CL Final games of 6039:Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre 5732:Turkey's nascent film industry 5424:and received imports totaling 5276:2017 constitutional referendum 5116:Church of St. Anthony of Padua 5047:, the most illustrious of all 4097:İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi 3939:which adorn its interior. The 3840:Church of Theotokos Kyriotissa 3606:) to the south of the seventh 3486:. Several landmarks—including 2865:the most important species of 1995: 1678:Church of St. Anthony of Padua 1: 25032:Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin) 19882:Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery 19799:Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery 19723:Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital 18841:Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum 18418:Phanar Greek Orthodox College 17772:Time Out Guides, ed. (2010). 17654:Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2005). 17580:Ionian Trade and Colonization 16857:Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 16369:"Yolcu Trafiği (Gelen-Giden)" 15309:"About Türk Telekom: History" 14389:The Christian Science Monitor 14284:"Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul" 12864:Pitel, Laura (24 June 2019). 12623:Levantine historical heritage 11701:Erder, Sema (November 2009). 11188:Tait, Robert (22 July 2008). 10189:(in Turkish). 8 February 2023 8439:(1991). "Constantinople". In 8285:Turkish Statistical Institute 8256:Turkish Statistical Institute 8226:Turkish Statistical Institute 8157: 8077:The foundation of Byzantion ( 7311:electronic ticketing device. 6884:Istanbul Technical University 6840:Istanbul Technical University 6776:Phanar Greek Orthodox College 6460:Turkish Motorcycle Grand Prix 5191:under the command of admiral 5130:The majority of the Catholic 4746:Turkish Statistical Institute 4201:Governor of Istanbul Province 4168:Municipal Council of Istanbul 4079:List of districts of Istanbul 3860:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus 3844:Monastery of Constantine Lips 3562: 3546: 3252: 3191:Originally outside the city, 3041:. As of 2019 the city's mean 2763:is threatened with flooding. 2041:earthquake emergency response 1656:decline of the Ottoman Empire 1567:to rival, if not overshadow, 978:in the world, with more than 434:Municipal Council of Istanbul 25313:Metropolitan areas of Turkey 23846:Abstract by Zerrin Bölükbaşı 22750:European Capitals of Culture 22547:Intangible cultural heritage 21893:Southeastern Anatolia Region 21725:Proclamation of the republic 18937:Museum of Heating Appliances 18856:Museum of Whirling Dervishes 18702:Museum of the Ancient Orient 18667:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 18104:Bulgarian St. Stephen Church 17966: 17375:Morris, Ian (October 2010). 17171:Keyder, Çağlar, ed. (1999). 17036:Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). 16756:A History of the Middle Ages 14584:. Supersport. 21 June 2009. 14338:. FIBA. 2010. Archived from 14026:"Turkey – List of Champions" 13885:"The $ 100 Istanbul Weekend" 13883:Kugel, Seth (17 July 2011). 13179:Tuba Ongun (17 April 2023). 13066:Jones, Sam (27 April 2011). 11991:"Frequently Asked Questions" 11585:Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 11134:. Routledge. pp. 123–. 11097:Yavuz, Ercan (8 June 2009). 9418:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 8846:"Bu keşif tarihi değiştirir" 8124: 7866:Land area = 5,343.22 km 7839:List of people from Istanbul 7573: 7172:Public transport in Istanbul 7030:, Istanbul, was designed by 6910:Telecommunications in Turkey 6678: 6532:s English-language edition, 6483:Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower 6354:2010 FIBA World Championship 6333:, opened in 2016 to replace 5905:are among the other upscale 5672:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 5392:of tax revenues. The city's 5268:anti-AKP government protests 4693:Sources: Jan Lahmeyer 2004, 4126:Ottoman constitution of 1876 3951:) is seen in the foreground. 3828:Monastery of the Pantocrator 3778:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 3313: 3100: 3025: 2998:population. The presence of 1990:seven hills make up the city 1888:became the Republic's first 1438:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1253:Timeline of Istanbul history 1177: 1072: 1035: 951:in 1517. In 1923, after the 908: 897: 879: 838:most populous city in Europe 537:5,939/km (15,380/sq mi) 7: 23596:50th Anniversary Sculptures 21818:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 20917:Metropolitan municipalities 19655:Ülker Sports and Event Hall 18917:Florence Nightingale Museum 18871:Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum 18821:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Museum 18119:Church of St. Mary Draperis 17776:. London: Time Out Guides. 17325:Lister, Richard P. (1979). 17306:Limberis, Vasiliki (1994). 17249:Köksal, Özlem, ed. (2012). 17112:Isaac, Benjamin H. (1986). 16895:Istanbul: The Imperial City 16663:. New York: HarperCollins. 16621:Brink-Danan, Marcy (2011). 16518:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 15457:"Otoyollar Istanbul (2024)" 15114:Tigrek & Kibaroğlu 2011 12650:Epstein, Mark Alan (1980). 11877:"İstanbul Valisi Davut GÜL" 11782:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11741:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11689:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11638:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 10301:. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. 9829:"The Turkish Kristallnacht" 9486:. New York: Penguin Books. 9179:Dash, Mike (2 March 2012). 8816:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.002 7759: 7651: 6417:TVF Burhan Felek Sport Hall 6412:have ended unsuccessfully. 5736:Turkish dramas and comedies 5215: 4847:Ethnic and religious groups 4757:seventh-largest city proper 4099:, IBB), which oversees the 3595:, and was erected there by 3457:nationwide protests in 2013 3273:During the Ottoman period, 3106:Districts and neighborhoods 2960:short-beaked common dolphin 2483:Average precipitation days 2339:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2199:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2061:prepared for the earthquake 1795:Turkish War of Independence 964:European Capital of Culture 953:Turkish War of Independence 811:765.5 ha (1,892 acres) 545:2,930/km (7,600/sq mi) 10: 25359: 25298:Capitals of former nations 24554: 24511: 23615:Istanbul Fine Arts Academy 23405:European Capitals of Sport 21649:Conquest of Constantinople 19774:Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School 19701:Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery 19696:Pangaltı Catholic Cemetery 18927:Kandilli Earthquake Museum 18747:Turkish Calligraphy Museum 17919:National Library of Israel 17429:From Byzantion to Istanbul 16716:Chandler, Tertius (1987). 16659:Cantor, Norman F. (1994). 16644:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 16274:. ATWOnline. 5 April 2019. 16087:"Haydarpasa Train Station" 15358:Oxford Business Group 2009 15346:Oxford Business Group 2009 15245:Masters & Ágoston 2009 14971:(in Turkish). 15 June 2023 13051:Oxford Business Group 2009 12756:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12543:Grigoryan, Iliana (2018). 12264:Masters & Ágoston 2009 11879:. Governorship of Istanbul 11456:"Sinan, Ottoman architect" 11406:. Milan: Electa Editrice. 11036:Oxford Business Group 2009 10533:"Climate Change in Turkey" 9566:. London: Academic Press. 9563:3000 Years of Urban Growth 9167:Klimczuk & Warner 2009 8868:fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr 8733:Göksel & Kerslake 2005 8485:Masters & Ágoston 2009 7482: 7241:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 7183: 7169: 7146:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 7038:of the early 20th century. 7036:Turkish neoclassical style 6907: 6901: 6855:, with its main campus in 6764:Liceo Italiano di Istanbul 6682: 6671: 6325:opened in 2011 to replace 6301:, which were relocated to 6289:, and was selected by the 6130: 5629: 5625: 5346: 5342: 5295:2023 presidential election 4856: 4850: 4216: 4210: 4076: 3507: 3395:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 3216:on the Bosporus, near the 3112:Historic Areas of Istanbul 3109: 2852:, and oak species such as 2745: 2718: 2141: 2070: 2066: 2026:, and a quake of at least 1999: 1930: 1743:The Ottoman Empire joined 1250: 1244: 1240: 1203:, with a dotted İ, as the 1141: 1052:comes from the Latin name 1030: 1001: 988:UNESCO World Heritage Site 982:foreign visitors in 2023. 903: 875: 851:in the 7th century BCE by 762:Historic Areas of Istanbul 751:UNESCO World Heritage Site 482:537 m (1,762 ft) 18: 25236: 25201: 25180: 25159: 25152: 25121: 25071: 25050: 25024: 24998: 24957: 24876: 24869: 24838: 24470: 24267: 23910: 23904:most-populous urban areas 23806:Abstract by Haluk Tezonar 23765: 23654: 23628: 23602: 23410: 22756: 22648: 22381: 22297: 22190: 22156:The constitutional system 22116: 22071: 22016: 22007: 21901: 21849: 21840: 21793: 21760: 21710: 21688:Second Constitutional Era 21673:Decline and modernization 21629: 21590: 21564: 21555: 21474: 21458: 21426: 21404: 21363: 21340: 21303: 21280: 21243: 21152: 21121: 21080: 21029: 20968: 20913: 20843: 20786: 20736: 20689: 20624: 20569: 20506: 20474: 20413: 20350: 20308: 20288: 20272: 20268: 20245: 20041: 19996: 19991:Links to related articles 19949: 19899:Balat Or-Ahayim Hastanesi 19867: 19784: 19681: 19672: 19585: 19522: 19509: 19456: 19318: 19266: 19228: 19195: 19186: 19133: 19036: 18998: 18989: 18907: 18879: 18806: 18760: 18632: 18623: 18596: 18568: 18515: 18472: 18454: 18445: 18373: 18325: 18302: 18264: 18201: 18168: 18140: 18131: 18094: 18036: 17983: 17974: 17404:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). 17287:Landau, Jacob M. (1984). 17150:Karpat, Kemal H. (1976). 16878:. New York: Basic Books. 16874:Finkel, Caroline (2005). 16794:De Souza, Philip (2003). 16107:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16035:"Bölgesel Yolcu Trenleri" 15278:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15158:"Silahtarağa Power Plant" 15008:Aydınlık (7 March 2023). 14696:"Country Profile: Turkey" 14678:, pp. 11, 35, 385–86 13027:"Turkey trade statistics" 12953:. OECD Publishing. 2020. 12678:Makovetsky, Leah (1989). 11531:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). 10657:"Net Zero Stocktake 2023" 9806:10.1017/S0022050718000724 9780:Dumper & Stanley 2007 8503:Euromonitor International 8331:(3rd ed.). Longman. 7869:Lake/Dam = 117.63 km 7712:18th-busiest in the world 7548:operates the traditional 7477:at Ayrılıkçeşmesi station 7347:comprises ten lines (the 7162:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 6971:Silahtarağa Power Station 6963:Istanbul Bilgi University 6955:Silahtarağa Power Station 6803:Turkish Air Force Academy 6621:(97.2 FM). The state-run 6592:in Armenian and Turkish. 6586:and the bilingual weekly 6285:. The stadium hosted the 6126: 5858:numerous shopping centers 5810:Leisure and entertainment 5556:Metropol Istanbul Tower A 5544:Istanbul Financial Center 5450:International conventions 5368:on the European side and 5333:three electoral districts 5288:Supreme Electoral Council 5284:Republican People's Party 5248:Republican People's Party 5081:Armenian Apostolic Church 4972: 4964: 4959: 4949: 4944: 4934: 4929: 4919: 4914: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4692: 4453:— 4177:Republican People's Party 3714:Built by Ottoman sultans 3401:, which was known as the 2952:Common bottlenose dolphin 2790:to the north of Istanbul. 2671: 2624: 2576: 2529: 2482: 2408: 2338: 2268: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2053:casualties largely depend 1927:Geography and environment 1913:mass expulsions of Greeks 1822:, Italy, on 16 May 1926. 1698:Second Constitutional Era 1493:Andronikos II Palaiologos 1197:, the name is written as 1054: 966:. The city has surpassed 815: 807: 799: 787: 777: 767: 757: 748: 744: 719: 703: 685: 675: 665: 646: 634: 617: 604: 584:Metropolitan municipality 581: 570: 549: 541: 533: 522: 506: 494:Metropolitan municipality 491: 486: 478: 470: 462: 457: 439: 429: 419: 414: 404: 393: 381: 369: 351: 316: 211: 202: 193: 58: 48:Metropolitan municipality 45: 33: 21:Istanbul (disambiguation) 24165: 24107: 24041: 23983: 23843:Abstract by Seyhun Topuz 22139:Ministry of the Interior 22124:Administrative divisions 21683:First Constitutional Era 18642:Art and Sculpture Museum 17889:6 September 2019 at the 17715:Taşan-Kok, Tuna (2004). 17559:Reisman, Arnold (2006). 17327:The Travels of Herodotus 16497:Constantine and Eusebius 13131:. Bibliothèques d'Orient 12728:Solomon, Norman (2015). 12654:. Freiburg: K. Schwarz. 11506:Wharton, Alyson (2015). 10756:. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı. 10748:"İstanbul'da balıklar". 10121:depremzemin.ibb.istanbul 9628:, pp. 230, 287, 306 9454:Hughes, Bettany (2018). 8912:Constantinople byzantine 7849: 7824:1766 Istanbul earthquake 7660:, opened in 2018 in the 7623:and an extension of the 7584:Chemins de fer Orientaux 7512:, crossing the Bosphorus 7403:on the European side to 7258:Istanbul Atatürk Airport 7198: 7190:Rail transport in Turkey 6975:coal-fired power station 6752:Deutsche Schule Istanbul 6473: 5649:Turkish television drama 5378:eleventh-largest economy 5250:is the 32nd and current 5167:), and İzmir (mostly in 5037:Suleiman the Magnificent 4213:Demographics of Istanbul 4130:arrondissements of Paris 3619: 337–361 CE– 3510:Architecture of Istanbul 3449:Taksim Military Barracks 3351: 2976:Mediterranean monk seals 2748:Climate change in Turkey 1734:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 1714:declare its independence 1618:Suleiman the Magnificent 1207:distinguishes between a 1070:) in foreign languages. 997: 847:The city was founded as 424:Mayor–council government 37: 25343:Transcontinental cities 23857:Abstract by Kuzgun Acar 23830:Abstract by Yavuz Görey 22086:Parliamentary elections 21888:Eastern Anatolia Region 21883:Central Anatolia Region 21565:Ancient and Middle Ages 19706:Şişli Armenian Cemetery 19572:Istanbul Tulip Festival 19562:Istanbul Music Festival 19358:Bet Yaakov (Heybeliada) 19081:Ibrahim Pasha Pavillion 18932:Museum of Culinary Arts 18788:Walls of Constantinople 18752:Women's Museum İstanbul 18193:Cistern of the Hebdomon 18188:Cistern of 1001 Columns 17913:18 October 2021 at the 17822:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 17485:The Report: Turkey 2009 17017:Grant, Michael (1996). 17002:. New York: Routledge. 16754:Dahmus, Joseph (1995). 16021:Encyclopædia Britannica 11460:Encyclopædia Britannica 11342: 11326: 9986:, pp. 11–12, 34–36 9683:Freedman, Jeri (2009). 8422:Encyclopædia Britannica 7893:English pronunciation: 7748:International relations 7429:Istanbul nostalgic tram 7340:began running in 2006. 7318:Istanbul nostalgic tram 6799:vocational universities 6778:being an example. Most 6731:Galatasaray High School 6456:European Le Mans Series 6404:—and national bids for 6315:Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium 6275:Atatürk Olympic Stadium 6198:Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium 6188:Atatürk Olympic Stadium 5921:Atatürk Cultural Center 5765:The World Is Not Enough 5222:local elections in 2019 5062:religious conservatives 3900:Walls of Constantinople 3888:Cistern of the Hebdomon 3132:district comprises the 3031:Air pollution in Turkey 2990:Street cats in the city 1843:Istanbul Stock Exchange 1786:was forced to sign the 1780:occupied Constantinople 1676:). The entrance of the 1510:captured Constantinople 1378:Eastern Orthodox Church 1325:and its successor, the 655:+90 212 (European side) 25293:Capitals of caliphates 23827:Abstract by Füsun Onur 22949:Santiago de Compostela 22257:Science and technology 22091:Presidential elections 21572:Prehistory of Anatolia 20262: 20252: 19823:Istanbul Greek dialect 19811:Balıklı Greek Hospital 19567:Istanbul Shopping Fest 19552:Istanbul Jazz Festival 19542:Istanbul Film Festival 19363:Bet Yaakov (Kuzguncuk) 19168:Polonezköy Nature Park 18952:Natural History Museum 18836:Florya Atatürk Mansion 18816:Adam Mickiewicz Museum 18588:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 18340:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower 18289:Sultan Mahmut Fountain 18114:Church of Saint Benoit 18081:St. George’s Cathedral 17578:Roebuck, Carl (1959). 17446:Norris, Pippa (2010). 17291:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 17190:King, Charles (2014). 17038:A History of Byzantium 16735:Connell, John (2010). 16678:Çelik, Zeynep (1993). 16533:Béhar, Pierre (1999). 15506:Efe & Cürebal 2011 14312:. FIBA. Archived from 14062:. FIFA. Archived from 14002:. FIFA. Archived from 11570:, pp. 133–34, 141 11404:Byzantine Architecture 11240:Boyar & Fleet 2010 9996:Efe & Cürebal 2011 9638:Çelik, Zeynep (1986). 8957:Bloom & Blair 2009 8616:"Forum of Constantine" 8121:Administration section 8027:Turkish pronunciation: 8007:Turkish pronunciation: 8002: 7629:Turkish State Railways 7599: 7475:Marmaray commuter rail 7130:15 July Martyrs Bridge 7065:In 2000, Istanbul had 7039: 6966: 6892:Galatasaray University 6791:universities in Turkey 6715:Anatolian high schools 6698: 6693:Main entrance gate of 6558: 6550: 6486: 6431:who have won numerous 6378:Beşiktaş Akatlar Arena 6281:first-class venue for 6094:Istanbul Shopping Fest 6077: 6072:Abdi İpekçi Street in 6055:Istanbul Jazz Festival 5966: 5959:Tabanlıoğlu Architects 5928: 5822: 5804:São Paulo Art Biennial 5784:Istanbul Jazz Festival 5726: 5679: 5652: 5593:in revenue each year. 5578:on the European side. 5516: 5471: 5394:gross domestic product 5373: 5263: 5138: 5127: 5093:1955 anti-Greek pogrom 5052: 4759:in the world, and the 4755:Istanbul ranks as the 4234:Historical populations 4228: 4219:Demographics of Turkey 4159: 4103:of the city-province. 4096: 3999: 3952: 3919:Byzantine architecture 3629:for commemorating his 3534: 3518:Architecture of Turkey 3371: 3270: 3198: 3160:, across the medieval 3137: 3000:feral cats in Istanbul 2991: 2796:mixed broadleaf forest 2791: 2788:mixed broadleaf forest 2743: 2150:for more information) 2092:Istanbul's climate is 2089: 1988:Despite the myth that 1946: 1872: 1858: 1685: 1647:and eventually to the 1608:claimed the status of 1601: 1551: 1488: 1450:Christian civilization 1327:Second Athenian League 1275: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1199: 1159: 1128:Turkish pronunciation: 1109:Turkish pronunciation: 1095: 1086: 1067: 1015: 962:Istanbul was the 2010 945:Fall of Constantinople 891:) and then finally as 888: 842:fifteenth-largest city 562: 479:Highest elevation 271:Location within Europe 238:Location within Turkey 179:15 July Martyrs Bridge 16:Largest city in Turkey 25338:Roman sites in Turkey 22252:Free trade agreements 22134:Intelligence Services 21931:North Anatolian Fault 21428:Southeastern Anatolia 21001:Fahrettin Kerim Gökay 20788:Central East Anatolia 20261:Districts of Istanbul 20260: 20251: 19076:Hatice Sultan Mansion 18991:Palaces and pavilions 18672:Istanbul Contemporary 18464:Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque 18360:Nusretiye Clock Tower 18274:Fountain of Ahmed III 18246:Obelisk of Theodosius 18216:Column of Constantine 17993:Armenian Patriarchate 17929:25 March 2022 at the 17856:Wynn, Martin (1984). 17734:Taylor, Jane (2007). 17616:Rôzen, Mînnā (2002). 17597:Room, Adrian (2006). 17521:Quantic, Roy (2008). 17310:. London: Routledge. 17021:. London: Routledge. 16931:Freely, John (2011). 16912:Freely, John (2000). 16893:Freely, John (1996). 16798:. London: Routledge. 15258:"Central Post Office" 15127:"İSKİ Administration" 15060:Heper, Metin (2018). 14939:Heper, Metin (2018). 12598:Heper, Metin (2018). 12235:Tirman, John (1997). 11402:Mango, Cyril (1985). 11384:2 August 2007 at the 10603:Pol. J. Environ. Stud 10387:"Resmi İstatistikler" 9727:www.borsaistanbul.com 9686:The Armenian genocide 9520:. Santa Barbara, CA: 8972:4.144, translated in 8620:www.byzantium1200.com 8311:hdi.globaldatalab.org 7741:Sabiha Gökçen Airport 7581: 7540:There are three main 7272:Public transportation 7184:Further information: 7021: 6982:in 1923 to a peak of 6952: 6940:Fountain of Ahmed III 6914:Health care in Turkey 6908:Further information: 6904:Utilities in Istanbul 6807:Turkish Naval Academy 6692: 6683:Further information: 6544:, first published by 6481: 6115:(where, in 2013, the 6071: 5949: 5927:on the European side. 5915: 5817: 5753:From Russia with Love 5720: 5669: 5639: 5600:in Karaköy district. 5511: 5466: 5356: 5337:one on the Asian side 5329:Members of Parliament 5272:2014 mayoral election 5256:first elected in 2019 5242: 5113: 5101:Armenians in Istanbul 5034: 4226: 4151:, the largest of the 4142: 4026:abolition of monarchy 4019:, to commemorate his 3985: 3949:Obelisk of Theodosius 3927: 3884:Cistern of Philoxenos 3816:Monastery of Stoudios 3793:Column of Constantine 3649:Obelisk of Theodosius 3585:Obelisk of Theodosius 3525: 3359: 3260: 3190: 3128: 3047:air pollution sensors 2989: 2782: 2761:Kadıkoy metro station 2746:Further information: 2734: 2129:Sea-effect snowstorms 2098:Mediterranean climate 2080: 2057:buildings in Istanbul 2008:North Anatolian Fault 1944: 1931:Further information: 1886:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1873:İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu 1828: 1690:Young Turk Revolution 1668:in 1912 (present-day 1664: 1588: 1546: 1504:, was killed, Sultan 1478: 1261: 1154:[istimˈbolin] 1060:Constantine the Great 1013:Column of Constantine 1011: 992:the country's economy 864:Constantine the Great 336:41.01361°N 28.95500°E 22636:World heritage sites 22161:Turkish Armed Forces 22046:Constitutional Court 21960:Flora and vegetation 21938:Environmental issues 21926:East Anatolian Fault 21873:Mediterranean Region 21328:Göreme National Park 21175:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 19610:Bostancı Show Center 19148:Büyükada Nature Park 19111:Sadberk Hanım Museum 19051:Aynalıkavak Pavilion 18962:Museum of Psychiatry 18732:Sakıp Sabancı Museum 18727:Sadberk Hanım Museum 18317:Rüstem Pasha Medrese 18076:Pammakaristos Church 17907:Old maps of Istanbul 17700:. London: Reaktion. 17506:. Berlin: Springer. 17391:on 15 September 2012 17074:Harter, Jim (2005). 16897:. New York: Viking. 16405:on 16 September 2013 16186:on 16 September 2013 15293:Shaw & Shaw 1977 15133:on 29 September 2007 15095:on 29 September 2007 14807:Time Out Guides 2010 14656:camlicakule.istanbul 14560:"2000 Race Calendar" 14188:on 17 September 2013 13805:Architectural Design 13253:skyscrapercenter.com 12459:on 27 September 2021 11290:Time Out Guides 2010 10616:10.15244/pjoes/76678 9626:Shaw & Shaw 1977 9587:Shaw & Shaw 1977 9185:Smithsonian Magazine 8888:on 12 September 2007 7558:The privately owned 7443:Istanbul modern tram 7334:Metropolitan Railway 7324:, which now carries 7005:electrical telegraph 6865:Özyeğin Üniversitesi 6795:private universities 6735:Kabataş Erkek Lisesi 6727:science high schools 6327:Ali Sami Yen Stadium 6271:Summer Olympic Games 6264:Basketbol Süper Ligi 5747:My Father and My Son 5700:Sakıp Sabancı Museum 5548:Turkish Central Bank 5310:2024 local elections 5303:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 5161:Giovanni Scognamillo 4853:Religion in Istanbul 4715:world's largest city 3970:in Istanbul are the 3968:Ottoman architecture 3908:Harbor of Theodosius 3868:Palace of Blachernae 3789:Forum of Constantine 3742:of court architects. 3610:. The Roman emperor 3570: 3500 BCE 3514:Ottoman architecture 3490:, the Hagia Sophia, 3134:historical peninsula 3018:, and considered as 3012:Rose-ringed parakeet 1901:1955 Istanbul pogrom 1728:(1911–1912) and the 1616:for four centuries. 1284:Neolithic Revolution 1268:Forum of Constantine 1237:is used in English. 1150:Greek pronunciation: 677:Vehicle registration 658:+90 216 (Asian side) 304:Location within Asia 72:Historical peninsula 19:For other uses, see 23702:Hakkı Karayiğitoğlu 23697:Ali Teoman Germaner 22205:Banking and Finance 21823:History of Anatolia 21720:War of Independence 21712:Republic of Türkiye 21609:Battle of Manzikert 21436:Diyarbakır Fortress 21122:Military-appointed 21030:Military-appointed 20969:Province Governors 19645:Süreyya Opera House 19215:Karaköy Fish Market 19066:Esma Sultan Mansion 19056:Adile Sultan Palace 18967:Rahmi M. Koç Museum 18851:Museum of Innocence 18712:Ottoman Bank Museum 18682:İstanbul Toy Museum 18236:Forum of Theodosius 18231:Column of the Goths 18109:Church of St. Padua 18071:Little Hagia Sophia 17194:. Norton & Cy. 17055:Gül, Murat (2012). 16348:The Financial Times 16023:. 21 December 2023. 15650:Hürriyet Daily News 15625:on 12 November 2022 15603:. 19 December 2016. 15482:"Istanbul Overview" 15193:on 28 November 2009 14757:Hürriyet Daily News 14631:Hürriyet Daily News 14336:"Istanbul – Arenas" 14213:Hürriyet Daily News 13927:Hürriyet Daily News 13731:Hürriyet Daily News 13642:on 17 December 2012 13304:"Metropol İstanbul" 12959:10.1787/959d5ba0-en 12703:Nassi, Gad (2010). 12518:"Tarihte Ermeniler" 12001:on 7 September 2012 11845:on 26 November 2011 11271:on 19 November 2010 11219:Hurriyet Daily News 10584:Hürriyet Daily News 10486:Hürriyet Daily News 10397:on 23 December 2020 10272:Hürriyet Daily News 10069:Hürriyet Daily News 9396:, pp. 394–399. 9372:, pp. 258–260. 9334:, pp. 341–342. 9310:, pp. 330–333. 9271:Parry, Ken (2010). 9246:Parry, Ken (2009). 8808:2011QuRes..76...30A 8796:Quaternary Research 8723:, pp. 57, 383. 8058:[isˈtanbuɫ] 8031:[ɯsˈtambuɫ] 8011:[isˈtanbuɫ] 7844:Outline of Istanbul 7617:Haydarpaşa Terminal 7457:Boğaziçi University 7180:Ferries in Istanbul 6888:Boğaziçi University 6879:, founded in 1882. 6849:Istanbul University 6756:Sankt Georgs-Kolleg 6695:Istanbul University 6685:Education in Turkey 6535:Hürriyet Daily News 6339:2019 UEFA Super Cup 6319:2009 UEFA Cup Final 5917:Süreyya Opera House 5632:Culture of Istanbul 5402:US$ 537.507 billion 5349:Economy of Istanbul 5305:, received 46.68%. 5297:the CHP candidate, 5226:contest in Istanbul 4883:Albanians in Turkey 4875:Armenians in Turkey 4859:Assyrians in Turkey 4428: 4244: 4237: 4203:since 5 June 2023. 4063:Renaissance Revival 4059:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 4021:conquest of Baghdad 3957:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3929:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3848:Church of Myrelaion 3749:Next in age is the 3722:, the 19th-century 3488:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3277:(then Scutari) and 3269:across the Bosporus 3150:Fatih Sultan Mehmed 2841:Cercis siliquastrum 2530:Average snowy days 2269:Daily mean °C (°F) 2073:Climate of Istanbul 2039:is responsible for 1933:Geography of Turkey 1790:on 10 August 1920. 1773:Armistice of Mudros 1680:is seen at left. A 1485:Justinian the Great 1247:History of Istanbul 1132:[ɯsˈtambuɫ] 1113:[isˈtanbuɫ] 332: / 23916: 23712:Hüseyin Anka Özhan 22262:Telecommunications 22051:Court of Cassation 21752:Multi-party period 21661:Ottoman Old Regime 21582:Byzantine Anatolia 21577:Classical Anatolia 20845:Southeast Anatolia 20738:Northeast Anatolia 20263: 20253: 19935:Ulus Jewish school 19718:Surp Agop Hospital 19532:Feast of Sacrifice 19486:Mahmut Pasha Hamam 19476:Çemberlitaş Hamamı 19281:Abdi İpekçi Street 19121:Vahdettin Pavilion 19061:Cantemir Pavillion 18922:ITU Science Center 18866:Pierre Loti Museum 18861:Orhan Kemal Museum 18662:Galatasaray Museum 18560:Süleymaniye Mosque 18525:Atik Valide Mosque 18433:Tayyare Apartments 18383:Aqueduct of Valens 18365:Yıldız Clock Tower 18211:Column of Arcadius 17378:Social Development 16375:on 4 November 2013 16206:"İstanbul Otogarı" 15997:on 16 October 2012 15991:"Liman Hizmetleri" 15529:on 28 August 2016. 15382:Papathanassis 2011 15040:en.istanbul.gov.tr 14820:"TRT – Television" 14066:on 16 January 2011 13953:The New York Times 13889:The New York Times 13566:The New York Times 13541:on 3 February 2012 13354:"Skyland Istanbul" 13228:skyscraperpage.com 12524:on 6 December 2006 12358:The New York Times 11951:, pp. 463–505 11373:The Serpent Column 11317:, pp. 80, 118 11221:. 22 February 2013 11168:The New York Times 11109:on 20 January 2012 11016:The New York Times 10988:, pp. 70, 169 10941:. 14 December 2023 10904:(17 August 2022). 10846:. 20 February 2017 10713:Artüz M.L. (1999) 10488:. 21 January 2018. 10013:www.gfz-potsdam.de 9998:, pp. 718–719 9589:, pp. 4–6, 55 9298:, pp. 324–29. 8974:De Sélincourt 2003 8506:. 11 December 2023 8441:Kazhdan, Alexander 8148:Türk Telekom Arena 7642:600,000 passengers 7600: 7326:265,000 passengers 7249:Iran–Turkey border 7245:European route E80 7194:Aviation in Turkey 7114:suspension bridges 7089:to Turkey (with a 7044:telephone exchange 7040: 6989:electric utilities 6967: 6853:Sabancı University 6772:Treaty of Lausanne 6760:Lycée Saint-Joseph 6719:İmam Hatip schools 6713:, another 263 are 6711:vocational schools 6699: 6487: 6448:Turkish Grand Prix 6437:World Championship 6382:Ülker Sports Arena 6366:2016–17 EuroLeague 6362:2011–12 Euroleague 6323:Türk Telekom Arena 6309:(2021) due to the 6117:Gezi Park protests 6078: 5967: 5929: 5889:in 1995 and 1996; 5869:Mahmutpasha Bazaar 5826:Abdi İpekçi Street 5823: 5727: 5680: 5653: 5517: 5484:Port of Haydarpaşa 5472: 5374: 5299:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 5264: 5260:re-elected in 2024 5148:maritime republics 5142:) in Istanbul and 5128: 5107:live in Istanbul. 5097:thousands to leave 5053: 5049:Ottoman architects 5041:Süleymaniye Mosque 4867:Bosniaks in Turkey 4426: 4242: 4231: 4229: 4160: 4045:Yavuz Selim Mosque 4000: 3961:Süleymaniye Mosque 3953: 3892:Aqueduct of Valens 3880:Theodosius Cistern 3766:sacrificial tripod 3535: 3372: 3271: 3199: 3154:historic peninsula 3138: 3093:. In June 2021, a 2992: 2893:introduced species 2876:Platanus orentalis 2792: 2744: 2090: 2033:urban seismic risk 1947: 1863:Treaty of Lausanne 1859: 1694:Ottoman Parliament 1686: 1602: 1552: 1489: 1319:Greco-Persian Wars 1276: 1016: 758:Official name 471: • Metro 463: • Urban 341:41.01361; 28.95500 274:Show map of Europe 241:Show map of Turkey 25260: 25259: 25254: 25253: 25247:Cities portal 25232: 25231: 25181:United States (2) 25117: 25116: 24798: 24797: 24793: 24792: 24425: 24424: 24227: 24226: 24222: 24221: 23869: 23868: 23562: 23561: 23372: 23371: 22716: 22715: 22644: 22643: 22186: 22185: 22129:Foreign relations 22103:Political parties 22003: 22002: 21836: 21835: 21828:History of Thrace 21730:Atatürk's reforms 21621:Anatolian beyliks 21508: 21507: 21487:Turkey portal 21203: 21202: 21180:Ali Müfit Gürtuna 21153:Greater Istanbul 21125:(1980–1984) 21084:(1963–1980) 21033:(1960–1963) 20991:Muhittin Üstündağ 20972:(1924–1960) 20925: 20924: 20920: 20909: 20908: 20031:Istanbul Province 19983: 19982: 19962:Turkey portal 19945: 19944: 19857:Zografeion Lyceum 19668: 19667: 19605:BJK Akatlar Arena 19557:Istanbul Marathon 19537:Istanbul Biennial 19501:Vezneciler Hamamı 19491:Süleymaniye Hamam 19314: 19313: 19129: 19128: 19018:Dolmabahçe Palace 19008:Beylerbeyi Palace 18985: 18984: 18846:İsmet İnönü House 18793:Yedikule Fortress 18657:Fenerbahçe Museum 18619: 18618: 18487:Dolmabahçe Mosque 18482:Altunizade Mosque 18441: 18440: 18428:Soğukçeşme Sokağı 18413:Pera Palace Hotel 18393:Divanyolu Caddesi 18345:Etfal Clock Tower 18226:Column of Marcian 18127: 18126: 17867:978-0-7201-1608-3 17848:978-3-8258-4744-9 17829:978-0-08-044512-0 17810:978-4-431-99266-0 17783:978-1-84670-115-3 17774:Time Out Istanbul 17764:978-3-642-19635-5 17745:978-1-84511-334-6 17726:978-90-5972-041-1 17707:978-1-86189-118-1 17688:978-0-521-29166-8 17665:978-3-486-57713-6 17646:978-0-8223-4912-9 17627:978-90-04-12530-8 17608:978-0-7864-2248-7 17589:978-0-89005-528-1 17570:978-0-9777908-8-3 17551:978-0-19-814098-6 17532:978-0-470-69847-1 17513:978-3-8349-3062-0 17494:978-1-902339-13-9 17476:978-92-64-04371-8 17457:978-0-8213-8200-4 17438:978-605-4348-04-6 17431:. Istanbul: SSM. 17419:978-0-262-14050-8 17367:978-1-4381-1025-7 17336:978-0-86033-081-3 17317:978-0-415-09677-5 17298:978-90-04-07070-7 17279:978-0-521-12805-6 17260:978-1-84150-567-1 17241:978-0-7546-7565-5 17222:978-1-4027-6207-9 17201:978-0-393-08914-1 17182:978-0-8476-9495-2 17163:978-0-521-20954-0 17142:978-605-4030-01-9 17123:978-90-04-06921-3 17104:978-0-521-29135-4 17085:978-0-8018-8089-6 17066:978-1-78076-374-3 17047:978-1-4051-8471-7 17028:978-0-415-12772-1 17009:978-0-415-58011-3 16990:978-0-415-21761-3 16942:978-1-84564-506-9 16923:978-1-900639-31-6 16904:978-0-670-85972-6 16885:978-0-465-02396-7 16866:978-0-932885-30-2 16847:978-90-481-9919-8 16824:978-1-57607-919-5 16805:978-0-415-96854-6 16786:978-0-14-044908-2 16765:978-0-7607-0036-5 16746:978-1-84593-660-0 16727:978-0-88946-207-6 16708:978-975-395-899-8 16689:978-0-520-08239-7 16670:978-0-06-092553-6 16651:978-0-7914-4463-4 16632:978-0-253-35690-1 16603:978-0-19-530991-1 16582:978-0-521-13623-5 16563:978-0-415-16111-4 16544:978-2-84321-015-0 16525:978-0-674-16531-1 16506:978-0-674-16531-1 16487:978-0-7864-0943-3 16468:978-965-229-346-6 16434:on 13 August 2018 15924:on 6 October 2011 15898:on 4 January 2013 15816:on 15 August 2012 15784:"Raylı Sistemler" 15764:on 26 August 2012 15737:on 6 January 2012 15071:978-1-5381-0224-4 14950:978-1-5381-0224-4 14826:on 14 August 2011 14652:"About the Tower" 13911:, pp. 228–34 13818:978-0-470-74319-5 13600:, pp. 133–34 13588:, pp. 130–31 13521:, pp. 223–24 13509:, pp. 221–23 13367:Emporis: Sapphire 13158:borsaistanbul.com 13007:. OECD Publishing 12968:978-92-64-58785-4 12739:978-1-4422-4141-1 12714:978-1-61719-909-7 12689:978-965-226-099-4 12661:978-3-87997-077-3 12609:978-1-5381-0224-4 12579:. 10 January 2019 12435:multeciler.org.tr 12385:. 11 October 2018 12289:978-1-4985-7522-5 12266:, pp. 520–21 12250:978-0-684-82726-1 11784:, pp. 155–56 11763:on 2 January 2012 11719:on 29 August 2017 11691:, pp. 153–55 11542:978-0-691-12326-4 11517:978-1-78076-852-6 11413:978-0-8478-0615-7 11343:E.A. Wallis Budge 11141:978-0-415-32951-4 10559:www.infoclimat.fr 10531:Şen, Ömer Lütfi. 10044:. 5 December 2020 9963:978-1-56432-056-8 9929:978-0-7591-1477-7 9901:ethnic cleansing, 9757:. 6 October 2017. 9696:978-1-4042-1825-3 9573:978-0-12-785109-9 9547:, pp. 735–36 9531:978-1-59884-253-1 9493:978-0-14-312969-1 9465:978-1-78022-473-2 9441:, pp. 306–07 9351:. 5 November 2017 9236:, pp. 109–18 9103:, pp. 11–12. 8938:on 1 January 2017 8852:. 3 October 2008. 8596:978-92-64-04383-1 8585:. Policy Briefs. 8563:978-1-5381-0224-4 8487:, pp. 114–15 8425:. 3 October 2023. 8393:978-0-691-14369-9 8366:978-1-138-12566-7 8338:978-1-4058-8118-0 8287:. 7 December 2023 8228:. 6 February 2024 8025: 7684:low-cost carriers 7313:Trams in Istanbul 7294:bus rapid transit 7235:, traversing the 7024:Grand Post Office 6918:Istanbul's first 6674:Mostar (magazine) 6572:Armenian language 6370:Abdi İpekçi Arena 6360:, as well as the 6335:BJK İnönü Stadium 6311:COVID-19 pandemic 6090:Istanbul Biennial 6063:Hezarfen Airfield 5907:malls in Istanbul 5836:Shopping Area in 5792:Istanbul Biennial 5771:Mission Istaanbul 5618:Dolmabahçe Palace 5572:Istanbul Sapphire 5453:guarantee passage 5444:, with more than 5376:Istanbul had the 5372:on the Asian side 5325:Istanbul Province 5252:Mayor of Istanbul 5079:, members of the 4977: 4976: 4863:Kurds in Istanbul 4763:in Europe, after 4710: 4709: 4688: 4687: 4422: 4421: 4185:Mayor of Istanbul 4157:Istanbul Province 3998:in the background 3774:Battle of Plataea 3496:Dolmabahçe Palace 3410:Feridun Ahmed Bey 3388:Fethi Paşa Korusu 3202:Dolmabahçe Palace 3087:Lake Büyükçekmece 3039:low-emission zone 2861:Quercus coccifera 2757:urban heat island 2723: 2722: 2674:possible sunshine 2579:relative humidity 2142:Climate data for 1937:Geology of Turkey 1921:metropolitan area 1868:Şükrü Naili Pasha 1808:persona non grata 1797:(1919–1922), the 1784:Damat Ferid Pasha 1757:Armenian genocide 1726:Italo-Turkish War 1722:31 March incident 1404:Seville Cathedral 1342:Septimius Severus 1126: 1004:Names of Istanbul 976:most visited city 949:Ottoman Caliphate 931:(1261–1453), and 859:. In 330 CE, the 832:, straddling the 819: 818: 507: • Rank 430: • Body 420: • Type 160:business district 25350: 25245: 25244: 25243: 25157: 25156: 25089:Ho Chi Minh City 24874: 24873: 24825: 24818: 24811: 24802: 24801: 24569: 24559: 24526: 24516: 24473: 24472: 24452: 24445: 24438: 24429: 24428: 24254: 24247: 24240: 24231: 24230: 24073:Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto 24068:Ho Chi Minh City 23913: 23912: 23896: 23889: 23882: 23873: 23872: 23742:Zerrin Bölükbaşı 23662:Muzaffer Ertoran 23589: 23582: 23575: 23566: 23565: 23399: 23392: 23385: 23376: 23375: 23360: 23345: 23326: 23300: 23280: 23269:Esch-sur-Alzette 23260: 23245: 23230: 23215: 23200: 23185: 23170: 23155: 23140: 23125: 23110: 23090: 23075: 23060: 23045: 23035: 23025: 23010: 22995: 22980: 22965: 22915: 22905: 22895: 22885: 22875: 22865: 22855: 22845: 22835: 22825: 22815: 22805: 22792: 22782: 22772: 22762: 22743: 22736: 22729: 22720: 22719: 22704: 22703: 22692: 22691: 22680: 22679: 22668: 22667: 22656: 22461: 22460: 22346:Cities and towns 22327:Turkish language 22282:Turkish Airlines 22098:Electoral system 22061:Council of State 22014: 22013: 21948:Waste management 21878:Black Sea Region 21856: 21847: 21846: 21801:Turkic migration 21747:One-party period 21616:Sultanate of Rum 21562: 21561: 21547: 21546: 21535: 21528: 21521: 21512: 21511: 21496: 21495: 21485: 21484: 21483: 21459:Multiple regions 21355:Arslantepe Mound 21305:Central Anatolia 21230: 21223: 21216: 21207: 21206: 21158: 21157: 21127: 21126: 21086: 21085: 21035: 21034: 20974: 20973: 20952: 20945: 20938: 20929: 20928: 20915: 20571:Central Anatolia 20270: 20269: 20023: 20016: 20009: 20000: 19999: 19987: 19986: 19971: 19970: 19960: 19959: 19958: 19735:Western Armenian 19679: 19678: 19520: 19519: 19466:Bayezid II Hamam 19193: 19192: 19173:Taksim Gezi Park 19096:Küçüksu Pavilion 19091:Khedive's Palace 19086:Ihlamur Pavilion 18996: 18995: 18722:Rezan Has Museum 18630: 18629: 18606:Sancaklar Mosque 18507:Teşvikiye Mosque 18492:Nusretiye Mosque 18452: 18451: 18423:Prison of Anemas 18312:Caferağa Medrese 18294:Tophane Fountain 18183:Şerefiye Cistern 18178:Basilica Cistern 18150:Büyük Valide Han 18138: 18137: 17981: 17980: 17961: 17954: 17947: 17938: 17937: 17871: 17852: 17833: 17814: 17798: 17787: 17768: 17749: 17730: 17711: 17692: 17680: 17669: 17650: 17631: 17612: 17593: 17574: 17555: 17536: 17517: 17498: 17480: 17467:Istanbul, Turkey 17461: 17442: 17423: 17411: 17400: 17398: 17396: 17390: 17383: 17371: 17340: 17321: 17302: 17283: 17264: 17245: 17226: 17205: 17186: 17167: 17146: 17127: 17108: 17089: 17070: 17051: 17032: 17013: 16994: 16975: 16946: 16927: 16908: 16889: 16870: 16851: 16839: 16828: 16809: 16790: 16769: 16750: 16731: 16712: 16693: 16674: 16655: 16636: 16617: 16612: 16610: 16586: 16567: 16548: 16529: 16510: 16491: 16472: 16444: 16443: 16441: 16439: 16424: 16415: 16414: 16412: 16410: 16391: 16385: 16384: 16382: 16380: 16365: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16339: 16333: 16332: 16330: 16328: 16312: 16306: 16305: 16299: 16297: 16282: 16276: 16275: 16268: 16262: 16261: 16250: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16239: 16228: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16217: 16212:on 20 April 2012 16202: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16191: 16182:. Archived from 16171: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16157: 16152:on 15 April 2012 16142: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16131: 16119: 16113: 16112: 16106: 16098: 16096: 16094: 16083: 16077: 16076: 16074: 16072: 16057: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16046: 16031: 16025: 16024: 16017:"Orient Express" 16013: 16007: 16006: 16004: 16002: 15987: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15976: 15962: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15951: 15940: 15934: 15933: 15931: 15929: 15914: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15903: 15888: 15882: 15881: 15879: 15877: 15872:on 12 March 2019 15862: 15856: 15855: 15853: 15851: 15846:on 26 April 2013 15840:Economic Updates 15832: 15826: 15825: 15823: 15821: 15806: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15795: 15780: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15769: 15754: 15748: 15746: 15744: 15742: 15727: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15716: 15711:on 18 April 2014 15701: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15690: 15680: 15672: 15661: 15660: 15658: 15656: 15641: 15635: 15634: 15632: 15630: 15621:. Archived from 15619:climatetrace.org 15611: 15605: 15604: 15593: 15587: 15586: 15584: 15582: 15567: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15556: 15546: 15537: 15531: 15530: 15515: 15509: 15503: 15497: 15496: 15494: 15492: 15478: 15472: 15471: 15469: 15467: 15453: 15442: 15441: 15439: 15437: 15428: 15420: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15399: 15391: 15385: 15379: 15373: 15372:, pp. 52–53 15367: 15361: 15355: 15349: 15343: 15337: 15331: 15325: 15324: 15322: 15320: 15305: 15296: 15290: 15284: 15283: 15277: 15269: 15267: 15265: 15254: 15248: 15242: 15236: 15235: 15233: 15231: 15226:on 7 August 2011 15216: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15198: 15183: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15169: 15154: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15138: 15123: 15117: 15116:, pp. 33–34 15111: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15100: 15085: 15076: 15075: 15057: 15051: 15050: 15048: 15046: 15032: 15026: 15025: 15023: 15021: 15005: 14999: 14998: 14987: 14981: 14980: 14978: 14976: 14969:Gazete İlk Sayfa 14961: 14955: 14954: 14936: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14920: 14904: 14898: 14897: 14895: 14893: 14879: 14870: 14869: 14867: 14865: 14854: 14848: 14842: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14816: 14810: 14804: 14798: 14797: 14795: 14793: 14778: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14731:on 28 March 2018 14717: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14706: 14700: 14692: 14679: 14673: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14662: 14648: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14637: 14622: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14611: 14596: 14590: 14589: 14578: 14572: 14571: 14569: 14567: 14556: 14550: 14549: 14547: 14545: 14530: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14509: 14501: 14495: 14494: 14483: 14477: 14476: 14474: 14472: 14457: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14446: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14406: 14400: 14399: 14397: 14395: 14380: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14369: 14358: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14347: 14332: 14326: 14325: 14323: 14321: 14306: 14300: 14299: 14297: 14295: 14290:on 26 April 2013 14280: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14269: 14263: 14255: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14238: 14230: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14204: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14193: 14178: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14152: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14141: 14130: 14124: 14123: 14121: 14119: 14104: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14082: 14076: 14075: 14073: 14071: 14056: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14022: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14011: 13996: 13990: 13989: 13987: 13985: 13970: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13944: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13933: 13918: 13912: 13906: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13895: 13880: 13874: 13868: 13862: 13856: 13850: 13844: 13838: 13837:, pp. 91–92 13832: 13823: 13822: 13800: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13789: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13758:on 17 April 2012 13748: 13742: 13741: 13739: 13737: 13722: 13716: 13715: 13713: 13711: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13670: 13664: 13663:, pp. 24–25 13658: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13647: 13631: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13595: 13589: 13583: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13572: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13546: 13531: 13522: 13516: 13510: 13504: 13498: 13492: 13486: 13480: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13457: 13447: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13426: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13410:. 6 January 2022 13400: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13375: 13369: 13364: 13358: 13357: 13350: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13339: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13300: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13280:. Archived from 13270: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13245: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13220: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13209: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13176: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13165: 13160:. Borsa Istanbul 13155: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13121: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13092: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13063: 13054: 13048: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13037: 13023: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13012: 13002: 12994: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12983: 12945: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12916:. Archived from 12906: 12900: 12899: 12887: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12861: 12855: 12854: 12852: 12850: 12835: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12809: 12803: 12798: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12772: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12725: 12719: 12718: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12675: 12666: 12665: 12647: 12636: 12631: 12625: 12620: 12614: 12613: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12549: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12490: 12481: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12455:. Archived from 12453:Konda İnteraktif 12445: 12439: 12438: 12427: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12411:. 20 August 2019 12401: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12375: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12338: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12254: 12242: 12232: 12226: 12225: 12215: 12209: 12208: 12202: 12194: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12156: 12150: 12149: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12115: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12097:data.tuik.gov.tr 12089: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12069:. Archived from 12058: 12052: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12035: 12025: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12006: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11969:data.tuik.gov.tr 11961: 11952: 11946: 11940: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11917: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11791: 11785: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11753: 11744: 11738: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11718: 11707: 11698: 11692: 11686: 11677: 11676:, pp. 87–88 11671: 11665: 11659: 11653: 11647: 11641: 11635: 11629: 11628:, pp. 42–48 11623: 11617: 11616:, pp. 43–49 11611: 11605: 11604: 11598: 11596: 11577: 11571: 11565: 11559: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11503: 11492: 11487: 11476: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11452: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11399: 11388: 11369: 11363: 11356: 11350: 11340: 11334: 11324: 11318: 11312: 11293: 11287: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11159: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11105:. Archived from 11094: 11088: 11087:, pp. 78–96 11082: 11076: 11070: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11050: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11007: 11001: 10995: 10989: 10983: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10898: 10892: 10891: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10862: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10763: 10757: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10738:on 22 July 2011. 10734:. Archived from 10724: 10718: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10694:on 22 July 2011. 10693: 10687:. Archived from 10686: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10661:Net Zero Tracker 10653: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10637:on 17 April 2019 10633:. Archived from 10627: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10586:. 19 March 2018. 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10340: 10334: 10333: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10293: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10177: 10171: 10170: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10034: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9891: 9889: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9747: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9719: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9602: 9601:, pp. 87–89 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9557: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9513: 9498: 9497: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9451: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9191:on 5 August 2012 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9143: 9137: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9091:, pp. 8–10. 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8977: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8934:. Archived from 8922: 8916: 8915: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8763: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8693: 8687: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8661:, p. 352ff. 8656: 8650: 8644: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8612: 8601: 8600: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8549: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8413: 8398: 8397: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8167: 8151: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8128: 8104: 8095: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8013: 8008: 7993: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7952: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7891: 7885: 7860: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7737: 7727:Istanbul Airport 7723: 7705: 7697: 7689: 7658:Istanbul Airport 7643: 7639: 7604:Sirkeci Terminal 7592:Sirkeci Terminal 7568:Port of Istanbul 7554:Princes' Islands 7523: 7495: 7471: 7453: 7439: 7425: 7411: 7327: 7322:modern tram line 7254: 7253:400,000 vehicles 7237:Bosphorus Bridge 7158: 7142: 7126: 7092: 7083:Joint Commission 7076: 7072: 7068: 6985: 6981: 6944:sewage treatment 6937: 6829: 6820: 6624: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6563: 6555: 6531: 6421:Eczacıbaşı VitrA 6350:Sinan Erdem Dome 6223:Galatasaray S.K. 6178: 6167: 6156: 6145: 6002:Princes' Islands 5891:Istanbul Cevahir 5798:, alongside the 5609: 5592: 5583: 5538:Since 2023, the 5521:Bankalar Caddesi 5514:Bankalar Caddesi 5481: 5477: 5447: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5426:$ 128.34 billion 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5141: 4889: 4888: 4871:Greeks in Turkey 4801:Eastern Anatolia 4770: 4751: 4442: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4307: 4296: 4285: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4230: 4153:Princes' Islands 4033:imperial mosques 3996:Princes' Islands 3935:due to the blue 3931:is known as the 3896:Prison of Anemas 3876:Basilica Cistern 3864:Boukoleon Palace 3852:Hagios Theodoros 3803:(r. 1143–1180). 3711: 3700: 3689: 3678: 3657: 3655: 3620: 3618: 3605: 3603: 3589:Temple of Karnak 3571: 3567: 3564: 3551: 3548: 3475: 3445:Taksim Gezi Park 3346:Istanbul Airport 3074: 3072: 3071: 3057:, Alibeyköy and 3020:invasive species 2871:Submediterranean 2533: 2486: 2148:the main article 2139: 2138: 1880:Turkish Republic 1875: 1831:Bankalar Caddesi 1788:Treaty of Sèvres 1765:ethnic cleansing 1579:Social hierarchy 1508:"the Conqueror" 1481:Basilica Cistern 1479:The 6th century 1406:(1507) in Spain. 1395: 1361: 1340:against Emperor 1338:Pescennius Niger 1309:adjacent to the 1232: 1226: 1220: 1205:Turkish alphabet 1202: 1188: 1180: 1170: 1162: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1089: 1083: 1075: 1057: 1056: 1038: 1033: 1032: 981: 911: 906: 905: 900: 898:Constantinopolis 882: 877: 840:and the world's 737: 730: 695: 577: 566: 362: 360: 359: 347: 346: 344: 343: 342: 337: 333: 330: 329: 328: 325: 308: 307:Show map of Asia 294: 293: 287: 275: 261: 260: 254: 242: 228: 227: 221: 198: 171: 154: 140: 120: 106: 92: 74:, including the 68: 31: 30: 25358: 25357: 25353: 25352: 25351: 25349: 25348: 25347: 25263: 25262: 25261: 25256: 25255: 25250: 25241: 25239: 25228: 25197: 25176: 25148: 25113: 25067: 25046: 25020: 24994: 24953: 24865: 24834: 24829: 24799: 24794: 24570: 24564: 24560: 24527: 24521: 24517: 24466: 24465: 24459: 24456: 24426: 24421: 24263: 24258: 24228: 24223: 24218: 24217: 24160: 24159: 24102: 24101: 24036: 24035: 23978: 23977: 23906: 23900: 23870: 23865: 23852:Bediha Muvahhit 23761: 23707:Zühtü Müridoğlu 23650: 23624: 23598: 23593: 23563: 23558: 23406: 23403: 23373: 23368: 23358: 23343: 23324: 23298: 23278: 23258: 23244:2020-April 2021 23243: 23228: 23213: 23198: 23183: 23168: 23153: 23138: 23123: 23108: 23088: 23073: 23058: 23049:Luxembourg City 23043: 23033: 23023: 23008: 22993: 22978: 22963: 22913: 22903: 22893: 22883: 22873: 22869:Luxembourg City 22863: 22853: 22843: 22833: 22823: 22813: 22803: 22790: 22780: 22770: 22760: 22752: 22747: 22717: 22712: 22640: 22459: 22455:Women in Turkey 22423:Law enforcement 22377: 22373:Life expectancy 22339:Islam in Turkey 22293: 22182: 22144:National Police 22112: 22067: 21999: 21990:Turkish Riviera 21897: 21854: 21853: 21832: 21789: 21756: 21735:Language reform 21706: 21625: 21586: 21551: 21541: 21539: 21509: 21504: 21481: 21479: 21470: 21454: 21422: 21400: 21359: 21336: 21299: 21276: 21239: 21234: 21204: 21199: 21165:Bedrettin Dalan 21155: 21154: 21148: 21144:Abdullah Tırtıl 21124: 21123: 21117: 21083: 21082: 21076: 21032: 21031: 21025: 20971: 20970: 20964: 20956: 20926: 20921: 20905: 20839: 20782: 20732: 20685: 20620: 20565: 20502: 20470: 20409: 20346: 20304: 20284: 20264: 20255: 20254: 20243: 20037: 20027: 19992: 19984: 19979: 19956: 19954: 19941: 19863: 19780: 19664: 19650:Kuruçeşme Arena 19620:Cemal Reşit Rey 19581: 19505: 19496:Tahtakale Hamam 19471:Cağaloğlu Hamam 19458:Hammams (baths) 19452: 19383:Hesed Le Avraam 19310: 19291:İstiklal Avenue 19262: 19224: 19182: 19125: 19106:Maslak Pavilion 19032: 18981: 18942:Museum of Media 18903: 18894:Military Museum 18889:Aviation Museum 18875: 18802: 18756: 18737:SantralIstanbul 18677:İstanbul Modern 18647:Doğançay Museum 18615: 18592: 18564: 18535:Selimiye Mosque 18511: 18468: 18437: 18408:Mısır Apartment 18369: 18321: 18298: 18284:German Fountain 18260: 18197: 18164: 18123: 18090: 18032: 17970: 17965: 17931:Wayback Machine 17915:Wayback Machine 17891:Wayback Machine 17879: 17874: 17868: 17849: 17830: 17811: 17784: 17765: 17746: 17727: 17708: 17689: 17666: 17647: 17628: 17609: 17590: 17571: 17552: 17533: 17514: 17495: 17477: 17458: 17439: 17420: 17394: 17392: 17388: 17381: 17368: 17337: 17318: 17299: 17280: 17261: 17242: 17223: 17202: 17183: 17164: 17143: 17124: 17105: 17086: 17067: 17048: 17029: 17010: 16991: 16943: 16924: 16905: 16886: 16867: 16848: 16825: 16806: 16787: 16766: 16747: 16737:Medical Tourism 16728: 16709: 16690: 16671: 16652: 16633: 16608: 16606: 16604: 16583: 16564: 16545: 16526: 16507: 16488: 16469: 16452: 16447: 16437: 16435: 16426: 16425: 16418: 16408: 16406: 16393: 16392: 16388: 16378: 16376: 16367: 16366: 16362: 16352: 16350: 16340: 16336: 16326: 16324: 16313: 16309: 16295: 16293: 16284: 16283: 16279: 16270: 16269: 16265: 16260:. 6 April 2019. 16252: 16251: 16247: 16237: 16235: 16230: 16229: 16225: 16215: 16213: 16204: 16203: 16199: 16189: 16187: 16172: 16165: 16155: 16153: 16144: 16143: 16139: 16129: 16127: 16120: 16116: 16100: 16099: 16092: 16090: 16085: 16084: 16080: 16070: 16068: 16058: 16054: 16044: 16042: 16041:on 4 April 2012 16033: 16032: 16028: 16015: 16014: 16010: 16000: 15998: 15989: 15988: 15984: 15974: 15972: 15964: 15963: 15959: 15949: 15947: 15945:"Sehir Hatlari" 15943: 15941: 15937: 15927: 15925: 15916: 15915: 15911: 15901: 15899: 15890: 15889: 15885: 15875: 15873: 15864: 15863: 15859: 15849: 15847: 15834: 15833: 15829: 15819: 15817: 15810:"Ağ Haritaları" 15808: 15807: 15803: 15793: 15791: 15790:on 9 April 2014 15782: 15781: 15777: 15767: 15765: 15756: 15755: 15751: 15740: 15738: 15729: 15728: 15724: 15714: 15712: 15703: 15702: 15698: 15688: 15686: 15685:on 16 June 2012 15678: 15674: 15673: 15664: 15654: 15652: 15642: 15638: 15628: 15626: 15613: 15612: 15608: 15595: 15594: 15590: 15580: 15578: 15568: 15564: 15554: 15552: 15544: 15538: 15534: 15517: 15516: 15512: 15504: 15500: 15490: 15488: 15480: 15479: 15475: 15465: 15463: 15455: 15454: 15445: 15435: 15433: 15426: 15422: 15421: 15417: 15407: 15405: 15397: 15393: 15392: 15388: 15380: 15376: 15368: 15364: 15356: 15352: 15344: 15340: 15332: 15328: 15318: 15316: 15315:on 6 March 2016 15307: 15306: 15299: 15291: 15287: 15271: 15270: 15263: 15261: 15256: 15255: 15251: 15243: 15239: 15229: 15227: 15218: 15217: 15206: 15196: 15194: 15185: 15184: 15177: 15167: 15165: 15164:on 30 July 2012 15156: 15155: 15146: 15136: 15134: 15125: 15124: 15120: 15112: 15108: 15098: 15096: 15087: 15086: 15079: 15072: 15058: 15054: 15044: 15042: 15034: 15033: 15029: 15019: 15017: 15014:aydinlik.com.tr 15006: 15002: 14989: 14988: 14984: 14974: 14972: 14963: 14962: 14958: 14951: 14937: 14928: 14918: 14916: 14905: 14901: 14891: 14889: 14887:istanbul.gov.tr 14881: 14880: 14873: 14863: 14861: 14856: 14855: 14851: 14843: 14839: 14829: 14827: 14818: 14817: 14813: 14805: 14801: 14791: 14789: 14780: 14779: 14772: 14762: 14760: 14748: 14744: 14734: 14732: 14719: 14718: 14714: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14693: 14682: 14674: 14670: 14660: 14658: 14650: 14649: 14645: 14635: 14633: 14623: 14619: 14609: 14607: 14598: 14597: 14593: 14580: 14579: 14575: 14565: 14563: 14558: 14557: 14553: 14543: 14541: 14532: 14531: 14527: 14517: 14515: 14514:on 16 June 2012 14507: 14503: 14502: 14498: 14493:. 25 June 2021. 14485: 14484: 14480: 14470: 14468: 14459: 14458: 14454: 14444: 14442: 14434: 14433: 14429: 14419: 14417: 14407: 14403: 14393: 14391: 14381: 14377: 14367: 14365: 14360: 14359: 14355: 14345: 14343: 14334: 14333: 14329: 14319: 14317: 14308: 14307: 14303: 14293: 14291: 14282: 14281: 14277: 14267: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14256: 14252: 14242: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14231: 14227: 14217: 14215: 14205: 14201: 14191: 14189: 14180: 14179: 14175: 14165: 14163: 14160:The Independent 14154: 14153: 14149: 14139: 14137: 14132: 14131: 14127: 14117: 14115: 14106: 14105: 14101: 14091: 14089: 14084: 14083: 14079: 14069: 14067: 14058: 14057: 14050: 14040: 14038: 14024: 14023: 14019: 14009: 14007: 14006:on 29 June 2009 13998: 13997: 13993: 13983: 13981: 13972: 13971: 13967: 13957: 13955: 13945: 13941: 13931: 13929: 13919: 13915: 13907: 13903: 13893: 13891: 13881: 13877: 13869: 13865: 13857: 13853: 13845: 13841: 13833: 13826: 13819: 13801: 13797: 13787: 13785: 13775: 13771: 13761: 13759: 13750: 13749: 13745: 13735: 13733: 13723: 13719: 13709: 13707: 13697: 13693: 13683: 13681: 13672: 13671: 13667: 13659: 13655: 13645: 13643: 13632: 13628: 13620: 13616: 13608: 13604: 13596: 13592: 13584: 13580: 13570: 13568: 13558: 13554: 13544: 13542: 13533: 13532: 13525: 13517: 13513: 13505: 13501: 13493: 13489: 13481: 13477: 13469: 13465: 13455: 13453: 13449: 13448: 13444: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13423: 13413: 13411: 13402: 13401: 13397: 13387: 13385: 13377: 13376: 13372: 13365: 13361: 13352: 13351: 13347: 13337: 13335: 13327: 13326: 13322: 13312: 13310: 13302: 13301: 13297: 13287: 13285: 13272: 13271: 13267: 13257: 13255: 13247: 13246: 13242: 13232: 13230: 13222: 13221: 13217: 13207: 13205: 13197: 13196: 13192: 13177: 13173: 13163: 13161: 13153: 13149: 13148: 13144: 13134: 13132: 13129:heritage.bnf.fr 13123: 13122: 13115: 13105: 13103: 13094: 13093: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13064: 13057: 13049: 13045: 13035: 13033: 13025: 13024: 13020: 13010: 13008: 13000: 12996: 12995: 12991: 12981: 12979: 12969: 12947: 12946: 12933: 12923: 12921: 12914:secim.aa.com.tr 12908: 12907: 12903: 12888: 12884: 12874: 12872: 12870:Financial Times 12862: 12858: 12848: 12846: 12836: 12832: 12822: 12820: 12811: 12810: 12806: 12799: 12795: 12785: 12783: 12774: 12773: 12769: 12759: 12757: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12740: 12726: 12722: 12715: 12701: 12697: 12690: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12648: 12639: 12632: 12628: 12621: 12617: 12610: 12596: 12592: 12582: 12580: 12571: 12570: 12566: 12556: 12554: 12547: 12541: 12537: 12527: 12525: 12514: 12510: 12500: 12498: 12491: 12484: 12476: 12472: 12462: 12460: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12429: 12428: 12424: 12414: 12412: 12403: 12402: 12398: 12388: 12386: 12377: 12376: 12372: 12362: 12360: 12350: 12346: 12336: 12334: 12327: 12323: 12313: 12311: 12301: 12297: 12290: 12274: 12270: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12233: 12229: 12216: 12212: 12200: 12196: 12195: 12180: 12170: 12168: 12157: 12153: 12142: 12138: 12128: 12126: 12124:Financial Times 12116: 12112: 12102: 12100: 12091: 12090: 12086: 12076: 12074: 12059: 12055: 12047: 12043: 12033: 12031: 12023: 12019: 12018: 12014: 12004: 12002: 11989: 11988: 11984: 11974: 11972: 11963: 11962: 11955: 11947: 11943: 11935: 11931: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11910: 11906: 11897: 11896: 11892: 11882: 11880: 11875: 11874: 11870: 11862: 11858: 11848: 11846: 11837: 11836: 11832: 11822: 11820: 11819:on 15 July 2019 11811: 11804: 11802: 11801:on 12 July 2018 11793: 11792: 11788: 11780: 11776: 11766: 11764: 11755: 11754: 11747: 11739: 11732: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11705: 11699: 11695: 11687: 11680: 11672: 11668: 11660: 11656: 11648: 11644: 11636: 11632: 11624: 11620: 11612: 11608: 11594: 11592: 11591:on 1 April 2015 11579: 11578: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11554: 11550: 11543: 11529: 11525: 11518: 11510:. I.B. Tauris. 11504: 11495: 11488: 11479: 11471: 11467: 11462:. 8 April 2024. 11454: 11453: 11446: 11436: 11434: 11426: 11425: 11421: 11414: 11400: 11391: 11386:Wayback Machine 11370: 11366: 11357: 11353: 11341: 11337: 11325: 11321: 11313: 11296: 11288: 11284: 11274: 11272: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11250: 11246: 11238: 11234: 11224: 11222: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11198: 11196: 11186: 11182: 11172: 11170: 11160: 11156: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11095: 11091: 11083: 11079: 11071: 11064: 11056: 11052: 11051: 11042: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11008: 11004: 10996: 10992: 10984: 10980: 10970: 10968: 10959: 10958: 10954: 10944: 10942: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10899: 10895: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10872:. 1 March 2019. 10864: 10863: 10859: 10849: 10847: 10842: 10841: 10837: 10827: 10825: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10801: 10799: 10797:The Irish Times 10789: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10765: 10764: 10760: 10747: 10743: 10726: 10725: 10721: 10712: 10708: 10703: 10699: 10691: 10684: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10655: 10654: 10650: 10640: 10638: 10629: 10628: 10624: 10595: 10591: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10529: 10525: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10506:. 24 July 2018. 10498: 10497: 10493: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10447: 10445: 10440: 10439: 10435: 10425: 10423: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10400: 10398: 10385: 10384: 10380: 10367: 10366: 10362: 10352: 10350: 10342: 10341: 10337: 10310: 10306: 10295: 10294: 10287: 10277: 10275: 10274:. 28 March 2024 10266: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10249: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10207: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10179: 10178: 10174: 10165: 10164: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10115: 10114: 10110: 10100: 10098: 10090: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10062: 10061: 10057: 10047: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10028: 10018: 10016: 10015:. 4 August 2023 10007: 10006: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9948: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9914: 9910: 9887: 9885: 9858: 9854: 9844: 9842: 9834:Politico Europe 9825: 9821: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9766: 9762: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9731: 9729: 9721: 9720: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9681: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9612: 9605: 9597: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9558: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9532: 9514: 9501: 9494: 9480: 9473: 9466: 9452: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9392: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9345:"Deesis Mosaic" 9343: 9342: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9318: 9314: 9306: 9302: 9294: 9290: 9283: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9244: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9194: 9192: 9177: 9173: 9165: 9161: 9153: 9146: 9138: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9051: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9011: 8999: 8995: 8987: 8980: 8967: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8905: 8901: 8891: 8889: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8850:hurriyet.com.tr 8844: 8843: 8839: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8775: 8764: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8705: 8703: 8694: 8690: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8634: 8624: 8622: 8614: 8613: 8604: 8597: 8579: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8550: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8434: 8430: 8415: 8414: 8401: 8394: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8322: 8318: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8281:www.tuik.gov.tr 8275: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8252:www.tuik.gov.tr 8246: 8245: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8222:www.tuik.gov.tr 8216: 8215: 8208: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8178: 8177:on 6 April 2020 8169: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8154: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8125:History section 8105: 8098: 8076: 8072: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8051: 8042: 8038: 8026: 8015: 8014: 8006: 7991: 7956: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7898: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7795: 7793: 7786: 7781: 7779: 7772: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7729: 7724: 7703: 7695: 7687: 7669:Atatürk Airport 7654: 7641: 7637: 7621:Baghdad Railway 7576: 7542:ferry operators 7538: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7524: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7496: 7485: 7478: 7472: 7463: 7459:station of the 7454: 7445: 7440: 7431: 7426: 7409: 7397:Marmaray Tunnel 7325: 7274: 7252: 7201: 7196: 7186:Roads in Turkey 7182: 7170:Main articles: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7118: 7117: 7116:at the Bosporus 7107: 7099:hair transplant 7090: 7087:medical tourism 7074: 7070: 7066: 6983: 6979: 6959:SantralIstanbul 6935: 6928:Valens Aqueduct 6916: 6906: 6900: 6898:Public services 6845: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6822: 6821: 6739:Istanbul Lisesi 6707:private schools 6687: 6681: 6676: 6669:there in 1999. 6622: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6529: 6492:Takvim-i Vekayi 6476: 6374:EuroBasket 2001 6283:track and field 6227:Fenerbahçe S.K. 6211: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6135: 6129: 6113:İstiklal Avenue 6009:Ottoman cuisine 5933:İstiklal Avenue 5879:Galleria Ataköy 5856:. The city has 5819:İstiklal Avenue 5812: 5800:Venice Biennale 5708:SantralIstanbul 5692:İstanbul Modern 5676:Osman Hamdi Bey 5634: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5610: 5590: 5581: 5479: 5478:of exports and 5475: 5445: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5422:$ 83.66 billion 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5351: 5345: 5280:Binali Yıldırım 5218: 5120:İstiklal Avenue 5017:Jamal Khashoggi 4979: 4978: 4970: 4957: 4942: 4927: 4912: 4885: 4855: 4849: 4768: 4749: 4705: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4085: 4077:Main articles: 4075: 3836:Hagia Theodosia 3801:Manuel Komnenos 3747: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3652: 3645:Lateran Obelisk 3615: 3600: 3569: 3565: 3550: 6500 BCE 3549: 3531:Genoese citadel 3520: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3481: 3476: 3354: 3316: 3255: 3218:Bosporus Bridge 3178:İstiklal Avenue 3123: 3118: 3108: 3103: 3095:marine mucilage 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3028: 2968:harbor porpoise 2915:Turkish Straits 2804:humid temperate 2777: 2775:Flora and fauna 2750: 2729: 2724: 2531: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2118:rain-snow mixes 2102:oceanic climate 2075: 2069: 2004: 1998: 1951:Bosporus Strait 1939: 1929: 1897:1942 wealth tax 1882: 1805:, was declared 1702:Austria-Hungary 1670:İstiklal Avenue 1606:Ottoman dynasty 1565:huge new palace 1518: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1362: 1351: 1323:Athenian League 1300:Pliny the Elder 1298:, mentioned by 1256: 1249: 1243: 1183:Ottoman Turkish 1165:Ottoman Turkish 1149: 1127: 1117: 1116: 1108: 1101:Ottoman Turkish 1078:Ottoman Turkish 1006: 1000: 979: 834:Bosporus Strait 753: 740: 735:istanbul.gov.tr 733: 726: 693: 661: 642: 612: 596: 575: 556: 514: 394:Provincial seat 357: 355: 340: 338: 334: 331: 326: 323: 321: 319: 318: 312: 311: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 295: 278: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 262: 245: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 234: 233: 229: 207: 206: 189: 188: 187: 186: 185: 172: 163: 162: 161: 155: 147: 146: 141: 132: 131: 130: 124:İstiklal Avenue 121: 113: 112: 107: 99: 98: 93: 84: 83: 82: 69: 54: 41: 36: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 25356: 25346: 25345: 25340: 25335: 25330: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25310: 25305: 25303:Constantinople 25300: 25295: 25290: 25285: 25280: 25275: 25258: 25257: 25252: 25251: 25237: 25234: 25233: 25230: 25229: 25227: 25226: 25221: 25216: 25211: 25205: 25203: 25199: 25198: 25196: 25195: 25190: 25184: 25182: 25178: 25177: 25175: 25174: 25169: 25167:Rio de Janeiro 25163: 25161: 25154: 25150: 25149: 25147: 25146: 25141: 25136: 25131: 25125: 25123: 25119: 25118: 25115: 25114: 25112: 25111: 25106: 25101: 25096: 25091: 25086: 25081: 25075: 25073: 25069: 25068: 25066: 25065: 25060: 25054: 25052: 25048: 25047: 25045: 25044: 25039: 25034: 25028: 25026: 25022: 25021: 25019: 25018: 25013: 25008: 25002: 25000: 24996: 24995: 24993: 24992: 24987: 24982: 24977: 24972: 24967: 24961: 24959: 24955: 24954: 24952: 24951: 24946: 24941: 24936: 24931: 24926: 24921: 24916: 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24886: 24880: 24878: 24871: 24867: 24866: 24864: 24863: 24858: 24853: 24848: 24842: 24840: 24836: 24835: 24828: 24827: 24820: 24813: 24805: 24796: 24795: 24791: 24790: 24787: 24782: 24779: 24776: 24771: 24767: 24766: 24763: 24758: 24755: 24752: 24747: 24743: 24742: 24739: 24734: 24731: 24728: 24723: 24719: 24718: 24715: 24710: 24707: 24704: 24699: 24695: 24694: 24691: 24686: 24683: 24680: 24675: 24671: 24670: 24667: 24662: 24659: 24656: 24651: 24647: 24646: 24643: 24638: 24635: 24632: 24627: 24623: 24622: 24619: 24614: 24611: 24608: 24603: 24599: 24598: 24595: 24590: 24587: 24584: 24579: 24575: 24574: 24553: 24550: 24545: 24542: 24539: 24534: 24531: 24509: 24508: 24506: 24501: 24496: 24491: 24486: 24481: 24476: 24471: 24468: 24467: 24460: 24455: 24454: 24447: 24440: 24432: 24423: 24422: 24420: 24419: 24414: 24409: 24404: 24399: 24394: 24389: 24384: 24379: 24374: 24369: 24364: 24359: 24354: 24349: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24304: 24299: 24294: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24274: 24268: 24265: 24264: 24257: 24256: 24249: 24242: 24234: 24225: 24224: 24220: 24219: 24216: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24195: 24190: 24185: 24180: 24175: 24170: 24164: 24163: 24161: 24158: 24157: 24152: 24147: 24142: 24137: 24132: 24127: 24122: 24120:Rio de Janeiro 24117: 24112: 24106: 24105: 24103: 24100: 24099: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24060: 24055: 24046: 24040: 24039: 24037: 24034: 24033: 24028: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23988: 23982: 23981: 23979: 23976: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23955: 23950: 23945: 23936: 23931: 23926: 23920: 23919: 23917: 23911: 23908: 23907: 23899: 23898: 23891: 23884: 23876: 23867: 23866: 23864: 23863: 23858: 23855: 23847: 23844: 23841: 23836: 23831: 23828: 23825: 23820: 23815: 23810: 23807: 23804: 23799: 23794: 23789: 23784: 23781:Güzel İstanbul 23777: 23769: 23767: 23763: 23762: 23760: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23709: 23704: 23699: 23694: 23689: 23687:Namık Denizhan 23684: 23682:Bihrat Mavitan 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23658: 23656: 23652: 23651: 23649: 23648: 23643: 23641:Mustafa Aslıer 23638: 23632: 23630: 23626: 23625: 23623: 23622: 23617: 23612: 23606: 23604: 23600: 23599: 23592: 23591: 23584: 23577: 23569: 23560: 23559: 23557: 23556: 23550: 23544: 23538: 23532: 23526: 23520: 23514: 23508: 23502: 23496: 23490: 23484: 23478: 23472: 23466: 23460: 23454: 23448: 23442: 23436: 23430: 23424: 23418: 23411: 23408: 23407: 23402: 23401: 23394: 23387: 23379: 23370: 23369: 23367: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23341: 23336: 23327: 23322: 23315: 23308: 23301: 23296: 23291: 23286: 23281: 23276: 23271: 23266: 23261: 23256: 23251: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23211: 23206: 23201: 23196: 23191: 23186: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23041: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22981: 22976: 22971: 22966: 22961: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22941: 22936: 22931: 22926: 22921: 22916: 22911: 22906: 22901: 22896: 22891: 22886: 22881: 22876: 22871: 22866: 22861: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22811: 22806: 22801: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22757: 22754: 22753: 22746: 22745: 22738: 22731: 22723: 22714: 22713: 22711: 22710: 22698: 22686: 22674: 22662: 22649: 22646: 22645: 22642: 22641: 22639: 22638: 22633: 22628: 22623: 22618: 22613: 22612: 22611: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22576: 22575: 22574: 22572:Radio stations 22569: 22564: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22529: 22524: 22519: 22518: 22517: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22491: 22490: 22485: 22475: 22469: 22467: 22458: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22441: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22420: 22415: 22414: 22413: 22403: 22398: 22397: 22396: 22385: 22383: 22379: 22378: 22376: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22364: 22363: 22358: 22353: 22343: 22342: 22341: 22331: 22330: 22329: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22307:Turkish people 22303: 22301: 22295: 22294: 22292: 22291: 22290: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22272:Transportation 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22248: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22196: 22194: 22188: 22187: 22184: 22183: 22181: 22180: 22179: 22178: 22173: 22168: 22158: 22153: 22152: 22151: 22146: 22136: 22131: 22126: 22120: 22118: 22114: 22113: 22111: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22095: 22094: 22093: 22088: 22077: 22075: 22069: 22068: 22066: 22065: 22064: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22038: 22037: 22036: 22026: 22020: 22018: 22011: 22005: 22004: 22001: 22000: 21998: 21997: 21992: 21987: 21982: 21980:National parks 21977: 21972: 21967: 21962: 21957: 21952: 21951: 21950: 21945: 21935: 21934: 21933: 21928: 21918: 21917: 21916: 21914:Climate change 21905: 21903: 21899: 21898: 21896: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21863:Marmara Region 21859: 21857: 21855:(west to east) 21844: 21838: 21837: 21834: 21833: 21831: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21810: 21809: 21808: 21797: 21795: 21791: 21790: 21788: 21787: 21782: 21781: 21780: 21770: 21768:Constitutional 21764: 21762: 21758: 21757: 21755: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21743: 21742: 21737: 21727: 21722: 21716: 21714: 21708: 21707: 21705: 21704: 21703: 21702: 21692: 21691: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21670: 21669: 21668: 21658: 21656:Transformation 21653: 21652: 21651: 21641: 21635: 21633: 21631:Ottoman Empire 21627: 21626: 21624: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21612: 21611: 21600: 21598: 21588: 21587: 21585: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21568: 21566: 21559: 21553: 21552: 21538: 21537: 21530: 21523: 21515: 21506: 21505: 21503: 21502: 21490: 21475: 21472: 21471: 21469: 21468: 21462: 21460: 21456: 21455: 21453: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21440:Hevsel Gardens 21432: 21430: 21424: 21423: 21421: 21420: 21410: 21408: 21402: 21401: 21399: 21398: 21393: 21388: 21382:Historic Areas 21379: 21369: 21367: 21361: 21360: 21358: 21357: 21352: 21346: 21344: 21338: 21337: 21335: 21334: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21309: 21307: 21301: 21300: 21298: 21297: 21292: 21286: 21284: 21278: 21277: 21275: 21274: 21269: 21260: 21255: 21249: 21247: 21241: 21240: 21233: 21232: 21225: 21218: 21210: 21201: 21200: 21198: 21197: 21195:Ekrem İmamoğlu 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21170:Nurettin Sözen 21167: 21161: 21159: 21156:(1984 to date) 21150: 21149: 21147: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21130: 21128: 21119: 21118: 21116: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21089: 21087: 21078: 21077: 21075: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21062:Kamuran Görgün 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21038: 21036: 21027: 21026: 21024: 21023: 21018: 21016:Ethem Yetkiner 21013: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20977: 20975: 20966: 20965: 20955: 20954: 20947: 20940: 20932: 20923: 20922: 20914: 20911: 20910: 20907: 20906: 20904: 20903: 20898: 20891: 20886: 20879: 20874: 20867: 20860: 20855: 20849: 20847: 20841: 20840: 20838: 20837: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20792: 20790: 20784: 20783: 20781: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20763: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20742: 20740: 20734: 20733: 20731: 20730: 20723: 20718: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20695: 20693: 20691:East Black Sea 20687: 20686: 20684: 20683: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20630: 20628: 20626:West Black Sea 20622: 20621: 20619: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20598: 20593: 20588: 20581: 20575: 20573: 20567: 20566: 20564: 20563: 20558: 20551: 20544: 20539: 20532: 20527: 20520: 20512: 20510: 20504: 20503: 20501: 20500: 20493: 20488: 20480: 20478: 20472: 20471: 20469: 20468: 20463: 20456: 20449: 20442: 20437: 20430: 20425: 20419: 20417: 20411: 20410: 20408: 20407: 20402: 20395: 20388: 20383: 20376: 20369: 20362: 20360:Afyonkarahisar 20356: 20354: 20348: 20347: 20345: 20344: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20314: 20312: 20306: 20305: 20303: 20302: 20294: 20292: 20286: 20285: 20266: 20265: 20246: 20244: 20242: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20051: 20045: 20043: 20039: 20038: 20026: 20025: 20018: 20011: 20003: 19997: 19994: 19993: 19981: 19980: 19978: 19977: 19965: 19950: 19947: 19946: 19943: 19942: 19940: 19939: 19938: 19937: 19927: 19926: 19925: 19915: 19914: 19913: 19903: 19902: 19901: 19891: 19890: 19889: 19884: 19873: 19871: 19865: 19864: 19862: 19861: 19860: 19859: 19854: 19852:Phanar College 19849: 19847:Halki seminary 19839: 19838: 19837: 19827: 19826: 19825: 19815: 19814: 19813: 19803: 19802: 19801: 19790: 19788: 19782: 19781: 19779: 19778: 19777: 19776: 19771: 19761: 19760: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19727: 19726: 19725: 19720: 19710: 19709: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19687: 19685: 19676: 19670: 19669: 19666: 19665: 19663: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19591: 19589: 19583: 19582: 19580: 19579: 19577:Sugar Festival 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19528: 19526: 19517: 19507: 19506: 19504: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19468: 19462: 19460: 19454: 19453: 19451: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19380: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19324: 19322: 19316: 19315: 19312: 19311: 19309: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19272: 19270: 19264: 19263: 19261: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19234: 19232: 19226: 19225: 19223: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19201: 19199: 19190: 19184: 19183: 19181: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19143:Belgrad Forest 19139: 19137: 19131: 19130: 19127: 19126: 19124: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19042: 19040: 19034: 19033: 19031: 19030: 19025: 19023:Topkapı Palace 19020: 19015: 19013:Çırağan Palace 19010: 19004: 19002: 18993: 18987: 18986: 18983: 18982: 18980: 18979: 18977:Zoology Museum 18974: 18972:Railway Museum 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18913: 18911: 18905: 18904: 18902: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18885: 18883: 18877: 18876: 18874: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18831:Atatürk Museum 18828: 18823: 18818: 18812: 18810: 18804: 18803: 18801: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18764: 18762: 18758: 18757: 18755: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18638: 18636: 18627: 18621: 18620: 18617: 18616: 18614: 18613: 18611:Şakirin Mosque 18608: 18602: 18600: 18594: 18593: 18591: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18574: 18572: 18566: 18565: 18563: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18550:Çamlıca Mosque 18547: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18530:Bayezid Mosque 18527: 18521: 18519: 18513: 18512: 18510: 18509: 18504: 18502:Ortaköy Mosque 18499: 18494: 18489: 18484: 18478: 18476: 18470: 18469: 18467: 18466: 18460: 18458: 18449: 18443: 18442: 18439: 18438: 18436: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18379: 18377: 18371: 18370: 18368: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18355:Maiden's Tower 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18331: 18329: 18323: 18322: 18320: 18319: 18314: 18308: 18306: 18300: 18299: 18297: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18270: 18268: 18262: 18261: 18259: 18258: 18256:Walled Obelisk 18253: 18251:Serpent Column 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18207: 18205: 18199: 18198: 18196: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18174: 18172: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18162: 18157: 18155:Büyük Yeni Han 18152: 18146: 18144: 18135: 18129: 18128: 18125: 18124: 18122: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18100: 18098: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18088: 18086:Zoodochus Pege 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18042: 18040: 18034: 18033: 18031: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17989: 17987: 17978: 17972: 17971: 17964: 17963: 17956: 17949: 17941: 17935: 17934: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17878: 17877:External links 17875: 17873: 17872: 17866: 17853: 17847: 17834: 17828: 17815: 17809: 17788: 17782: 17769: 17763: 17750: 17744: 17731: 17725: 17712: 17706: 17693: 17687: 17670: 17664: 17651: 17645: 17632: 17626: 17613: 17607: 17594: 17588: 17575: 17569: 17556: 17550: 17537: 17531: 17518: 17512: 17499: 17493: 17481: 17475: 17462: 17456: 17443: 17437: 17424: 17418: 17401: 17372: 17366: 17353: 17344:Mansel, Philip 17341: 17335: 17322: 17316: 17303: 17297: 17284: 17278: 17265: 17259: 17246: 17240: 17227: 17221: 17206: 17200: 17187: 17181: 17168: 17162: 17147: 17141: 17128: 17122: 17109: 17103: 17090: 17084: 17071: 17065: 17052: 17046: 17033: 17027: 17014: 17008: 16995: 16989: 16976: 16964:10.2307/283503 16947: 16941: 16928: 16922: 16909: 16903: 16890: 16884: 16871: 16865: 16852: 16846: 16829: 16823: 16810: 16804: 16791: 16785: 16770: 16764: 16751: 16745: 16732: 16726: 16713: 16707: 16694: 16688: 16675: 16669: 16656: 16650: 16637: 16631: 16618: 16602: 16587: 16581: 16568: 16562: 16549: 16543: 16530: 16524: 16511: 16505: 16492: 16486: 16473: 16467: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16445: 16416: 16386: 16360: 16334: 16307: 16292:. 6 April 2019 16277: 16263: 16245: 16223: 16197: 16163: 16137: 16114: 16078: 16052: 16026: 16008: 15982: 15970:www.ido.com.tr 15957: 15935: 15909: 15883: 15857: 15827: 15801: 15775: 15749: 15722: 15696: 15662: 15636: 15606: 15601:Anadolu Agency 15588: 15562: 15532: 15510: 15498: 15473: 15443: 15415: 15386: 15374: 15362: 15360:, p. 198. 15350: 15348:, p. 197. 15338: 15326: 15297: 15285: 15249: 15237: 15204: 15175: 15144: 15118: 15106: 15077: 15070: 15052: 15027: 15000: 14982: 14956: 14949: 14926: 14899: 14871: 14858:"Chris Morris" 14849: 14837: 14811: 14799: 14788:on 9 June 2011 14770: 14742: 14712: 14680: 14668: 14643: 14617: 14606:on 4 June 2012 14591: 14573: 14551: 14540:on 7 July 2012 14534:"The Circuits" 14525: 14496: 14478: 14452: 14427: 14401: 14375: 14353: 14342:on 3 June 2013 14327: 14316:on 3 June 2013 14301: 14275: 14250: 14225: 14199: 14173: 14147: 14125: 14114:on 14 May 2016 14099: 14077: 14048: 14017: 13991: 13980:. 17 June 2016 13965: 13939: 13913: 13901: 13875: 13863: 13851: 13847:Taşan-Kok 2004 13839: 13824: 13817: 13795: 13769: 13743: 13717: 13691: 13665: 13653: 13626: 13614: 13602: 13590: 13578: 13552: 13523: 13511: 13499: 13497:, pp. 2–4 13487: 13475: 13463: 13442: 13421: 13395: 13370: 13359: 13345: 13320: 13295: 13284:on 16 May 2023 13265: 13240: 13215: 13190: 13185:Anadolu Agency 13171: 13142: 13113: 13084: 13055: 13053:, p. 112. 13043: 13018: 12989: 12967: 12931: 12920:on 14 May 2023 12901: 12882: 12856: 12830: 12819:. 2 April 2019 12804: 12793: 12767: 12745: 12738: 12720: 12713: 12695: 12688: 12667: 12660: 12637: 12626: 12615: 12608: 12590: 12564: 12535: 12508: 12497:. Ekathimerini 12482: 12470: 12440: 12422: 12396: 12370: 12344: 12333:. The Atlantic 12321: 12295: 12288: 12268: 12256: 12249: 12243:. Free Press. 12227: 12210: 12178: 12151: 12144:Murat, Sedat. 12136: 12110: 12084: 12053: 12041: 12012: 11982: 11953: 11941: 11929: 11904: 11890: 11868: 11856: 11839:"Organizasyon" 11830: 11786: 11774: 11745: 11730: 11693: 11678: 11674:Taşan-Kok 2004 11666: 11654: 11650:Taşan-Kok 2004 11642: 11630: 11618: 11606: 11572: 11560: 11548: 11541: 11523: 11516: 11493: 11477: 11465: 11444: 11419: 11412: 11389: 11364: 11351: 11335: 11319: 11294: 11282: 11256: 11244: 11232: 11206: 11180: 11154: 11140: 11120: 11089: 11077: 11075:, p. 281. 11062: 11040: 11038:, p. 105. 11028: 11002: 10990: 10978: 10952: 10924: 10893: 10890:. August 2020. 10875: 10857: 10835: 10809: 10783: 10758: 10741: 10719: 10706: 10697: 10673: 10648: 10622: 10609:(3): 1009–18. 10589: 10571: 10546: 10523: 10509: 10491: 10473: 10470:. 2 July 2017. 10455: 10433: 10408: 10378: 10373:www.birgun.net 10360: 10335: 10304: 10285: 10259: 10233: 10200: 10172: 10158: 10133: 10108: 10083: 10072:. 4 March 2022 10055: 10026: 10000: 9988: 9976: 9962: 9942: 9928: 9908: 9872:(2): 137–154. 9852: 9819: 9800:(1): 201–243. 9784: 9772: 9760: 9753:(in Turkish). 9739: 9714: 9702: 9695: 9675: 9663: 9658:Tarihi Olaylar 9645: 9630: 9618: 9603: 9591: 9579: 9572: 9549: 9537: 9530: 9499: 9492: 9471: 9464: 9443: 9431: 9422: 9410: 9398: 9386: 9374: 9362: 9336: 9324: 9322:, p. 340. 9312: 9300: 9288: 9281: 9263: 9256: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9171: 9159: 9144: 9129: 9117: 9105: 9093: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9045: 9033: 9021: 9009: 8993: 8991:, p. 199. 8978: 8961: 8949: 8917: 8908:Janin, Raymond 8899: 8873: 8855: 8837: 8785: 8749: 8737: 8725: 8713: 8699:Constantinople 8688: 8675: 8673:, p. 262. 8671:Necipoğlu 2010 8663: 8659:Georgacas 1947 8651: 8632: 8602: 8595: 8589:. March 2008. 8569: 8562: 8517: 8489: 8474: 8462: 8455: 8428: 8399: 8392: 8372: 8365: 8344: 8337: 8325:Wells, John C. 8316: 8298: 8268: 8254:(in Turkish). 8239: 8206: 8188: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8138: 8129: 8096: 8070: 8049: 8036: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7805: 7791: 7777: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7714:in that year. 7653: 7650: 7608:Orient Express 7596:Orient Express 7590:, the current 7575: 7572: 7525: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7497: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7473: 7466: 7464: 7461:Istanbul Metro 7455: 7448: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7432: 7427: 7420: 7345:Istanbul Metro 7328:each day. The 7292:lines, buses, 7273: 7270: 7266:Eurasia Tunnel 7229:devlet yollari 7200: 7197: 7176:Istanbul Metro 7160: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105:Transportation 7103: 6961:, part of the 6902:Main article: 6899: 6896: 6873:1982 amendment 6861:Koç University 6834: 6833: 6824: 6823: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6766:. Furthermore 6748:Robert College 6680: 6677: 6475: 6472: 6410:UEFA Euro 2016 6406:UEFA Euro 2012 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6125: 6105:Istanbul Pride 5953:, designed by 5811: 5808: 5643:houses on the 5630:Main article: 5627: 5624: 5612: 5611: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5503:Borsa Istanbul 5499:stock exchange 5458:Canal Istanbul 5347:Main article: 5344: 5341: 5244:Ekrem İmamoğlu 5234:Ekrem İmamoğlu 5217: 5214: 5197:Jews in Europe 5124:Beyoğlu (Pera) 5077:Greek Orthodox 4983:Turkish people 4975: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4879:Jews in Turkey 4851:Main article: 4848: 4845: 4708: 4707: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4211:Main article: 4208: 4205: 4181:Ekrem İmamoğlu 4112:Islamic judges 4074: 4073:Administration 4071: 4041:Bayezid Mosque 3988:Topkapı Palace 3770:Persian Empire 3751:Serpent Column 3713: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3656: 379–395 3641:Circus Maximus 3612:Constantius II 3599:Thutmose III ( 3505: 3502: 3492:Topkapı Palace 3484:Sea of Marmara 3478: 3477: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3464:Belgrad Forest 3453:Taksim Stadium 3369:Çırağan Palace 3353: 3350: 3330:gentrification 3315: 3312: 3254: 3251: 3214:Ortaköy Mosque 3122: 3119: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3068: 3027: 3024: 2943:horse mackerel 2919:migrating fish 2911:(16 species). 2881:horse chestnut 2855:Quercus cerris 2784:Belgrad Forest 2776: 2773: 2753:Climate change 2728: 2727:Climate change 2725: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2627:sunshine hours 2622: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2137: 2071:Main article: 2068: 2065: 2012:Sea of Marmara 1997: 1994: 1963:Sea of Marmara 1928: 1925: 1881: 1878: 1793:Following the 1749:Central Powers 1718:Abdul Hamid II 1614:last caliphate 1595:Seraglio Point 1549:Matrakçı Nasuh 1522:Ottoman Empire 1517: 1516:Ottoman Empire 1514: 1502:Constantine XI 1461:Fourth Crusade 1397: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1382:Topkapı Palace 1363: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1264:triumphal arch 1245:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1137:Medieval Greek 1050:Constantinople 1002:Main article: 999: 996: 974:to become the 929:late Byzantine 893:Constantinople 855:settlers from 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 805: 804: 801: 797: 796: 789: 785: 784: 779: 775: 774: 771: 765: 764: 759: 755: 754: 749: 746: 745: 742: 741: 739: 738: 731: 723: 721: 717: 716: 707: 701: 700: 690: 683: 682: 679: 673: 672: 669: 663: 662: 660: 659: 656: 652: 650: 644: 643: 641:34000 to 34990 640: 638: 632: 631: 621: 615: 614: 609: 602: 601: 590: 579: 578: 568: 567: 553: 547: 546: 543: 539: 538: 535: 531: 530: 527: 520: 519: 508: 504: 503: 500: 489: 488: 484: 483: 480: 476: 475: 472: 468: 467: 464: 460: 459: 455: 454: 447:Ekrem İmamoğlu 444: 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 421: 417: 416: 412: 411: 406: 402: 401: 395: 391: 390: 385: 379: 378: 373: 367: 366: 353: 349: 348: 314: 313: 303: 297: 296: 289: 288: 282: 281: 280: 279: 270: 264: 263: 256: 255: 249: 248: 247: 246: 237: 231: 230: 223: 222: 216: 215: 214: 213: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200: 199: 191: 190: 183:Ortaköy Mosque 173: 166: 165: 164: 156: 149: 148: 144:Topkapı Palace 142: 135: 134: 133: 122: 115: 114: 108: 101: 100: 96:Maiden's Tower 94: 87: 86: 85: 70: 63: 62: 61: 60: 59: 56: 55: 46: 43: 42: 34: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25355: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25336: 25334: 25331: 25329: 25326: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25311: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25274: 25271: 25270: 25268: 25249: 25248: 25235: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25206: 25204: 25200: 25194: 25193:New York City 25191: 25189: 25186: 25185: 25183: 25179: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25164: 25162: 25158: 25155: 25151: 25145: 25142: 25140: 25137: 25135: 25132: 25130: 25127: 25126: 25124: 25120: 25110: 25107: 25105: 25102: 25100: 25097: 25095: 25092: 25090: 25087: 25085: 25082: 25080: 25077: 25076: 25074: 25070: 25064: 25061: 25059: 25056: 25055: 25053: 25049: 25043: 25040: 25038: 25035: 25033: 25030: 25029: 25027: 25023: 25017: 25014: 25012: 25009: 25007: 25004: 25003: 25001: 24999:Indonesia (3) 24997: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24983: 24981: 24978: 24976: 24973: 24971: 24968: 24966: 24963: 24962: 24960: 24956: 24950: 24947: 24945: 24942: 24940: 24937: 24935: 24932: 24930: 24927: 24925: 24922: 24920: 24917: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24885: 24882: 24881: 24879: 24875: 24872: 24868: 24862: 24859: 24857: 24854: 24852: 24849: 24847: 24844: 24843: 24841: 24837: 24833: 24826: 24821: 24819: 24814: 24812: 24807: 24806: 24803: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24769: 24768: 24764: 24762: 24759: 24756: 24753: 24751: 24748: 24745: 24744: 24740: 24738: 24735: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24721: 24720: 24716: 24714: 24711: 24708: 24705: 24703: 24700: 24697: 24696: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24673: 24672: 24668: 24666: 24663: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24649: 24648: 24644: 24642: 24639: 24636: 24633: 24631: 24628: 24625: 24624: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24612: 24609: 24607: 24604: 24601: 24600: 24596: 24594: 24591: 24588: 24585: 24583: 24580: 24577: 24576: 24573: 24568: 24563: 24558: 24551: 24549: 24546: 24543: 24540: 24538: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24510: 24507: 24505: 24502: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24485: 24482: 24480: 24477: 24475: 24474: 24469: 24463: 24453: 24448: 24446: 24441: 24439: 24434: 24433: 24430: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24388: 24385: 24383: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24360: 24358: 24357:Kahramanmaraş 24355: 24353: 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24305: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24269: 24266: 24262: 24255: 24250: 24248: 24243: 24241: 24236: 24235: 24232: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24162: 24156: 24153: 24151: 24148: 24146: 24143: 24141: 24138: 24136: 24133: 24131: 24128: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24104: 24098: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24056: 24054: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24038: 24032: 24029: 24027: 24024: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23980: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23921: 23918: 23915: 23914: 23909: 23905: 23897: 23892: 23890: 23885: 23883: 23878: 23877: 23874: 23862: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23853: 23848: 23845: 23842: 23840: 23837: 23835: 23832: 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23814: 23811: 23808: 23805: 23803: 23800: 23798: 23795: 23793: 23792:Negative Form 23790: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23782: 23778: 23776: 23775: 23771: 23770: 23768: 23764: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23747:Tamer Başoğlu 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23727:Mehmet Uyanık 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23692:Haluk Tezonar 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23659: 23657: 23653: 23647: 23646:Hüseyin Gezer 23644: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23634: 23633: 23631: 23627: 23621: 23618: 23616: 23613: 23611: 23608: 23607: 23605: 23601: 23597: 23590: 23585: 23583: 23578: 23576: 23571: 23570: 23567: 23555: 23551: 23549: 23545: 23543: 23539: 23537: 23533: 23531: 23527: 23525: 23521: 23519: 23515: 23513: 23509: 23507: 23503: 23501: 23497: 23495: 23491: 23489: 23485: 23483: 23479: 23477: 23473: 23471: 23467: 23465: 23461: 23459: 23455: 23453: 23449: 23447: 23443: 23441: 23437: 23435: 23431: 23429: 23425: 23423: 23419: 23417: 23413: 23412: 23409: 23400: 23395: 23393: 23388: 23386: 23381: 23380: 23377: 23365: 23362: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23331: 23328: 23323: 23321: 23320: 23316: 23314: 23313: 23309: 23307: 23306: 23302: 23297: 23295: 23292: 23290: 23287: 23285: 23282: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23205: 23202: 23197: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23189:San Sebastián 23187: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22967: 22962: 22960: 22957: 22955: 22952: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22935: 22932: 22930: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22920: 22917: 22912: 22910: 22907: 22902: 22900: 22897: 22892: 22890: 22887: 22882: 22880: 22877: 22872: 22870: 22867: 22862: 22860: 22857: 22852: 22850: 22847: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22812: 22810: 22807: 22802: 22800: 22797: 22794: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22759: 22758: 22755: 22751: 22744: 22739: 22737: 22732: 22730: 22725: 22724: 22721: 22709: 22708: 22699: 22697: 22696: 22687: 22685: 22684: 22675: 22673: 22672: 22663: 22661: 22660: 22655: 22651: 22650: 22647: 22637: 22634: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22622: 22619: 22617: 22614: 22610: 22607: 22606: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22559: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22528: 22525: 22523: 22520: 22516: 22513: 22512: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22480: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22470: 22468: 22466: 22462: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22425: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22412: 22409: 22408: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22395: 22392: 22391: 22390: 22387: 22386: 22384: 22380: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22352: 22349: 22348: 22347: 22344: 22340: 22337: 22336: 22335: 22332: 22328: 22325: 22324: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22304: 22302: 22300: 22296: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22274: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22227: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22197: 22195: 22193: 22189: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22167: 22164: 22163: 22162: 22159: 22157: 22154: 22150: 22147: 22145: 22142: 22141: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22121: 22119: 22115: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22084: 22083: 22082: 22079: 22078: 22076: 22074: 22070: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22043: 22042: 22039: 22035: 22032: 22031: 22030: 22027: 22025: 22022: 22021: 22019: 22015: 22012: 22010: 22006: 21996: 21993: 21991: 21988: 21986: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21976: 21973: 21971: 21968: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21956: 21953: 21949: 21946: 21944: 21943:Air pollution 21941: 21940: 21939: 21936: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21923: 21922: 21919: 21915: 21912: 21911: 21910: 21907: 21906: 21904: 21900: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21868:Aegean Region 21866: 21864: 21861: 21860: 21858: 21852: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21839: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21813:Turkification 21811: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21802: 21799: 21798: 21796: 21792: 21786: 21783: 21779: 21776: 21775: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21765: 21763: 21759: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21732: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21717: 21715: 21713: 21709: 21701: 21698: 21697: 21696: 21693: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21675: 21674: 21671: 21667: 21664: 21663: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21650: 21647: 21646: 21645: 21644:Classical Age 21642: 21640: 21637: 21636: 21634: 21632: 21628: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21610: 21607: 21606: 21605: 21604:Seljuk Empire 21602: 21601: 21599: 21597: 21593: 21589: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21569: 21567: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21554: 21550: 21545: 21536: 21531: 21529: 21524: 21522: 21517: 21516: 21513: 21501: 21500: 21491: 21489: 21488: 21477: 21476: 21473: 21467: 21464: 21463: 21461: 21457: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21437: 21434: 21433: 21431: 21429: 21425: 21419: 21415: 21412: 21411: 21409: 21407: 21406:Mediterranean 21403: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21374: 21371: 21370: 21368: 21366: 21362: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21347: 21345: 21343: 21342:East Anatolia 21339: 21333: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21310: 21308: 21306: 21302: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21287: 21285: 21283: 21279: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21254: 21251: 21250: 21248: 21246: 21242: 21238: 21231: 21226: 21224: 21219: 21217: 21212: 21211: 21208: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21162: 21160: 21151: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21134:Hakkı Akansel 21132: 21131: 21129: 21120: 21114: 21113:Aytekin Kotil 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21090: 21088: 21079: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21039: 21037: 21028: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21011:Mümtaz Tarhan 21009: 21007: 21006:Kemal Hadımlı 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20978: 20976: 20967: 20963: 20960: 20953: 20948: 20946: 20941: 20939: 20934: 20933: 20930: 20918: 20912: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20896: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20884: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20872: 20868: 20866: 20865: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20850: 20848: 20846: 20842: 20836: 20835: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20818: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20793: 20791: 20789: 20785: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20768: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20743: 20741: 20739: 20735: 20729: 20728: 20724: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20716: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20696: 20694: 20692: 20688: 20682: 20679: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20666: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20631: 20629: 20627: 20623: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20589: 20587: 20586: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20576: 20574: 20572: 20568: 20562: 20559: 20557: 20556: 20552: 20550: 20549: 20548:Kahramanmaraş 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20537: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20525: 20521: 20519: 20518: 20514: 20513: 20511: 20509: 20508:Mediterranean 20505: 20499: 20498: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20486: 20482: 20481: 20479: 20477: 20476:West Anatolia 20473: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20461: 20457: 20455: 20454: 20450: 20448: 20447: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20435: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20420: 20418: 20416: 20412: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20400: 20396: 20394: 20393: 20389: 20387: 20384: 20382: 20381: 20377: 20375: 20374: 20370: 20368: 20367: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20355: 20353: 20349: 20343: 20342: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20320: 20316: 20315: 20313: 20311: 20307: 20301: 20300: 20296: 20295: 20293: 20291: 20287: 20283: 20282: 20278: 20271: 20267: 20259: 20250: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20149:Gaziosmanpaşa 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20047: 20046: 20044: 20040: 20036: 20032: 20024: 20019: 20017: 20012: 20010: 20005: 20004: 20001: 19995: 19988: 19976: 19975: 19966: 19964: 19963: 19952: 19951: 19948: 19936: 19933: 19932: 19931: 19928: 19924: 19921: 19920: 19919: 19916: 19912: 19909: 19908: 19907: 19904: 19900: 19897: 19896: 19895: 19892: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19879: 19878: 19875: 19874: 19872: 19870: 19866: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19844: 19843: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19832: 19831: 19828: 19824: 19821: 19820: 19819: 19816: 19812: 19809: 19808: 19807: 19804: 19800: 19797: 19796: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19789: 19787: 19783: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19766: 19765: 19762: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19744: 19743: 19740: 19736: 19733: 19732: 19731: 19728: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19715: 19714: 19711: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19693: 19692: 19689: 19688: 19686: 19684: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19671: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19592: 19590: 19588: 19584: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19529: 19527: 19525: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19512: 19508: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19463: 19461: 19459: 19455: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19398:Jewish Museum 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19325: 19323: 19321: 19317: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19301:Taksim Square 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19286:Bağdat Avenue 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19273: 19271: 19269: 19265: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19235: 19233: 19231: 19227: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19205:Arasta Bazaar 19203: 19202: 19200: 19198: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19185: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19140: 19138: 19136: 19132: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19071:Feriye Palace 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19043: 19041: 19039: 19035: 19029: 19028:Yıldız Palace 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19005: 19003: 19001: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18988: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18957:Postal Museum 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18914: 18912: 18910: 18906: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18882: 18878: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18826:Aşiyan Museum 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18813: 18811: 18809: 18805: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18768:Anadoluhisarı 18766: 18765: 18763: 18759: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18697:Mosaic Museum 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18687:İşbank Museum 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18635: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18622: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18603: 18601: 18599: 18595: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18575: 18573: 18571: 18567: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18522: 18520: 18518: 18514: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18497:Laleli Mosque 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18479: 18477: 18475: 18471: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18457: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18398:Galata Bridge 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18380: 18378: 18376: 18372: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18335:Beyazıt Tower 18333: 18332: 18330: 18328: 18324: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18309: 18307: 18305: 18301: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18271: 18269: 18267: 18263: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18221:Column of Leo 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18208: 18206: 18204: 18200: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18175: 18173: 18171: 18167: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18147: 18145: 18143: 18142:Caravanserais 18139: 18136: 18134: 18130: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18101: 18099: 18097: 18093: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18043: 18041: 18039: 18035: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17990: 17988: 17986: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17973: 17969: 17962: 17957: 17955: 17950: 17948: 17943: 17942: 17939: 17932: 17928: 17924: 17920: 17916: 17912: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17892: 17888: 17884: 17881: 17880: 17869: 17863: 17859: 17854: 17850: 17844: 17840: 17835: 17831: 17825: 17821: 17816: 17812: 17806: 17802: 17797: 17796: 17789: 17785: 17779: 17775: 17770: 17766: 17760: 17756: 17751: 17747: 17741: 17737: 17732: 17728: 17722: 17718: 17713: 17709: 17703: 17699: 17694: 17690: 17684: 17679: 17678: 17671: 17667: 17661: 17657: 17652: 17648: 17642: 17638: 17633: 17629: 17623: 17619: 17614: 17610: 17604: 17600: 17595: 17591: 17585: 17581: 17576: 17572: 17566: 17562: 17557: 17553: 17547: 17543: 17538: 17534: 17528: 17524: 17519: 17515: 17509: 17505: 17500: 17496: 17490: 17486: 17482: 17478: 17472: 17468: 17463: 17459: 17453: 17449: 17444: 17440: 17434: 17430: 17425: 17421: 17415: 17410: 17409: 17402: 17387: 17380: 17379: 17373: 17369: 17363: 17359: 17354: 17351: 17350: 17345: 17342: 17338: 17332: 17328: 17323: 17319: 17313: 17309: 17304: 17300: 17294: 17290: 17285: 17281: 17275: 17271: 17266: 17262: 17256: 17252: 17247: 17243: 17237: 17233: 17228: 17224: 17218: 17214: 17213: 17207: 17203: 17197: 17193: 17188: 17184: 17178: 17174: 17169: 17165: 17159: 17155: 17154: 17148: 17144: 17138: 17134: 17129: 17125: 17119: 17115: 17110: 17106: 17100: 17096: 17091: 17087: 17081: 17077: 17072: 17068: 17062: 17058: 17053: 17049: 17043: 17039: 17034: 17030: 17024: 17020: 17015: 17011: 17005: 17001: 16996: 16992: 16986: 16982: 16977: 16973: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16953: 16948: 16944: 16938: 16934: 16929: 16925: 16919: 16915: 16910: 16906: 16900: 16896: 16891: 16887: 16881: 16877: 16872: 16868: 16862: 16858: 16853: 16849: 16843: 16838: 16837: 16830: 16826: 16820: 16816: 16811: 16807: 16801: 16797: 16792: 16788: 16782: 16778: 16777: 16776:The Histories 16771: 16767: 16761: 16757: 16752: 16748: 16742: 16738: 16733: 16729: 16723: 16719: 16714: 16710: 16704: 16700: 16695: 16691: 16685: 16681: 16676: 16672: 16666: 16662: 16657: 16653: 16647: 16643: 16638: 16634: 16628: 16624: 16619: 16616: 16605: 16599: 16595: 16594: 16588: 16584: 16578: 16574: 16569: 16565: 16559: 16555: 16550: 16546: 16540: 16536: 16531: 16527: 16521: 16517: 16512: 16508: 16502: 16498: 16493: 16489: 16483: 16479: 16474: 16470: 16464: 16460: 16455: 16454: 16433: 16429: 16423: 16421: 16404: 16400: 16399:Today's Zaman 16396: 16390: 16374: 16370: 16364: 16349: 16345: 16338: 16322: 16318: 16311: 16304: 16291: 16287: 16281: 16273: 16267: 16259: 16255: 16249: 16233: 16227: 16211: 16207: 16201: 16185: 16181: 16180:Today's Zaman 16177: 16170: 16168: 16151: 16147: 16141: 16125: 16118: 16110: 16104: 16088: 16082: 16067: 16063: 16056: 16040: 16036: 16030: 16022: 16018: 16012: 15996: 15992: 15986: 15971: 15967: 15961: 15946: 15939: 15923: 15919: 15913: 15897: 15893: 15887: 15871: 15867: 15861: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15831: 15815: 15811: 15805: 15789: 15785: 15779: 15763: 15759: 15753: 15736: 15732: 15726: 15710: 15706: 15700: 15684: 15677: 15671: 15669: 15667: 15651: 15647: 15640: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15610: 15602: 15598: 15592: 15577: 15573: 15566: 15550: 15543: 15536: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15514: 15508:, p. 720 15507: 15502: 15487: 15483: 15477: 15462: 15458: 15452: 15450: 15448: 15432: 15425: 15419: 15403: 15396: 15390: 15383: 15378: 15371: 15366: 15359: 15354: 15347: 15342: 15335: 15330: 15314: 15310: 15304: 15302: 15295:, p. 230 15294: 15289: 15281: 15275: 15259: 15253: 15247:, p. 557 15246: 15241: 15225: 15221: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15209: 15192: 15188: 15182: 15180: 15163: 15159: 15153: 15151: 15149: 15132: 15128: 15122: 15115: 15110: 15094: 15090: 15084: 15082: 15073: 15067: 15063: 15056: 15041: 15037: 15031: 15015: 15011: 15004: 14996: 14992: 14986: 14970: 14966: 14960: 14952: 14946: 14942: 14935: 14933: 14931: 14914: 14910: 14907:Şafak, Yeni. 14903: 14888: 14884: 14878: 14876: 14859: 14853: 14847:, p. 184 14846: 14841: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14809:, p. 224 14808: 14803: 14787: 14783: 14782:"TRT – Radio" 14777: 14775: 14759: 14758: 14753: 14746: 14730: 14726: 14722: 14716: 14697: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14685: 14677: 14676:Brummett 2000 14672: 14657: 14653: 14647: 14632: 14628: 14621: 14605: 14601: 14595: 14587: 14583: 14577: 14561: 14555: 14539: 14535: 14529: 14513: 14506: 14500: 14492: 14488: 14482: 14467:. 14 May 2021 14466: 14462: 14456: 14441: 14437: 14431: 14416: 14412: 14405: 14390: 14386: 14379: 14363: 14357: 14341: 14337: 14331: 14315: 14311: 14305: 14289: 14285: 14279: 14260: 14254: 14235: 14229: 14214: 14210: 14203: 14187: 14183: 14177: 14162:. 24 May 2018 14161: 14157: 14151: 14135: 14129: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14087: 14081: 14065: 14061: 14055: 14053: 14037: 14033: 14032: 14027: 14021: 14005: 14001: 13995: 13979: 13975: 13969: 13954: 13950: 13943: 13928: 13924: 13917: 13910: 13905: 13890: 13886: 13879: 13872: 13867: 13861:, p. 429 13860: 13855: 13849:, p. 166 13848: 13843: 13836: 13831: 13829: 13820: 13814: 13811:(1). London. 13810: 13806: 13799: 13784: 13780: 13773: 13757: 13753: 13747: 13732: 13728: 13721: 13706: 13702: 13695: 13680:on 3 May 2011 13679: 13675: 13669: 13662: 13657: 13641: 13637: 13630: 13624:, p. 165 13623: 13618: 13612:, p. 146 13611: 13606: 13599: 13594: 13587: 13582: 13567: 13563: 13556: 13540: 13536: 13530: 13528: 13520: 13515: 13508: 13503: 13496: 13491: 13484: 13479: 13472: 13467: 13452: 13446: 13431: 13425: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13384: 13380: 13374: 13368: 13363: 13355: 13349: 13334: 13330: 13324: 13309: 13308:gapinsaat.com 13305: 13299: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13269: 13254: 13250: 13244: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13204: 13200: 13194: 13186: 13182: 13175: 13159: 13152: 13146: 13130: 13126: 13120: 13118: 13101: 13097: 13091: 13089: 13073: 13069: 13062: 13060: 13052: 13047: 13032: 13028: 13022: 13006: 12999: 12993: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12951: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12897: 12893: 12886: 12871: 12867: 12860: 12845: 12841: 12834: 12818: 12814: 12808: 12802: 12797: 12782:. haaretz.com 12781: 12777: 12771: 12755: 12749: 12741: 12735: 12731: 12724: 12716: 12710: 12706: 12699: 12691: 12685: 12681: 12674: 12672: 12663: 12657: 12653: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12635: 12630: 12624: 12619: 12611: 12605: 12601: 12594: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12553: 12546: 12539: 12523: 12519: 12516:Turay, Anna. 12512: 12496: 12489: 12487: 12479: 12474: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12444: 12436: 12432: 12426: 12410: 12406: 12400: 12384: 12383:The Economist 12380: 12374: 12359: 12355: 12348: 12332: 12325: 12310: 12306: 12299: 12291: 12285: 12281: 12280: 12272: 12265: 12260: 12252: 12246: 12241: 12240: 12231: 12223: 12222: 12214: 12206: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12166: 12162: 12155: 12147: 12140: 12125: 12121: 12114: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12073:on 9 May 2013 12072: 12068: 12067:Today's Zaman 12064: 12057: 12051:, p. 224 12050: 12045: 12029: 12022: 12016: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11986: 11970: 11966: 11960: 11958: 11950: 11949:Chandler 1987 11945: 11939:, p. 113 11938: 11933: 11914: 11908: 11900: 11894: 11878: 11872: 11866:, p. 206 11865: 11860: 11844: 11840: 11834: 11818: 11814: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11783: 11778: 11762: 11758: 11752: 11750: 11743:, p. 156 11742: 11737: 11735: 11715: 11711: 11704: 11697: 11690: 11685: 11683: 11675: 11670: 11664:, p. 188 11663: 11658: 11651: 11646: 11640:, p. 145 11639: 11634: 11627: 11622: 11615: 11610: 11603: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11576: 11569: 11564: 11558:, p. 159 11557: 11552: 11544: 11538: 11534: 11527: 11519: 11513: 11509: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11491: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11475:, p. 283 11474: 11469: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11449: 11433: 11432:bluemosque.co 11429: 11428:"Blue Mosque" 11423: 11415: 11409: 11405: 11398: 11396: 11394: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11368: 11361: 11355: 11348: 11344: 11339: 11332: 11328: 11327:Labib Habachi 11323: 11316: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11299: 11292:, p. 212 11291: 11286: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11254:, p. 241 11253: 11248: 11242:, p. 247 11241: 11236: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11195: 11191: 11184: 11169: 11165: 11158: 11143: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11103:Today's Zaman 11100: 11093: 11086: 11081: 11074: 11069: 11067: 11055: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11037: 11032: 11017: 11013: 11006: 11000:, p. 127 10999: 10994: 10987: 10982: 10967:. 1 June 2021 10966: 10962: 10956: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10928: 10913: 10912: 10907: 10903: 10902:Harvey, Fiona 10897: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10871: 10867: 10861: 10845: 10839: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10798: 10794: 10791:Brady, Tara. 10787: 10772: 10768: 10762: 10755: 10751: 10745: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10716: 10710: 10701: 10690: 10683: 10677: 10662: 10658: 10652: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10617: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10534: 10527: 10519: 10513: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10487: 10483: 10477: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10443: 10437: 10422: 10421:www.nimbus.it 10418: 10412: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10349: 10348:www.nimbus.it 10345: 10339: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10308: 10300: 10299: 10298:Klimatoloji 2 10292: 10290: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10213:The Economist 10210: 10204: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10168: 10162: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10059: 10043: 10042:The Economist 10039: 10033: 10031: 10014: 10010: 10004: 9997: 9992: 9985: 9980: 9965: 9959: 9955: 9954: 9946: 9931: 9925: 9921: 9920: 9912: 9905: 9902: 9897: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9856: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9776: 9769: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9711: 9706: 9698: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9679: 9672: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9622: 9616:, p. 251 9615: 9610: 9608: 9600: 9595: 9588: 9583: 9575: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9556: 9554: 9546: 9541: 9533: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9495: 9489: 9485: 9478: 9476: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9450: 9448: 9440: 9435: 9426: 9420:, p. 71. 9419: 9414: 9408:, p. 38. 9407: 9402: 9395: 9390: 9384:, p. 47. 9383: 9378: 9371: 9366: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9316: 9309: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9284: 9282:9781444333619 9278: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9257:9781438106397 9253: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9230: 9224:, p. 226 9223: 9218: 9212:, p. 117 9211: 9206: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9169:, p. 171 9168: 9163: 9156: 9151: 9149: 9142:, p. 222 9141: 9136: 9134: 9127:, p. 212 9126: 9121: 9114: 9109: 9102: 9101:Limberis 1994 9097: 9090: 9085: 9079:, p. 22. 9078: 9073: 9067:, p. 20. 9066: 9061: 9055:, p. 88. 9054: 9053:De Souza 2003 9049: 9043:, p. 11. 9042: 9037: 9031:, p. 10. 9030: 9025: 9019:, p. 35. 9018: 9013: 9007:, p. 199 9006: 9002: 8997: 8990: 8985: 8983: 8976:, p. 288 8975: 8971: 8965: 8958: 8953: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8789: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8747:, p. 95. 8746: 8741: 8735:, p. 27. 8734: 8729: 8722: 8717: 8701: 8700: 8692: 8685: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8660: 8655: 8649:, p. 177 8648: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8576: 8574: 8565: 8559: 8555: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8493: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8472:, p. xv. 8471: 8466: 8458: 8456:0-19-504652-8 8452: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8376: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8340: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8320: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8176: 8172: 8171:"YETKİ ALANI" 8166: 8162: 8149: 8142: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8108:Chandler 1987 8103: 8101: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8046: 8040: 8032: 8018: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7986: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7931: 7890: 7884: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7806: 7803: 7802:Europe portal 7792: 7789: 7788:Cities portal 7778: 7775: 7774:Turkey portal 7764: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7742: 7736: 7731: 7728: 7722: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7699: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7625:Hejaz Railway 7622: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7546:Şehir Hatları 7543: 7532: 7531:deniz otobüsü 7529: 7522: 7511: 7510:Şehir Hatları 7507: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7476: 7470: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7447: 7444: 7438: 7433: 7430: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7323: 7320:and a faster 7319: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7278:commuter rail 7269: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7157: 7147: 7141: 7131: 7125: 7115: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7067:137 hospitals 7063: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6984:120 megawatts 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6926:(such as the 6925: 6921: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6841: 6837: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6721:, and 14 are 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6703:7,437 schools 6696: 6691: 6686: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6484: 6480: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6444:Istanbul Park 6440: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6331:Vodafone Park 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6219:Beşiktaş J.K. 6216: 6204: 6203:Vodafone Park 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6177: 6166: 6155: 6144: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6109:Taksim Square 6106: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6065:in Istanbul. 6064: 6060: 6056: 6053:. The annual 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842:Bağdat Avenue 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5816: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5674:, founded by 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5601: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5525:4th Vakıf Han 5522: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5399: 5395: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5187:sent out the 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5156:Capitulations 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5087:. Greeks and 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066:Sunni Muslims 5063: 5059: 5058:non-believers 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4695:Chandler 1987 4691: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4199:has been the 4198: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4183:has been the 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4017:Baghdad Kiosk 4014: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3972:Anadoluhisarı 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3856:Mosaic Museum 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3763:ancient Greek 3760: 3756: 3752: 3741: 3740:Balyan family 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3699: 3688: 3677: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3613: 3609: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3560: 3555: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430:Ottoman Egypt 3427: 3426:Isma'il Pasha 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3384:Yıldız Palace 3381: 3377: 3370: 3366: 3365:Yıldız Palace 3362: 3358: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334:urban renewal 3331: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3182:Taksim Square 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121:European side 3117: 3113: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016:feral parrots 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2867:Mediterranean 2864: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2850:red firethorn 2847: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800:pseudo-maquis 2797: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625:Mean monthly 2623: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2411:precipitation 2407: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:Mediterranean 1956: 1952: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1923:of Istanbul. 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1909:Turkification 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767:, the city's 1766: 1762: 1761:Turkification 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692:in 1908, the 1691: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666:Cadde-i Kebir 1663: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:stained glass 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1497:Ottoman Turks 1494: 1486: 1483:was built by 1482: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1459:in 1025. The 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1349:Byzantine era 1346: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1335:Roman usurper 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1270:(present-day 1269: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1230:İstanbullular 1225: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1173:Evliya Çelebi 1166: 1161: 1155: 1145: 1138: 1133: 1120: 1114: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1014: 1010: 1005: 995: 993: 989: 985: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927:(1204–1261), 926: 922: 917: 915: 910: 909:eis tḕn Pólin 904:εἰς τὴν Πόλιν 899: 894: 890: 886: 881: 873: 872:Ancient Greek 869: 865: 862: 861:Roman emperor 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 783: 780: 776: 772: 770: 766: 763: 760: 756: 752: 747: 743: 736: 732: 729: 725: 724: 722: 718: 715: 711: 708: 706: 702: 699: 691: 688: 684: 680: 678: 674: 670: 668: 667:ISO 3166 code 664: 657: 654: 653: 651: 649: 645: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 622: 620: 616: 610: 608: 605: • 603: 599: 595:4,564 billion 594: 591: 589: 585: 582: • 580: 573: 569: 564: 560: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 526: 523: • 521: 517: 512: 509: 505: 501: 499: 495: 492: • 490: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 452: 448: 445: 443: 440: • 438: 435: 432: 428: 425: 422: 418: 413: 410: 407: 403: 399: 396: 392: 389: 386: 384: 380: 377: 374: 372: 368: 365: 354: 350: 345: 317:Coordinates: 315: 286: 253: 220: 210: 205:OpenStreetMap 201: 197: 192: 184: 180: 176: 170: 159: 153: 145: 139: 129: 125: 119: 111: 105: 97: 91: 81: 77: 73: 67: 57: 53: 49: 44: 40: 32: 26: 22: 25238: 25214:Buenos Aires 25128: 25099:Metro Manila 25093: 25051:Pakistan (2) 24851:Johannesburg 24536: 24518: 24331: 24082: 24049:Johannesburg 24031:Buenos Aires 23861:Kadın figürü 23860: 23850:In Honor of 23849: 23838: 23833: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23801: 23796: 23791: 23786: 23779: 23774:İşçi Heykeli 23772: 23737:Seyhun Topuz 23732:Nusret Suman 23677:Metin Haseki 23667:Gürdal Duyar 23609: 23603:Organisation 23481: 23317: 23310: 23303: 23098: 22889:Thessaloniki 22705: 22693: 22681: 22669: 22657: 22542:Illumination 22478:Architecture 22406:Human rights 22394:Universities 22350: 22312:Ethnic Kurds 22299:Demographics 22210:Construction 21497: 21478: 21450:Mount Nemrut 21445:Göbekli Tepe 21385: 21190:Mevlüt Uysal 21185:Kadir Topbaş 21103:Fahri Atabey 21047:Şefik Erensu 20996:Lütfi Kırdar 20981:Haydar Yuluğ 20961: 20893: 20881: 20869: 20862: 20832: 20815: 20765: 20725: 20713: 20663: 20583: 20553: 20546: 20534: 20522: 20515: 20495: 20483: 20458: 20451: 20444: 20432: 20415:East Marmara 20397: 20390: 20378: 20371: 20364: 20339: 20317: 20310:West Marmara 20298: 20297: 20274: 20174:Küçükçekmece 20114:Büyükçekmece 20074:Bahçelievler 20029:Istanbul in 19972: 19953: 19835:Apoyevmatini 19635:Naum Theatre 19433:Ohel Ya'akov 19296:Çiçek Pasajı 19258:Zorlu Center 19248:İstinye Park 19220:Spice Bazaar 19210:Grand Bazaar 19158:Gülhane Park 19153:Emirgan Park 18899:Naval Museum 18798:Yoros Castle 18783:Rumelihisarı 18350:Galata Tower 18066:Hagia Triada 18061:Hagia Sophia 18046:Chora Church 17967: 17857: 17838: 17819: 17794: 17773: 17754: 17735: 17716: 17697: 17676: 17655: 17636: 17617: 17598: 17579: 17560: 17541: 17522: 17503: 17484: 17466: 17447: 17428: 17407: 17393:. Retrieved 17386:the original 17377: 17357: 17347: 17326: 17307: 17288: 17269: 17250: 17231: 17211: 17191: 17172: 17152: 17132: 17113: 17094: 17075: 17056: 17037: 17018: 16999: 16980: 16955: 16951: 16932: 16913: 16894: 16875: 16856: 16835: 16814: 16795: 16775: 16755: 16736: 16717: 16698: 16679: 16660: 16641: 16622: 16614: 16607:. Retrieved 16592: 16572: 16553: 16534: 16515: 16496: 16477: 16458: 16450:Bibliography 16436:. Retrieved 16432:the original 16407:. Retrieved 16403:the original 16398: 16389: 16377:. Retrieved 16373:the original 16363: 16351:. Retrieved 16347: 16337: 16325:. Retrieved 16321:sabah.com.tr 16320: 16310: 16301: 16294:. Retrieved 16290:The Guardian 16289: 16280: 16266: 16257: 16248: 16236:. Retrieved 16226: 16214:. Retrieved 16210:the original 16200: 16188:. Retrieved 16184:the original 16179: 16154:. Retrieved 16150:the original 16140: 16128:. Retrieved 16117: 16091:. Retrieved 16081: 16071:28 September 16069:. Retrieved 16066:The Guardian 16065: 16055: 16043:. Retrieved 16039:the original 16029: 16011: 15999:. Retrieved 15995:the original 15985: 15973:. Retrieved 15969: 15960: 15948:. Retrieved 15938: 15926:. Retrieved 15922:the original 15912: 15900:. Retrieved 15896:the original 15886: 15874:. Retrieved 15870:the original 15860: 15848:. Retrieved 15844:the original 15839: 15830: 15818:. Retrieved 15814:the original 15804: 15792:. Retrieved 15788:the original 15778: 15766:. Retrieved 15762:the original 15752: 15739:. Retrieved 15735:the original 15725: 15713:. Retrieved 15709:the original 15699: 15687:. Retrieved 15683:the original 15653:. Retrieved 15649: 15639: 15627:. Retrieved 15623:the original 15618: 15609: 15591: 15579:. Retrieved 15576:The Guardian 15575: 15565: 15553:. Retrieved 15548: 15535: 15527:the original 15513: 15501: 15489:. Retrieved 15485: 15476: 15464:. Retrieved 15460: 15434:. Retrieved 15430: 15418: 15406:. Retrieved 15404:(in Turkish) 15401: 15389: 15384:, p. 63 15377: 15370:Connell 2010 15365: 15353: 15341: 15336:, p. 85 15329: 15317:. Retrieved 15313:the original 15288: 15262:. Retrieved 15252: 15240: 15228:. Retrieved 15224:the original 15195:. Retrieved 15191:the original 15166:. Retrieved 15162:the original 15135:. Retrieved 15131:the original 15121: 15109: 15097:. Retrieved 15093:the original 15061: 15055: 15043:. Retrieved 15039: 15030: 15018:. Retrieved 15016:(in Turkish) 15013: 15003: 14994: 14985: 14973:. Retrieved 14968: 14959: 14940: 14917:. Retrieved 14915:(in Turkish) 14912: 14902: 14890:. Retrieved 14886: 14862:. Retrieved 14852: 14840: 14828:. Retrieved 14824:the original 14814: 14802: 14790:. Retrieved 14786:the original 14761:. Retrieved 14755: 14745: 14733:. Retrieved 14729:the original 14724: 14715: 14703:. Retrieved 14671: 14659:. Retrieved 14655: 14646: 14634:. Retrieved 14630: 14620: 14608:. Retrieved 14604:the original 14594: 14576: 14564:. Retrieved 14554: 14542:. Retrieved 14538:the original 14528: 14516:. Retrieved 14512:the original 14499: 14491:formula1.com 14490: 14481: 14469:. Retrieved 14465:Formula1.com 14464: 14455: 14443:. Retrieved 14440:formula1.com 14439: 14430: 14418:. Retrieved 14415:The Guardian 14414: 14404: 14392:. Retrieved 14388: 14378: 14366:. Retrieved 14356: 14344:. Retrieved 14340:the original 14330: 14318:. Retrieved 14314:the original 14304: 14292:. Retrieved 14288:the original 14278: 14266:. Retrieved 14253: 14241:. Retrieved 14228: 14216:. Retrieved 14212: 14202: 14190:. Retrieved 14186:the original 14176: 14164:. Retrieved 14159: 14150: 14138:. Retrieved 14128: 14116:. Retrieved 14112:the original 14102: 14090:. Retrieved 14080: 14068:. Retrieved 14064:the original 14039:. Retrieved 14029: 14020: 14008:. Retrieved 14004:the original 13994: 13982:. Retrieved 13977: 13968: 13956:. Retrieved 13952: 13942: 13930:. Retrieved 13926: 13916: 13904: 13892:. Retrieved 13888: 13878: 13873:, p. 34 13866: 13854: 13842: 13808: 13804: 13798: 13786:. Retrieved 13783:The Guardian 13782: 13772: 13760:. Retrieved 13756:the original 13746: 13734:. Retrieved 13730: 13720: 13708:. Retrieved 13705:The Guardian 13704: 13694: 13682:. Retrieved 13678:the original 13668: 13656: 13644:. Retrieved 13640:the original 13629: 13617: 13605: 13593: 13581: 13569:. Retrieved 13565: 13555: 13543:. Retrieved 13539:the original 13514: 13502: 13490: 13485:, p. 88 13483:Reisman 2006 13478: 13466: 13454:. Retrieved 13445: 13433:. Retrieved 13424: 13412:. Retrieved 13407: 13398: 13386:. Retrieved 13382: 13373: 13362: 13348: 13336:. Retrieved 13332: 13323: 13311:. Retrieved 13307: 13298: 13286:. Retrieved 13282:the original 13278:limak.com.tr 13277: 13268: 13256:. Retrieved 13252: 13243: 13231:. Retrieved 13227: 13218: 13206:. Retrieved 13202: 13193: 13174: 13162:. Retrieved 13157: 13145: 13133:. Retrieved 13128: 13104:. Retrieved 13099: 13075:. Retrieved 13072:The Guardian 13071: 13046: 13034:. Retrieved 13030: 13021: 13009:. Retrieved 13004: 12992: 12980:. Retrieved 12949: 12922:. Retrieved 12918:the original 12913: 12910:"Seçim 2024" 12904: 12895: 12885: 12873:. Retrieved 12869: 12859: 12847:. Retrieved 12844:The Atlantic 12843: 12833: 12821:. Retrieved 12816: 12807: 12796: 12784:. Retrieved 12779: 12770: 12758:. Retrieved 12748: 12729: 12723: 12704: 12698: 12679: 12651: 12629: 12618: 12599: 12593: 12581:. Retrieved 12576: 12567: 12555:. Retrieved 12551: 12538: 12526:. Retrieved 12522:the original 12511: 12499:. Retrieved 12480:, p. 38 12473: 12463:22 September 12461:. Retrieved 12457:the original 12452: 12443: 12434: 12425: 12413:. Retrieved 12408: 12399: 12387:. Retrieved 12382: 12373: 12361:. Retrieved 12357: 12347: 12335:. Retrieved 12324: 12312:. Retrieved 12309:The Guardian 12308: 12298: 12278: 12271: 12259: 12238: 12230: 12220: 12213: 12204: 12171:22 September 12169:. Retrieved 12167:(in Turkish) 12164: 12154: 12139: 12127:. Retrieved 12123: 12113: 12101:. Retrieved 12096: 12087: 12075:. Retrieved 12071:the original 12066: 12056: 12044: 12032:. Retrieved 12027: 12015: 12005:20 September 12003:. Retrieved 11999:the original 11994: 11985: 11973:. Retrieved 11968: 11944: 11932: 11920:. Retrieved 11907: 11893: 11881:. Retrieved 11871: 11859: 11847:. Retrieved 11843:the original 11833: 11821:. Retrieved 11817:the original 11803:. Retrieved 11799:the original 11789: 11777: 11765:. Retrieved 11761:the original 11721:. Retrieved 11714:the original 11709: 11696: 11669: 11657: 11652:, p. 87 11645: 11633: 11621: 11609: 11600: 11593:. Retrieved 11589:the original 11584: 11575: 11563: 11551: 11532: 11526: 11507: 11468: 11435:. Retrieved 11431: 11422: 11403: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11359: 11354: 11346: 11338: 11330: 11322: 11285: 11273:. Retrieved 11269:the original 11259: 11247: 11235: 11223:. Retrieved 11218: 11209: 11197:. Retrieved 11194:The Guardian 11193: 11183: 11171:. Retrieved 11167: 11157: 11145:. Retrieved 11130: 11123: 11111:. Retrieved 11107:the original 11102: 11092: 11080: 11031: 11019:. Retrieved 11015: 11005: 10993: 10981: 10969:. Retrieved 10964: 10955: 10943:. Retrieved 10938:Gazete Duvar 10936: 10927: 10915:. Retrieved 10911:The Guardian 10909: 10896: 10878: 10869: 10860: 10850:28 September 10848:. Retrieved 10838: 10826:. Retrieved 10824:(in Turkish) 10821: 10812: 10800:. Retrieved 10796: 10786: 10774:. Retrieved 10770: 10761: 10753: 10749: 10744: 10736:the original 10731: 10722: 10709: 10700: 10689:the original 10676: 10664:. Retrieved 10660: 10651: 10639:. Retrieved 10635:the original 10625: 10606: 10602: 10592: 10583: 10574: 10562:. Retrieved 10558: 10549: 10539:27 September 10537:. Retrieved 10526: 10512: 10503: 10494: 10485: 10476: 10467: 10458: 10446:. Retrieved 10436: 10424:. Retrieved 10420: 10411: 10399:. Retrieved 10395:the original 10390: 10381: 10372: 10363: 10351:. Retrieved 10347: 10338: 10321: 10317: 10307: 10297: 10276:. Retrieved 10271: 10262: 10250:. Retrieved 10247:EFE Noticias 10246: 10236: 10224:. Retrieved 10212: 10203: 10191:. Retrieved 10186:Gazete Duvar 10184: 10175: 10161: 10149:. Retrieved 10145: 10136: 10124:. Retrieved 10120: 10111: 10099:. Retrieved 10095: 10086: 10074:. Retrieved 10067: 10058: 10046:. Retrieved 10041: 10017:. Retrieved 10012: 10003: 9991: 9979: 9967:. Retrieved 9952: 9945: 9933:. Retrieved 9918: 9911: 9900: 9895: 9893: 9886:. Retrieved 9869: 9865: 9855: 9843:. Retrieved 9832: 9822: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9782:, p. 39 9775: 9770:, p. 50 9763: 9730:. Retrieved 9726: 9717: 9705: 9685: 9678: 9673:, p. 31 9666: 9657: 9648: 9639: 9633: 9621: 9594: 9582: 9562: 9540: 9517: 9483: 9455: 9434: 9425: 9413: 9401: 9394:Gregory 2010 9389: 9377: 9370:Reinert 2002 9365: 9353:. Retrieved 9349:Hagia Sophia 9348: 9339: 9332:Gregory 2010 9327: 9320:Gregory 2010 9315: 9308:Gregory 2010 9303: 9296:Gregory 2010 9291: 9272: 9266: 9247: 9241: 9229: 9217: 9205: 9193:. Retrieved 9189:the original 9184: 9174: 9162: 9157:, p. 63 9155:Gregory 2010 9120: 9115:, p. 77 9108: 9096: 9084: 9072: 9060: 9048: 9036: 9024: 9012: 9001:Roebuck 1959 8996: 8969: 8964: 8959:, p. 1. 8952: 8940:. Retrieved 8936:the original 8929: 8920: 8911: 8902: 8890:. Retrieved 8886:the original 8876: 8867: 8858: 8849: 8840: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8776:. Retrieved 8771: 8740: 8728: 8716: 8704:. Retrieved 8698: 8691: 8683: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8623:. Retrieved 8619: 8581: 8553: 8508:. Retrieved 8501: 8492: 8465: 8444: 8437:Mango, Cyril 8431: 8420: 8382: 8375: 8356: 8353:Upton, Clive 8347: 8328: 8319: 8310: 8301: 8289:. Retrieved 8280: 8271: 8259:. Retrieved 8251: 8242: 8230:. Retrieved 8221: 8200: 8191: 8179:. Retrieved 8175:the original 8165: 8141: 8132: 8073: 8052: 8039: 7889: 7882: 7858: 7704:61.3 million 7700: 7696:20.6 percent 7688:14.7 million 7678: 7666: 7655: 7638:15,000 buses 7612:Thessaloniki 7601: 7557: 7549: 7539: 7530: 7508:operated by 7503: 7499: 7342: 7305:Istanbulkart 7275: 7228: 7202: 7064: 7060:Türk Telekom 7041: 7001:Samuel Morse 6997:Abdülmecid I 6993: 6980:23 megawatts 6968: 6920:water supply 6917: 6881: 6863:in Sarıyer, 6846: 6788: 6780:high schools 6700: 6627: 6594: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6565: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6488: 6441: 6425:Vakıfbank SK 6414: 6347: 6268: 6260:Büyükçekmece 6236:Anadolu Efes 6215:sports clubs 6212: 6102: 6079: 6036: 6017: 6006: 5999: 5968: 5951:Zorlu Center 5940: 5937:Çiçek Pasajı 5930: 5923:is the main 5903:İstinye Park 5899:Zorlu Center 5877: 5873:Spice Bazaar 5865:Grand Bazaar 5862: 5824: 5776: 5769: 5768:(1999), and 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5728: 5681: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5595: 5591:$ 30 million 5582:13.4 million 5580: 5537: 5527:building in 5518: 5496: 5488: 5480:92.7 percent 5476:73.9 percent 5473: 5438: 5396:adjusted by 5388:of GDP, and 5375: 5318: 5307: 5292: 5265: 5219: 5201:Ottoman Jews 5189:Ottoman Navy 5181: 5131: 5129: 5083:or Catholic 5074: 5054: 5003: 4987: 4980: 4789: 4785: 4783:and Ankara. 4754: 4743: 4735:largest city 4711: 4243:Pre-Republic 4233: 4207:Demographics 4193: 4189:27 June 2019 4173: 4165: 4161: 4133: 4119: 4116:Grand Vizier 4107: 4105: 4101:39 districts 4086: 4052: 4037:Fatih Mosque 4030: 4005:neoclassical 4001: 3976:Rumelihisarı 3965: 3954: 3945:Thutmose III 3932: 3912: 3812:Chora Church 3805: 3782: 3758: 3748: 3659: 3648: 3634: 3630: 3581:Thutmose III 3574: 3559:Chalcolithic 3540: 3536: 3527:Galata Tower 3504:Architecture 3461: 3438: 3421: 3402: 3399:Emirgan Park 3392: 3376:Gülhane Park 3373: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3282: 3272: 3244: 3221: 3200: 3192: 3170:Galata Tower 3153: 3149: 3139: 3091:Küçükçekmece 3079:Algal blooms 3077: 3029: 3008:sokak kedisi 3007: 2996:stray animal 2993: 2971: 2963: 2955: 2913: 2897:acclimatized 2891:make up the 2875: 2859: 2853: 2839: 2793: 2751: 2736:Müze Gazhane 2413:mm (inches) 2126: 2114: 2110: 2091: 2049: 2010:, under the 2005: 1987: 1948: 1917: 1894: 1883: 1860: 1839:Ottoman Bank 1835:Banks Street 1834: 1814: 1806: 1792: 1742: 1738:Three Pashas 1706:annex Bosnia 1687: 1648: 1642: 1603: 1599:Galata Tower 1589:View of the 1577: 1573:Grand Bazaar 1553: 1533:Kayser-i Rûm 1531: 1525: 1519: 1490: 1465:Latin Empire 1454: 1430:Hagia Sophia 1426: 1422:Theodosius I 1415: 1412: 1400:Hagia Sophia 1372:in 532, the 1331:Roman Empire 1304: 1295: 1277: 1234: 1193:. In modern 1092: 1073:Ḳosṭanṭīnīye 1055:Constantinus 1019: 1017: 961: 923:(330–1204), 918: 846: 826:largest city 821: 820: 728:ibb.istanbul 555:Istanbulite 387: 110:Galata Tower 80:Hagia Sophia 38: 25: 25308:Holy cities 25224:Mexico City 25188:Los Angeles 25153:America (8) 24097:Brazzaville 24044:Los Angeles 23973:Mexico City 23902:World's 50 23839:Mimar Sinan 23757:Kamil Sonad 23752:Kuzgun Acar 23722:Yavuz Görey 23672:Ferit Özşen 23330:Nova Gorica 22695:WikiProject 22626:Video games 22418:Individuals 22411:LGBT rights 22401:Health care 22368:Immigration 22149:Gendarmerie 22108:Referendums 22024:Legislative 21921:Earthquakes 21806:Oghuz Turks 21695:Dissolution 21377:Cumalıkızık 21253:Aphrodisias 21139:Ecmel Kutay 21108:Ahmet İsvan 21098:Faruk Ilgaz 21093:Haşim İşcan 21072:Necdet Uğur 21057:Kadri İlkay 21052:Turan Ertuğ 21042:Refik Tulga 21021:Kemal Aygün 20919:are bolded. 20239:Zeytinburnu 20214:Sultanbeyli 19625:Hagia Irene 19428:Neve Shalom 19413:Kemerburgaz 19373:Caddebostan 19178:Yıldız Park 19116:Tiled Kiosk 19101:Malta Kiosk 18778:Riva Castle 18717:Pera Museum 18578:Arap Mosque 18545:Blue Mosque 18540:Eyüp Sultan 18456:Art Nouveau 18056:Hagia Irene 16315:Ay, Hasan. 15876:18 November 15629:18 December 15486:Google Maps 14845:Norris 2010 14763:21 February 14735:25 December 14661:11 November 13871:Keyder 1999 13859:Freely 2011 13661:Köksal 2012 13473:, p. 8 13338:22 November 12875:14 December 12849:14 December 12577:Daily Sabah 12389:11 December 12363:11 December 12337:11 December 12314:11 December 12129:12 December 12103:12 December 11975:12 December 11937:Morris 2010 11922:24 December 11901:. Statista. 11849:21 December 11823:20 November 11813:"The Mayor" 11795:"The Mayor" 11767:21 December 11595:30 November 11490:Freely 2011 11473:Freely 2000 11252:Taylor 2007 11113:20 December 11085:Karpat 1976 10666:11 November 10504:Daily Sabah 10468:Daily Sabah 10401:13 December 10096:www.eskp.de 10048:14 December 9984:Keyder 1999 9845:6 September 9768:Landau 1984 9614:Harter 2005 9382:Baynes 1949 9234:Morris 2010 9222:Cantor 1994 9210:Dahmus 1995 9140:Barnes 1981 9125:Barnes 1981 9113:Barnes 1981 9077:Freely 1996 9065:Freely 1996 9029:Freely 1996 9017:Lister 1979 8772:www.bbc.com 8745:Keyder 1999 8721:Finkel 2005 8510:12 December 8201:Hava Forumu 8112:Morris 2010 7829:Caput Mundi 7816:Asia portal 7598:from Paris. 7410:2.2 million 7302:contactless 7095:eye surgery 7013:Crimean War 6957:, known as 6894:is French. 6541:Daily Sabah 6305:(2020) and 6252:Galatasaray 6244:Darüşşafaka 6193:Nef Stadium 6059:Rock'n Coke 6034:districts. 5961:, includes 5925:opera house 5744:(2002) and 5696:Pera Museum 5564:Nef Stadium 5501:in Turkey, 5446:200 million 5414:110 percent 5323:in Turkey. 5314:Murat Kurum 5045:Mimar Sinan 5009:Arab Spring 4769:1.5 percent 4699:Morris 2010 4318:150–300,000 4299:125–500,000 4288:150–350,000 4067:Art Nouveau 4049:Yeni Mosque 3994:, with the 3992:Golden Horn 3937:İznik tiles 3933:Blue Mosque 3915:Christendom 3904:Porta Aurea 3808:Hagia Irene 3631:ventennalia 3566: 5500 3380:Yıldız Park 3361:Yıldız Park 3308:edge cities 3164:citadel of 3158:Golden Horn 3136:of Istanbul 3055:Mecidiyeköy 3043:air quality 2981:overfishing 2765:Xeriscaping 2108:, however. 1996:Earthquakes 1983:Caddebostan 1745:World War I 1730:Balkan Wars 1634:calligraphy 1622:Mimar Sinan 1591:Golden Horn 1569:the old one 1446:Middle Ages 1434:Justinian I 1374:Hagia Irene 1366:Justinian I 1311:Golden Horn 1272:Çemberlitaş 1235:Istanbulite 788:Inscription 636:Postal code 600:276 billion 339: / 76:Blue Mosque 25267:Categories 25160:Brazil (2) 25122:Europe (4) 24877:China (14) 24839:Africa (4) 24832:Megacities 24789:1,127,612 24765:1,161,702 24741:1,167,059 24717:1,273,519 24693:1,377,546 24669:1,445,683 24645:1,475,716 24621:1,544,640 24597:1,818,133 24593:Diyarbakır 24552:1,938,389 24541:15,655,924 24307:Diyarbakır 23766:Sculptures 23717:Füsun Onur 23636:Şadi Çalık 23446:Copenhagen 23224:Leeuwarden 22879:Copenhagen 22567:Newspapers 22552:Literature 22532:Folk dance 22433:Corruption 22317:Minorities 22245:Renewables 22200:Automotive 22009:Government 21740:Secularism 21332:Cappadocia 21313:Çatalhöyük 21295:Safranbolu 21263:Hierapolis 21067:Niyazi Akı 20986:Emin Erkul 20864:Diyarbakır 20335:Kırklareli 20219:Sultangazi 20189:Sancaktepe 20139:Eyüpsultan 20104:Beylikdüzü 20089:Bayrampaşa 20084:Başakşehir 20054:Arnavutköy 19918:Newspapers 19877:Cemeteries 19830:Newspapers 19794:Cemeteries 19742:Newspapers 19691:Cemeteries 19674:Minorities 19378:Haydarpaşa 19353:Bet Nissim 19348:Bet Israel 19343:Bet Avraam 19320:Synagogues 19163:Maçka Park 18773:Edirnekapı 18555:New Mosque 18403:Hippodrome 18375:Miscellany 18160:Kürkçü Han 16958:: 347–67. 15918:"Metrobus" 15461:Kgm.gov.tr 15431:Kgm.gov.tr 15402:Kgm.gov.tr 15334:Sanal 2011 14995:bianet.org 14913:Yeni Şafak 13984:27 January 13978:Al Monitor 13456:2 December 13435:2 December 13414:22 January 13388:1 December 13333:aremas.net 13203:ifm.gov.tr 13164:2 December 13135:2 December 13106:2 December 13077:2 December 13036:1 December 13031:World Bank 13011:2 December 12982:1 December 12557:1 December 12501:1 December 12478:Çelik 1993 12415:28 January 12165:Yeni Şafak 12049:Turan 2010 11626:Çelik 1993 11602:province.) 11568:Çelik 1993 11556:Çelik 1993 10998:Çelik 1993 10986:Çelik 1993 10822:birgun.net 10448:16 January 10391:mgm.gov.tr 10076:9 February 9888:11 October 9732:31 January 9671:Çelik 1993 9599:Çelik 1993 9406:Béhar 1999 9355:31 January 9089:Grant 1996 9041:Çelik 1993 9005:Isaac 1986 8989:Isaac 1986 8968:Herodotus 8625:31 January 8470:Çelik 1993 8417:"Istanbul" 8291:8 December 8261:8 December 8232:6 February 8181:4 February 8158:References 8116:Turan 2010 8024:colloquial 7662:Arnavutköy 7286:funiculars 7225:toll roads 7091:40 percent 7075:23 percent 6869:Altunizade 6725:-oriented 6615:Açık Radyo 6602:90 percent 6552:Cumhuriyet 6429:Fenerbahçe 6343:Category 4 6248:Fenerbahçe 6131:See also: 5987:Beylerbeyi 5979:Arnavutköy 5834:Galataport 5821:in Beyoğlu 5723:Galataport 5616:A view of 5598:Galataport 5490:3,104,882 5434:61 percent 5430:47 percent 5418:30 percent 5410:60 percent 5406:36 percent 5390:47 percent 5386:31 percent 5382:30 percent 5193:Kemal Reis 5185:Bayezid II 5136:(Turkish: 5133:Levantines 5085:Levantines 5013:Arab world 4857:See also: 4750:19 percent 4703:Turan 2010 4681:15,519,267 4670:15,067,724 4659:15,029,231 4648:14,804,116 4637:14,657,434 4626:11,174,200 4310:50–250,000 4217:See also: 4143:Statue of 3986:A view of 3872:Augustaion 3732:Beylerbeyi 3724:Dolmabahçe 3716:Abdülmecid 3627:Alexandria 3568: – c. 3508:See also: 3321:gecekondus 3296:Altunizade 3261:A view of 3253:Asian side 3110:See also: 3051:Sultangazi 2970:(Turkish: 2962:(Turkish: 2954:(Turkish: 2905:Asteraceae 2889:stone pine 2532:(≥ 0.1 cm) 2485:(≥ 0.1 mm) 2144:Kireçburnu 2000:See also: 1971:Heybeliada 1911:. Further 1905:Christians 1829:A view of 1442:Nika riots 1370:Nika riots 1368:after the 1292:Sarayburnu 1288:Copper Age 1224:İstanbullu 1125:colloquial 980:20 million 800:Extensions 791:1985 (9th 648:Area codes 613:US$ 17,349 607:Per capita 574:(nominal) 563:İstanbullu 529:15,305,657 502:15,655,924 487:Population 415:Government 327:28°57′18″E 324:41°00′49″N 25202:Other (4) 25172:São Paulo 25072:Other (7) 25025:Japan (3) 24980:Hyderabad 24965:Bangalore 24958:India (6) 24949:Zhengzhou 24909:Guangzhou 24899:Chongqing 24870:Asia (35) 24778:2,102,907 24754:2,164,134 24750:Gaziantep 24730:2,213,964 24726:Şanlıurfa 24713:Balıkesir 24706:2,270,298 24682:2,320,241 24658:2,696,249 24634:3,214,571 24610:4,479,525 24586:5,803,482 24402:Şanlıurfa 24322:Gaziantep 24317:Eskişehir 24292:Balıkesir 24188:Hyderabad 24140:Zhengzhou 24115:Chongqing 24058:Bangalore 23991:São Paulo 23939:Guangzhou 23818:Dayanışma 23655:Sculptors 23629:Committee 23542:The Hague 23512:Marseille 23452:Stuttgart 23440:Rotterdam 23422:Stockholm 23312:Bad Ischl 23289:Timișoara 23149:Marseille 23134:Guimarães 23069:Stavanger 23064:Liverpool 22989:Salamanca 22969:Rotterdam 22919:Reykjavík 22899:Stockholm 22786:Amsterdam 22621:TV series 22579:Miniature 22522:Festivals 22438:Terrorism 22389:Education 22322:Languages 22166:Air Force 22081:Elections 22029:Executive 21975:Mountains 21842:Geography 21761:Overviews 21700:Partition 21666:Tulip era 21282:Black Sea 21267:Pamukkale 20959:Mayors of 20895:Şanlıurfa 20871:Gaziantep 20709:Gümüşhane 20681:Zonguldak 20659:Kastamonu 20591:Kırıkkale 20446:Eskişehir 20325:Çanakkale 20319:Balıkesir 20277:provinces 20164:Kağıthane 20042:Districts 19906:Languages 19894:Hospitals 19806:Hospitals 19713:Hospitals 19683:Armenians 19660:Zorlu PSM 19640:Ora Arena 19524:Festivals 19511:Festivals 19403:Kal Kados 19368:Burgazada 19333:Ashkenazi 19276:Nişantaşı 19268:Districts 19038:Pavilions 18692:Miniatürk 18598:Modernist 18517:Classical 18388:Çukurcuma 18266:Fountains 18133:Monuments 18018:Kuzguncuk 16303:schedule. 16234:. Touring 16001:28 August 15820:20 August 15794:20 August 15768:20 August 15715:20 August 15523:TRT World 14725:Medyatava 14566:8 January 14140:2 January 13835:Köse 2009 13674:"History" 12977:240715488 12786:9 October 12760:9 October 12528:4 January 12034:21 August 11662:Wynn 1984 10917:1 October 10330:0000-0000 10221:0013-0613 9969:27 August 9935:27 August 9878:1911-0359 9814:159425371 8970:Histories 8892:2 October 8832:129280217 8824:0033-5894 8802:(1): 30. 8647:Room 2006 8087:Chalcedon 8083:Herodotus 8079:Byzantium 7673:IATA code 7646:Frankfurt 7574:Railroads 7233:ring road 7071:6 percent 7032:Vedat Tek 7015:in 1856. 6936:158 sites 6924:aqueducts 6679:Education 6567:Habertürk 6496:Cağaloğlu 6231:Süper Lig 6098:Teknofest 6074:Nişantaşı 6047:Kuruçeşme 5991:Çengelköy 5963:Zorlu PSM 5830:Nişantaşı 5796:biennales 5400:stood at 5327:sends 98 5169:Karşıyaka 5165:Nişantaşı 5105:Assyrians 5095:prompted 5089:Armenians 5035:Built by 4805:Kastamonu 4793:Black Sea 4615:8,831,800 4604:8,260,400 4593:7,615,500 4582:6,620,200 4571:5,494,900 4560:2,853,500 4549:2,547,400 4538:2,132,400 4527:1,743,000 4516:1,459,500 4197:Davut Gül 3783:Built in 3720:Abdülaziz 3403:Kyparades 3363:connects 3338:Tarlabaşı 3326:gecekondu 3314:Expansion 3288:Kozyatağı 3247:edge city 3101:Cityscape 3083:red tides 3059:Kağıthane 3026:Pollution 2947:anchovies 2895:that got 2836:terebinth 2806:climate. 2719:Source: 2094:temperate 2028:magnitude 1979:Kınalıada 1975:Burgazada 1955:Black Sea 1890:President 1845:moved to 1803:Mehmed VI 1769:Christian 1688:With the 1645:Mahmud II 1638:miniature 1610:caliphate 1561:aqueducts 1556:Mehmed II 1506:Mehmed II 1417:Nova Roma 1307:acropolis 1279:Neolithic 1213:dotless I 1160:Dersaadet 1093:The name 1082:قسطنطينيه 1036:Byzántion 1031:Βυζάντιον 1021:Byzantium 937:Silk Road 921:Byzantine 889:Nova Roma 880:Nea Rhomē 849:Byzantium 778:Reference 714:.istanbul 694:very high 619:Time zone 518:in Turkey 513:in Europe 405:Districts 398:Cağaloğlu 25278:Istanbul 25129:Istanbul 25094:Istanbul 25016:Surabaya 24924:Shenzhen 24919:Shanghai 24914:Hangzhou 24904:Dongguan 24889:Changsha 24856:Kinshasa 24737:Tekirdağ 24537:Istanbul 24519:Istanbul 24407:Tekirdağ 24332:İstanbul 24208:Surabaya 24198:Hangzhou 24155:Dongguan 24093:Kinshasa 24083:Istanbul 24053:Pretoria 24026:Shenzhen 23996:New York 23958:Shanghai 23797:Yükseliş 23524:Budapest 23482:Istanbul 23476:Valencia 23434:Alicante 23339:Chemnitz 23294:Elefsina 23284:Veszprém 23274:Novi Sad 23219:Valletta 23099:Istanbul 22934:Brussels 22929:Helsinki 22776:Florence 22671:Category 22609:Football 22594:Painting 22537:Folklore 22445:Marriage 22351:Istanbul 22334:Religion 22287:Railways 22277:Aviation 22215:Currency 22073:Politics 22041:Judicial 22017:Branches 21995:Wildlife 21785:Military 21773:Economic 21678:Tanzimat 21499:Category 21386:Istanbul 21272:Pergamon 21081:Elected 20962:Istanbul 20853:Adıyaman 20761:Erzincan 20601:Nevşehir 20596:Kırşehir 20561:Osmaniye 20341:Tekirdağ 20299:Istanbul 20290:Istanbul 20275:List of 20229:Ümraniye 20154:Güngören 20134:Esenyurt 20124:Çekmeköy 20094:Beşiktaş 20079:Bakırköy 20069:Bağcılar 20059:Ataşehir 19974:Category 19818:Language 19730:Language 19338:Bakırköy 19238:Akmerkez 19188:Shopping 18881:Military 18304:Madrasas 18170:Cisterns 17985:Armenian 17976:Churches 17968:Istanbul 17927:Archived 17911:Archived 17887:Archived 16609:11 April 16438:25 March 16379:30 March 16296:13 April 16103:cite web 15731:"Tunnel" 15319:31 March 15274:cite web 15230:31 March 15168:31 March 15137:31 March 15099:11 March 14586:Archived 14505:"Events" 14320:10 April 14268:10 April 14243:10 April 14192:10 April 14092:10 April 14070:10 April 13958:29 April 13932:29 April 13894:29 April 13788:29 April 13762:28 April 13736:28 April 13710:13 April 13684:13 April 13571:19 April 13545:19 April 13408:Hürriyet 13383:Statista 12449:"Sözlük" 12409:BBC News 12077:27 March 11614:Gül 2012 11382:Archived 11378:web page 11275:29 April 10771:BBC News 10641:22 April 10564:28 April 10353:28 April 10278:31 March 10252:31 March 10226:31 March 10193:31 March 10151:31 March 10126:31 March 10101:31 March 9882:Archived 9839:Archived 9522:ABC-Clio 8910:(1964). 8706:15 March 8327:(2008). 8091:Eusebius 8003:İstanbul 7994:-an-buul 7760:See also 7710:and the 7652:Airports 7500:Emin Kul 7414:Metrobus 7056:landline 6932:cisterns 6784:LGS exam 6667:CNN Türk 6655:Sky Turk 6619:Metro FM 6560:Milliyet 6527:Hürriyet 6504:Hürriyet 6454:and the 6439:titles. 6433:European 6240:Beşiktaş 6024:Beşiktaş 5941:meyhanes 5883:Akmerkez 5802:and the 5782:and the 5774:(2008). 5762:(1964), 5756:(1963), 5645:Bosporus 5540:Ataşehir 5370:Ataşehir 5321:province 5216:Politics 5139:Levanten 4723:Chang'an 4427:Republic 4149:Büyükada 4134:belediye 4108:Tanzimat 4054:Tanzimat 4035:include 3902:and the 3785:porphyry 3554:Marmaray 3543:Yenikapı 3414:Murad IV 3342:Sulukule 3304:Ümraniye 3292:Ataşehir 3206:Beşiktaş 2939:sea bass 2931:Bluefish 2927:demersal 2909:Rosaceae 2808:Chestnut 2771:target. 2769:net zero 2672:Percent 2667:2,180.7 2577:Average 2478:(34.06) 2409:Average 1967:Büyükada 1961:via the 1710:Bulgaria 1650:Tanzimat 1626:ceramics 1593:and the 1457:Basil II 1227:(plural 1200:İstanbul 1191:Mahmud I 1187:اسلامبول 1178:Islambol 1142:εἰς τὴν 1105:استانبول 1096:İstanbul 1087:İstanbul 1068:İstanbul 1058:, after 1046:Thracian 1041:Megarian 876:Νέα Ῥώμη 868:New Rome 822:Istanbul 769:Criteria 611:₺287,524 588:province 498:province 388:Istanbul 383:Province 298:Istanbul 265:Istanbul 232:Istanbul 175:Bosporus 128:its tram 52:province 39:İstanbul 35:Istanbul 25079:Bangkok 25058:Karachi 25011:Jakarta 25006:Bandung 24985:Kolkata 24970:Chennai 24929:Tianjin 24894:Chengdu 24884:Beijing 24774:Kocaeli 24665:Kayseri 24654:Antalya 24412:Trabzon 24392:Sakarya 24362:Malatya 24347:Kocaeli 24342:Kayseri 24312:Erzurum 24302:Denizli 24282:Antalya 24213:Bandung 24183:Tianjin 24130:Chennai 24063:Chengdu 24016:Beijing 24011:Bangkok 24001:Karachi 23986:Kolkata 23929:Jakarta 23548:Glasgow 23494:Cardiff 23488:Antwerp 23428:Glasgow 23364:Liepāja 23354:Trenčín 23334:Gorizia 23234:Plovdiv 23194:Wrocław 23129:Maribor 23119:Tallinn 23084:Vilnius 23004:Plovdiv 22959:Bologna 22954:Avignon 22849:Antwerp 22819:Glasgow 22707:Outline 22683:Commons 22616:Theater 22599:Pottery 22515:Ottoman 22510:Cuisine 22488:Ottoman 22465:Culture 22450:Poverty 22382:Society 22267:Tourism 22220:Defense 22192:Economy 22034:Cabinet 21965:Geology 21909:Climate 21851:Regions 21778:Ottoman 21596:Beyliks 21592:Seljuks 21557:History 21414:Xanthos 21365:Marmara 21323:Gordion 21290:Hattusa 21258:Ephesus 20828:Tunceli 20817:Malatya 20811:Hakkâri 20767:Erzurum 20756:Bayburt 20751:Ardahan 20727:Trabzon 20704:Giresun 20654:Karabük 20644:Çankırı 20585:Kayseri 20579:Aksaray 20542:Isparta 20524:Antalya 20491:Karaman 20460:Sakarya 20453:Kocaeli 20423:Bilecik 20386:Kütahya 20373:Denizli 20234:Üsküdar 20204:Silivri 20194:Sarıyer 20179:Maltepe 20159:Kadıköy 20129:Esenler 20119:Çatalca 20109:Beyoğlu 20064:Avcılar 19930:Schools 19842:Schools 19764:Schools 19757:Marmara 19752:Jamanak 19600:Babylon 19448:Yeniköy 19438:Ortaköy 19408:Karaite 19393:Italian 19388:Istipol 19243:Cevahir 19197:Bazaars 19000:Palaces 18909:Science 18808:History 18761:Castles 18625:Museums 18474:Baroque 18447:Mosques 18203:Columns 18023:Samatya 17998:Beyoğlu 16409:4 April 16323:. Sabah 16258:Reuters 16238:3 April 16216:3 April 16190:3 April 16156:3 April 16130:3 April 16093:3 April 16045:3 April 15975:5 April 15950:5 April 15928:3 April 15902:3 April 15850:3 April 15741:3 April 15689:1 April 15491:1 April 15484:(Map). 15264:4 April 15045:28 July 15020:28 July 14975:20 July 14919:28 July 14892:28 July 14721:"Tiraj" 14518:29 June 14394:29 June 14368:29 June 14346:29 June 14010:8 April 12924:4 April 12780:Haaretz 11805:12 July 11723:16 July 11437:12 June 10971:31 July 10965:Reuters 10828:31 July 10802:31 July 10776:31 July 10019:4 April 9195:30 July 8942:21 June 8804:Bibcode 8443:(ed.). 7999:Turkish 7483:Ferries 7401:Halkalı 7338:Kabataş 7298:ferries 7034:in the 7028:Sirkeci 6999:issued 6639:Kanal D 6635:Show TV 6631:Star TV 6623:Radio 3 6610:Radio 2 6606:Radio 2 6583:Jamanak 6577:Marmara 6043:Harbiye 6032:Kadıköy 6020:Beyoğlu 5995:Kumkapı 5983:Yeniköy 5971:Ortaköy 5935:is the 5854:Kadıköy 5846:Ortaköy 5838:Karaköy 5759:Topkapi 5626:Culture 5586:Antalya 5568:Sarıyer 5533:İstinye 5529:Sirkeci 5469:Sirkeci 5343:Economy 5308:In the 5246:of the 5206:Spanish 5173:Bornova 5070:Alevism 4969: 4956: 4941: 4926: 4911: 4829:Trabzon 4825:Malatya 4817:Erzurum 4813:Giresun 4797:Central 4727:Kaifeng 4719:Baghdad 4574:+14.00% 4505:983,000 4494:845,300 4483:793,900 4472:740,800 4464:−11.44% 4461:691,000 4450:881,000 4441:±% p.a. 4418:942,900 4410:874,000 4402:715,000 4394:500,000 4386:700,000 4378:660,000 4370:200,000 4344:100,000 4334:150,000 4326:200,000 4277:400,000 4269:300,000 4145:Atatürk 4093:Turkish 4013:baroque 3941:Obelisk 3772:at the 3736:Küçüksu 3728:Çırağan 3664:reliefs 3639:of the 3597:Pharaoh 3577:Obelisk 3561:period 3422:Emirgan 3418:Safavid 3416:to the 3407:Nişancı 3300:Kavacık 3279:Kadıköy 3275:Üsküdar 3267:Kanlıca 3240:Bomonti 3210:Ortaköy 3174:Karaköy 3162:Genoese 3146:Turkish 3004:Turkish 2956:afalina 2923:pelagic 2885:cypress 2740:Kadıköy 2473:(4.91) 2468:(3.96) 2463:(3.87) 2458:(3.20) 2453:(1.71) 2448:(1.43) 2443:(1.76) 2438:(1.46) 2433:(1.78) 2428:(2.75) 2423:(3.45) 2418:(3.78) 2404:(52.6) 2399:(41.9) 2394:(48.6) 2389:(56.5) 2384:(63.3) 2379:(70.2) 2374:(68.5) 2369:(63.3) 2364:(55.0) 2359:(46.6) 2354:(40.8) 2349:(38.3) 2344:(38.5) 2334:(58.0) 2329:(46.2) 2324:(53.1) 2319:(61.2) 2314:(68.9) 2309:(75.6) 2304:(74.7) 2299:(70.0) 2294:(61.3) 2289:(52.7) 2284:(46.4) 2279:(43.0) 2274:(42.6) 2264:(64.9) 2259:(51.3) 2254:(59.0) 2249:(67.8) 2244:(76.3) 2239:(82.8) 2234:(82.4) 2229:(78.3) 2224:(69.8) 2219:(61.0) 2214:(53.6) 2209:(48.9) 2204:(47.8) 2122:graupel 2067:Climate 1957:to the 1847:İstinye 1820:Sanremo 1674:Beyoğlu 1527:shahada 1315:Persian 1266:at the 1241:History 1195:Turkish 1169:درساعدت 1139:phrase 1064:Turkish 933:Ottoman 824:is the 793:Session 720:Website 692:0.867 ( 559:Turkish 551:Demonym 400:, Fatih 376:Marmara 352:Country 25209:Bogotá 25139:Moscow 25134:London 25109:Tehran 25063:Lahore 25037:Nagoya 24990:Mumbai 24939:Xiamen 24689:Samsun 24641:Manisa 24582:Ankara 24548:Mersin 24529:Ankara 24397:Samsun 24377:Mersin 24372:Mardin 24367:Manisa 24277:Ankara 24203:Nagoya 24193:Taipei 24178:Bogotá 24150:London 24145:Luanda 24110:Tehran 24088:Lahore 24021:Moscow 23953:Manila 23948:Mumbai 23943:Foshan 23834:Birlik 23802:İkimiz 23787:Yağmur 23536:Lisbon 23530:Málaga 23506:Prague 23470:Dublin 23458:Warsaw 23416:Madrid 23264:Kaunas 23254:Galway 23249:Rijeka 23239:Matera 23209:Paphos 23204:Aarhus 23144:Košice 23039:Patras 22984:Bruges 22944:Kraków 22939:Prague 22924:Bergen 22909:Weimar 22859:Lisbon 22839:Madrid 22829:Dublin 22799:Berlin 22766:Athens 22659:Portal 22604:Sports 22505:Cinema 22500:Carpet 22483:Seljuk 22473:Anthem 22356:Ankara 22225:Energy 22117:Topics 21985:Rivers 21902:Topics 21794:Topics 21549:Turkey 21418:Letoon 21245:Aegean 20901:Şırnak 20883:Mardin 20858:Batman 20806:Elazığ 20801:Bitlis 20796:Bingöl 20699:Artvin 20665:Samsun 20639:Bartın 20634:Amasya 20616:Yozgat 20555:Mersin 20530:Burdur 20485:Ankara 20466:Yalova 20392:Manisa 20352:Aegean 20330:Edirne 20281:region 20184:Pendik 20169:Kartal 20099:Beykoz 20049:Adalar 20035:Turkey 19911:Ladino 19786:Greeks 19587:Venues 19515:venues 19443:Yanbol 19418:Maalem 19328:Ahrida 19306:Kanyon 19253:Kanyon 18570:Gothic 18327:Towers 18241:Milion 18096:Others 18038:Greeks 18028:Taksim 18013:Kartal 18008:Galata 17864: 17845: 17826: 17807: 17780: 17761: 17742: 17723: 17704: 17685: 17662: 17643: 17624: 17605: 17586: 17567: 17548: 17529: 17510: 17491: 17473: 17454: 17435: 17416: 17395:5 July 17364: 17352:(2011) 17333: 17314: 17295: 17276: 17257: 17238: 17219: 17198: 17179: 17160: 17139: 17120: 17101: 17082: 17063: 17044: 17025: 17006: 16987: 16972:283503 16970: 16939: 16920: 16901: 16882: 16863: 16844: 16821: 16802: 16783: 16762: 16743: 16724: 16705: 16686: 16667: 16648: 16629: 16600: 16579: 16560: 16541: 16522: 16503: 16484: 16465: 16353:4 July 16327:8 June 15655:5 July 15581:4 July 15555:4 July 15197:5 July 15068: 14947: 14636:3 July 14610:3 July 14544:3 July 14471:14 May 14445:2 June 14420:3 July 14294:5 July 14218:3 July 14166:24 May 14118:6 June 14041:31 May 13815: 13646:6 July 13313:16 May 13288:15 May 13258:20 May 13233:20 May 13208:13 May 12975: 12965: 12736: 12711: 12686: 12658: 12606: 12583:20 May 12286: 12247: 11883:7 June 11539: 11514: 11410: 11138: 11021:4 July 10870:News18 10426:3 June 10328: 10219: 9960: 9926: 9876: 9812: 9693: 9570: 9528: 9490: 9462: 9279: 9254: 8830: 8822: 8778:29 May 8593: 8560: 8453: 8390: 8363: 8335: 8146:2009. 8045:Moscow 7588:Vienna 7564:Turyol 7296:, and 7192:, and 7178:, and 7052:mobile 7009:Edirne 6653:) and 6427:, and 6400:, and 6356:, the 6303:Lisbon 6234:teams— 6127:Sports 6051:Maslak 5931:Along 5895:Kanyon 5694:, the 5576:Levent 5362:Maslak 5358:Levent 5210:Ladino 5152:Venice 5039:, the 4965:Others 4881:, and 4821:Samsun 4765:Moscow 4739:London 4684:+3.00% 4673:+0.26% 4662:+1.52% 4651:+1.00% 4640:+3.45% 4629:+3.42% 4618:+2.25% 4607:+2.75% 4596:+3.56% 4585:+3.80% 4563:+2.30% 4552:+3.62% 4541:+4.12% 4530:+3.61% 4519:+4.03% 4508:+3.06% 4497:+1.26% 4486:+1.39% 4475:+0.87% 4362:45,000 4352:80,000 4261:36,000 4187:since 4121:millet 4091:(IMM, 4011:, and 4009:rococo 3898:, the 3894:, the 3890:, the 3874:, the 3858:, the 3850:, the 3846:, the 3842:, the 3838:, the 3834:, the 3830:, the 3826:, the 3822:, the 3818:, the 3814:, the 3810:, the 3797:Apollo 3755:Delphi 3516:, and 3494:, and 3263:Levent 3238:, and 3236:Levent 3232:Maslak 3166:Galata 2966:) and 2964:tırtak 2935:bonito 2901:Kartal 2832:laurel 2828:locust 2820:linden 2658:158.1 2655:234.0 2652:288.3 2649:319.3 2646:297.6 2643:248.0 2640:180.0 2637:142.6 2525:131.3 2155:Month 2086:Kilyos 2016:locked 1855:Maslak 1851:Levent 1815:Malaya 1777:Allies 1682:Nestlé 1636:, and 1538:Caesar 1470:Deesis 1376:is an 1209:dotted 1084:) and 968:London 957:Ankara 857:Megara 830:Turkey 782:356bis 705:GeoTLD 689:(2021) 576:(2022) 371:Region 364:Turkey 361: 158:Levent 25144:Paris 25104:Seoul 25084:Dhaka 25042:Tokyo 24975:Delhi 24944:Xi'an 24934:Wuhan 24861:Lagos 24846:Cairo 24761:Aydın 24702:Adana 24678:Konya 24630:Bursa 24617:Hatay 24606:İzmir 24572:Bursa 24562:İzmir 24382:Muğla 24352:Konya 24337:İzmir 24327:Hatay 24297:Bursa 24287:Aydın 24272:Adana 24173:Wuhan 24135:Paris 24125:Xi'an 24078:Lagos 24006:Dhaka 23968:Cairo 23963:Seoul 23934:Delhi 23924:Tokyo 23823:Yankı 23813:Bahar 23554:Genoa 23552:2024 23546:2023 23540:2022 23534:2021 23528:2020 23522:2019 23518:Sofia 23516:2018 23510:2017 23504:2016 23500:Turin 23498:2015 23492:2014 23486:2013 23480:2012 23474:2011 23468:2010 23464:Milan 23462:2009 23456:2008 23450:2007 23444:2006 23438:2005 23432:2004 23426:2003 23420:2002 23414:2001 23305:Tartu 23179:Plzeň 23114:Turku 23094:Essen 23054:Sibiu 23019:Lille 23014:Genoa 22974:Porto 22809:Paris 22589:Names 22584:Music 22557:Media 22428:Crime 22361:İzmir 21970:Lakes 21955:Fauna 21373:Bursa 20889:Siirt 20877:Kilis 20773:Iğdır 20676:Tokat 20671:Sinop 20649:Çorum 20611:Sivas 20606:Niğde 20536:Hatay 20517:Adana 20497:Konya 20440:Düzce 20434:Bursa 20399:Muğla 20380:İzmir 20366:Aydın 20224:Tuzla 20209:Şişli 20144:Fatih 19923:Şalom 19423:Mayor 19230:Malls 19135:Parks 18652:Elgiz 18003:Fatih 17803:–42. 17389:(PDF) 17382:(PDF) 16968:JSTOR 16126:. BBC 15679:(PDF) 15545:(PDF) 15466:1 May 15436:1 May 15427:(PDF) 15408:1 May 15398:(PDF) 14864:8 May 14860:. BBC 14830:8 May 14792:8 May 14705:8 May 14699:(PDF) 14508:(PDF) 14262:(PDF) 14237:(PDF) 14036:RSSSF 14031:RSSSF 13154:(PDF) 13001:(PDF) 12973:S2CID 12823:4 May 12817:Tele1 12548:(PDF) 12224:. UN. 12205:KONDA 12201:(PDF) 12024:(xls) 11916:(doc) 11717:(PDF) 11706:(PDF) 11362:, 65. 11225:6 May 11199:6 May 11173:6 May 11147:6 May 11057:(PDF) 10945:7 May 10692:(PDF) 10685:(PDF) 10324:(1). 9810:S2CID 9755:Sözcü 8932:..."" 8828:S2CID 8774:. BBC 7951:also 7850:Notes 7550:vapur 7505:vapur 7405:Gebze 7330:Tünel 7309:Akbil 7290:metro 7282:trams 7199:Roads 6867:near 6857:Tuzla 6836:Maçka 6651:MSNBC 6546:Sabah 6530:' 6522:Sözcü 6516:Posta 6510:Sabah 6474:Media 6307:Porto 6028:Şişli 6013:kebab 5975:Bebek 5850:Bebek 5704:Arter 5531:) to 5366:Şişli 5144:İzmir 5005:Arabs 4999:Zazas 4994:KONDA 4990:Kurds 4951:Arabs 4936:Zazas 4921:Kurds 4906:Turks 4841:Sivas 4833:Sinop 4781:İzmir 3759:spina 3660:spina 3636:spina 3608:pylon 3593:Luxor 3434:tulip 3397:, is 3352:Parks 3283:yalıs 3265:from 3223:yalıs 3142:Fatih 3130:Fatih 2972:mutur 2846:broom 2786:is a 2664:62.0 2661:93.0 2634:89.6 2631:68.2 2620:76.9 2617:78.4 2614:78.9 2611:78.4 2608:75.0 2605:75.9 2602:75.3 2599:75.7 2596:76.5 2593:75.1 2590:75.8 2587:78.6 2584:79.8 2572:15.2 2522:17.5 2519:13.9 2516:12.3 2498:10.0 2495:13.2 2492:15.2 2489:16.9 2476:865.2 2471:124.8 2466:100.5 2194:Year 2014:, is 1597:from 1296:Lygos 1218:-tan- 1144:Πόλιν 1026:Greek 998:Names 986:is a 972:Dubai 925:Latin 914:Greek 885:Latin 853:Greek 671:TR-34 624:UTC+3 525:Urban 442:Mayor 25219:Lima 24504:Pop. 24499:Name 24494:Rank 24489:Pop. 24484:Name 24479:Rank 24462:TÜİK 24387:Ordu 24168:Lima 23359:2027 23349:Oulu 23344:2026 23325:2025 23319:Bodø 23299:2024 23279:2023 23259:2022 23229:2019 23214:2018 23199:2017 23184:2016 23174:Mons 23169:2015 23164:Riga 23159:Umeå 23154:2014 23139:2013 23124:2012 23109:2011 23104:Pécs 23089:2010 23079:Linz 23074:2009 23059:2008 23044:2007 23034:2006 23029:Cork 23024:2005 23009:2004 22999:Graz 22994:2003 22979:2002 22964:2001 22914:2000 22904:1999 22894:1998 22884:1997 22874:1996 22864:1995 22854:1994 22844:1993 22834:1992 22824:1991 22814:1990 22804:1989 22796:West 22791:1988 22781:1987 22771:1986 22761:1985 22631:Wine 22527:Flag 22230:Coal 22176:Navy 22171:Land 21639:Rise 21594:and 21438:and 21396:Troy 21375:and 21330:and 20778:Kars 20746:Ağrı 20721:Rize 20715:Ordu 20428:Bolu 20405:Uşak 20199:Şile 19869:Jews 19747:Agos 19513:and 17862:ISBN 17843:ISBN 17824:ISBN 17805:ISBN 17778:ISBN 17759:ISBN 17740:ISBN 17721:ISBN 17702:ISBN 17683:ISBN 17660:ISBN 17641:ISBN 17622:ISBN 17603:ISBN 17584:ISBN 17565:ISBN 17546:ISBN 17527:ISBN 17508:ISBN 17489:ISBN 17471:ISBN 17452:ISBN 17433:ISBN 17414:ISBN 17397:2012 17362:ISBN 17331:ISBN 17312:ISBN 17293:ISBN 17274:ISBN 17255:ISBN 17236:ISBN 17217:ISBN 17196:ISBN 17177:ISBN 17158:ISBN 17137:ISBN 17118:ISBN 17099:ISBN 17080:ISBN 17061:ISBN 17042:ISBN 17023:ISBN 17004:ISBN 16985:ISBN 16937:ISBN 16918:ISBN 16899:ISBN 16880:ISBN 16861:ISBN 16842:ISBN 16819:ISBN 16800:ISBN 16781:ISBN 16760:ISBN 16741:ISBN 16722:ISBN 16703:ISBN 16684:ISBN 16665:ISBN 16646:ISBN 16627:ISBN 16611:2013 16598:ISBN 16577:ISBN 16558:ISBN 16539:ISBN 16520:ISBN 16501:ISBN 16482:ISBN 16463:ISBN 16440:2014 16411:2012 16381:2013 16355:2012 16329:2014 16298:2019 16240:2012 16218:2012 16192:2012 16158:2012 16132:2012 16109:link 16095:2012 16073:2012 16047:2012 16003:2012 15977:2024 15952:2024 15930:2012 15904:2012 15878:2018 15852:2012 15822:2012 15796:2012 15770:2012 15743:2012 15717:2012 15691:2012 15657:2012 15631:2022 15583:2012 15557:2012 15493:2012 15468:2024 15438:2024 15410:2024 15321:2012 15280:link 15266:2012 15232:2012 15199:2012 15170:2012 15139:2012 15101:2006 15066:ISBN 15047:2023 15022:2023 14977:2023 14945:ISBN 14921:2023 14894:2023 14866:2012 14832:2012 14794:2012 14765:2011 14737:2016 14707:2012 14663:2021 14638:2012 14612:2012 14568:2017 14546:2012 14520:2012 14473:2021 14447:2021 14422:2012 14396:2012 14370:2012 14348:2012 14322:2012 14296:2012 14270:2012 14245:2012 14220:2012 14194:2012 14168:2018 14142:2013 14120:2016 14094:2012 14072:2012 14043:2018 14012:2012 13986:2022 13960:2012 13934:2012 13896:2012 13813:ISBN 13790:2012 13764:2012 13738:2012 13712:2012 13686:2012 13648:2012 13573:2012 13547:2012 13458:2020 13437:2020 13416:2022 13390:2020 13340:2020 13315:2023 13290:2023 13260:2023 13235:2023 13210:2023 13166:2020 13137:2020 13108:2020 13079:2020 13038:2020 13013:2020 12984:2020 12963:ISBN 12926:2024 12877:2020 12851:2020 12825:2019 12788:2016 12762:2016 12734:ISBN 12709:ISBN 12684:ISBN 12656:ISBN 12604:ISBN 12585:2020 12559:2020 12530:2007 12503:2020 12465:2021 12417:2021 12391:2020 12365:2020 12339:2020 12316:2020 12284:ISBN 12245:ISBN 12173:2021 12131:2020 12105:2020 12079:2012 12036:2018 12007:2012 11977:2020 11924:2011 11885:2024 11851:2011 11825:2020 11807:2018 11769:2011 11725:2012 11597:2010 11537:ISBN 11512:ISBN 11439:2014 11408:ISBN 11277:2012 11227:2013 11201:2013 11175:2013 11149:2013 11136:ISBN 11115:2011 11023:2012 10973:2021 10947:2024 10919:2022 10852:2018 10830:2021 10804:2021 10778:2021 10668:2023 10643:2019 10566:2021 10541:2018 10450:2024 10428:2021 10403:2020 10355:2021 10326:ISSN 10280:2024 10254:2024 10228:2024 10217:ISSN 10195:2024 10153:2024 10128:2024 10103:2024 10078:2023 10050:2020 10021:2024 9971:2024 9958:ISBN 9937:2024 9924:ISBN 9890:2015 9874:ISSN 9847:2016 9734:2021 9691:ISBN 9568:ISBN 9526:ISBN 9488:ISBN 9460:ISBN 9357:2021 9277:ISBN 9252:ISBN 9197:2012 8944:2015 8894:2007 8820:ISSN 8780:2021 8708:2021 8627:2021 8591:ISBN 8558:ISBN 8512:2023 8451:ISBN 8388:ISBN 8361:ISBN 8333:ISBN 8293:2023 8263:2023 8234:2024 8183:2020 7941:BUUL 7939:-an- 7640:and 7502:, a 7498:M/V 7391:and 7383:and 7371:and 7343:The 7219:and 7112:The 7097:and 7054:and 7022:The 6973:, a 6969:The 6953:The 6912:and 6805:and 6762:and 6741:and 6723:STEM 6641:and 6589:Agos 6580:and 6564:and 6519:and 6435:and 6415:The 6408:and 6402:2020 6398:2012 6394:2008 6390:2004 6386:2000 6364:and 6348:The 6299:2021 6297:and 6295:2020 6291:UEFA 6279:IAAF 6258:and 6225:and 6111:and 6080:The 6030:and 6000:The 5989:and 5957:and 5901:and 5863:The 5852:and 5840:and 5741:Uzak 5706:and 5670:The 5641:Yalı 5492:TEUs 5432:and 5408:and 5364:and 5258:and 5208:and 5177:Buca 5175:and 5068:and 4837:Rize 4835:and 4809:Ordu 4799:and 4777:OECD 4744:The 4731:Merv 4729:and 4678:2019 4667:2018 4656:2017 4645:2016 4634:2015 4623:2007 4612:2000 4601:1997 4590:1994 4579:1990 4568:1985 4557:1980 4546:1975 4535:1970 4524:1965 4513:1960 4502:1950 4491:1945 4480:1940 4469:1935 4458:1927 4447:1925 4436:Pop. 4432:Year 4415:1900 4407:1890 4399:1860 4391:1815 4383:1700 4375:1550 4367:1500 4358:1453 4349:1350 4340:1261 4331:1200 4323:1100 4315:1000 4304:9th 4293:8th 4282:7th 4252:Pop. 4248:Year 4166:The 4081:and 4065:and 4031:The 3974:and 3886:and 3866:and 3734:and 3718:and 3623:Nile 3439:The 3378:and 3332:and 3302:and 3194:yalı 3180:and 3140:The 3114:and 3089:and 3081:and 3035:smog 2945:and 2887:and 2869:and 2858:and 2826:and 2798:and 2581:(%) 2569:2.7 2566:0.3 2563:0.0 2560:0.0 2557:0.0 2554:0.0 2551:0.0 2548:0.0 2545:0.1 2542:2.9 2539:4.7 2536:4.5 2513:8.1 2510:5.1 2507:4.7 2504:7.0 2501:7.4 2461:98.3 2456:81.3 2451:43.5 2446:36.3 2441:44.7 2436:37.1 2431:45.1 2426:69.8 2421:87.7 2416:96.1 2402:11.5 2387:13.6 2382:17.4 2377:21.2 2372:20.3 2367:17.4 2362:12.8 2332:14.4 2322:11.7 2317:16.2 2312:20.5 2307:24.2 2302:23.7 2297:21.1 2292:16.3 2287:11.5 2262:18.3 2257:10.7 2252:15.0 2247:19.9 2242:24.6 2237:28.2 2232:28.0 2227:25.7 2222:21.0 2217:16.1 2212:12.0 2191:Dec 2188:Nov 2185:Oct 2182:Sep 2179:Aug 2176:Jul 2173:Jun 2170:May 2167:Apr 2164:Mar 2161:Feb 2158:Jan 2133:2022 2120:and 2084:and 2082:Şile 2024:1894 2022:and 2020:1766 2006:The 1935:and 1861:The 1853:and 1813:HMS 1763:and 1708:and 1604:The 1211:and 970:and 808:Area 803:2017 710:.ist 696:) · 598:US$ 586:and 496:and 458:Area 181:and 126:and 78:and 50:and 24785:Van 24417:Van 22495:Art 22240:Oil 22235:Gas 21384:of 21350:Ani 20834:Van 20823:Muş 20279:by 20033:of 19595:AKM 18634:Art 17801:223 16960:doi 12955:doi 12896:CNN 10611:doi 9802:doi 8812:doi 7992:IST 7937:IST 7560:İDO 7528:İDO 7526:An 7393:M14 7389:M12 7373:M11 7221:O-7 7217:O-4 7213:O-3 7209:O-2 7205:O-1 7079:MRI 7073:to 7048:GSM 7026:in 6663:CNN 6659:BBC 6647:NTV 6643:ATV 6121:AKP 6041:in 5993:). 5955:EAA 5828:in 5398:PPP 5179:). 5122:in 5118:on 4930:17% 4915:78% 4274:500 4266:361 4258:100 4147:in 3943:of 3780:). 3625:to 3591:in 3579:of 3441:AKP 3428:of 3367:to 3049:at 2958:), 2863:are 2824:ash 2816:elm 2812:oak 2738:in 2714:46 2711:22 2708:31 2705:46 2702:65 2699:66 2696:69 2693:64 2690:57 2687:46 2684:38 2681:29 2678:22 2397:5.5 2392:9.2 2357:8.1 2352:4.9 2347:3.5 2342:3.6 2327:7.9 2282:8.0 2277:6.1 2272:5.9 2207:9.4 2202:8.8 2045:İHH 1712:to 1704:to 1672:in 1452:". 1233:); 1107:) ( 828:in 698:1st 687:HDI 628:TRT 572:GDP 516:1st 511:1st 451:CHP 25269:: 24781:20 24770:10 24757:19 24733:18 24709:17 24685:16 24661:15 24637:14 24613:13 24589:12 24544:11 23332:/ 22562:TV 21416:/ 21265:/ 17921:– 17346:. 16966:. 16956:78 16954:. 16613:. 16419:^ 16397:. 16346:. 16319:. 16300:. 16288:. 16256:. 16178:. 16166:^ 16105:}} 16101:{{ 16064:. 16019:. 15968:. 15838:. 15665:^ 15648:. 15617:. 15599:. 15574:. 15547:. 15521:. 15459:. 15446:^ 15429:. 15400:. 15300:^ 15276:}} 15272:{{ 15207:^ 15178:^ 15147:^ 15080:^ 15038:. 15012:. 14993:. 14967:. 14929:^ 14911:. 14885:. 14874:^ 14773:^ 14754:. 14723:. 14683:^ 14654:. 14629:. 14489:. 14463:. 14438:. 14413:. 14387:. 14211:. 14158:. 14051:^ 14034:. 14028:. 13976:. 13951:. 13925:. 13887:. 13827:^ 13809:80 13807:. 13781:. 13729:. 13703:. 13564:. 13526:^ 13406:. 13381:. 13331:. 13306:. 13276:. 13251:. 13226:. 13201:. 13183:. 13156:. 13127:. 13116:^ 13098:. 13087:^ 13070:. 13058:^ 13029:. 13003:. 12971:. 12961:. 12934:^ 12912:. 12894:. 12868:. 12842:. 12815:. 12778:. 12670:^ 12640:^ 12575:. 12550:. 12485:^ 12451:. 12433:. 12407:. 12381:. 12356:. 12307:. 12203:. 12181:^ 12163:. 12122:. 12095:. 12065:. 12026:. 11993:. 11967:. 11956:^ 11748:^ 11733:^ 11708:. 11681:^ 11599:. 11496:^ 11480:^ 11458:. 11447:^ 11430:. 11392:^ 11375:. 11345:, 11329:, 11297:^ 11217:. 11192:. 11166:. 11101:. 11065:^ 11043:^ 11014:. 10963:. 10935:. 10908:. 10868:. 10820:. 10795:. 10769:. 10754:II 10752:. 10730:. 10659:. 10607:27 10605:. 10601:. 10582:. 10557:. 10502:. 10484:. 10466:. 10419:. 10389:. 10371:. 10346:. 10320:. 10316:. 10288:^ 10270:. 10245:. 10215:. 10211:. 10183:. 10144:. 10119:. 10094:. 10066:. 10040:. 10029:^ 10011:. 9892:. 9880:. 9868:. 9864:. 9837:. 9831:. 9808:. 9798:79 9796:. 9742:^ 9725:. 9656:. 9606:^ 9552:^ 9524:. 9502:^ 9474:^ 9446:^ 9347:. 9183:. 9147:^ 9132:^ 8981:^ 8866:. 8848:. 8826:. 8818:. 8810:. 8800:76 8798:. 8770:. 8752:^ 8635:^ 8618:. 8605:^ 8572:^ 8520:^ 8500:. 8477:^ 8419:. 8402:^ 8309:. 8283:. 8279:. 8224:. 8220:. 8209:^ 8199:. 8099:^ 8022:, 8001:: 7997:; 7949:US 7945:, 7648:. 7385:M8 7381:M5 7379:, 7377:M4 7369:M9 7367:, 7365:M7 7363:, 7361:M6 7359:, 7357:M3 7355:, 7353:M2 7351:, 7349:M1 7288:, 7284:, 7280:, 7215:, 7211:, 7207:, 7188:, 7174:, 6991:. 6859:, 6774:, 6758:, 6754:, 6750:, 6737:, 6729:. 6556:, 6513:, 6507:, 6423:, 6396:, 6392:, 6388:, 6313:. 6273:. 6266:. 6254:, 6250:, 6246:, 6242:, 6238:, 6217:. 6026:, 6022:, 5985:, 5981:, 5977:, 5973:, 5848:, 5832:, 5806:. 5714:. 5702:, 5698:, 5690:, 5686:, 5254:, 5199:, 5171:, 4973:3% 4960:1% 4945:1% 4877:, 4873:, 4869:, 4865:, 4861:, 4831:, 4827:, 4823:, 4819:, 4815:, 4811:, 4807:, 4795:, 4741:. 4725:, 4721:, 4697:, 4306:c. 4295:c. 4284:c. 4191:. 4179:, 4095:: 4043:, 4039:, 4007:, 3882:, 3878:, 3862:, 3730:, 3726:, 3654:r. 3617:r. 3602:r. 3572:. 3563:c. 3547:c. 3512:, 3298:, 3294:, 3234:, 3184:. 3148:: 3064:NO 3053:, 3022:. 3006:: 2941:, 2937:, 2933:, 2925:, 2883:, 2879:, 2848:, 2844:, 2838:, 2834:, 2822:, 2818:, 2814:, 2810:, 2063:. 2047:. 1977:, 1973:, 1969:, 1895:A 1892:. 1740:. 1658:. 1632:, 1628:, 1512:. 1185:: 1167:: 1103:: 1080:: 1066:: 1028:: 994:. 955:, 887:: 883:; 874:: 844:. 712:, 681:34 561:: 409:39 177:, 24824:e 24817:t 24810:v 24746:9 24722:8 24698:7 24674:6 24650:5 24626:4 24602:3 24578:2 24533:1 24451:e 24444:t 24437:v 24253:e 24246:t 24239:v 24095:– 24051:- 23941:– 23895:e 23888:t 23881:v 23588:e 23581:t 23574:v 23398:e 23391:t 23384:v 22742:e 22735:t 22728:v 21534:e 21527:t 21520:v 21229:e 21222:t 21215:v 20951:e 20944:t 20937:v 20022:e 20015:t 20008:v 17960:e 17953:t 17946:v 17933:) 17925:( 17909:( 17893:) 17885:( 17870:. 17851:. 17832:. 17813:. 17786:. 17767:. 17748:. 17729:. 17710:. 17691:. 17668:. 17649:. 17630:. 17611:. 17592:. 17573:. 17554:. 17535:. 17516:. 17497:. 17479:. 17460:. 17441:. 17422:. 17399:. 17370:. 17339:. 17320:. 17301:. 17282:. 17263:. 17244:. 17225:. 17204:. 17185:. 17166:. 17145:. 17126:. 17107:. 17088:. 17069:. 17050:. 17031:. 17012:. 16993:. 16974:. 16962:: 16945:. 16926:. 16907:. 16888:. 16869:. 16850:. 16827:. 16808:. 16789:. 16768:. 16749:. 16730:. 16711:. 16692:. 16673:. 16654:. 16635:. 16585:. 16566:. 16547:. 16528:. 16509:. 16490:. 16471:. 16442:. 16413:. 16383:. 16357:. 16331:. 16242:. 16220:. 16194:. 16160:. 16134:. 16111:) 16097:. 16075:. 16049:. 16005:. 15979:. 15954:. 15942:. 15932:. 15906:. 15880:. 15854:. 15824:. 15798:. 15772:. 15745:. 15719:. 15693:. 15659:. 15633:. 15585:. 15559:. 15495:. 15470:. 15440:. 15412:. 15323:. 15282:) 15268:. 15234:. 15201:. 15172:. 15141:. 15103:. 15074:. 15049:. 15024:. 14997:. 14979:. 14953:. 14923:. 14896:. 14868:. 14834:. 14796:. 14767:. 14739:. 14709:. 14665:. 14640:. 14614:. 14570:. 14548:. 14522:. 14475:. 14449:. 14424:. 14398:. 14372:. 14350:. 14324:. 14298:. 14272:. 14247:. 14222:. 14196:. 14170:. 14144:. 14122:. 14096:. 14074:. 14045:. 14014:. 13988:. 13962:. 13936:. 13898:. 13821:. 13792:. 13766:. 13740:. 13714:. 13688:. 13650:. 13575:. 13549:. 13460:. 13439:. 13418:. 13392:. 13356:. 13342:. 13317:. 13292:. 13262:. 13237:. 13212:. 13187:. 13168:. 13139:. 13110:. 13081:. 13040:. 13015:. 12986:. 12957:: 12928:. 12898:. 12879:. 12853:. 12827:. 12790:. 12764:. 12742:. 12717:. 12692:. 12664:. 12612:. 12587:. 12561:. 12532:. 12505:. 12467:. 12437:. 12419:. 12393:. 12367:. 12341:. 12318:. 12292:. 12253:. 12207:. 12175:. 12148:. 12133:. 12107:. 12081:. 12038:. 12009:. 11979:. 11926:. 11887:. 11853:. 11827:. 11809:. 11771:. 11727:. 11545:. 11520:. 11441:. 11416:. 11279:. 11229:. 11203:. 11177:. 11151:. 11117:. 11025:. 10975:. 10949:. 10921:. 10854:. 10832:. 10806:. 10780:. 10670:. 10645:. 10619:. 10613:: 10568:. 10543:. 10452:. 10430:. 10405:. 10375:. 10357:. 10332:. 10322:1 10282:. 10256:. 10230:. 10197:. 10169:. 10155:. 10130:. 10105:. 10080:. 10052:. 10023:. 9973:. 9939:. 9870:2 9849:. 9816:. 9804:: 9736:. 9699:. 9660:. 9576:. 9534:. 9496:. 9468:. 9359:. 9285:. 9260:. 9199:. 8946:. 8928:" 8896:. 8870:. 8834:. 8814:: 8806:: 8782:. 8710:. 8629:. 8599:. 8566:. 8514:. 8459:. 8396:. 8369:. 8341:. 8313:. 8295:. 8265:. 8236:. 8185:. 8127:. 8034:) 8005:( 7985:/ 7982:l 7979:ʊ 7976:b 7973:n 7970:æ 7967:t 7964:s 7961:ɪ 7958:ˈ 7955:/ 7930:/ 7927:l 7924:ʊ 7921:b 7918:ˈ 7915:n 7912:æ 7909:t 7906:s 7903:ɪ 7900:ˌ 7897:/ 5651:. 5262:. 5126:. 5051:. 4701:, 3947:( 3614:( 3583:( 3290:– 3069:2 3002:( 2135:. 1857:. 1833:( 1487:. 1274:) 1255:. 1181:( 1163:( 1148:( 1099:( 1076:( 1024:( 895:( 870:( 795:) 630:) 626:( 593:₺ 565:) 557:( 453:) 449:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.